MonarchyMonarchyGovernment ruled by hereditary blood lines (Ex. King, Shah)

Many believed they had absolute power to rule from God, called divine right

Government ruled by hereditary blood lines (Ex. King, Shah)

Many believed they had absolute power to rule from God, called divine right

AristocracyAristocracy

Government rule by the wealthy elite (oligarchy)

Nobility

Government rule by the wealthy elite (oligarchy)

Nobility

DemocracyDemocracy

Government rule decided upon by the citizens who vote for their leaders

1. Direct Dem (Athens)- Citizens debate and vote on laws

2. Representative Dem = Republic (Rome)- Citizens elect a leader who votes on laws

Government rule decided upon by the citizens who vote for their leaders

1. Direct Dem (Athens)- Citizens debate and vote on laws

2. Representative Dem = Republic (Rome)- Citizens elect a leader who votes on laws

Athenian “father of democracy” Said that all citizens have the duty to get

involved with improving their government. Politics IS everyone’s business.

Athenian “father of democracy” Said that all citizens have the duty to get

involved with improving their government. Politics IS everyone’s business.

PERICLES

SocratesSocrates

First Athenian to question the people about what they believed to be “true”.

Believed in solving problems through critical thinking.

Accused of “corrupting the youth” and sentenced to death by the citizens of Athens

First Athenian to question the people about what they believed to be “true”.

Believed in solving problems through critical thinking.

Accused of “corrupting the youth” and sentenced to death by the citizens of Athens

PlatoPlato

Student of Socrates Founded the Academy Sceptical of democracy- believed that only the

wise should rule (in the form of a philosopher- king

Student of Socrates Founded the Academy Sceptical of democracy- believed that only the

wise should rule (in the form of a philosopher- king

AristotleAristotle

Advocated reason to find out the solution to problems. The roots of the scientific method (if you have a theory, find proof in the form of natural laws).

Started the Lyceum school in Athens Wrote Politics

Advocated reason to find out the solution to problems. The roots of the scientific method (if you have a theory, find proof in the form of natural laws).

Started the Lyceum school in Athens Wrote Politics

AthensAthens

Assembly- All citizens Council of 500 (30 yrs. Old) Elected from each

demes Board of Generals - executive branch in charge

of administering decisions of Council

Pericles- It’s your DUTY to get involved!

Assembly- All citizens Council of 500 (30 yrs. Old) Elected from each

demes Board of Generals - executive branch in charge

of administering decisions of Council

Pericles- It’s your DUTY to get involved!

IndividualismIndividualism

Individual achievement, dignity, and worth are of great importance to organized society!

Individual achievement, dignity, and worth are of great importance to organized society!

Athens USAthens US

Direct Democracy Trials: one day, no

lawyers, no appeals, juries varied- in the hundreds and paid

Free elections for all citizens over 18 to vote

Direct Democracy Trials: one day, no

lawyers, no appeals, juries varied- in the hundreds and paid

Free elections for all citizens over 18 to vote

Representative Dem. Trials: Lengthy as

needed, lawyers, appeals, 12-man jury, paid

Free elections for all citizens over the age of 18 to vote.

Representative Dem. Trials: Lengthy as

needed, lawyers, appeals, 12-man jury, paid

Free elections for all citizens over the age of 18 to vote.

Pax RomanaPax Romana

Period of peace throughout the Roman Empire

Period of peace throughout the Roman Empire

Republic=Republic=

Rome- Representative democracy. Citizens vote on an official to decide legislation (laws)

Indirect Democracy

Rome- Representative democracy. Citizens vote on an official to decide legislation (laws)

Indirect Democracy

Patrician PlebianPatrician Plebian

Upper nobility of Rome Made up the Senate

and consuls

Upper nobility of Rome Made up the Senate

and consuls

Commoners of Rome (farmers, merchants, etc.)

Part of the Assembly Engaged in a power

struggle for voting rights in the Senate.

Commoners of Rome (farmers, merchants, etc.)

Part of the Assembly Engaged in a power

struggle for voting rights in the Senate.

Roman LawRoman Law

Brought system of laws to conquered lands

• Laws published universally

• All citizens received equal treatment before the law

• A person was innocent until proven guilty

Brought system of laws to conquered lands

• Laws published universally

• All citizens received equal treatment before the law

• A person was innocent until proven guilty

Three Branches of GovernmentThree Branches of Government

1.Two Consuls • Usually Patricians and

military generals • Elected for one year

terms, but they could be re-elected

• During a national crisis, the consuls could appoint a temporary dictator to make quick decisions

1.Two Consuls • Usually Patricians and

military generals • Elected for one year

terms, but they could be re-elected

• During a national crisis, the consuls could appoint a temporary dictator to make quick decisions

2. Senate • Patricians selected by the

two consuls, served life terms Most Influential people!

3. Assembly • Patricians and Plebeians

elected into office • The assembly held some

power, but not enough to make any significant changes

2. Senate • Patricians selected by the

two consuls, served life terms Most Influential people!

3. Assembly • Patricians and Plebeians

elected into office • The assembly held some

power, but not enough to make any significant changes

Fall of Roman EmpireFall of Roman Empire

To big to manage- Individual regions wanted separation and independence.

Invaders from the North (Barbarians and Vikings)

To big to manage- Individual regions wanted separation and independence.

Invaders from the North (Barbarians and Vikings)

Judeo- Christian InfluencesJudeo- Christian Influences

Spread quickly with Latin and Pax Romana

Belief in equality for all under one god (included women, the poor)

Equal justice, morality, and individual relationship with God

Covenant with God meant individula duty to work agains oppression

Spread quickly with Latin and Pax Romana

Belief in equality for all under one god (included women, the poor)

Equal justice, morality, and individual relationship with God

Covenant with God meant individula duty to work agains oppression

Monotheistic (one god) Monotheistic (one god)

Magna CartaMagna Carta

King John signs Establishes a parliament

of nobles who share power with the king.

King John signs Establishes a parliament

of nobles who share power with the king.

Glorious Revolution- EnglandGlorious Revolution- England

King William and Queen Mary agree to share power with parliament

Constitutional Monarchy

Head of Parliament= Prime minister

Petition of Right

King William and Queen Mary agree to share power with parliament

Constitutional Monarchy

Head of Parliament= Prime minister

Petition of Right

Bill of Rights

Parliament’s laws RULE!

Freedom of speech in parliament

No penalty to petition the king with grievances

DUE PROCESS- RIGHT to TRIAL!

Bill of Rights

Parliament’s laws RULE!

Freedom of speech in parliament

No penalty to petition the king with grievances

DUE PROCESS- RIGHT to TRIAL!

PEACEFUL!

Rene DescartesRene Descartes

Geometry Logic, mathematics and

reason rule!!! “Doubt it if you can’t

prove it.”

Geometry Logic, mathematics and

reason rule!!! “Doubt it if you can’t

prove it.”

Cesare BeccariaCesare Beccaria

Laws exist to preserve social order- NOT to avenge crimes

Speedy trial No torture End of capital

punishment that is subject to whims of accuser

Laws exist to preserve social order- NOT to avenge crimes

Speedy trial No torture End of capital

punishment that is subject to whims of accuser

Greatest good for greatest number of people

REFORM CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

Greatest good for greatest number of people

REFORM CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

WollstonecraftWollstonecraft

Vindication of the Rights of Women

Concerned about lack of education and opportunities for women

Criticized the unequal relationship between men and women in marriage and in the home

Vindication of the Rights of Women

Concerned about lack of education and opportunities for women

Criticized the unequal relationship between men and women in marriage and in the home

Urged women to enter male-dominated fields of medicine and politics

Urged women to enter male-dominated fields of medicine and politics

Baron de MontesquieuBaron de Montesquieu

Believed British held the best system of checks and balances (Constitutional Monarchy).

Division of power is key to sustainable government

“Power should be a check to power”

Believed British held the best system of checks and balances (Constitutional Monarchy).

Division of power is key to sustainable government

“Power should be a check to power”

Three branches of power: Executive, legislative, and judicial

Three branches of power: Executive, legislative, and judicial

John LockeJohn Locke

People can learn from experience and improve themselves

They have the ability to look after the welfare of society

Man born with natural rights: life, liberty, and property

People can learn from experience and improve themselves

They have the ability to look after the welfare of society

Man born with natural rights: life, liberty, and property

Purpose of government should only be to protect these rights. If it fails to do so, people have the right to overthrow unjust rulers

Purpose of government should only be to protect these rights. If it fails to do so, people have the right to overthrow unjust rulers

Jean Jacques RousseauJean Jacques Rousseau

“Man is born free but everywhere in chains”

(He is born good but corrupted by society)

“Man is born free but everywhere in chains”

(He is born good but corrupted by society)

Direct Democracy (broader than Locke!)

Direct Democracy (broader than Locke!)

Rousseau’s Social ContractRousseau’s Social Contract

Free individuals must agree to create their own society and government-

Ruler does so only by the WILL OF THE PEOPLE!

Free individuals must agree to create their own society and government-

Ruler does so only by the WILL OF THE PEOPLE!

Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes

Witnessed the horrors of decades of civil war- believed man to be naturally evil and self-interested

Witnessed the horrors of decades of civil war- believed man to be naturally evil and self-interested

If men were to rule themselves, life would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short”

If men were to rule themselves, life would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short”

Thomas Hobbes’ Social ContractThomas Hobbes’ Social Contract

People should give up certain rights in exchange for law and order by a strong monarch.

People should give up certain rights in exchange for law and order by a strong monarch.

Enlightened DespotsEnlightened Despots

Examples: Frederick II- Prussia Catherine the Great-

Russia (expanded trade and empire)

Examples: Frederick II- Prussia Catherine the Great-

Russia (expanded trade and empire)

Definition- Autocrats who give their people certain rights!

Definition- Autocrats who give their people certain rights!

Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence

Thomas Jefferson Constitutions helped

spread independence and free will to other countries (Japan, South Korea, France)

Thomas Jefferson Constitutions helped

spread independence and free will to other countries (Japan, South Korea, France)