APUSH CRASH REVIEWBy Rachel Luu, 2016-2017

SEMESTER 1

Britain’s Reasons for Empire Building:● Defeat of the Spanish Armada● Enclosing of land● Economic depression/search for markets● Primogeniture- first born son inherits● Irish conflict ends● Protestant reformation – break from the Catholic Church

Types of settlement:● Joint stock company: investors pooled money for share of profits -> colonies● Proprietary colony: owned by person/group who was also the governor● Royal colony: controlled by crown, governor appointed● Self governing colony: chose their own governor, still under auspice of the King

Roanoke – “lost colony” – failedJamestown: Virginia Company of London – joint stock -> charter

● John Smith, leader that saved the colony. Pocahontas eased native tensionsPlymouth: Protestant Reform – Separatist/Puritans -> Virginia Company -> charter

● Mayflower -> Mayflower Compact: agreement of cooperation● John Carver was governor till he died -> William Bradford● Thriving community, better native relations -> Squanto & Wampanoags

Southern Colonies:Virginia: royal colony, one crop economy (John Rolfe’s Tobacco)

● Tobacco – need more land which pressured Natives / need more labor● Headright system – 50 acres to anyone who paid for someone’s passage – indentured

servants● Bacon’s Rebellion: over Native American policies of William Berkeley. Ended when

Nathaniel Bacon died. Significance: turned the tide towards SLAVERY● House of Burgesses – representative democracy (sort of)

Maryland: Lord Baltimore, proprietary, haven for Catholics, also used headright system● Maryland Act of Toleration – religious freedom for Christians

Carolina: Proprietary, for crops in Barbados -> rice & indigo● Slaves -> Barbados Slave Codes of 1661 – complete control of slaves

North Carolina: small farmed moved North to find land, avoid plantations -> separate CarolinasGeorgia: James Oglethorpe – proprietary

● refuge for imprisoned debtors, prison reform

New England Colonies:

Massachusetts Bay Colony: Puritans, proprietary-> royal charter (later in 1691)● Great Migration, 70k people moved, mostly families● John Winthrop's “CITY UPON A HILL” – theocracy● Believed in hard work to serve god -> Protestant Ethic● Salem Witch Trials – class divisions● Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams - banned

Rhode Island: Roger Williams established,● Believed in separation of church and state ● Manhood suffrage - no property requirements● Got charter from Parliament, imported slaves, represented freedom opportunities

Connecticut: royal colony, Thomas Hooker● Fundamental Orders of Connecticut -> kind of the first New World constitution● Blue laws – dictated how people should behave

New Hampshire: royal colony● Economy thrived in fishing, shipping, and fur

New England Colonies united over Native issues:->New England Confederation against Natives, Dutch, French->Natives tried to unify under Metacom, who coordinated attacks against NE villages

Dominion of New England: Crown made the colonies form into this. ● Led by Sir Edmund Andros.● Restricted town meetings, controlled courts, press, school, revoked land titles● Taxed colonies without consent of elected assemblies● Enforced the Navigation Acts

During the Glorious Revolution, James II was replaced by William and Mary -> salutary neglect // Because of salutary neglect, people found themselves more in a socially mobile society

● pyramid society developed

Middle Colonies:New York: Dutch West Indie Company -> settlement in New Netherlands

● patroonships(large estates along the Hudson River under command of Peter Stuyvesant)

● Charles II gave land grant to brother, Duke of York -> Stuyvesant surrendered to the Brits

● Remained under influence of land owners – aristocratic class● Cosmopolitan area – many immigrants moved to

Pennsylvania: “religious society of friends”, Quakers, pacifism, William Penn● liberal land policies and high tolerance for differences among people● friendly relationship with Natives

Philadelphia: “city of brotherly love”New Jersey: Duke of York granted area to two noble proprietors, later became royal colony

● Settled by New Englanders and Quakers seeking refuge, eventually sold to QuakersDelaware: founded by Swedes

● under control of Pennsylvania until Revolution● got assembly right in 1703

Great Awakening: Massachusetts, Jonathan Edwards “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” & George Whitefield also preached religious revival

● Diminished the role of clergy, which split, Old Lights and New Lights● Developments of new religions● Universities like Princeton, Brown, Rutgers, and Dartmouth● Brought American theology to Europe● Involved all areas of American colonies

Slavery: Middle passage – Atlantic Ocean journey, ● Triangular Trade (Colonies, West Indies, Africa)

Political Development: colonists developed their own democratic style, assemblies with bicameral legislatures.

● “power of the purse” governors were paid by the colonists● Town meetings were direct democracy● Peter Zenger- publisher that criticized NY governor, arrested for sedition. Found not

guilty – lead to more freedom of the pressEducation: more universities

● New England had good schools● South depended on private tutors● Ben Franklin's “Poor Richard’s Almanac”

French and Indian War (1754-1763): also known as Seven Years’ War, ● Between England and France● Resulted in France’s removal from Canada, expanding British rule● George Washington in Ohio Valley, killed French leader, retreated to Fort Necessity● Ben Franklin proposed Albany Plan of Union, designed as defensive union for

colonies, rejected by colony, but led towards more colonial unity● Treaty of Paris, England got India and all North American land + Florida, got rid of

French threat in colonies● Proclamation of 1763 – prohibited colonists from settling land beyond Appalachians,

because NativesColonial Protests: John Locke’s Enlightenment ideas influenced

● virtual representation(not actually a representative in Parliament) wanted actual representation, social discontent, national consciousness

British Action:● Navigation Acts: restricted colonial trade, only trade with England and on Brit ships● Molasses Act: taxed molasses● Proclamation of 1763: forbade colonists to settle past Appalachians● George III wanted more control over colonies, colonies should shoulder monetary

burden from French War● Sugar Act: passed by Lord Grenville, placed tax on sugar, molasses, textiles, coffee,

etc.● Currency Act: forbade colonists from passing their own paper money

● Quarter Act: colonists had to provide barracks and supplies for Brit troops● Stamp Act: required stamp on any form of paper

Colonists Reaction:● To Stamp Act, Declaration of Rights and Grievances, stated only colonists had right to

tax● Stamp Act Congress- 9 colonies met up● Nonimportation agreement- colonial boycott of goods● Sons and Daughters of Liberty- disseminate actions taken by colonies

British:● repealed Stamp, passed Declaratory Act● Townshend Act: placed tax on a bunch of stuff● Writs of Assistance: allowed officials to search colonial homes● Repealed Townshend after violence, passed Tea Act

Boston Massacre: British army shot and killed people part of a mobCommittee of Correspondence: colonists form to spread informationBoston Tea Party -> Intolerable Acts (Coercive)

● Closed Boston harbor, suspended town meetings and charter, more soldiers, trials to take place in England, General Thomas Gage enforcing laws

● Quebec Act: passed with Coercive, guaranteed French in Canada religious freedom and customs

First Continental Congress: called in Philly, to determine response to BritsPaul Revere and William Dawes’ Ride, when the British attacked Lexington and ConcordSecond Continental Congress: convened afterwards, Washington appointed commanderBattle of Bunker Breed’s Hill: 1k Brit Soldiers killedOlive Branch Petition: sent to King to have peace, King didn’t read“Common Sense” by Thomas Paine – colonies was destined to be independentDeclaration of Independence – Thomas JeffersonTreaty of Paris (1783):

● Boundaries of US, British had Canada, Florida back to Spain● Required colonists return property of loyalist and permit Brits to collect debt● Shared fisheries in Newfoundland

Articles of Confederation: confederate gov. States agreed to “enter into a firm league of friendship”

● Had weaknesses because Congress had little powers and was unicameral (each state one vote)

● But it settled the territory sort ofLand Ordinance of 1785: area of Northwest Territory divided into townshipsNorthwest Ordinance of 1787: guidelines for future states

● 60k+ inhabitants, religious freedom, positive native treatment, slavery prohibited in new states

Shay’s Rebellion: (catalyst for change) Daniel Shays led attack on federal arsenal in Massachusetts for using tax revenues to pay off debts from war. Ended with Massachusetts militia. Led to…

Constitutional Convention: purpose to revise the Articles of Confederation, scraped, made Constitution

● Need federal system with division of powers● Separation of powers: executive, legislative, judicial (checks and balances to keep

them balance)● Amending process and elastic clause which allowed Congress additional powers● The Great Compromise: bicameral legislature (Senate and House of Reps)● 3/5’s Compromise: slaves counted as 3/5’s of a person● Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise: Congress forbidden to mess with slave

trade but allowed to import tax it● Also developed, Electoral College to prevent mobocracy (rule by the masses)● Ratification needs 9 out of 13 states

Anti-Federalists:Constitution compromised the goals of Revolution and too many power to central gov and lack of bill of rightsAnti-Federalists -> Democratic-Republicans

Federalists: strong central gov, defended Constitution, to prevent tyranny of power. “The Federalist Papers”rationale

Bill of Rights: amendments + Amendment X provided protection of states’ rights (reserved powers 10th)Judiciary Act: organized federal court systemHamilton’s financial program to reestablish the credit of the US, excise taxes(sales tax) and tariffs(import tax), BUS (owned by private investors)

● Jefferson didn’t like this plan, he liked agrarian societies, BUS was unconstitutional, he was strict constructionist

● Hamilton was a loose constructionist (flexibility in Constitution) argued with defense of implied powers of the gov

Whiskey Rebellion: farmers unhappy with excise tax, troops crushed rebellion, demonstrated power to enforce lawFrench Revolution: unfolded a larger split between Hamilton(against helping) and Jefferson(for)

● Proclamation of Neutrality: Washington wanted to be neutral● Citizen Genet hurt Washington’s idea of neutrality● Brits ignored neutrality and seized American vessels, impressment of seamen● Jay’s Treaty: Washington sent John Jay to London to negotiate peace, Brits promised

to withdraw forces, kept US out of warJohn Adams elected 2nd president, with help of Hamilton because federalists

● He sent delegates to France to negotiate peace, French was like 250k lol● XYZ affair, infuriated US citizens and wanted war● Signed Convention of 1800, alliance dissolved, cost him the election, but saved country

from war● Alien and Sedition Acts: to weaken Democratic Republican vocal opposition to

Federalists● Neutralization Act – required a person to be 14 years old before naturalized

● Alien Act- gave president power to deport foreigners● Sedition Act- fines or imprisonment for anyone who stirred discontent or rebel

In response, DemReps –> Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (James Madison and Tom Jeff) ● states have right to judge constitutionality of laws being passed and declare things

nullified

Election of 1800, Thomas Jefferson wins, Aaron Burr is VP. “Revolution of 1800” ● peaceful transition of government from federalists to republicans

Jefferson: - ignored John Adams’ federalist judges “midnight appointments” ● Marbury v Madison -> power of judicial review by the Marshall Court - John

Marshall. ● He let BUS expire, supported Four Pillars of Posterity (Hamilton’s thing,

manufacturing, commerce, navigation, agriculture) ● Louisiana Purchase, even though he was a strict constructionist, people criticized

because Constitution doesn’t allow it -- but he bought through implied powers and elastic clause

○ Lewis and Clark expedition, got Upper West territory(?)● Dealt with barbary Pirates, signed treaty● Harassment of American ships by Brit and France, Embargo Act of 1807- forbade all

foreign vessels from entering American ports and prohibited vessels to foreign portsThe War of 1812 - “Second War of Independence” James Madison won election.. Slowly led up to war between England and France

● Declared war against Brits:○ Warhawks, west peoples who saw war as a way to get Canada○ Westerners unhappy with Natives, and Natives worked in relation to Brits

■ General William Henry Harrison tricked Natives to sign away land. Tecumseh tries to fight back but defeated at Tippecanoe

○ Impressment of US seamen● Brits burnt DC and captured Ohio Valley, didn’t get Baltimore

○ Francis Scott Key writing the Star Spangled Banner○ Treaty of Ghent: status quo ante bellum -- nothing changed

Hartford Convention: war was over by this time. Proposed new amendments sort of. ● Virtual death of the Federalist Party

Rush-Bagot Agreement: involved fortification of Great Lakes, occupy Oregon land jointly Adam-Onis Treaty: got FloridaJames Monroe, The Era of Good Feelings, did his parade thing. Increased NATIONALISMHenry Clay’s “American System” - improve transport, set up national bank, levy protective tariffs (taxes high enough to keep out imported foreign goods)

● Tariff of 1816, drew objections from South and West● National road constructed + Erie Canal● Congress chartered 2nd BUS (+paper money)

Marshall Court:● Marbury v Madison - established judicial review

● Fletcher v Peck - state and individuals concerning land grant. State law unconstitutional, cannot violate federal Constitution

● Dartmouth College v Woodward - ruled in favor of Dartmouth, states cannot interfere with contracts between states and corporations

● Gibbons v Ogden - ferry service on Hudson. Federal government power to regulate interstate commerce. Intrastate commerce was for states

Monroe Doctrine: - America closed to further colonization● US not interfere with already existing colonies in America● US not interfere with EU affairs and vice versa● EU cannot colonize the West, would be considered dangerous act

Missouri Compromise: forbid slavery north of 36, 30 except Missouri

Election of 1824, Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson. ● Disputed election into the House of Reps… close but Clay supported Adams, Adams

appointed.. Jacksonians accuse them of corrupt bargain. ● Adams agreed with Clay’s American Plan, provide government aid for internal

improvementsElection of 1828. Andrew Jackson won on focus with the “corrupt bargain” of 1825.

● Jackson was very relatable and gave supporters jobs.. Spoils system (giving friends government titles instead of the most qualified people)

Indian Removal Act of 1830, supported by Jackson. ● Worcester v Georgia, ruled that federal government cannot impede on Cherokees● Jackson doesn’t care, he sends them on the Trail of Tears

Bank War- Jackson vetoed 2nd BUS bill, claimed it was economic monopoly and unconstitutional

● (Webster and Clay are like “dude what”) “King Andrew” -- Webster and Clay start to call themselves the Whigs, make fun of Jackson

● Jackson still defeated Clay in 1832Panic of 1837 - Jackson took federal deposits out of the Bank and put into “pet” state banks.

● Inflation, Jackson then issued specie circular (required that all Western lands be paid for with precious metal).

South Carolina Exposition and Protect● John C Calhoun, against the Tariff of 1828, Southerners called Tariff of Abominations● States had made a compact and states could dissolve or make null any federal law that

was not in their interests○ Compact Theory○ South Carolina could declare it unconstitutional, nullify, and not collect it

Webster-Hayne Debate● Hayne is protege of Calhoun● Webster denounced slavery, state gov were actually not parties to a compact● Sovereignty resided in people and armed defense of secession was treason● “Liberty and Union now and forever, one and inseparable”

Nullification Crisis● South Carolina passed Ordinance of Nullification for Tariff of 1832

● Jackson responded with Nullification Proclamation -- called it secession and treason● Force Bill, Jackson threatened to send troops● Clay led to a substitute tariff with gradual reduction in rates

○ SC accepted this as Compromise of 1833Transportation Revolution: roads, steamboats, canals -- National Road, Erie CanalMarket Revolution: new transportation led to explosion in jobs and consumer goods

● Required farmers to specialize in grain or dairy ● Forced artisans to compete with assembly line

Eli Whitney’s cotton gin and interchangeable partsRobert Fulton’s steamboatCyrus McCormick’s mechanical reaperJohn Deere’s steel plowElias Howe’s sewing machineSamuel Morse’s telegraph

Second Great Awakening: Charles Grandison Finney led meetings and converting● Led to social reforms like

○ Horace Mann → public common schools○ Dorothea Dix → improved treatment of mentally ill○ Temperance Movement - prevented manufacture of spirits in Maine○ Elizabeth Cady Stanton → Seneca Falls Convention → Women’s Rights

Anti-Slavery● William Lloyd Garrison, abolitionist, founded American anti-slavery society. Wrote in

Liberator “slavery is a sin” “all men created equal”● David Walker , “Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World” without equality, blacks will

rebel● Colonization was opposed usually, (sent back to Africa)● Nat Turner: led group of slaves in killing 60 whites

Literature --> American Renaissance● Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Self Reliance” -- transcendentalism

○ argued that we all possess a natural ability to understand and perfect the world by relying on our higher instincts

● Henry David Thoreau, also transcendentalism, “Walden” “Civil Disobedience” ○ noncooperation with evil

Walt Whitman’s “Leaves of Grass” democratic self expressionHerman Melville’s Moby Dick, individual's struggle with nature and fateNathaniel Hawthorne’s “Scarlet Letter”vs...Gag rule suppressed discussion of slavery Anti Masonic Party- developed nominating conventionsAmerican Party- anti immigrant, anti-Catholic, members known as the “Know-Nothings”

Liberty Party- political abolitionists split the American Anti-Slavery Society to form this wanted James G. Birney for prez

Election of 1840, 1844: ● Log Cabin Campaign (Whigs and William Henry Harrison) but John Tyler became prez. ● Henry Clay ran anti-texas against James K Polk (54 40 or fight). Polk won

Manifest Destiny - John O Sullivan, obvious fate of American expansion as well as democracyMexican War- Polk wanted CA. Mexicans were like nah. Polk sent General Zachary Taylor into disputed area and waited. Mexicans attacked and then Polk was like ha look.

● Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo- got CA, TX, AZ, NV, UT, CO in exchange for 15$ million● Free Soilers- David Wilmot: amendment to war “no slavery in any territory from got

from Mexico)● Known as the Wilmot Proviso, also basis of Free Soil beliefs

Compromise of 1850 - Henry Clay● CA = free state● Slavery in DC but slave trade prohibited● NM and UT have no restriction on slavery but questions would be decided later● Fugitive Slave Law would be enforced. Force citizens to capture runaway slaves ● Stephan Douglas arranged for separate votes on each aspect of Compromise● Millard Fillmore was prez as Taylor died

Uncle Tom’s Cabin - Harriet Beecher Stowe - fate of runaway and experience of slavery Kansas-Nebraska Act: Stephen Douglas bill to organize territory in Kansas and Nebraska.

● Principle of popular sovereignty to slavery ( let the people decide )● Repeal of the Missouri Compromise● Cause split (popular sovereignty vs free soil) of North Democrats and Whigs to form

basis of Republican Party○ Free soil position

● Whig party disappeared (possibly went to the American Party)James Buchanan, pop sovereignty, beat John Fremont the republican Bleeding Kansas - mini civil war

● Most were antislavery● Pro slavery border ruffians brought residents from other places to vote● John Brown was like screw y’all and he murdered 5 proslavery farmers● Violence● Kansas admitted as a free state

Dred Scott Case - with Justice Roger Taney● Slave and blacks couldn’t sue because they’re not citizens -> 14th● Missouri compromise repealed again and “popular sovereignty” and “no extension of

slavery” attitudes were apparently unconstitutional Raid on Harper’s Ferry - John Brown is at it again

● Took over federal arsenal but was overpowered ● Death note said how the crimes (slavery) would never be purged away without violence

Abraham Lincoln:

● Lincoln-Douglas Debates- he represented Illinois in Senate, “a house divided against itself cannot stand”

● Election of 1860 .. led to South secession ● Inaugural Address- secession was not only illegal but impossible. Protect the Union! \

○ Theory of Perpetual Union(Continental Congress predated the Constitution and no state could break the Union contract)

Confederates- Jefferson Davis was prez. Robert E Lee general.- Took Fort Sumter in South Carolina

CIVIL WAR

North● outproduce the South● had bigger armies● centralized government● border states (MD, DE,MI,KT)● Bad leaders until Ulysses S Grant,

William Tecumseh Sherman, Philip Sheridan, George McClellan

● Good navy that captured major ports

South● had better leaders (Robert E Lee and

Stonewall Jackson)● home court advantage● had more dedicated fighters

Democrats divided “war and peace democrats”,Democrats who were actively disloyal to union were “copperheads” Armies, “rich mans war, poor mans fight”.

● Irish laborers antidraft riots turned on blacks War

● South won Bull Run, Seven Days, Chancellorsville● Treated slaves as contraband of war, accepted slaves into the North ● North won Appomattox and Wilderness● Lee tried to go north into Maryland to battle of Antietam and got rekt but McClellan

(Union general) didn’t follow up so Lincoln fired him then passed Emancipation Proclamation that freed slaves in states still in rebellion

● North won Gettysburg, Penn. and Vicksburg● South didn’t want to give up, Sherman took his march to the sea “Sherman’s March to

the sea”... turned to burning land and supplies● After capture of Richmond, Lee surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse

Gettysburg Address -> blacks were not equal but deserved equal rights. All men created equal ● Later passed the 13th amendment abolishing slavery

Thaddeus Stevens’s desire to see sweeping changes in the South ..ReconstructionLincoln’s 10% Plan - designed to led states reenter the union if 10% of state's voters swore allegiance

● Also intended to pardon all but the highest ranking Confederate officers

Radical Republicans wanted more Reconstruction so they passed Wade-Davis Bill (would let Congress take responsibility of Reconstruction). Lincoln vetoed

Andrew Johnson, allowed states to reenter if they ratified the 13th amendment- Excluded old slaveholding class from political participation, did little to help freed men

and women- Southern legislatures passed racist black codes (effort to define a new legal status for

blacks to be subordinate to whites) - Ku Klux Klan, terrorized african americans

Congress (Radical) Reconstruction: - Refuse to seat recently elected Southern legislators- Enlarged Freedman’s Bureau, to help freed men and women & Civil Rights Act

guaranteeing black citizenship- Johnson vetoed both, Congress overrode

- Drafted the 14th amendment (citizenship) - Reconstruction Act of 1867, Southern states were without legal state governments.

Divided into 5 military districts - To be readmitted they had to constitutional convention, 14 amendment, black

male suffrage- Passed Tenure of Office Act to protect allies in Johnson’s cabinet

- Johnson suspended a dude- Went to impeach Johnson- He stayed in office but power of reconstruction was fully congressional

Ulysses S Grant won, partly due to a lot of black voters● Radicals passed 15th amendment guaranteed blacks the right to vote

Rebuilding of the South: built roads, railroads, schools● Carpetbaggers = derisive name for Northern whites who moved South● Scalawags = Southern white sympathetic to the new order

Africans elected to local office for the first time like Hiram RevelsEconomically, government never implemented idea of “40 acres and a mule” so blacks went to sharecropping system ( where they farmed a few acres of a large estate and give a share) Compromise of 1877 pulled troops out of the South, ended Reconstruction

African Americans denied to vote● States levied poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clauses (allowed men to vote if

grandfather was a voter before Reconstruction -- enabled whites to get around) Jim Crow laws segregated whites and blacks. ---- Plessy v Ferguson “separate but equal”

THE WESTHomestead Act of 1862 designed to encourage settlement in West by offering 160 acres of land

Morrill Land-Grant Act: transferred 140 million acres of federal land to the statesAfrican Americans sought to escape violence in South and moved west, known as “exodusters” Transcontinental Railroad- facilitated western settlement … destruction of the buffaloMining Frontier like the gold in California, Pikes Peak in Colorado, Comstock Lode in Nevada. Prospectors would flock to a place, creating a boomtown… mining big business..

● Some became ghost towns, some became big cities. Attracted immigrants Cattle Frontier - cowboys and barbed wire Farming Frontier- hard conditions to farm, ⅔’s of farmers failed. Great PlainsNatives in the Great Plains: designed as a reservation. But as people moved west, this pressured Natives. Natives usually nomadic and follow buffalo.

● Sand Creek Massacre: killed over 400 men, women, children of Cheyenne nation ● Defeat of Sioux: gov made Bozeman trail. Sioux chief Sitting Bull defeated George

Armstrong Custer and his men. US forces for revenge… Wounded Knee killing 200 Sioux

● Ghost Dance -- thought to make whites leave them alone and buffalo come back● Nez Perce- Chief Joseph and Nez Perce prepared to leave peacefully for reservation.

US misinformed attacked them. ● Helen Hunt Jackson’s “A Century of Dishonor” drew people’s attention to plight of

Natives● Dawes Act -- assimilation, break up tribes, giving families plots of land and making

them citizens if they assimilate...didn’t work. Frederick Jackson Turner thought that the unsettled frontier had positively shaped Americans, made innovative, individualistic, socially mobile

● Frontier was a “safety valve” from disgruntled urbanites

Second Industrial Revolution fueled by anthracite coal, oil, and steel● Oil perfected by Edwin L Drake, and steel perfected by Bessemer process

Mass Production !!Railroads … transcontinental built by immigrants… “railroad time” - timezones

● Credit Mobilier Scandal, stockholds got huge profits and paid congress to keep quiet

Horizontal monopoly/integration: involved several companies in the same business combining, effectively controlling an industry (Rockefeller)

Vertical integration: company gained control of various aspects of industrial process (Carnegie)

Trusts- competing companies would create a single board of trustees to oversee operations of the various companies “Robber Barons” - corporate giants

● Jay Gould - railroad speculation, stock trading, tannies, newspaper publishing● Andrew Carnegie- “rags to riches”, steel industry, philanthropy ● John D Rockefeller- achieved a monopoly in oil (Standard Oil), Ida Tarbell exposed him

Sherman Antitrust Act - any attempt to interfere with free interstate trade by forming trusts was illegal. Hard to enforce

Bad conditions in factories led to formation of Unions - organizations that could negotiates with owners for better pay and conditions

● Knights of Labor - Terrence Powderly. open to men, women, blacks, and all skills levels. Advocated arbitration than striking

● Railway Union founded by Eugene V Debs (socialist)● American Federation of Labor- Samuel Gompers, coalitions of craft unions -- skilled

workers, strikes, and successful ● Socialism- advocated the eventual end of the private enterprise system and advent of

worker run society ○ Industrial Workers of the World -- socialist and anarchist ideals. Radical but

failed Great Railroad Strike- wage cut, strike in West Virginia from NY to SF. Hayes calling in troops to stop general strike (majority of workers in every industry)Haymarket Riot- peaceful demonstration for 8 hour day. Police harmed protestors, anarchists captured and killed. Crippled Knights of Labor and labor movementHomestead Strike- Carnegie Steel Company. Broken up by gun-wielding private Pinkerton guards. National guard sent in. Defeat for workers. Pullman Strike- when Debs organized nationwide sympathy strike of workers for Pullman cars. Cleveland sent in troops to break up the strike Yellow-dog contracts - mandate that employees did not join unions“Scabs”- replacement workersBlacklists- workers who should not be hired Injunctions- government issues orders for a particular strike to end violates the Sherman Antitrust Act “New South” was much slower to industrialize, fewer cities and lacked money to invest

GILDED AGE- period of urbanization, wealth and povertyPolitical machines - cities ran by these well run party organizations that got their people electedWilliam M Tweed, NYC’s Democratic “boss” with hq in Tammany Hall - corruption!

● Thomas Nast - political cartoonist brought him down“New immigration” (Southern and Eastern Europeans, Asians) / “Old immigration” (Irish and German) Statue of Liberty with poem on it by Emma Lazarus celebrating America’s role as a destination for immigration

● Ellis Island opened as an immigrant admitting station Brooklyn Bridge - engineering marvel at the timeSkyscrapers -- made possible by the steel skeleton construction and the elevator (Elisha Otis)Horse, cable car, electric trolleys, subwayFrederick Law Olmsted -- parks movement - NY Central Park and lot of other parksUrban poverty inspired the social gospel movement- belief that religious institutions should worked to improve societyJACOB RIIS -”How the Other Half Lives” -- poverty photographs

Tenement Law - mandated that every room in a apartment have an outside window and plumbing and ventilation

● Dumbbell tenement: buildings were designed to conform to standards but crammed in large numbers of people

Jane Addams’ Hull House - settlement house in Chicago, community center for poor immigrants

● Settlement House Movement in many cities… assimilation? Samuel F B Morse - telegraphAlexander Graham Bell - telephoneTypewrite and linotype machineWomen’s Christian Temperance Union- huge temperance movement (anti alcohol) Anthony Comstock - most well known crusader against gambling, prostitution, obscenity

● Comstock Law made it illegal to send material deem obscene including info about birth control

Young Men’s Christian Association- physical fitness and moral upliftRealist literature, attempted to portray life:

● Henry James “The Bostonians” upper class life● William Dean Howells “A Hazard of New Fortunes” plight of factory workers● Edward Bellamy “Looking Backward” person wakes up in 2000 and sees socialist gov

saved everything● Stephen Crane “The Red Badge of Courage” depicted horrors of Civil War● Mark Twain- mississippi river culture● Edith Wharton “The House of Mirth” exposed foibles of upperclass NY● Willa Cather “O Pioneers” “My Antonia” portrayed life on the plains

Artists include: Thomas Eakins and Winslow Homer, Ashcan School -- direct reps of urban poverty“Dime novels” mass produced books with themes of adventure, crime, WestJoseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst emerged as important publishers of sensational or fictionalized account of events

● Yellow journalism -- cited as cause of Spanish-American warSocial Darwinism - large corporations justified their practices with this -- Charles Graham Sumner

● “Survival of the fittest”● Laissez-faire (gov plays little to no role in intervening in the economy)● Gospel of wealth - accumulation of wealth as a positive sign from God● “Rags to riches” stories by Horatio Alger

SEMESTER 2

Politics in the Gilded AgeBlue laws- limiting “immoral” behavior (tended to be opposed by Democrats) Government stayed laissez-faire but aided with high protective tariffs

DEMOCRATS- DOWN with tariffsREPUBLICANS- RAISE the tariffs

The Spoils System - practice of assigning civil service jobs to party loyalists rather than skillPendleton Act- after Garfield’s death, passed to create civil service based on merit rather than patronagePanic of 1893 -laissez faire approach of Gilded age was evident in the lack of response to the terrible depression following the panic

● Led to the formation of Coxey’s Army, march on DC, an agrarian protest of Cleveland’s insensitivity

The Grange- organized in opposition to railroad practices, banks, and grain wholesalers. ● Granger Laws- regulate railroad rates

○ Munn v Illinois- upheld state’s right to regulate rates and regulate private industry

○ Wabash v Illinois- states could not set rates on commerce between states ■ hurt the grange movement

○ Interstate Commerce Commission- nation’s first independent regulatory agencyWas okay, Teddy Roosevelt’s ICC was better later on

Populist Party - origins: Granger movement which was traced back to difficulties of farmers and farm life

● Deflation(low money supply)-- deadly for farmers, benefitted consumers-> overproduction and lowered prices-> wanted to increase the money supply

● Money Standards??○ Current: Gold Standard // Greenback Party: wanted paper money backed by

nothing..○ And the Populist Party wanted silver & gold !!

■ “Free Silverites”Also advocated for and eventually adopted:

● Graduated income tax● Direct election of senators● 8 hour day● Restrictions on immigration● Secret ballots

Advocated but did not adopt:● Nationalizing railroads, banks, telegraph lines

1896, Populists and Democrats jointly nominate William Jennings Bryan● He attacked the gold standard in the “Cross of Gold” speech● He still lost and that signified the end of the Populist challenge

IMPERIALISMCauses:

● Industrial development: need raw materials & new markets. Albert Beveridge argued for imperial policy on economic grounds

● Military considerations: Alfred T Mahan argued that they must expand military, specifically navy, in order to protect power and shipping lanes. Specifically to establish

coaling stations throughout the world, establish military bases, and build a canal through Panama

● Social reasons: Josiah Strong believed in the superiority of the Anglo-Saxons. “Nonwhites were incapable of governing themselves” … manifest destiny but overseas..usually religiously backed too.. And uhh democracy! White Man’s Burden

● Imperialist Presidents: William McKinley, Teddy Roosevelt, William H TaftHawaii

● American businessmen on the islands played a role.. Pestering the king to give planters privileges

● Queen Liliuokalani challenged the growing power of the planters○ But the planters rebelled and US military intervened ○ Annexation of Hawaii

Spanish-American War● US Interest? Cuban Sugar● Cuba=Spanish Colony // independence movement brewing… Jose Marti● Spanish responded severely to that

US intervention? Yeah because:● Yellow journalism: “Butcher” Weyler’s actions were recounted in the newspapers.

Roused sympathy of public for cubans independence ● De Lome Letter- Enrique Dupuy de Lome, spanish minister to the US, criticized

McKinley for being WEAK… Cuban rebels got this letter and leaked it. Angered Americans.

● The USS Maine: killed 260 people, blamed Spain(probably wasn’t actually Spain but yeah)

Where? Most fighting took place in Philippines● George Dewey and rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo defeated Spanish troops there.

Teddy Roosevelt and his Rough Riders won the Battle of San Juan Hill● force Spanish surrender● Treaty of Paris:

● stipulated that Cuba would be independent● Guam and Puerto Rico-> US● US gets Philippines for $20 million

Impacts: ● Emilio Aguinaldo led a fierce rebellion in Philippines to get independence ● Cuba got independence but its constitution had the Platt Amendment which gave US

rights to intervene in Cuban affairs, became a protectorate, naval base at Guantanamo Bay

● Puerto Ricans wanted independence.. But nah. Foraker Act- denied US citizenship to Puerto Ricans, and US appoints governor and legislature.

● Insular Cases- US Supreme Court ruled that the Constitutional rights doesn’t apply to people living in US territories. Puerto Rico later becomes present commonwealth status

China- Open Door Policy -- push for all nations to have equal access to China, helped suppress the anti-Western Boxer Rebellion Panama Canal - US aided Panamanians to rebel against Colombia.. Panama independence!

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty -- granted the 10 mile wide Canal Zone● The canal increased US power

Roosevelt Corollary- to the Monroe Doctrine “speak softly and carry a big stick”, US would intervene if US investments were threatened, particularly in Latin America.Anti-imperialists- “Dollar Diplomacy” to imply that business interests drove US foreign policy

● Mark Twain, Carl Schurz● Anti-Imperialist League- pointed out racist assumptions

PROGRESSIVE ERAIntense industrialization, urbanization, big business -> need for social reform

Influences: ● John Dewey and pragmatism● “Social gospel” - religiously should improve society ● Populist movement● Socialist Party (Eugene V Debs)

Muckrakers: journalists who exposed problems to the public.● Upton SInclair’s The Jungle -- unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry

-> Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act● Frank Norris’ The Octopus -- power of railroads over the farmers in the West

Women- discontented with laws and practices & more educational opportunities● Florence Kelly, pushed for improved factory conditions in Illinois.

Issues:● City government: political machines were incapable … replaced with commissioners

who were selected to run in various city departments(Fire, water, parks).. Mayor->City Manager hired by the city council

● State government: Robert LaFollette(Wisconsin), moved power to hands of citizenry. ○ Direct primary allows people to decide candidates○ Initiative allowed citizens to introduce legislation○ Referendum allowed citizens to enact pieces of legislation○ Recall allowed citizens to cut short a politician’s term.

● National government: 17th amendment which took the election of senators into the hands of the people

● Women’s Suffrage: 19th Amendment ● Consumer Protection: Pure Food.. & Meat Inspection….// labeling of food and drugs,

regulation of insurance industry, stricter building codes● Protecting Workers: Triangle Shirtwaist Company, ~150 workers died, better

standards and fire codes, limiting long work days, Muller v Oregon (supreme court and social reform), child labor

Teddy Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson and sort of Taft.Teddy(R): “Square Deal” belief in equal opportunity and adherence to the spirit of the law

● “Trustbuster” went after conglomerates using the Sherman Antitrust Act● Hepburn Act(1906)- strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commision ● Conservation- National Conservation Committee

Taft(R): Payne-Aldrich Tariff- compromise measure, barely lowered tariffs.● 16th amendment allowed for federal income tax

Election of 1912: ● Roosevelt didn’t get the nomination so he formed the Bull Moose Party (Progressive

Party) didn’t win, Wilson did.Wilson(D): Underwood Tariff- lowered tariffs

● Federal Reserve Act- meant to address four weaknesses in banks: ○ 1) lack of good currency ○ 2)lack of stability ○ 3) lack of control over practices ○ 4)concentration of power in NYC … ○ It created a mechanism to regulate the money supply

■ Federal Reserve Bank regulate the money supply through a series of financial mechanisms & 12 districts created

● Federal Trade Commission created to investigate dishonest business practices● Clayton Antitrust Act- provide the government with a tool to challenge monopolistic

practices, stronger than Sherman AntitrustAfrican Americans- not so much help

Plessy v. Ferguson- Jim Crow segregation lawsBirth of a Nation- DW Griffith's, glorified the KKKBuuuuut… W.E.B. DuBois founded the NAACP(National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) argued for immediate end to social injustice, and his belief in the Talented Tenth intellectuals to lead the struggle. Booker T. Washington's- accommodationist, believed in hard work and job training.

WORLD WAR INationalism and imperialism …militarism, arm’s race, and desire to dominate trade

Triple Entente (allies) - England, France, RussiaTriple Alliance (central powers) - Germany, Austria-Hungary, ItalyAssassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by the Serbian nationalist Black Hand societyUS - neutral.. For now.. But,Germany - perfected the U-boat ->Brit blockaded German coast-> Germany sank ships

● Sank the Lusitania after warning, 100 Americans dead. Sank Arabic. Sank Sussex…Germany agreed to Sussex Pledge which meant no attacks on unarmed vessels but only if US could persuade Brit to lift the blockade.

● Zimmermann telegram, Germany would support Mexico in invading the US● Germany continued unrestricted submarine warfare● Wilson.. “World safe for democracy” .. entered the war

Russia: Bolshevik revolution in Russia … separate treaty with Germany, left the war.US: Committee of Public Information and Civilian Council of National Defense

● War Industries Board under Bernard Baruch to convert industry to wartime production● National War Labor Board, led by Taft, dealt with labor disputes● Food Administration, led by Hoover, regulated food supply for troops● Fuel Administration dealt with energy demands

● Propaganda- encouraged men to enlist, women to work in industry● War funded by liberty bonds

Espionage and Sedition Acts- fined or jailed people who interfered with draft or bonds.Targeted immigrants, mostly German Americans “liberty cabbage”

● Schenck v US - Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes upheld Espionage Act Trench Warfare- no man’s land, poisonous gas, flame throwers Armistice reached.. Wilson’s 14 Points, some were

● The end of secret alliances● Freedom of the seas● Equality in trade

● Arms reduction● Self determination for nations● League of Nations

Wilson tried to convince allies to accept 14 points but allies wanted revenge, only accepted a few. Article X- League of NationsTreaty of Versailles:

● 9 new nations created● Brit and France get temporary mandates● Germany stripped of army and need to pay reparations● Germany humiliated

Henry Cabot Lodge - rejected the treaty, objected to Article X, League of Nations would lead to another war.

● Wilson tried to convince but nope, in the end they just signed another treaty with Germany and never joined League of Nations

1920’S ROARING TWENTIESElection of 1920:

● Harding beating democrat Cox. ● Eugene V Debs, socialist, running from prison, gets nearly 1 million votes.

Warren Harding(R) promised a “return to normalcy”● Isolationism, big business, scandals

Washington Naval Conference: US, Brit, France, Italy, Japan scrap a percentage of their existing battleships, cruisers, carriersFordney-McCumber Tariff- raised tariffs, meant to isolate America from EuropeTeapot Dome Scandal- bribery and transfer of rights to precious oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming. Administration --- shaky ethical foundations, pro business Election of 1924:

● Dems wanted to repeal prohibition and condemn KKK, ● Progressives ran Robert LaFollette● Calvin Coolidge(R) still won.

Coolidge: conservative, laissez-faire, ● pro business “business of the american people is business” ● Vetoed the McNary-Haugen Bill which would have supported struggling farmers

International Debt: US loaned money to Brit & France. Germany unable to pay too.

● Dawes Plan- US plan to provide loans to Germany so it can stabilize and then pay off Brit and France.. Cycle of money benefitted US banking interests

Kellogg-Briand Pact- outlawed war? More of a statement rather than enforcement.

Election of 1928: Radio for running candidates! ● Alfred Smith(D)’s catholicism hurt his candidacy● Herbert Hoover’s “chicken in every pot” won instead.

“Roaring Twenties” seemingly strong economy…. But increasing consumer debt and struggling agricultural sector

● Increasing production- big worker strikes like Seattle General strike and Boston Police strike. Union membership declined, push for open shops.

● Efficiency! Frederick Winslow Taylor (scientific management) Taylorism. Like using stopwatches

● Automobiles, Henry Ford and assembly line. For allllll Americans● Consumerism- electricity->toaster, refrigerator, washing machine, radios … increase in

advertising… ○ Consumer credit with installment plans (buy now, pay later)

■ More careless spending● Big Business- demand for corporate loans decreased, banks were investing their funds

into the stock market● Agriculture- Farmers mechanized farms but could not pay back, no overseas markets

Society:Women - 19th amendment, right to vote

● “women professions” in workforce ● birth control (Margaret Sanger)● fashion less constricting->”flapper”

Great Migration- African Americans, rural south-> urban north -> Harlem RenaissanceThe Red Scare- fear of communists, anarchists, radicals.

● Palmer Raids, led by A Mitchell Palmer, raided homes, union halls, offices, without warrant

Nativism - Emergency Quota Act:set quotas for different nationalities based on number of people that live in the US in 1890.

● National Origins Act of 1924, dramatic decrease in European immigration until ~1965● Sacco and Vanzetti- two Italian anarchists, arrested for murder and stealing. Case was

weak but they were found guilty. Added to Red Scare and nativist atmosphere● Ku Klux Klan- “100 Percent Americanism”, against Catholics, Jews, and immigrants in

general too. Fundamentalist protestantism and traditional ‘moral’ values. Prohibition- 18th amendment banned alcoholic beverages, lined in the Volstead Act

● Hard to enforce because bootleggers(illegal distributors) and speakeasies(secret clubs)● 21st amendment which repealed 18th amendment and ended the noble experiment

Scopes Trial, led by William Jennings Bryan, punishing high school biology teacher- evolution● John Scopes was found guilty but this brought national attention to the topic

Culture:The Jazz Age● Tabloid newspapers, New York Daily News

● Walt Disney’s Steamboat Willie, Mickey Mouse● Babe Ruth- baseball Yankee player● Charles Lindbergh’s solo flight across Atlantic

The Lost Generation- American writers who criticized society and war and materialism● F Scott Fitzgerald- The Great Gatsby / Ernest Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms

Harlem Renaissance (from the Great Migration), significant artists● Langston Hughes, Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Bessie Smith● Marcus Garvey, “back to Africa” movement

THE GREAT DEPRESSION :(Oct 29, 1929 Black Tuesday, stock market crashed, banks failed, money in circulation declined and high unemploymentCauses:

● Overproduction, underconsumption- mostly in farming● Over speculation- overpricing of stocks● Margin buying- people permitted to buy stocks on margin- paid for only part of it, then

pay when price increase● Bank practices- many closed● Technological unemployment- people lost jobs to machines● High tariffs- made US products unwelcomed abroad● Depression in Europe

Dust Bowl: environmental disasterHerbert Hoover? “Hoovervilles” committees of people living in vacant lots.

● He believed that wealth would “trickle down” to individuals and in rugged individualism(people with little interference of government)

● He barely did anything● He tried to do public works projects- Hoover Dam, but wasn’t enough

○ Reconstruction Finance Corporation- gave loans Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act, ended yellow dog contracts(workers sign so they won’t join unions), could not forbid workers from striking, boycottingFDR - New DealBonus Army- veterans march on Washington wanting their pay owed to them nowFDR Actions:

● Declare a bank holiday, close banks and check them out before reopening● “Priming the pump” use government $ to generate $● Relief, recovery, reform

Relief:Federal Emergency Relief Administrations- gave $ to states and cities to feel needy and pay for works projectsNational Industrial Recovery Act- reduce unemployment by spreading work out. National Recovery Administration asked to reduce competition and regulate wages and hours. Declared unconstitutional by the Supreme CourtPublic Works Administration- under the NIRA, $3 billion to public works

Civil Conservation Corps- employment for young men in areas of forestry, flood, soil Fair Labor Standards Act- minimum wage, no child labor, and limit work hours

Recovery:Agricultural Adjustment Act: paid farmers to reduce production, aid them. Declared unconstitutionalTennessee Valley Authority- developed the Tennessee ValleyEmergency Relief Appropriations Act- established work programs, including the Works Progress Administration, which employed more labor for public works and for liberal arts and literature Farm Security Administration- low interest, long term loans to tenant farmers

Reform:Banking Act of 1933(Glass-Steagall Act)- banking reform, set up the FDICFederal Deposit Insurance Corporation- insured bank deposits, encourage people to use banksSecurity and Exchange Act- created SEC to police the activities of stock marketSocial Security Act- provided government payments to individuals who were unemployed, disabled, old, or dependent mothers and childrenNational Labor Relations Act- recognized the right of labor to organize and bargain collectively

FDR wanted a court in favor of his programs (court packing scheme) ● Wanted the ability to add 1 new judge for every judge over 70

Deficit spending? Keynesian economics? WWII ended the depression mostly.Wagner Act- shot down by Supreme Court, legalized union membership in the US John L Lewis wanted the AFL to do more in growing sector of labor force.

● So he formed the Committee for Industrial Organization in the AFL, later expelled, then known as the Congress of Industrial Organizations

● CIO growth was huge. Known for their sit-down strikes (refuse to work but block the work floor)

○ General Motors plant in Michigan, resulted in recognizing the United Auto Workers

Communist Party- Stalin’s ‘“Popular Front” strategy of cooperation with a spectrum of anti fascist groups and governments, including Roosevelt

Left: New Deal was overly cautious,● Upton Sinclair, ran for CA governor

“End Poverty in CA”, socialistic ● Francis Townsend- give every over

60 a monthly stipend● Huey Long- “Share Our Wealth”

society, break up fortunes and share it

Right: ● Because of the court-packing scheme,

The American Liberty League (Father Charles Coughlin) accused Roosevelt of being a communist & dictator on his radio show.

Culture:Movies- “talkie” era, very escapist. “The Jazz Singer”Radio- homogenous culture across the USLiterature- John Steinbeck’s Dust Bowl tale, Grapes of Wrath / Margaret Mitchell’s Gone w/t WindSocial Groups:African Americans: hit especially hard during the depression. New Deal generally ignored African American struggle buuut

● Eleanor Roosevelt and Harold Ickes championed the civil rights cause○ Marian Anderson performed at concert ○ “Black cabinet” of advisers○ Scottsboro Boys- 8 were convicted of rape with flimsy evidence.

Women: also pretty bad and were overlooked. But● Frances Perkins, first cabinet female member● Eleanor Roosevelt was pretty public and active

Natives: Indian Reorganization Act- undid the assimilationist Dawes Act by recognizing tribal ownership of reservation landsMexican Americans: were also excluded and lost their jobs to white workers

WORLD WAR IIWashington Conference of 1921:

● Several nations agree to reduce militaries● 5 Power Pact: US, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy:

Nine-Power Pact: Continued the Open Door Policy in ChinaHoover: Did not enforce the Roosevelt CorollaryOverseas Expansion:

● Lebensraum – Germany sought “living space”● Japanese invasion of Manchuria -> Stimson Doctrine● US refused to recognize Japanese gains

World Economic Conference: London, 1933: FDR did not favor the Gold StandardReciprocal Trade Agreement: US could lower tariffs on foreign countries that do the sameUS recognition of the Soviet Union in 1933:

● US hoped the USSR would help contain Japan’s growing power● USSR promised to stop propaganda in the US

Good Neighbor Policy: FDR sought improved relations with Latin America, less of a focus on military forceNye Committee: Senate Committee that alleged the US became involved in WWI so businesses could profit1935 invasion of Ethiopia by Italy: Fear that another world war was closeNeutrality Acts 1935 – 1937:

● US could not sell weapons to warring (belligerent) countries● Did not matter who was the aggressor or who was the victim● Non-military goods could be sold via a “cash and carry” policy● US could not provide loans to belligerent nations

● US citizens could not travel on ships from warring nationsQuarantine Speech:

● FDR’s speech in response to Japanese aggression● Encouraged economic sanctions

Munich Conference:● Germany invaded areas of Czechoslovakia (clear violation of Treaty of Versailles)● Many countries were fearful of another world war● Followed a policy of appeasement – giving in to the demands of an aggressor (Hitler)● At Munich, France and Britain allowed Hitler to have parts of Czechoslovakia● Hitler violated the agreement within 6 months

Committee to Defend America – Interventionists - favored aidAmerica First Committee – Isolationists (Charles Lindbergh)Arsenal of Democracy Speech:

● FDR speech that claimed the US should aid European countries resisting Germany● Arsenal refers to the US’ ability to make war materials for Allied countries

Lend-Lease Act (1941): Drastically increased US’ involvement in WWII● US could lend crucial supplies to countries the president deems vital

“Shoot-On-Sight” Policy: US ships could shoot German submarines upon seeing themAtlantic Charter: First wartime meeting between US (FDR) and Britain (Churchill)

● Outlined the goals for post-WWI, including: self-determination, lower trade barriers, economic cooperation

Panay Incident: Japan attacked a US ship, Japan apologized, American isolationists urged the US to move on

● US froze Japanese assets in response to aggression (1940s)● US instituted an embargo

December 7, 1941:● Pearl Harbor was attacked by Japanese

Battle of Midway- US was victoriousThe War ended the Great Depression: Federal spending increased, increased savings

● Paid for war through taxes and war bondsSmith-Connally Act- unions had to wait 30 before strikingWar Production Board: broad economic powers, but not reallySociety:African Americans:

● Supported the war -- hoped for more rights● A Philip Randolph- proposed demonstration in DC

○ Fair Employment Practice Commission: could investigate discriminationNative Americans: “code talkers”Mexican Americans: Barcero program: Mexican workers came to the US

● Zoot Suit Riot: conflict with young Mexicans in LAWomen: increased in workforce

● “Rosie the Riveter”Japanese Americans: Executive Order 9066- relocation

● Korematsu v US - upheld internment camps

D-Day: Invasion at NormandyManhattan Project: Nuclear weapons

● Hiroshima and Nagasaki○ Why? Truman: Save American lives

THE COLD WARReasons: USSR wanted “buffer zone”, Brit and US delayed

● Yalta Conference:○ Stalin agreed to free elections in Eastern Europe○ USSR would join the UN○ Germany would be divided into different zones

● Potsdam Conference:○ Japan given an ultimatum to surrender○ Truman hinted to Stalin about a new weapon

● Chinese Civil War:○ Nationalists (US supported) v. Communists (Mao) (they win)

Containment: George Kennan, believed the Soviet threat of expansion should be “contained”Truman Doctrine: $400 million in aid to Turkey and GreeceMarshall Plan: $12 billion in economic aid to EuropeNational Security Act: Created the Department of Defense, CIA, and increased powers of the presidentBerlin Blockade: Stalin cut off all roads/trains to Berlin (located in East Germany)

● US provided food, goods, etc. to citizens of Berlin, helps lead to the formation of…..North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): “An attack on one is an attack on all”

● The Soviet Union later responded with the Warsaw Pact■ Soviet Union detonates its own nuclear weapon

NSC-68: Urged for a more aggressive foreign policy and increase in defense spendingServicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944 (G.I. Bill): education and aid to veteransTruman’s Fair Deal: More social security, minimum wage, national insurance, housing

● Did not achieve as many gains for Civil Rights but did Execute Order 9981○ Desegregated the military

Taft-Hartley Act: passed over veto, outlawed “closed-shop”Korean War:

● North Korea invades South, almost took over but US increases military and spending● General MacArthur wanted a large scale war against Chinese● China supported North Korea, US helped South, pushed back to the 38th parallel

House Committee on Un-American Activities● Alger Hiss: Accused of sharing 65 classified documents

○ Indicted and sentenced to 5 years in jail for perjury● “Hollywood Ten”:10 screenwriters that refused to testify before HUAC; sentenced to jail● Many activities became associated with Communism: declining religious sentiment,

increased sexual freedom, agitation for civil rights● Rosenbergs: couple convicted of giving atomic bomb secrets to Soviets

Truman’s Loyalty Program: Truman issued an executive order for federal employees to take a loyalty oathMcCarran Internal Security Act: Required Communist organizations to register with the governmentMcCarthyism: demagogue (leader that capitalizes on prejudices and false claims to gain power) Joseph McCarthy

● Accused state department officials of being communists

1950’SEconomy:

● Government spending - Interstate Highway System○ Federal Highway Act 1956- more than 40k miles of highway, huge works project○ Railroad industry negatively affected○ Growth of suburbs, hotels, fast food

● Baby Boom -> consumer demand● Suburbs + Automobiles

○ Levittown: cookie cutter houses○ White Flight: white families moved to suburbs○ Women - “cult of domesticity”○ TV- advertising and sense of alienation among groups excluded from portrayal

Advances: Medically: antiseptic, antibiotics, polio vaccine (Salk) ● DDT Pesticide● Hydrogen Bomb (Soviets did it too)● Space Program: Soviet Union- Sputnik

○ US-> more spending on math and science… NASA!White collar jobs outnumbered blue collarThe Beat Generation: criticized middle-class values and conformity, Jack KerouacRock n’ Roll: influenced by African American music.. Elvis PresleyMichael Harrington’s The Other America: brought attention to poverty

● Urban cities-> “ghettos” -> “urban renewal” Civil Rights Movement:

● Double V Campaign: Victory abroad, victory at home ● Brown v. Board of Education (1954): ended Plessy ruling, schools must be

desegregated○ Resistance: many schools shut down, “Southern Manifesto” Congress freaking

out ○ Little Rock Nine: Eisenhower sent troops to escort students

● Montgomery Bus Boycott- Rosa Parks, influenced Martin Luther King Jr. ● TV: demonstrated how whites lived, inspired activism

Eisenhower: Secretary of State: John Foster Dulles: Massive Retaliation: brinkmanshipDien Bien Phu Falls: France leaves Vietnam, US is thereEisenhower Doctrine: president could provide military and economic aid to nations resisting communism Iran: The Shah is instituted as leader by the CIA

Suez Crisis: Egypt nationalized Suez Canal. France, Brit, Israel attacked Egypt. US didn’t support thatGuatemala President overthrown after nationalizing US Fruit Company land Cuba: 1959, Fidel Castro. USSR and Castro are homies Hungarian Revolt: citizens sought democratic reforms, Soviets crush this effort, no US interveneU-2 Spy Plane: US and USSR had summits but USSR shot down this spy plane and canceled

1960’SElection of 1960: JFK beat Nixon. TV played an important role New Frontier: focused on urban renewal, civil rights, health careLBJ’s “Great Society”: focused on domestic programs, built on New Deal

● War on poverty: Office of Economic Opportunity: administered money to programs in low income areas

● Medicare: medical assistance for elderly● Medicaid: health care for low income families● Housing and Urban Development: focused on urban dev and renewal

Immigration Act of 1965: eliminated quotasCivil Rights:

● Greensboro, North Carolina Sit-in :4 black students sat at a segregated counter of a Woolworth’s, inspired sit-ins across the country

● Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) -“Freedom riders” wanted to challenge segregation on interstate buses in the South

● Eugene “Bull” Connor: Used fire hoses and dogs to break up peaceful protests● “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”: Martin Luther King Jr, drew on Thoreau’s and

Gandhi’s ideas of civil disobedience● Kennedy realized he could no longer negotiate the issue of civil rights● Civil Rights Act of 1964: Guaranteed equal access to public accommodations and

government could cut off funds where discrimination occurred● Voting Rights Act of 1965: Federal government could register voters and eliminated

literacy tests for voting● 24th Amendment: Eliminated poll taxes● De Jure Discrimination: Discrimination by laws● De Facto Discrimination:Discrimination by custom and tradition● “Black Power”: Movement towards racial distinctiveness

○ Inspired by Marcus Garvey from the 1920s● Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)● Black Panthers (1966): Huey Newton and Bobby Seale advocated the arming of blacks

against white police● Malcolm X: Advocated “black revolution” and black separatism and appealed to

frustrated African AmericansPeace Corps: Young Americans that would serve 24 months over seas and focused on social and economic development and hoped to improve countries and resist communismBay of Pigs Invasion: Cuban exiles (trained by US) would invade Cuba but fails

Berlin Wall: 1961, Soviets began construction of the Berlin WallCuban Missile Crisis: missiles with nuclear capabilities in Cuba that could destroy most of the US, JFK quarantined Cuba

● Eventually, the Soviet Union withdrew missiles, US promised not to attack Cuba, US would withdraw missiles from Turkey

Vietnam War: North- communist / South- noncommunist● Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: American ships were supposedly attacked, increase in

presidential powers during war● Tet Offensive: attack during Viet New Year, led to increased opposition

1968:● Johnson won’t run for re-election ● Martin Luther King Jr and Robert Kennedy assasinated ● Dem Convention has protests, clashs with police● Election of 1968: Nixon wins with “peace with honor” campaign

New Left: whites who helped supported rights for minorities● Students for a Democratic Society: anti war activists that used terrorism● UC Berkeley: Free Speech and utilized political debate● Counterculture: “hippies” - sexual revolution, music, drugs

Native Americans: Declaration of Indian Purpose: self determination● Indian Civil Rights Act: recognized tribal laws

Latinos: Cesar Chavez: United Farm Workers unionGay Liberation: Stonewall Riots: police arrested patrons at a gay bar, new activist groupWomen: The Feminine Mystique- Betty Friedan -argued that many housewives lived unfulfilled lives and were unhappy

● National Organization for Women: brought attention to lack of women in certain professions

● Equal Rights Amendment- passed Congress, never ratified ● Title IX: no discrimination based upon sex

Environment:● Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring: exposed environmental impacts of insecticides● Environmental Protection Agency● Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act

Richard Nixon’s plan of Vietnamization- instructing the South Vietnamese how to fight on their own, slowly removing US troopsNixon Doctrine: US would honor current commitments but in future, Asian countries would defend themselves

● However he secretly escalated the war by bombing Cambodia and Laos, neutral country○ Led to the college protesters and the Kent State shooting○ Congress passed the War Powers Act which limits the president’s ability to

wage war without the legislative branch● My Lai village massacre- killed many Vietnamese women and children● Was revealed that Congress had been lied to about the war during LBJ● Secretary of State Henry Kissinger met secretly with North Viet to negotiate a

settlement

● 1973 US pulled troops out of South Vietnam● 1975 Saigon falls to communist forces

Détente, relaxing of tensions with Soviet Union and China● Nixon was the first to visit communist China and discuss with Mao

○ Let them join the United Nations and recognized the Chinese revolution ● Also visited Moscow to encourage a nuclear arms limitation treaty

○ Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty(SALT)- signed by US and USSR which reduces number of nuclear missiles in its arsenal in exchange for US supplying USSR with grain

Warren Court: Decisions affected rights of criminals and the accused, religion, civil rights, and women

● v. Ohio (search warrants)● Gideon v. Wainwright (right to lawyer, even if you can’t afford one)● Escobedo v. Illinois (Right to lawyer from time of arrest)● Miranda v. Arizona (Right to remain silent)● Engel v. Vitale (School sanctioned prayer is unconstitutional)● Griswold v. Connecticut (Birth control is legal)● Tinker v. DesMoines (Free speech is fine in school)● Nixon, upset with the court’s decisions, appointed judges he felt would “strictly” interpret

the Constitution○ Appointed Warren Burger as new Chief Justice○ Roe v. Wade (1973) – legalized abortion

Yom Kippur War- Israel vs Syria & Egypt● Nixon sent military aid to Israel .. ended quickly .. but● Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC)- initiated an embargo of oil

exports to the US ● US supply of gasoline/petroleum plummeted … deep recession and inflation grew

Stagflation- high inflation + high unemployment● Nixon, “imperial president”, tried to stop by cutting government spending but made it

worse● Later enacted a new monetary policy, bringing the currency value down relative to

foreign currencies, helped spur economic recoveryWatergate

● Nixon appealed to the “silent majority” (conservative Democrats) ● Break-in at Democratic Party National HQ at Watergate Hotel● Through investigations of Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, the burglars were tied to

Nixon administration -> illegal activities in the Oval Office..● Oval Office was taped and Nixon refused to give over the tapes

○ He claimed “executive privilege”, fought with Congress ○ Nixon v. US, the tapes were finally released and showed ties to watergate

● Nixon’s VP gets the boot and he chooses Gerald R. Ford as new VP● Facing impeachment by Congress, Nixon resigns. Ford takes oath.

Gerald Ford - had to deal with stagflation and was pretty ineffective.- Also his administration saw the fall of Southeast Asian countries fall to communists 1975

Election of 1976 - saw Ford’s ineffectiveness, Democrats chose Jimmy Carter (conservative Dem)

● Carter wins-- He’s super smart but not too good with playing politics Jimmy Carter

● Crafted a peace agreement between Egypt and Israel, 1978○ Called Egyptian president, Anwar Sadat, and Israel PM, Menachem Begin, to

meet in Maryland -- discussed, Carter was the mediator○ Camp David Accords, first step towards peace in the Middle East

● Treaty with Panama in 1977 that relinquished American control over the Panama Canal● Faced issue of Islamic fundamentalists overthrowing the shah in Iran

○ Ayatollah Khomeini, cut off flow of petroleum to OPEC○ Students seized the American embassy and took hostages, held for a year+ ○ Carter froze Iranian assets and ordered a rescue mission but failed

● SALT set to expire in 1977, so.. SALT II.. ? ○ But USSR invaded Afghanistan to get better control of oil transportation region○ US stopped grain shipments and withdrew SALT II

● Boycotted the 1980 Olympic Games -- Iran hostage crisis● Grant amnesty to 10k men who fled country during draft● Created Department of Education and Department of Energy

Reagan Revolution- blow to New Deal coalition & brought forth New Conservatism ● Promised: lower taxed, smaller gov, stronger military ● Believed in “trickle down” theory which was wealth would trickle down to middle/low

class● Congress passed bill in 1981 that cut taxes by 25% for 3 years

○ Many federally funded social programs were cut ○ Increase in defense spending

● Enacted deregulation of telephone and trucking industry ● Promise to reconfigure the Supreme Court, make more conservative

○ He did seat a the first womanReagan’s Second Term

● Congress lowered taxes more to limit illegal immigration ● Iran-Contra scandal- money secretly diverted from the sale of American weapons to

Nicaraguan Contras -- forbidden aid & sold American military equipment to Iran for the release of American hostages

● Stock market crash on Oct 19, 1987 - Congress reduce taxes more End of The Cold War

● Gorbachev’s Glasnost and Perestroika- openness and restructuring ● Dec 1987, Reagan and Gorbachev signed to rid of intermediate-range missiles

Election of 1988 - George H.W. Bush(Reagan’s VP) vs Michael Dukakis● Bush’s “read my lips, no new taxes” wins

Globally● Chinese student uprisings for democratic reforms, crushed● Soviet Union no longer provided assistance to communist governments in other

countries

● “Solidarity Movement” in Poland and collapsed of Romanian government ○ Fall of “iron curtain” in Europe

● Berlin Wall fall on 1989● Soviet Republics declared independence in 1990 (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) ● 1991, Soviet Union collapse● Russia joined 14 other former Soviets to create temporary - Commonwealth of

Independent States● Bush and new Russian president, Boris Yeltsin, sign START I (1991) -- reduced the

number of nuclear warheads● START II signed in 1993 to reduce even further & US aid to Russian economy

Affirmative Action- the policy of increasing minorities’ access to jobs and education● Bakke v. UC Board of Regents

○ UC admissions were “reverse discrimination” -- against qualified white applicants● Proposition 209- barring affirmative action laws in CA

Bill Clinton- 1992, worked to reform healthcare and welfare● Had trouble with united government, with Republican House Speaker Newt Gingrich

○ Republicans backed down but didn’t allow him to enact any health care reform● Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996-

reformed welfare system● Republicans revealed Contract with America, promised to balance the federal budget by

cutting taxes and limiting spending on social programs by supporting the military ● Personal and political misconduct in his 2nd term, impeached but acquitted

Immigration and Control Act - 1986, meant to damper illegal immigration but was ineffectiveRust Belt- Steel producing states like Michigan, Pennsylvania, Ohio as large steel mills closed because of decreasing domestic demand and increasing competition in the global marketWorld Wide Web- gained prominence when it moved from the academic and political worlds to the public arenaInternal Monetary Fund- supplied billions in loans to faltering nationsNorth American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)- created a free trade pact with Canada and Mexico, allowed free flow of goods, services, and jobs in North AmericaTimothy McVeigh- and two accomplices convicted for a terrorist attack on the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma, in 1995Al Qaeda - led by Osama Bin Laden, military training camp in Afghanistan that would attack Western targets

- September 11thWar on Iraq - rumors of weapons of mass destruction

- Saddam Hussein- refused to cooperate with the UN weapon inspections Environmental Issues

- Drive 55- reduce the amount of gasoline consumed - Three Mile Island- Pennsylvania sent a cloud of radioactive gas into the air