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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A literature review is an account of what has been published on a topic by
accredited scholars and researchers. The purpose is to convey to the reader what
knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic, and what their strengths
and weaknesses are. The format of review of literature may vary from discipline to
discipline and from assignment to assignment. A review may be a self contained
unit- an end in itself or a preface to and rationale for engaging in primary research.
The advent of information communication technology (ICT) enabled
education and library services have become a big challenge for the library
professional. An attempt has been made to evaluate and measure the impact of
ICT on library and information services by making survey of IITs libraries through
questionnaire, using publication and citation data downloaded from Web of
Science and Scopus databases. The bibliometric /scientometric and ICT/Internet
directly relevant literatures were only considered. For this purpose LISA was used
as a major tool.
To know the details and satisfy the objectives of review of literature, a
search has been made using LISA (Library and Information Science Abstract)
database by assigning the different key words till 2007. The retrieved relevant
articles have been reviewed and arranged in ascending order.
Ladner S. J. (1990)1 studied the impact of standards for cataloguing and
machine readable data files on the small special library, networking opportunity
for special libraries created by the rise of state – based system. The issue of local
vs. centralized system for computer based cataloguing and the implication for
resource sharing, accessibility of corporate library holdings and inequities in
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recourse sharing. The author took the Tampa Bay Library consortia and the Miami
Health Sciences library consortium, 2 Florida- based recourse sharing network
with active library participation to illustrate the workable solution.
Ambia G. (1991)2 analyzed the physics journals used pattern in Delhi
University (DU) science library, IIT Delhi and NPL library. The findings were
based upon the analysis of actual used data recorded from all volumes and issues
consulted and left on the study tables from 18 oct.-17nov.1986. It was reported
that NPL was getting 66, IIT Delhi 58 and science library DU 95 physics journals
respectively and out that only 35(53.03%) at NPL, 48 (82.75%) at IITD and 41
(43.15%) at DU were used even once during the one month interval. Data were
also collected by circulating the questionnaire to the faculty and research scholars
of the physics and astrophysics departments of all three.
Robin Kinder ( 1994)3 , a reference librarian at Williaum Allan Neilson
Library, smith collage edited the book “ Librarians on the internet: impact on
reference services” a collection of articles grouped into five categories-
introducing internet services, selected sources on the internet , internet impact’s on
reference services, evaluating internet resources and progress with the internet.
These articles were also published simultaneously as The Reference Librarian
number- 41/42, 1994. All the articles are well written and may be useful to
librarians in the initial stages of exploring the internet’s potential for library
services; it will be of limited use to more experienced internet users.
Lue L.G. (1995)4 reviews the literature of the internet and WWW, since
1990, covering 446 reference on the internet and library and information services
with particular reference to issue such as : academic libraries and scholarly
research; collection development and cooperation community colleges and
networks; electronic publishing document delivery and inter loans, global and
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international networking; government information; internet training ; legal, ethical,
and security issues; online public access catalogue (OPACs); privatization and
commercialization; public libraries; reference services; school libraries ; standard
and protocols and women, minorities, disabled and equality.
Harter S.P. (1996)5 studied the impact of electronic journals on scholarly
communication using citation analysis. Author collected hard empirical data on
the impact of the first wave of e-journals on the scholarly communities they serve.
For this purpose citation analysis was conducted for 39 scholarly journals that
began electronic publication no later than 1993. Citation data were tabulated and
analyzed. The eight most highly cited e- journals were identified. Citation and
publication data for three high ranking e- journals in the study were compared to
similar data for print journals in the same field and impact was observed.
Bell A. (1997)6 examined the impact of electronic information on the
academic research community. In early 1996, the University of Wales Cardiff
conducted a survey of the information needs of its researchers. The survey
established that printed material from the university libraries was on of the most
important source of information for research, along with contacts with other
researchers. Staff anticipated that electronic publications would become more
important over the next few years, but they neither did nor see the importance of
printed materials diminishing. A literature review was carried out to discover
whether published studies of the impact of electronic information were consistent
with the findings of the internal survey. The review found that attitudes to
electronic sources were generally positive, but printed sources of information were
preferred by most academics contributing to published studies. A number of issues
currently inhibit user acceptance and consequently limit the present impact of
electronic information sources.
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Subbarao V.S. (1998)7 studied the impact of information technology (IT)
on the knowledge and skill base of library staffs in IIT Bombay and reported that
IT had radically changed the nature of work, and as a consequence the context and
skill base of many jobs in a library require evaluation and redefinition. The IIT
Bombay library staff responded positively to the changing environment,
maintaining a satisfactory balance with traditional print based information sources
and services. There was a substantial educational role for the librarian in
familiarizing users with the networked learning environment and it was possible to
carry out many of the activities associated with this role of cyberspace.
Harter S.P. (1998)8 using a database of peer- reviewed electronic journals
drawn from two directories of cited work searches for 39 e- journals on the 3 ISI
citation databases. Using DIALOG to create a reasonable collection of the various
form of e- journal title to be found, considerable effort was devoted to a manual
cleanup of the results. Eleven were published in both print and electronic format,
and citations make no distinction as to which format was utilized. Fifteen e-
journals were not cited and 13 were cited between one and five times. Eight were
cited ten or more times; three from the sciences and five from the social sciences.
Thus overall impact must be considered low. The top e- journals had 1500
citations in 1994 alone, but it was available in both formats. The top pure e-
journal had 190 citations, and PACS Review, some of whose volumes were
published in book form had 111 citations. These top three when compared to other
journals in their disciplinary area, ranked high in impact factor, but poor in total
number of article published.
Patil S.K. (1998)9
studied the development of engineering and technical
education in India and reported that there was a remarkable progress over the last
two decades. He also examined the current development of undergraduate and
postgraduate engineering education taking two leading institutions as case studies
viz, the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), New Delhi and Birla Institute of
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Technology and Sciences (BITS), Pilani. Strategic plans, policies and programmes
that had been adopted for implementation as the ninth five year plan of the AICTE
to meet the future technological global challenges were also outlined.
Srikantaiah T.K. and Xiaoying D. (1998)10
made a case study to know the
impact of internet on developing countries with special reference to China and
India. They ended with conclusions that internet had significantly changed
information management in developed countries through creating pressure to
improve communication systems and develope more user friendly environments
for information sharing. Now, internet had started penetrating in developing
countries also to change information practices in various sectors. The study
focused on the two most popular countries of the world, viz China and India which
are information rich countries in the East Asia and South Asia regions
respectively.
Hollis A. (1998)11
studied the internet and its use in acquisition in academic
libraries in Britain. The finding was negative and British acquisition librarians
were not significantly utilizing the internet. This article presents the librarian’s
views of the facilities available in 1996 and states their ideas for improving these
facilities. Suggestions were also given of how librarians could benefit from
making greater use of the existing internet.
Hurd J.M. (1998)12
examined the S&T communication system and felt that
changes were experimented due to information technology being used to produce,
organize, and disseminate scientific information. The internet, electronic
periodicals, preprint databases, digital libraries and the World Wide Web are
altering even more profoundly the ways scientists carry out research and share
their findings with others. Explores several new models for scientific
communication that address the information needs of scientists and in corporate
the latest technological innovations.
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Moorthy A.L. and Karisiddappa C.R. (1998)13
reviewed the literature on
impact of internet on library and information centers using the information
communication technology and reported that use of internet would have a positive
impact on the way the information was generated, processed, stored, retrieved and
disseminated. They went on saying that the availability of email and file transfer
capabilities were expected to improve the dissemination of the information across
the continents.
Kawiner and Braunstein (1998)14
collected publications count for the 122
faculty, internet use counts from computer logs and other variables from a
questionnaire and published biographies. Average yearly publication correlates
with biological age, and years since Ph. D, but time assigned for research, number
of grants as principal investigator, time Ph.D. and Carnegie status of source of
Ph.D. were not significantly related. A 10% increase in internet logins results in an
increase of 21 publications per year.
Chandra H. (1999)15
discussed the importance of patent documents as
useful resource for R&D activities. Presented an annotated list of the major
international patents web sites available for the users. Described initiatives taken
by the central library of IIT Madras in providing patent information services to
faculty, researchers and industry.
Kumbar T.S. (1999)16
traces the developments of the internet and WWW
with particular reference to the Indian scene. Author focused on ERNET,
NICNET, Satyam online and Mahanagar Telephone Exchange Ltd. (MTNL).
Describes the impact on Indian academic libraries: collection development;
acquisition; cataloguing and classification; circulation; preservation and storage,
cooperation information services; user training; marketing of library services and
inter loans. Concluded by recognizing the important work of the Information and
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Library Network (INFLIBNET) in coordinating and implementing internet
connectivity among the Indian academic libraries.
Fernandez L. (1999)17
took a study to assess the impact of the internet on
scientific communication among the group of scientists and information
professional from the leading research institutions in India with a objective to
understand the information seeking behavior of the Indian scientists and
informational professionals and the use of the internet in their work. The study
revealed that Indian scientists are making full use of internet where connectivity is
available. Slow access time and lack of universal assess appeared to be the major
problems they were facing. There were subject specific differences in the way they
perceived some of the knower modes of scholarly communication such as preprint
and current awareness sources. However there is a general agreement regarding
the need for internet connectivity if science is to be truly global. Librarians and
Information professionals have a delimit role to play in making this happen.
Jeevan V.K. and Majumdar K. (1999)18
studied the web information
services at IIT, Kharagpur. Their paper explored the new IT tools and techniques
for better information organization and services. They also summarize the
institute’s IT developments, focusing on the design of a web server for library
applications.
Sonwane S.S. (1999)19
studied the retrieval aspect of OPACs available on
the net and reported that OPACs are the gateways to information in libraries and
provide facilities to browse search and locate information. OPACs have replaced
the traditional catalogues and web OPACs put the collections of distant libraries
online.
Babu T. Ashok (1999)20
traced out history of internet and examined the
major services such as Email, Usenet, Telnet and FTP. It also discussed the
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contribution of internet to library and information services with advances in
details.
Jambhekar A. and Pandian S.P. (1999)21
examined that there should not be
any technological gap between librarians and the information professionals.
Author also examined the internet applications in the collection development,
information processing, organization, retrieval, dissemination and more
importantly information services.
Mahajan S.G. and Patil S.K. (1999)22
described the configuration of Pune
University computing network centre linking to all the university departments and
the library. They also discussed about the project taken by Dr Mohan and use of
internet in the university library by students, teachers, and research scholars. They
suggested that short term courses should be organized to (a) design and developed
of sites on internet and (b) use of internet for university library users so that they
could better exploit the net.
Selvi G.T. (1999)23
examined the impact of internet use on academic library
services and presented an overview of important web resources for academic
library users and staff. These include book texts, subject gateway, research papers,
bibliographies and databases, electronic journals, library catalogues, library
reference materials, teaching and learning materials. The internet has enabled
academic libraries to widen their services and traditional print based collections.
Deshpande A. and Padmavathi T. (1999)24
studied the changing mode of
communication and reported that scientists were communicating over world wide
networks to exchange their ideas. Electronic journals constitute a very important
example of this trend. Authors had also presented the availability, advantage, its
form and types and the technical requirements to access e-journals on the net.
They concluded with future trends and impact on the users.
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Adam L. (1999)25
studied information and communication technologies
(ICTs) applications in Africa and reported that the cost of ICTs, increased
computing power and globalization had fostered the use of ICTs for scientific and
technical development in the region. However, access to ICTs and their effective
use still lags very much behind and effort required building human resources
capacity and investment in infrastructure to reduce costs of the research
community. Discussed the sweeping changes in ICTs including the internet and
their implications for the science and technology area especially the role of ICTs
in promoting scientific communication and publishing in Africa.
Jeevan V.K.J. (2000)26
article “Kharagpur electronic library on the internet
(KELNET)” described the development of KELNET to date and looked its
prospects for continuation in context of coping with the spiriting cost of
information resources and the increased demands being placed on library services.
Abdoulaye K. and Majid S. (2000)27
examined the use of internet for
reference services in Malaysian academic libraries. They reported that internet had
affected all the functions of the library, particularly reference services. In
reference department, this has lead to the utilization of new tools and methods for
providing information to library users. The respondent felt that the internet had
contributed positively to reference work and enhanced their effectiveness and
efficiency. However a major of the respondents disagreed that the internet should
completely replace traditional reference tools.
Goodrum A.A. et al (2001)28
stated that web is revolutionizing the entire
scholarly communication process and changing the way that researchers exchange
information. Authors analyzed two views of information production and use in
computer- related research based on citation analysis of PDF and postscript
formatted publications on the web using autonomous citation indexing (ACI), and
a parallel citation analysis of the journal literature indexed by the institute for
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scientific information (ISI) in SCISEARCH. With an objective to establish a
baseline profile of computer science “literature” as it appears in the published
journals and as it appears on publicly available web. From this starting point to
identify additional research areas dealing with information dissemination and
citation practices in computer science and the utility of autonomous citation
indexing on the web as an adjunct to commercial indexing.
Van Raan A.F.J. (2001)29
examined the impact of internet on scientific
communication. He felt that electronic publishing developments and new
information technology in general would affect the main functions of scientific
communication. Author noticed that most changes however would be primarily
technological but not conceptual. Publication via journals of higher reputation is
in most fields of science crucial to receive professional recognition. That would
remain so in the “electronic era”. A much more revolutionary change in science
would be the increasing availability and sharing of research data.
Van E. and Amy S. (2001)30
examined the collections of electronically
available databases including journal articles and conference paper indexes, full
text vendor catalogues and standards databases which of these resources were
being used and to what level. A quick redirect web log was created to track the
number of times a particular link selected, providing a consistent comparison of
different resources. The resulting information could be used to determine if what
the library provided was being used and if it could be marketed more effectively,
which ultimately would aid in a cost/ benefit analysis for budget decision.
Liu (2001)31
presented a perspective from the USA with some reference to
a broad international context. The role and impact of the internet on library and
information services is ambitious in its coverage. Its applied focus across all
aspect of library activity makes it relevant to the student and the specialist
practitioners. The challenges of the text lie in the structure. The same issues,
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impact and role of the internet, being addressed in a number of different
operational and service contexts mean that there is some iteration of information in
each chapter. Chapter tend to begin with an exclamation of the magnitude of the
internet’s impact and concluded with an assurance of this continuing. This is to
some extent counter-balanced by detailed examples illustrating the unique quality
of each context; however, this trends to privilege description over analysis. An
opportunity to inform library communities understanding of the internet by
borrowing insights from other disciplines and scholarly communities has perhaps
been missed. The text might have been improved with an introduction to each
section pointing the reader to the extensive research and theory on the impact of
the internet on organizational structure, operations and service delivery.
Illingworth L. et al (2002)32
studied the attitudes, perceptions and
experiences of Scottish non profit environmental organizations and the cost and
benefits of internet as a marketing and communications tools. Their aims was to
ascertain whether the size of the organization and the level of internet use
determines the perceptions and beliefs of non profit organizations within the
environmental sector in Scotland and whether these factors also determines the
cost and benefits experienced by internet users. Found that regardless of size or the
level of use, organizations believe the internet is a cost effective way to market
their organizations and promote awareness. Overall the organizations within the
sample indicated that the internet is a low cost, high benefit marketing solution.
Long S.A. (2002)33
saw the future of current library through new models of
learning which were helping to shape services in both academic and public
libraries. Integrating the information resources of the electronic research library
into more traditional resources and facilitating learning would become key
functions in libraries. The emphasis no longer would be strictly on traditional
library materials. Author further emphasized that libraries would continue to exist
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even when every one had a computer on their desk but they have to differentiate
what they offer from what the internet has to offer.
Eisend M. (2002)34
examined internet as a mode of scientific
communication and found that with variety of communication options it has not
been only accepted but revolutionized the communication system to some extent.
The investigation of this relationship was based on data from a study of social
scientists taken in Berlin in autumn 1999. The internet substitutes written
communication media and compliments forums of spoken communication in the
field of research. It also compliments traditional publisher oriented forums of
publications and is even a substitute for work that have previously avoided
publication. Thus author argue that it should not be regarded as a new alternative
to traditional and institutionalized structures of communication of scientific
publications, as it has already become institutionalized in the field of research as a
medium of interpersonal communication.
Prosser David C. (2003)35
examined the scholarly communication of
science and technology existing from the last three hundred years. Author
proposed a model scholarly communication for science and technology in the 21st
century by harnessing the power of internet. It also covers how universities can
take responsibility for archiving their intellectual wealth and making it more
widely available. Finally, the author has shown how the adoption of institutional
repositories and open access journals could bring about a change in the financial
model of journal publishing, bringing cost savings to society and improving
communication, while still preserving the important functions of peer review.
Bertol, J.C. (2003)36
examined the status of world libraries on the
information super highway. Author feels that internet is an integral part of library
service that can take many forms and extension of library collections and
resources through licensed and/or digitized content, a gateway service through
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public access work stations, or a means through which customers can interact with
the library through such services as digital reference.
Ehikhamenor F.A. (2003)37
investigated the use and non use of new
scientific communication system by Nigerian academic scientists in ten
universities. It was found that the scientists are still heavily dependent on printed
information sources, especially journals, indexes and abstracts. The study reveals
that 64.4% of them have a computer at their disposal, while 50.4% have access to,
and are using the internet. Besides e-mail, very little use is made of other internet
facilities. Non use of internet is attributable to problems of accessibility, case of
use and cost. Most of the non users are aware of the information and
communication potential of the internet in their disciplines and believes that the
internet will become indispensable in their research in the future
Wagner A.B. (2003)38
examined the development of electronic resources
over the past three decades and discussed key features, disadvantages and benefits
of traditional and online databases and CD- Rom and web based resources. This
analysis of gains and losses as information resources have shifted to the internet
provides a basic for identifying key issue in the decision to shift collections and
resources towards purely digital formats. Ownership of content, licensing terms
and the proliferation of user interfaces are especially important and still
unresolved concerns.
Ehikhamenor F.A. (2003)39
studied the impact of internet on the scientific
communication process and the productivity of the Nigerian university scientists.
It was observed that there was a correlation between the number of contacts
maintained by the scientists and their productivity.
Tadasad P.G. et al (2003)40
surveyed the use of internet by one hundred and
ninety three undergraduate students of PDA collage of engineering, Gulbarga
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(India) and observed that the internet use was confined to general or recreational
purposes mainly.
Adika G. (2003)41
studied the internet use among faculty members of
universities in Ghana and founded that internet had made it possible for uses to
access large volume information irrespective of their geographical location. It was
also found that in spite of the benefits; its use among faculty was very low due to
unawareness of the net exploitation.
Gulati A. (2004)42
studied the status of information and communication
technologies usage in Indian libraries with special reference to special libraries
and the efforts made by various institutions to propagate e- information product
and services. The consortia effort like JCCC, INDEST, CSIR e- journal and UGC
Infonet were taken. It further discussed about the digitization effort at NISCAIR,
New Delhi, IIITM, Kerala, C-DAC Pune and Digital Library of India. In addition,
it incorporated detail on major information systems in India (Such as INFLIBNET,
DELNET, and CALIBNET etc.). The paper concluded with challenges for Library
and Information Science professionals and an over view of initiatives taken by
Government of India.
Hurd J. M. (2004)43
examined a communication model developed during a
print- based time by sociologist William Garvay and Belver Griffith. Author
presented an update model of current scientific communication system which
incorporated the developments that have changed the nature of research and
publishing and have altered as well, the way that libraries and librarians interact
with scientist and publishers. The challenge associated with these changes were
identified and discussed.
Arora J. (2004)44
studied network enabled digitized collection at the central
library, IIT Delhi. He discussed about external pressure coming up for digitized
collection and also infrastructure made available in the IIT Delhi. The central
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library of IIT Delhi has adopted a multi-pronged strategy to embark upon the
digital world. The paper has also outlined various constituents that contributed to
the making of a digital library.
Oduwole A.A. (2004)45
examined the internet use on agricultural research
output in Nigerian universities of agriculture during 2001-02 academic sessions.
Analysis based on 210 questionnaire supplied and 70% response received revealed
that about 54% of the agricultural researches at the university use the yahoo search
engine and that they spend an average one hour per day for browsing the internet.
The study also revealed that respondents use the internet to find research materials
such as journals and conference proceedings, followed by receiving the email.
Finally authored concluded that the use of internet had improved the research
output.
Bilawar P.B. (2004)46
studied the impact of communication technology on
libraries and information services. The author focused on digital library concept
and compared the traditional to modern library. The speed of IT revolution is in
top gear, during the decade, and makes the library to a global library system to
operate it at our finger tips. It serves as vehicle for future development. Finally the
paper concluded with many advantages of the communication technology with
respect to library requirements.
Gomes, Sandra Lucia Rebel (2004)47
studied the virtual library and role of
it plays for the scientific community as an informational and scientific technical
object in Brazil. The theoretical interdisciplinary investigation was joined with an
imperial procedure. Through e-mail questionnaire, Brazilian researchers were
asked their opinions about their reliance on internet resources, particularly the
virtual library, in their research. The results demonstrate the contribution of this
specialized information service, which provides information resources along with
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communication links created with a determined public in mind, in this case, most
especially the research community in Brazil.
Ahmad T. and Satija M.P. (2005)48
studied the development of technical
education in India with special reference to Punjab and reported that India had
made considerable progress in the field of engineering and technical education
over the last twenty years. Till 2004 Punjab was having 39 technical institutions
with 12087 intakes to train the students in engineering areas of engineering and
technology to cater the need of Punjab.
Adogbeji O.B. and Akporhonor B.A. (2005)49
of Dalta State University,
Abraka, Nigeria made a case study of impact of ICT and research and studies and
found that it was positive in all most every aspect of academic life and suggested
that need for more access at reduced costs on and near the campus.
Jay M. and Webber S. (2005)50
studied the impact of internet on delivery of
reference services in English public libraries. 60% responses were received and all
respondents used e-mail to ensure reference enquiries. The librarian’s attitudes
towards digital reference services were predominantly positive.
Ynalvez M. et al (2005)51
examined the diffusion of information and
communication technologies (ICTs) in the knowledge production sectors of three
developing areas using the interviews of 918 scientists in one south Asian and two
African locations. They put three fundamental questions: 1) to what degree the
research community in the developing world adopted the internet? 2) How can the
dispraise in internet adoption best be characterized? 3) To what extent is internet
use associated with research productivity? And observed that the vast majority of
scientists described themselves as current e-mail uses, for fewer had ready access
to the technology, used it in diverse ways or had extensive experience. These
results were consistent with the notion that internet adoption should not be
characterized as a single action the part of users. The rapid development of the
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internet and cumulative skills required for its effective use were equally important
in case of its productivity.
Jueming C. and Kinshuk (2005)52
studied the mobile technology in
educational services. The use of compares and the internet had successfully
enabled educational institutions to provide their students and staff members with
various online educational services. With the recent development in mobile
technology, further possibilities are emerging to provide such services through
mobile devices such as on mobile phones and PDAs. By extending the educational
services to wireless medium, the educational institutions can potentially bring
great convenience to those off campus learners who do not always have time to
find internet enabled computer to get to important information from their
academic institutions. With the mobile educational services, both the learner and
the teachers can access the services any time any where they want. The author
concluded with a description of the formative evaluation of the mock-up system.
Tonta Y. and Unal Y. (2006)53
examined the impact of electronic journals
document delivery services. They observed that web sites are gradually changing
the old collection management policies of the libraries. Libraries are no longer
limited with the “one source one user” model. Taking Turkish national document
delivery services as an example. They reported that the success rate was 71% due
to digital collection.
Jange S. et al (2006)54
attempted to promote and optimize the use of the
internet as an information sources among engineering faculties and research
scholars of National Institute of Technology (NITs) in India. A total of 850
questionnaires and interview schedules were distributed to the faculty and research
scholars of NITs in India, 665 questionnaires were duly obtained with a response
rate of 78.24%. An attempt has been made to develop instruments of acceptance of
internet technology known as Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) among
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faculty and research scholars of NITs in India using the original constructs. Using
several parameters, authors came out with a mathematical regression model in
which the result of regression analysis show that the four variables such as age,
teaching and research experience and level of satisfaction put together explain
39% of variance invariable use of Internet.
Garg et al (2006)55
studied the scientometric profile of Indian science based
on analysis of 11067 papers published by Indian scientists and indexed by SCI
CD-ROM for the year 1997, and observed that academic institutions were the
major contributors of the scientific publications output. 57% of output was
concentrated in physical, chemical and medical sciences, where the Indian
scientists published their findings in journals published in the scientifically
advanced countries of the west. Based on the normalized impact factor (NIF), it
was also observed that about two third of the total papers appeared in low and NIF
journals.
Ghosh M. et al (2006)56
reviewed the state of libraries in India and
summarized the strategic cooperative initiatives under taken to improve user
access to electronic information services. They found that still there were
significant potentials for further implementation of cooperative strategies to
enhanced networked, electronic information service delivery in India. They also
discussed the some of the underlying issues which were presumably delaying the
establishment of consortia and which needed to be resolved.
Hinson R. (2006)57
proposed a postulates for internet adoption model for
academics (IAMA) and had conceptualized it as an abstract object with five main
components- teaching, research, consultancy, administration and policy making.
The IAMA had provided a framework for internet use and potential for being
instructive for academics who currently not integrated the internet fully into their
professional activities.
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Mi J. and Nesta F. (2006)58
examined the role of internet in marketing to
new generations of library users. Their study revealed that libraries should apply
classic marketing principles to attract and better serve new generations of uses.
Although libraries no longer have a monopoly on information sources, they may
offer value added services.
Benjamin P.N. (2006)59
studied the Google search engine impact on the
library services and found that Google did not pose any threat to the manner in
which traditional library services is delivered. The librarian will continue to
function as mediator and facilitator between the patron and the information being
sought and Google will be information repertoire available for use within the
library.
Kumar S. and Grover V.K. (2007)60
studied the electronic journals impact
on scholarly communication, users, and libraries and reported that still academics
were in the process of adopting this medium. There were variations in the use of
electronic journals from discipline to discipline and research scholars shown
positive attitudes towards it. Budget allocation and collection development policy
had been also influenced.
Charnigo L. and Barnet Ellis P. (2007)61
carried out the microscopic study
of 126 academic librarians concerning their perspectives toward facebook.com, an
online network for students. There findings suggest that librarians were over
whelmingly aware of the “Face book phenomenon”. Those who were most
enthusiastic about the potential of online social networking suggested ideas for
using face book to promote library services and events. Few individuals reported
problems or distractions as a result of patrons accessing facebook in the library.
When problems had arisen, strict regulations were excited about the possibilities
of facebook, the majority surveyed appeared to consider facebook outside the
purview of professional librarianship.
77
Melchionda M.G. (2007)62
taking the literature of last ten years within the
context of the impact of the internet to know the roles of the librarians and found
evidence of contrasting attitudes on the part of librarians towards imposing
networked and digital technologies in the information landscape in the internet age
librarians need to come to terms with a working environment that is always more
dematerialized and with their users new information habits. It is appeared that they
should be able to find a correct balance between traditional roles and new roles in
order to let their professional category survive and continue to be crucial and vital
part in the information society.
Mohamed H. (2007)63
investigated the application of information and
communication technologies (ICT) in special libraries of Kerala and his study
revealed that though the libraries had hardware, software and communication
facilities to some extend, ICT- based resources and services were not reaching the
users to the expected extent. Library automation in special libraries was largely
commenced during the period 1990-2000. CDS/ISIS was used more in the
libraries than any other software. The library catalogue found to be the most
popular area for automation. The ICT-based resources used by the largest
percentage of the users were the e-mail. Most of the libraries were hampered by
lack of funds, lack of infrastructure and lack of skilled professionals to embark on
automation of all library management activities and applications of ICT. A good
number of the library users were not satisfied with the application of ICT in their
libraries and “indicated inadequate ICT infrastructure” as their major reasons for
satisfaction.
Madhusudhan M. (2007)64
attempted to examine the use of internet among
the research scholars of the central science library (CSL), University of Delhi with
a prime objective to find out the current trends in information search through
internet and type of problems faced. The study revealed that Boolean logic,
truncation and wildcards were the most often used search techniques, web
78
directories, while subject gateway are least used navigation tools, and the
researchers were best with the problems of inadequate computer with internet
facilities, slow internet connection and lack of skills and training. The survey also
reveals that 57% of the respondents are facing retrieval problems.
Feedigk J. and Moel H.F. (2008)65
examined the journal impact factors.
Their study show that the commonly used journal impact factor can to some extent
is relatively easily manipulated. It discusses several types of strategy editorial
behavior and presents causes in which journal impact factors were intentionally or
otherwise affected by particular editorial strategies. These findings lead to the
conclusion that one must be most careful in interpreting and using journal impact
factors, and those authors, editors, and policy makers must be aware of their
potential manipulability. They also show that some mechanism occur as of yet
rather infrequently, while for others it is most difficult if not impossible to assess
empirically how often they are actually applied. If their frequency of occurrence
increases, one should come to the conclusion that the impact of impact factors is
decreasing.
Fatima D. (2008)66
investigated the impact of internet on reference services
by exploring the following areas: user internet access and training in the library
use and integration of the internet as an information tool in reference services and
the internet training and knowledge of reference librarians. The result showed that
all responding libraries have internet access and all but one provided access to
their users. On average, users have had internet access for three and a half years on
average; reference librarians have had internet access for five years. Librarians
reported that the reference process took longer, that user search behavior had
changed and expectations had increased while the majority of libraries had
websites, only a small number of librarians had individual pages that they updated
and maintained. The majority of libraries provided electronic reference via e-mail
and the library websites, but these are characterized by low usage. Finally, libraries
tended to offer both end user and intermediary searching to online databases.
79
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