review for semester 1 test
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Review for Semester 1 test. SC.912.N.1. Nature of Science and L.14.4 - Interpreting graphs -Correct use of microscope: light microscope is used for living things, electron for high magnification but the items are Dead! - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Review for Semester 1 test
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SC.912.N.1
• Nature of Science and L.14.4-Interpreting graphs• -Correct use of microscope: light microscope is used
for living things, electron for high magnification but the items are Dead!
• -Predicting reliability: large sample size and peer review ( scientific journal)
• -Scientific theory/law• Multiple sets of data (by different people) help
support the same hypothesis to help it become a theory!
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14.1 Cell theory
• Cells are the basic functioning unit of all living things• Cells come from other cells• The cell is the smallest unit of life
• Use and know the parts of the cell theory! • All matter is NOT made up of cells!!! • Only life!!! • The microscope helped develop the cell theory by
being able to observe cells of many different types!
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• SC.912.L.14.2• Relate structure to function for the components of plant and animal cells. Explain the
role of cell membranes as a highly selective barrier (passive and active transport).
• -Draw a diagram of the cell membrane and label the parts. What is its function?• -Explain how the cell membrane works• -Define osmosis and diffusion, know which direction
water will move (high to low)• -Define active and passive transport and give an
example of each. Active is low to high and uses energy! • -List the parts of animal and plant cells and explain
what they do.
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Osmosis!
• Celery in fresh water will swell as water moves into its cells
• Celery in salt water will shrink, as the water in the cells moves out!
• water moves from high concentration to low concentration!!!
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SC.912.L.14.3• Compare and contrast the general structures of plant and animal cells. Compare and
contrast the general structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
• -Compare and contrast plant and animal cells (cell wall, chloroplasts)
• -Compare/contrast cell types • -Define Eukaryote and Prokaryote—compare
and contrast them• Remember both plant and animal cells need
mitochondria for cell respiration!
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• Plants : cell wall, chloroplasts, mitochondria large vacuole
• Animal: cilia, flagella, centrioles, small vacuoles, no cell wall
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Prokaryotic and eukaryotic
• Organelles and a nucleus in eukaryotic!
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SC.912.L.18.1
• Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major categories of biological macromolecules.
• - Name and -Give the function of each macromolecule for life
• What are their basic building blocks?
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Basic organic molecules
• Carbohydrates – quick energy, CH2O• Lipids: long term energy storage, CHO• Proteins: enzymes and structures, amino acids • Nucleic acids: genetic information, nucleitides
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SC.912.L.16.14
• Describe the cell cycle, including the process of mitosis. Explain the role of mitosis in the formation of new cells and its importance in maintaining chromosome number during asexual reproduction.
• -Predicting # of daughter chromosomes• -Draw and label the cell cycle• -Describe what happens in each stage of the
cell cycle• -Draw and label the stages of mitosis• -Describe what happens in each stage of mitosis
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Cell cycle• S is when DNA replicates • Double the amount of DNA until the cell splits
in cytokinesis
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• Mitosis: keeps the chromosome number the same as the parent cell. Less variation!
• Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by ½ to make gametes!
• Meiosis adds variation by crossing over and fertilization combining 2 different sets of chromosomes.
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cancer
• Uncontrolled cell growth.• Worst in gametes, only in one place of the
body if in somatic cells.
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SC.912.L.16.16
• Describe the process of meiosis, including independent assortment and crossing over. Explain how reduction division results in the formation of haploid gametes or spores.
• -Draw and label the stages of meiosis• -Describe what happens in each stage of
meiosis• -Define crossing over and how it affects genetic
diversity• -Define gametogenesis, oogenesis, gametes,
somatic cells,
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SC.912.L.16.17
• Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis and relate to the processes of sexual and asexual reproduction and their consequences for genetic variation.
• -Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis• -define sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction• -Explain how sexual reproduction affects genetic
diversity
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• Sexual reproduction adds variation! Recombining of genes occurs in meiosis and not in mitosis.
• Mitosis is more like cloning! Exact copies of the parents are made.
• Mitosis is what is used to grow! It makes more cells!
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SC.912.L.18.7
• Identify the reactants, products, and basic functions of photosynthesis.
• - Write the basic formula for photosynthesis• -Explain how the energy is transferred in
photosynthesis• Know the reactants and products!
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photosynthesis
• The energy of the sun is stored in the glucose • ( sugar) when the process is finished! This
removes the carbon dioxide from the air and adds oxygen!
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SC.912.L.18.8
• Identify the reactants, products, and basic functions of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration.
• -Write the basic formula for respiration• -define aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration• -Explain how anaerobic respiration is different
than aerobic.
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• You produce carbon dioxide and water from cell respiration.
• If no oxygen is present… alcohol or lactic acid is made along with Co2
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SC.912.L.18.9
• Explain the interrelated nature of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
• -Describe relationship between photosynthesis and respiration
• Oxygen and glucose are produced during photosynthesis and used during respiration to release energy to do work for the cells!
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SC.912.L.18.10
• Connect the role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to energy transfers within a cell.
• -Define ATP • -Describe how ATP functions in energy
transfer within a cell
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ATP
• Found in almost all organisms!
• Releases energy when the phosphate bonds are broken!
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SC.912.L.18.11
• Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions. Identify factors, such as pH and temperature, and their effect on enzyme activity.
• -Define enzymes • -Explain how enzymes function in a cell• -Define active site, catalyst, activation energy,
substrate.• -Explain how temperature and pH affect
enzyme activity
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enzymes
• Enzymes decrease the amount of activation energy needed for a reaction
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• Too high of a temp can denature the enzyme by changing its shape ( active site) where the substrate binds.
• Same with too low!
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SC.912.L.16.9
• Explain how and why the genetic code is universal and is common to almost all organisms.
• -Draw and label DNA?• -How do DNA bases match up?• -How are amino acids made?• What are the sides made up of? • What are the “rungs” made up of?
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DNA
• DNA has the code for making proteins in its nitrogen bases.
• The code is universal meaning it is almost the same in all organisms.
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SC.912.L.18.12
• Discuss the special properties of water that contribute to Earth's suitability as an environment for life: cohesive behavior, ability to moderate temperature, expansion upon freezing, and versatility as a solvent.
• -List the properties of water that are important for life
• -Give an example of each property as seen in living things
• -Draw a water molecule and label the parts• -Define polar, covalent bonds, adhesion,
cohesion, specific heat, heat of vaporization•
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Water
• Cohesion: water to water capillary action, bugs walking on water!
• High specific heat! Keeps us at a constant temp! Hydrogen bonds!
• Polar: helps things dissolve in water so they can be transported. Universal solvent!
• Ice floats! Lets life survive under a frozen lake!
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SC.912.L.16.8• Explain the relationship between mutation, cell cycle, and uncontrolled cell growth
potentially resulting in cancer.
• -Describe how mutations affect cells• -Compare and contrast a healthy cell with a
cancer cell.• There are lots of genetic changes in a cancer cell!
This can lead to loss of control of the cell cycle! • G1 check point errors are the first and most
common place for mistakes in the mutations that lead to cancer