restructuring the postwar world , 1945–present

Restructuring the Postwar World, 1945–present

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Chapter OverviewChapter Overview

Time LineTime Line

33CHAPTER

MAP

GRAPH

Visual SummaryVisual Summary

SECTION Two Superpowers Face Off1

SECTION Communists Triumph in China2

SECTION War in Korea and Vietnam3

SECTION Cold War Around the World4

SECTION The Cold War Thaws 5

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Chapter Overview

After World War II, the Soviet Union and the United States emerge as rivals. This rivalry is mainly diplomatic and strategic, but also leads both to become involved in military actions around the world. The rivalry dominates world politics for four decades.

33CHAPTER Restructuring the

Postwar World, 1945–present

1945 United Nations formed.

1949 Communists take control of China.

1957 Soviets launch Sputnik.

1959 Cuban Revolution overthrows Batista regime.

1975 Vietnam War ends.

33CHAPTER

Time Line

1945 2002

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Restructuring the Postwar World, 1945–present

1979 Nicaraguan Communists topple U.S.-backed dictatorship.

1997 South Korea aids North Korea, but the two remain divided.

The Soviet Union builds a buffer zone in Eastern Europe, and the United States aids its Western European allies as it struggles to block Communist expansion.

OverviewOverview AssessmentAssessment

Key Idea

Two Superpowers Face Off

1

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MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

The conflicting aims between the United States and the Soviet Union led to global competition.

The conflicts between these two superpowers played a major role in reshaping the modern world.

Overview


1

AssessmentAssessment

• United Nations

• iron curtain

• containment

• Truman Doctrine

• Marshall Plan

• Cold War

• NATO

• Warsaw Pact

• brinkmanship

• U-2 incident

TERMS & NAMES

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MAP

1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the causes of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union.


1

Section 1 Assessment

continued . . .

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Cold War

Conflicting aims in Europe

Desire for world domination

Incompatible political and economic philosophies

Berlin blockade

Soviet defiance of Yalta agreement

2. What were Stalin’s objectives in supporting Communist governments in Eastern Europe? THINK ABOUT

Section


1

1 Assessment

• the effects of World War II • the location of the Soviet Union • U.S. aims in Europe

ANSWERANSWER

• To protect borders

• To counteract U.S. influence in Europe

• To have access to raw materials to help rebuild war-ravaged country

• To keep Germany from rebuilding and attacking Russia again

Possible Responses:

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MAP

End of Section 1

China splits into two nations—one Communist and one Nationalist. Mao Zedong expands the Communist state and launches ambitious, but often disastrous, programs to transform its society.


Key Idea

Communists Triumph in China

2HOME


2

After World War II, Chinese Communists defeated Nationalist forces and two separate Chinas emerged.

China remains a Communist country and a major player on the world stage.

Overview


• Mao Zedong

• Jiang Jieshi

• commune

• Red Guards

• Cultural Revolution


TERMS & NAMES

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Aspect of Life Reform

Agriculture

Industry

Family

Divided land among peasantsEstablished collective farmsEstablished communes

Nationalized private companiesSet high production goals

Supported women workersSponsored childcare


2

1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Summarize the reforms Mao Zedong proposed for China.


continued . . .

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Section


2

2 Assessment

ANSWERANSWER

• Won peasants’ loyalty

• Trained troops in guerilla techniques

• Promised land reform

Possible Responses:

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2. What policies or actions enabled the Communists to defeat the Nationalists in their long civil war? THINK ABOUT

• the goals of each group • the leaders of the Communists and the Nationalists • foreign support

continued . . .


2

3. What circumstances prevented Mao’s Great Leap Forward from bringing economic prosperity to China?THINK ABOUT


• Mao’s strict socialism • life in a commune • environmental problems

ANSWERANSWER

Lack of privacy and personal life in the communes, lack of incentives for working hard, poor planning, crop failure

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Possible Responses:

End of Section 2

The United States fights bloody wars to prevent Communist takeovers in Korea and Vietnam. Korea remains split into Communist and non-Communist nations, and Vietnam becomes Communist.


Key Idea

War in Korea and Vietnam

3HOME

In Asia, the Cold War flared into actual wars supported mainly by the superpowers.

Today, Vietnam is a Communist country and Korea is split into Communist and non-Communist nations.

Overview


• 38th parallel

• Douglas MacArthur

• Ho Chi Minh

• domino theory

• Ngo Dinh Diem

• Vietcong

• Vietnamization

• Khmer Rouge


3


TERMS & NAMES

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3

1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Compare and contrast the causes and effects of the wars in Vietnam and Korea.


continued . . .

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Korean War Vietnam War

Neither side gained an advantage.

Soviet-supported North Vietnamese won.

Both

American and Soviet involvement stemmed from Cold War.

Land was destroyed.

Millions of people died.


3


ANSWERANSWER

Not justified—It was a civil war that did not involve the United States; war is not justified under any circumstances.

Justified—It was the responsibility of a nation founded on democratic ideals to support democracy in other countries, especially those in danger of becoming Communist.

Possible Responses:

2. Do you think U.S. involvement in Vietnam was justified? Why or why not? THINK ABOUT

• the U.S. policy of containment • the domino theory • U.S. public opinion

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End of Section 3

The United States and the Soviet Union compete for influence throughout the developing world by supporting rival factions in Latin America, Asia, and Africa.


Key Idea

Cold War Around the World

4HOME

GRAPH

The Cold War superpowers supported opposing sides in Latin American and Middle Eastern conflicts.

Many of these areas today are still troubled by political, economic, and military conflict and crisis.

Overview


• Third World

• nonaligned nations

• Fidel Castro

• Anastasio Somoza

• Daniel Ortega

• Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi

• Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini


4


TERMS & NAMES

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GRAPH

1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the main events of U.S. involvement in Cuba.


4

continued . . .


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GRAPH

Castro leads revolution

against Batista. Castro nationalizes U.S.-owned sugar mills.

Eisenhower orders

embargo on trade. Castro turns to

Soviets for aid.

Bay of Pigs invasion

Cuban missile crisis


ANSWERANSWER

2. What similarities do you see among U.S. actions in Nicaragua, Cuba, and Iran? THINK ABOUT

• the type of leader the United States supported in each country

• U.S. interests in these countries


4

The United States supported dictatorial leaders who were overthrown by popular uprisings. It intervened in all three countries to protect its own interests—a takeover by Communist Sandinistas in Nicaragua and by Castro in Cuba, and loss of vital oil supplies from Iran.

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GRAPH

continued . . .

Possible Response:

Section


4

Assessment

ANSWERANSWER

Lift embargo—Cuba is no longer receiving aid from the Soviets; all Cubans—not only those who agree with Castro—are suffering.

Retain embargo—Castro is still a threat to U.S. security; eventually embargo may cause the fall of the Communist regime.

Possible Responses:

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End of Section 4

GRAPH

3. Today, Cuba suffers a severe shortage of vital supplies, largely due to the U.S. trade embargo that has lasted for almost 40 years. Do you think the United States should lift that embargo? Why or why not? THINK ABOUT

• prior U.S. conflicts with Cuba • human suffering

• Castro’s leadership

4

The Cold War begins to thaw as Khrushchev denounces Stalinism, and U.S. leaders adopt a foreign policy of lessened tensions.


Key Idea

The Cold War Thaws 5HOME

The Cold War began to thaw as the superpowers entered an era of uneasy diplomacy.

The United States and the countries of the former Soviet Union continue to cooperate and maintain a cautious peace.

Overview


5

• Nikita Khrushchev

• destalinization

• Leonid Brezhnev

• John F. Kennedy

• Lyndon Johnson

• détente

• Richard M. Nixon

• SALT

• Ronald Reagan

• Star Wars


TERMS & NAMES

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The Cold War Thaws

1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Indicate each U.S. president’s contribution to Cold War tensions.


5

continued . . .

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The Cold War Thaws

Tensions Increased Tensions Decreased

Eisenhower

Kennedy

Johnson

Nixon

Ford

Carter

Reagan

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ANSWERANSWER

Wise—Nuclear war threatened the world and any efforts made to weaken the threat were good; Communist China was becoming a power that could not be ignored.

Unwise—By meeting with officials in China and the Soviet Union, Nixon was condoning communism and undermining efforts to contain it.

Possible Responses:

2. Do you think it was a wise political move for Nixon to visit Communist China and the Soviet Union? Why or why not? THINK ABOUT

• the Cuban missile crisis • realpolitik • public sentiment after the Vietnam War

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The Cold War Thaws

End of Section 5

restructuring the postwar world , 1945–present

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