reviewer on criminal law

8/10/2019 Reviewer on Criminal Law

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Version 1973 2003Edited and Arranged by:Janette Laggui-Icao and Ale Andre! "# Icao$%illi&an 'ni(ersity )ollege o* La!+',dated by:ondee.e/ae ar,s 2007 . 4 A .

/5is !or is not intended *or sale or co&&erce# /5is !or is *ree!are# It &ay be*reely co,ied and distributed# It is ,ri&arily intended *or all t5ose !5o desireto 5a(e a dee,er understanding o* t5e issues touc5ed by t5e "5ili,,ine arEa&inations and its trend# It is s,ecially intended *or la! students *ro& t5e,ro(inces !5o6 (ery o*ten6 are reci,ients o* deliberately distorted notes *ro&ot5er unscru,ulous la! sc5ools and students# %5are to ot5ers t5is !or and you!ill be ric5ly re!arded by od in 5ea(en# It is also (ery good ar&a#4e !ould lie to see t5e indulgence o* t5e reader *or so&e ar 8uestions !5ic5are i&,ro,erly classi*ied under a to,ic and *or so&e to,ics !5ic5 are i&,ro,erlyor ignorantly ,5rased6 *or t5e aut5ors are ust ar .e(ie!ees !5o 5a(e ,re,aredt5is !or !5ile re(ie!ing *or t5e ar Ea&s under ti&e constraints and !it5int5eir li&ited no!ledge o* t5e la!# 4e !ould lie to see t5e readers indulgence*or a lot o* ty,ogra,5ical errors in t5is !or#

/5e Aut5ors July 2;6 200#############################################################################################################################@1)i(il liability= E**ect o* AcGuittal$2000+###############################################################################################################################@1 )i(il liability= E**ect o*AcGuittal$2000+###############################################################################################################################@1 )i(il Liability= %ubsidiary=

E&,loyers$199+#######################################################################################################################@2 )i(il Liability= 45en Dandatory=)ri&inal Liability$200


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#####################@< Art 1@= "ersons in Aut5orityHAgents o* "ersons inAut5ority$2000+#####################################################################################@< Art 1


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Dal(ersation $200;+########################################################################################################################################################


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$199################################################;0Arbitrary etention= Ele&ents= rounds$200;+##################################################################################################################;0 ra(e )oercion$199+####################################################################################################################################################;0 ra(e)oercion (s# Daltreat&ent o* "risoner $1999+

##########################################################################################################;1 Illegal etention (s# ra(e )oercion$1999+#######################################################################################################################;1 Fidna,,ing $2002+##########################################################################################################################################################;1Fidna,,ing $200;+##########################################################################################################################################################;1Fidna,,ing !H o&icide$200


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############################################################;2 Fidna,,ing=E**ects= Voluntary .elease $200@+##################################################################################################################;2 Fidna,,ing= Illegal etention= Dinority $200;+####################################################################################################################;2 Fidna,,ing= "ro,osal to Fidna, $199;+#############################################################################################################################;3 Fidna,,ing= %erious Illegal

etention $1997+#####################################################################################################################;3 /res,ass to !elling= "ri(ate "ersons$200;+####################################################################################################################;3 /ress,ass to !elling= .ule o*Absor,tion $199@+##############################################################################################################;@ 'nust Veation (s Acts o* Lasci(iousness$199@+##############################################################################################################;@).IDE% AAIB%/"."E./>##################################################################################################;@

Arson= estructi(e Arson$199@+#######################################################################################################################################;@ Arson= estructi(eArson$2000+#######################################################################################################################################;@ Arson= Be! Arson La!$200@+##########################################################################################################################################;@ " 22= De&orandu&)5ec$199@+##################################################################################################################################;< " 22= De&orandu& )5ec$199


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##########################################################73 /5e*t= 8uali*ied/5e*t $200;+############################################################################################################################################73 /5e*t= %tages o*Eecution $199+####################################################################################################################################73 /5e*t= %tages o* Eecution$2000+

####################################################################################################################################7@ 'sur,ation o* .eal .ig5ts$199;+######################################################################################################################################7@).IDE% AAIB%/)A%/I/>####################################################################################################7@Acts o* Lasci(iousness (s# 'nust Veation $199@+#############################################################################################################7@ Adultery$2002+###############################################################################################################################################################7@ )oncubinage $199@+

#######################################################################################################################################################7@)oncubinage $2002+#######################################################################################################################################################7< 'nustVeation (s# Act o* Lasci(iousness$200;+###############################################################################################################7es6 t5e contention o* t5e accused t5at t5e cri&e !as not consu&&ated is correct6.A# 3019 is a s,ecial la! ,unis5ing acts &ala ,ro5ibita# As a rule6 atte&,ted1 o* ;(iolation o* a s,ecial la! is not ,unis5ed# Actual inury is reGuired# >es6 bot5are liable *or atte&,ted esta*a t5ru *alsi*ication o* co&&ercial docu&ents6 aco&,le cri&e# ###Dalu& in %e (s# Dalu& "ro5ibitu& $200es6 a cri&e &ay be co&&itted !it5out cri&inal intent i* suc5 is a cul,able*elony6 !5erein Intent is substituted by negligence or i&,rudence6 and also in a&alu& ,ro5ibitu& or i* an act is ,unis5able by s,ecial la!#

Doti(e (s# Intent $1999+1 istinguis5 M&oti(eM *ro& MintentM#2 45en is &oti(e rele(ant to ,ro(e a case 45en is it not necessary to be

establis5ed E,lain# $3N+

%'E%/E AB%4E.:1 MDoti(e M is t5e &o(ing ,o!er !5ic5 i&,els a ,erson to do an act *or ade*inite result= !5ile MintentM is t5e ,ur,ose *or using a ,articular &eans tobring about a desired result# Doti(e is not an ele&ent o* a cri&e but intent is anele&ent o* intentional cri&es# Doti(e6 i* attending a cri&e6 al!ays ,recede t5eintent#2 Doti(e is rele(ant to ,ro(e a case !5en t5ere is doubt as to t5e identity o*t5e o**ender or !5en t5e act co&&itted gi(es rise to (ariant cri&es and t5ere ist5e need to deter&ine t5e ,ro,er cri&e to be i&,uted to t5e o**ender#

)ri&inal La! ar Ea&ination 8 ? A $199@-200;+

It is not necessary to ,ro(e &oti(e !5en t5e o**ender is ,ositi(ely identi*ied ort5e cri&inal act did not gi(e rise to (ariant cri&es#Doti(e (s# Intent $200@+istinguis5 clearly but brie*ly bet!een intent and &oti(e in t5e co&&ission o* ano**ense#%'E%/E AB%4E.:Intent is t5e ,ur,ose *or using a ,articular &eans to ac5ie(e t5e desired result=!5ile &oti(e is t5e &o(ing ,o!er !5ic5 i&,els a ,erson to act *or a de*initeresult# Intent is an ingredient o* dolo or &alice and t5us an ele&ent o*deliberate *elonies= !5ile &oti(e is not an ele&ent o* a cri&e but only considered!5en t5e identity o* t5e o**ender is in doubt#


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Doti(e= "roo* t5ereo*= Bot Essential= )on(iction $200;+Doti(e is essential in t5e deter&ination o* t5e co&&isQsion o* a cri&e and t5eliabilities o* t5e ,er,etrators# 45at are t5e instances !5ere ,roo* o* &oti(e isnot essential or reGuired to usti*y con(iction o* an accused i(e at least 3instances# $IB ? ECED"/IB )I.)'D%/AB)E%Ee&,ting )ircu&stances= )o(erage $2000+A6 brot5er o* 6 !it5 t5e intention o* 5a(ing a nig5t out !it5 5is *riends6 toot5e coconut s5ell !5ic5 is being used by as a ban *or coins *ro& inside t5eirloced cabinet using t5eir co&&on ey# ort5!it56 A broe t5e coconut s5elloutside o* t5eir 5o&e in t5e ,resence o* 5is *riends#

45at is t5e cri&inal liability o* A6 i* any E,lain# $3N+

Is A ee&,ted *ro& cri&inal liability under Article 332 o* t5e .e(ised "enal)ode *or being a brot5er o* E,lain# $2N+

%'E%/E AB%4E.:a+ A is cri&inally liable *or .obbery !it5 *orce u,on t5ings#####b+ Bo6 A is not ee&,t *ro& cri&inal liability under Art# 332 because said Articlea,,lies only to t5e*t6 s!indling or &alicious &isc5ie*# ere6 t5e cri&e co&&ittedis robbery#19 o* ;Ee&,ting )ircu&stances= Dinority $199+Jo5n6 an eig5t-year old boy6 is *ond o* !atc5ing t5e tele(ision ,rogra& MReo.angers#M ne e(ening !5ile 5e !as engrossed !atc5ing 5is *a(orite tele(isions5o!6 "etra6 a &aid c5anged t5e c5annel to enable 5er to !atc5 Mo&e Along t5e

.iles#M /5is enraged Jo5n !5o got 5is *at5ers re(ol(er6 and !it5out !arning6 s5ot"etra at t5e bac o* 5er 5ead causing 5er instantaneous deat5# Is Jo5n cri&inallyliable O2NP%'E%/E AB%4E.:Bo6 Jo5n is not cri&inally liable *or illing "etra because 5e is only years old!5en 5e co&&itted t5e illing# A &inor belo! nine $9+ years old is absolutelyee&,t *ro& cri&inal liability alt5oug5 not *ro& ci(il liability# $Art# 126 ,ar#26 .")+#Ee&,ting= Dinority= 11 yrs ld= Absence o* iscern&ent $2000+45ile t5ey !ere standing in line a!aiting t5eir (accination at t5e sc5ool clinic6"o&,ing re,eatedly ,ulled t5e ,onytail o* Fatreena6 5is 11 years6 2 &ont5s and 13days old class&ate in rade < at t5e %a&,aloc Ele&entary %c5ool# Irritated6Fatreena turned around and s!ung at "o&,ing !it5 a ball ,en# /5e to, o* t5e ball

,en 5it t5e rig5t eye o* "o&,ing !5ic5 bled ,ro*usely# .ealiing !5at s5e 5adcaused# Fatreena i&&ediately 5el,ed "o&,ing# 45en in(estigated6 s5e *reelyad&itted to t5e sc5ool ,rinci,al t5at s5e !as res,onsible *or t5e inury to"o&,ings eye# A*ter t5e incident6 s5e eecuted a state&ent ad&itting 5ercul,ability# ue to t5e inury# "o&,ing lost 5is rig5t eye# a+ Is Fatreenacri&inally liable 45y $3N+ b+ iscuss t5e attendant circu&stances and e**ectst5ereo*# $2N+%'E%/E AB%4E.:a+ Bo6 Fatreena is not cri&inally liable alt5oug5 s5e is ci(illy liable# eing a&inor less t5an *i*teen $1


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since t5e ra,e !as already consu&&ated= &oreo(er6 already ran a!ay6 5ence6 t5ere!as no aggression to de*end against and no de*ense to s,ea o*#20 o* ;A &ay6 5o!e(er6 in(oe t5e bene*it o* t5e &itigating circu&stance o* 5a(ing actedin i&&ediate (indication o* a gra(e o**ense to a descendant6 5is daug5ter6 under,ar#


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Justi*ying= e*ense o* onor= Ele&ents $2000+sang6 a &arried !o&an in 5er early t!enties6 !as slee,ing on a banig on t5e *looro* t5eir ni,a 5ut beside t5e seas5ore !5en s5e !as a!aened by t5e act o* a &an&ounting 5er# /5ining t5at it !as 5er 5usband6 ardo6!5o 5ad returned *ro&*is5ing in t5e sea6 sang continued 5er slee, but allo!ed t5e &an6 !5o !asactually t5eir neig5bor6 Julio6 to 5a(e seual intercourse !it5 5er# A*ter Juliosatis*ied 5i&sel*6 5e said M%ala&at sangM as 5e turned to lea(e# nly t5en didsang realie t5at t5e &an !as not 5er 5usband# Enraged6 sang grabbed a balisong

*ro& t5e !all and stabbed Julio to deat5# 45en tried *or 5o&icide6 sang clai&edde*ense o* 5onor# %5ould t5e clai& be sustained 45y $


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already in i&&inent and i&&ediate danger# Alt5oug5 t5e accused acted out o* a&isa,,re5ension o* t5e *acts6 5e is not absol(ed *ro& cri&inal liability#AL/E.BA/IVE AB%4E.:)onsidering t5e gi(en circu&stances6 na&ely= t5e *reGuent robberies in t5eneig5bor5ood6 t5e ti&e !as ,ast &idnig5t6 and t5e (icti& a,,eared to be an ar&edburglar in t5e dar and inside 5is 5ouse6 t5e accused could 5a(e entertained an5onest belie* t5at 5is li*e and li&b or t5ose o* 5is *a&ily are already ini&&ediate and i&&inent danger# ence6 it &ay be reasonable to acce,t t5at 5e acted

out o* an 5onest &istae o* *act and t5ere*ore !it5out cri&inal intent# An 5onest&istae o* *act negati(es cri&inal intent and t5us absol(es t5e accused *ro&cri&inal liability#)ri&inal La! ar Ea&ination 8 ? A $199@-200;+8uali*ying= Ele&ents o* a )ri&e $2003+45en !ould Guali*ying circu&stances be dee&ed6 i* at all6 ele&ents o* a cri&e @N%'E%/E AB%4E.:A Guali*ying circu&stance !ould be dee&ed an ele&ent o* a cri&e !5en -

it c5anges t5e nature o* t5e cri&e6 bringing about a &ore serious cri&e anda 5ea(ier ,enalty=

it is essential to t5e cri&e in(ol(ed6 ot5er!ise so&e ot5er cri&e isco&&itted= and

it is s,eci*ically alleged in t5e In*or&ation and ,ro(en during t5e trial#

AL/E.BA/IVE AB%4E.:A Guali*ying circu&stance is dee&ed an ele&ent o* a cri&e !5en it is s,eci*icallystated by la! as included in t5e de*inition o* a cri&e6 lie treac5ery in t5ecri&e o* &urder#DI/IA/IB )I.)'D%/AB)E%Ditigating= Bon-Intoication $2000+es,ite t5e &assi(e ad(ertising ca&,aign in &edia against *irecracers and gun-*iring during t5e Be! >ears celebrations6 Jonas and Jaa boug5t ten boes o*su,er lolo and ,la-,la in ocaue6 ulacan# e*ore &idnig5t o* ece&ber 316 19996Jonas and Jaa started t5eir celebration by 5a(ing a drining s,ree at Jonas,lace by e,loding t5eir 5ig5-,o!ered *irecracers in t5eir neig5bor5ood# In t5ecourse o* t5eir con(ersation6 Jonas con*ided to Jaa t5at 5e 5as been ee,ing a

long-ti&e grudge against 5is neig5bor Je,oy in (ie! o* t5e latters re*usal tolend 5i& so&e &oney# 45ile under t5e in*luence o* liGuor6 Jonas started t5ro!inglig5ted su,er lolos inside Je,oys *ence to irritate 5i& and t5e sa&e e,lodedinside t5e latters yard# ',on no!ing t5at t5e t5ro!ing o* t5e su,er lolo !asdeliberate6 Je,oy beca&e *urious and sternly !arned Jonas to sto, 5is &aliciousact or 5e !ould get !5at 5e !anted# A 5eated argu&ent bet!een Jonas and Je,oyensued but Jaa tried to cal& do!n 5is *riend# At &idnig5t6 Jonas con(inced Jaato lend 5i& 5is #@< caliber ,istol so t5at 5e could use it to noc do!n Je,oy andto end 5is arrogance# Jonas t5oug5t t5at a*ter all6 e,losions !ere e(ery!5ere andnobody !ould no! !5o s5ot Je,oy# A*ter Jaa lent 5is *irear& to Jonas6 t5e latteragain started started t5ro!ing lig5ted su,er lolos and ,la-,las at Je,oys yard inorder to ,ro(oe 5i& so t5at 5e !ould co&e out o* 5is 5ouse# 45en Je,oy ca&e out6Jonas i&&ediately s5ot 5i& !it5 Jaas #@< caliber gun but &issed 5is target#

Instead6 t5e bullet 5it Je,oys *i(e year old son !5o !as *ollo!ing be5ind 5i&6illing t5e boy instantaneously6 a+ 45at cri&e or cri&es can Jonas and Jaa bec5arged !it5 E,lain# $2N+ b+ I* you !ere Jonas and Jaas la!yer6 !5at ,ossiblede*enses !ould you set u, in *a(or o* your clients E,lain# $2N+ c+ I* you !eret5e Judge6 5o! !ould you decide t5e case E,lain# $1N+%'E%/E AB%4E.:22 o* ;a+ Jonas and Jaa6 can be c5arged !it5 t5e co&,le cri&e o* atte&,ted &urder !it55o&icide because a single act caused a less gra(e and a gra(e *elony $Art# @#.")+####b+ I* I !ere Jonas and Jaas la!yer6 I !ill use t5e *ollo!ing de*enses:


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/5at t5e accused 5ad no intention to co&&it so gra(e a !rong as t5atco&&itted as t5ey &erely intended to *rig5ten Je,oy=

/5at Jonas co&&itted t5e cri&e in a state o* intoication t5ereby i&,airing5is !ill ,o!er or ca,acity to understand t5e !rong*ulness o* 5is act# Bon-intentional intoication is a &itigating circu&stance $"eo,le us# ortic56 21%).A ;00 $1997+= Art# 1es6 5is ,lea o* guilty be*ore t5e .egional /rial )ourt can be considereds,ontaneous6 *or !5ic5 5e is entitled to t5e &itigating circu&stance o* ,lea o*guilty# is ,lea o* not guilty be*ore t5e Dunici,al )ourt is i&&aterial as it !as&ade during ,reli&inary in(estigation only and be*ore a court not co&,etent torender udg&ent#Ditigating= "lea o* uilty= .eGuisites $1999+

In order t5at t5e ,lea o* guilty &ay be &itigating6 !5at reGuisites &ust beco&,lied !it5 $2N+%'E%/E AB%4E.:or ,lea o* guilty to be &itigating6 t5e reGuisites are:

/5at t5e accused s,ontaneously ,leaded guilty to t5e cri&e c5arged=/5at suc5 ,lea !as &ade be*ore t5e court co&,etent to try t5e case and

render udg&ent= and/5at suc5 ,lea !as &ade ,rior to t5e ,resentation o* e(idence *or t5e

,rosecution#

Ditigating= "lea o* uilty= Voluntary %urrender $1997+A*ter illing t5e (icti&6 t5e accused absconded# e succeeded in eluding t5e,olice until 5e sur*aced and surrendered to t5e aut5orities about t!o years later#

)5arged !it5 &urder6 5e ,leaded not guilty but6 a*ter t5e ,rosecution 5ad,resented t!o !itnesses i&,licating 5i& to t5e cri&e6 5e c5anged 5is ,lea to t5ato* guilty# %5ould t5e &itigating circu&stances o* (oluntary surrender and ,lea o*guilty be considered in *a(or o* t5e accused%'E%/E AB%4E.:Voluntary surrender s5ould be considered as a &itigating circu&stance# A*ter t!oyears6 t5e ,olice !ere still una!are o* t5e !5ereabouts o* t5e accused and t5elatter)ri&inal La! ar Ea&ination 8 ? A $199@-200;+could 5a(e continued to elude arrest# Accordingly6 t5e surrender o* t5e accuseds5ould be considered &itigating because it !as done s,ontaneously6 indicati(e o*t5e re&orse or re,entance on t5e ,art o* said accused and t5ere*ore6 by 5issurrender6 t5e accused sa(ed t5e o(ern&ent e,enses6 e**orts6 and ti&e#

AL/E.BA/IVE AB%4E.:Voluntary surrender &ay not be a,,reciated in *a(or o* t5e accused# /!o years istoo long a ti&e to consider t5e surrender as s,ontaneous $"eo,le us# Ablao6 13%).A ;


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t5e to!n6 acco&,anied by se(eral ,olice&en6 !ent to ilarios 5ouse6 ilario6 u,onseeing t5e a,,roac5ing ,olice&en6 ca&e do!n *ro& 5is 5ouse to &eet t5e& and(oluntarily !ent !it5 t5e& to t5e "olice %tation to be in(estigated in connection!it5 t5e illing# 45en e(entually c5arged !it5 and con(icted o* 5o&icide6 ilario6on a,,eal6 *aulted t5e trial court *or not a,,reciating in 5is *a(or t5e&itigating circu&stance o* (oluntary surrender# Is 5e entitled to suc5 a&itigating circu&stance E,lain#%'E%/E AB%4E.:

>es6 ilario is entitled to t5e &itigating circu&stance o* (oluntary surrender#/5e cru o* t5e issue is !5et5er t5e *act t5at ilario !ent 5o&e a*ter t5eincident6 but ca&e do!n and &et t5e ,olice o**icers and !ent !it5 t5e& isconsidered MVoluntary surrender6M /5e (oluntariness o* surrender is tested i* t5esa&e is s,ontaneous s5o!ing t5e intent o* t5e accused to sub&it 5i&sel*unconditionally to t5e aut5orities# /5is &ust be eit5er $a+ because 5eacno!ledges 5is guilt6 or $b+ because 5e !is5es to sa(e t5e& t5e trouble ande,enses necessarily incurred in 5is searc5 and ca,ture# $.eyes )o&&entaries6 ,#303+# /5us6 t5e act o* t5e accused in 5iding a*ter co&&ission o* t5e cri&e6 but(oluntarily !ent !it5 t5e ,olice&en !5o 5ad gone to 5is 5iding ,lace toin(estigate6 !as 5eld to be &itigating circu&stance#$"eo,le (s# ayrit6 cited in.eyes )o&&entaries6 ,# 299+Ditigating= Voluntary %urrender= Ele&ents $1999+

45en is surrender by an accused considered (oluntary6 and constituti(e o* t5e&itigating circu&stance o* (oluntary surrender $3N+%'E%/E AB%4E.:A surrender by an o**ender is considered (oluntary !5en it is s,ontaneous6indicati(e o* an intent to sub&it unconditionally to t5e aut5orities#/o be &itigating6 t5e surrender &ust be:23 o* ;

s,ontaneous6 i#e#6 indicati(e o* acno!ledg&ent o* guilt and not *orcon(enience nor conditional=

&ade be*ore t5e go(ern&ent incurs e,enses6 ti&e and e**ort in tracing do!nt5e o**enders !5ereabouts= and

&ade to a ,erson in aut5ority or t5e latters agents#

A.AVA/IB )I.)'D%/AB)E%Aggra(ating )ircu&stances $199;+Jose6 o&ingo6 Danolo6 and ernando6 ar&ed !it5 bolos6 at about one ocloc in t5e&orning6 robbed a 5ouse at a desolate ,lace !5ere anilo6 5is !i*e6 and t5reedaug5ters !ere li(ing# 45ile t5e *our !ere in t5e ,rocess o* ransacing anilos5ouse6 ernando6 noticing t5at one o* anilos daug5ters !as trying to get a!ay6ran a*ter 5er and *inally caug5t u, !it5 5er in a t5icet so&e!5at distant *ro&t5e 5ouse# ernando6 be*ore bringing bac t5e daug5ter to t5e 5ouse6 ra,ed 5er*irst# /5erea*ter6 t5e *our carted a!ay t5e belongings o* anilo and 5is *a&ily#

45at cri&e did Jose6 o&ingo6 Danolo and ernando co&&it E,lain#%u,,ose6 a*ter t5e robbery6 t5e *our too turns in ra,ing t5e t5ree

daug5ters o* anilo inside t5e latters 5ouse6 but be*ore t5ey le*t6 t5ey illedt5e !5ole *a&ily to ,re(ent identi*ication6 !5at cri&e did t5e *our co&&it

E,lain#'nder t5e *acts o* t5e case6 !5at aggra(ating circu&stances &ay be

a,,reciated against t5e *our E,lain#

%'E%/E AB%4E.:a+ Jose6 o&ingo6 and Danolo co&&itted .obbery6 !5ile ernando co&&itted co&,lecri&e o* .obbery !it5 .a,e###b+ /5e cri&e !ould be .obbery !it5 o&icide because t5e illings !ere by reason$to ,re(ent identi*ication+ and on t5e occasion o* t5e robbery# /5e &ulti,le ra,esco&&itted and t5e *act t5at se(eral ,ersons !ere illed O5o&icide+6 !ould beconsidered as aggra(ating circu&stances# /5e ra,es are synony&ous !it5 Igno&iny


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and t5e additional illing synony&ous !it5 cruelty6 $"eo,le (s# %olis6 12 %).A="eo,le (s# "laga6 202 %).A


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ri(al grou,6 %ig&a "5i &ega# "oc5olo !as ,rosecuted *or 5o&icide be*ore t5e.egional /rial )ourt in inan6 Laguna# uring t5e trial6 t5e ,rosecution !as ableto ,ro(e t5at t5e illing !as co&&itted by &eans o* ,oison in consideration o* a,ro&ise or re!ard and !it5 cruelty# I* you !ere t5e Judge6 !it5 !5at cri&e !illyou con(ict "oc5olo E,lain# $2N+%'E%/E AB%4E.:"oc5olo s5ould be con(icted o* t5e cri&e o* 5o&icide only because t5e aggra(atingcircu&stances !5ic5 s5ould Guali*y t5e cri&e to &urder !ere not alleged in t5e

In*or&ation#/5e circu&stances o* using ,oison6 in consideration o* a ,ro&ise or re!ard6 andcruelty !5ic5 attended t5e illing o* .ico could only be a,,reciated as genericaggra(ating circu&stances since none o* t5e& 5a(e been alleged in t5e in*or&ationto Guali*y t5e illing to &urder# A Guali*ying circu&stance &ust be alleged in t5eIn*or&ation and ,ro(en beyond reasonable doubt during t5e trial to be a,,reciatedas suc5#Aggra(ating= Big5tti&e= and $199@+At about 9:30 in t5e e(ening6 !5ile ino and .a**y !ere !aling along "adre aura%treet6 Danila# Jo5nny 5it t5e& !it5 a roc inuring ino at t5e bac# .a**ya,,roac5ed ino6 but suddenly6 obby6 %te(e6 anny and Bonoy surrounded t5e duo#/5en obby stabbed ino# %te(e6 anny6 Bonoy and Jo5nny e,t on 5itting ino and.a**y !it5 rocs# As a result# ino died6 obby6 %te(e6 anny6 Bonoy and Jo5nny

!ere c5arged !it5 5o&icide# )an t5e court a,,reciate t5e aggra(ating circu&stanceso* nig5tti&e and band%'E%/E AB%4E.:Bo6 nig5tti&e cannot be a,,reciated as an aggra(ating circu&stance because t5ereis no indication t5at t5e o**enders deliberately soug5t t5e co(er o* darness to*acilitate t5e co&&ission o* t5e cri&e or t5at t5ey too ad(antage o* nig5tti&e$"eo,le (s# e los .eyes6 203 %).A 707+# esides6 udicial notice can be taen o*t5e *act t5at "adre aura %treet is !ell-lig5ted#o!e(er6 band s5ould be considered as t5e cri&e !as co&&itted by &ore t5an t5reear&ed &ale*actors= in a recent %u,re&e )ourt decision6 stones or rocs areconsidered deadly !ea,ons#Aggra(ating= .ecidi(is& $2001+Juan de )astro already 5ad t5ree $3+ ,re(ious con(ictions by *inal udg&ent *or

t5e*t !5en 5e !as *ound guilty o* .obbery !it5 o&icide# In t5e last case6 t5etrial Judge considered against t5e accused bot5 recidi(is& and 5abitualdelinGuency# /5e accused a,,ealed and contended t5at in 5is last con(iction6 t5etrial court cannot consider against 5i& a *inding o* recidi(is& and6)ri&inal La! ar Ea&ination 8 ? A $199@-200;+again6 o* 5abitual delinGuency# Is t5e a,,eal &eritorious E,lain# $


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2 /5is circu&stance is generic aggra(ating and t5ere*ore can be e**ect by anordinary &itigating circu&stance#

45ereas in Guasi-recidi(ls& -1 /5e con(ictions are not *or cri&es e&braced in t5e sa&e /itle o* t5e .e(ised"enal )ode6 ,ro(ided t5at it is a *elony t5at !as co&&itted by t5e o**ender be*oreser(ing sentence by *inal udg&ent *or anot5er cri&e or !5ile ser(ing sentence *oranot5er cri&e= and

2 /5is circu&stance is a s,ecial aggra(ating circu&stance !5ic5 cannot beo**set by any &itigating circu&stance#

Aggra(ating= /reac5ery ? 'nla!*ul Entry $1997+/5e accused and t5e (icti& occu,ied adacent a,art&ents6 eac5 being a se,arated!elling unit o* one big 5ouse# /5e accused sus,ected 5is !i*e o* 5a(ing anillicit relation !it5 t5e (icti ne a*ternoon6 5e sa! t5e (icti& and 5is !i*etoget5er on board a (e5icle# In t5e e(ening o* t5at day6 t5e accused !ent to bedearly and tried to slee,6 but being so annoyed o(er t5e sus,ected relation bet!een5is !i*e and t5e (icti&6 5e could not slee,# Later in t5e nig5t6 5e resol(ed toill (icti e rose *ro& bed and too 5old o* a ni*e# e entered t5e a,art&ento* t5e (icti& t5roug5 an unloced !indo!# Inside6 5e sa! t5e (icti& soundlyaslee,# e t5ereu,on stabbed t5e (icti&6 in*licting se(eral !ounds6 !5ic5 caused

5is deat5 !it5in a *e! 5ours#2< o* ;4ould you say t5at t5e illing !as attended by t5e Guali*ying or aggra(atingcircu&stances o* e(ident ,re&editation6 treac5ery6 nig5tti&e and unla!*ul entry%'E%/E AB%4E.:

1# E(ident ,re&editation cannot be considered against t5e accused because 5eresol(ed to ill t5e (icti& Mlater in t5e nig5tM and t5ere !as no su**icient la,seo* ti&e bet!een t5e deter&ination and eecution6 to allo! 5is conscience too(erco&e t5e resolution o* 5is !ill#

2# /.EA)E.> &ay be ,resent because t5e accused stabbed t5e (icti& !5ile t5elatter !as sound aslee,# Accordingly6 5e e&,loyed &eans and &et5ods !5ic5 directly

and s,ecially insured t5e eecution o* t5e act !it5out ris 5i&sel* arising *ro&t5e de*ense !5ic5 t5e (icti& &ig5t 5a(e &ade $"eo,le (s# eGuina# ;0 "5il# 279"eo,le (s# Diranda6 et at# 90 "5il# 91+#

3# Big5tti&e cannot be a,,reciated because t5ere is no s5o!ing t5at t5e accuseddeliberately soug5t or a(ailed o* nig5tti&e to insure t5e success o* 5is act# /5eIntention to co&&it t5e cri&e !as concei(ed s5ortly be*ore its co&&ission $"eo,le(s "ardo# 79 "5il6 &ay be a,,reciated as an aggra(ating circu&stance6 inas&uc5 ast5e accused entered t5e roo& o* t5e (icti& t5roug5 t5e !indo!6 !5ic5 is not t5e,ro,er ,lace *or entrance into t5e 5ouse $Art# 1@# ,ar# 1# .e(ised "enal )ode6"eo,le (s# aruga ;1 "5il# 31+#

AL/E.BA/IVE )I.)'D%/AB)E%Alternati(e )ircu&stances= Intoication $2002+A !as in(ited to a drining s,ree by *riends# A*ter 5a(ing 5ad a drin too &any6 Aand 5ad a 5eated argu&ent6 during !5ic5 A stabbed # As a result6 su**eredserious ,5ysical inuries# Day t5e intoication o* A be considered aggra(ating or&itigating $


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intentional on t5e ,art o* A# Aggra(ating circu&stances are not to be ,resu&ed=t5ey s5ould be ,ro(ed beyond reasonable doubt"E.%B% )ri&inally Liable *or ELBIE%Anti-encing La!= encing $199;+lora6 !5o !as engaged in t5e ,urc5ase and sale o* e!elry6 !as ,rosecuted *or t5e(iolation o* "## 1;126 ot5er!ise no!n as t5e Anti-encing La!6 *or 5a(ing been*ound to be in ,ossession o* recently stolen Je!elry (alued at "1006000#00 at 5ere!elry s5o, at Ra,ote

)ri&inal La! ar Ea&ination 8 ? A $199@-200;+.oad6 Las "inas6 Detro Danila# %5e testi*ied during t5e trial t5at s5e &erelyboug5t t5e sa&e *ro& one na&ed )ecilino and e(en ,roduced a recei,t co(ering t5esale# )ecilino6 in t5e ,ast6 used to deli(er to 5er e!elries *or sale but is,resently no!5ere to be *ound# )on(icted by t5e trial court *or (iolation o* t5eAnti-encing La!6 s5e argued $or 5er acGuittal on a,,eal6 contending t5at t5e,rosecution *ailed to ,ro(e t5at s5e ne! or s5ould 5a(e no!n t5at t5e Je!elriesreco(ered *ro& 5er !ere t5e ,roceeds o* t5e cri&e o* robbery or t5e*t#%'E%/E AB%4E.:Bo6 loras de*ense is not !ell-taen because &ere ,ossession o* any article o*(alue !5ic5 5as been t5e subect o* t5e*t or robbery s5all be ,ri&a *acie e(idenceo* *encing $"##Bo# 1;12+# /5e burden is u,on t5e accused to ,ro(e t5at s5eacGuired t5e e!elry legiti&ately# er de*ense o* 5a(ing boug5t t5e Je!elry *ro&

so&eone !5ose !5ereabouts is unno!n6 does not o(erco&e t5e ,resu&,tion o* *encingagainst 5er $"a&intuan (s "eo,le6 #. 111@2;6 11 July 199@+# uying ,ersonal,ro,erty ,uts t5e buyer on ca(eat because o* t5e ,5rases t5at 5e s5ould 5a(e no!nor oug5t to no! t5at it is t5e ,roceed *ro& robbery or t5e*t# esides6 s5e s5ould5a(e *ollo!ed t5e ad&inistrati(e ,rocedure under t5e decree t5at o* getting aclearance *ro& t5e aut5orities in case t5e dealer is unlicensed in order to esca,eliability#Anti-encing La!= encing (s# /5e*t or .obbery $199es6 t5ere is a si&ilarity in t5e sense t5at all t5e acts o* one !5o is anaccessory to t5e cri&es o* robbery or t5e*t are included in t5e acts de*ined as*encing# In *act6 t5e accessory in t5e cri&es o* robbery or t5e*t could be,rosecuted as suc5 under t5e .e(ised "enal )ode or as a *ence under "## Bo# 1;12#

$ion-"a&intuan (s# "eo,le6 23@ %).A ;3PAnti-encing La!= encing= Ele&ents $199


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t5e accused no!s or s5ould 5a(e no!n t5at said article6 ite&6 obect oranyt5ing o* (alue 5as been deri(ed *ro& t5e *ro& t5e ,roceeds o* t5e cri&e o*robbery or t5e*t= and

t5ere is on t5e ,art o* t5e accused6 intent to gain *or 5i&sel* or *oranot5er#

)ri&inal Liability= Accessories ? ence $199+Fing !ent to t5e 5ouse o* Laura !5o !as alone# Laura o**ered 5i& a drin and a*ter

consu&ing t5ree bottles o* beer# Fing &ade ad(ances to 5er and !it5 *orce and(iolence6 ra(is5ed 5er# /5en Fing illed Laura and too 5er e!elry#o&ing6 Fings ado,ted brot5er6 learned about t5e incident# e !ent to Lauras5ouse6 5id 5er body6 cleaned e(eryt5ing and !as5ed t5e bloodstains inside t5erooLater6 Fing ga(e Jose6 5is legiti&ate brot5er6 one ,iece o* e!elry belonging toLaura# Jose ne! t5at t5e e!elry !as taen *ro& Laura but nonet5eless 5e sold it*or "26000#45at cri&e or cri&es did Fing6 o&ing and Jose co&&it iscuss t5eir cri&inalliabilities# O10NP%'E%/E AB%4E.:Fing co&&itted t5e co&,osite cri&e o* .a,e !it5 5o&icide as a single indi(isibleo**ense6 not a co&,le cri&e6 and /5e*t# ###

o&ings acts6 5a(ing been done !it5 no!ledge o* t5e co&&ission o* t5e cri&e andob(iously to conceal t5e body o* t5e cri&e to ,re(ent its disco(ery6 &aes 5i& anaccessory to t5e cri&e o* ra,e !it5 5o&icide under Art# 196 ,ar# 2 o* t5e .e(#"enal )ode6 but 5e is ee&,t *ro& cri&inal liability t5ere*or under Article 20 o*t5e )ode6 being an ado,ted brot5er o* t5e ,rinci,al#Jose incurs cri&inal liability eit5er as an accessory to t5e cri&e o* t5e*tco&&itted by Fing6 or as *ence# Alt5oug5 5e is a legiti&ate brot5er o* Fing6 t5eee&,tion under Article 20 does not include t5e ,artici,ation 5e did6 because 5e,ro*ited *ro& t5e e**ects o* suc5 t5e*t by selling t5e e!elry no!ing t5at t5esa&e !as taen *ro& Laura# r Jose &ay be ,rosecuted *or *encing under t5e Anti-encing La! o* 1979 $" Bo# 1;12+ since t5e e!elry !as t5e ,roceeds o* t5e*t and!it5 intent to gain6 5e recei(ed it *ro& Fing and sold it#)ri&inal Liability= Bon-Ee&,tion as Accessory $200@+

)6 t5e daug5ter o* D)6 stole t5e earrings o* C>R6 a stranger# D) ,a!ned t5eearrings !it5 /I "a!ns5o, as a ,ledge *or "


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deliberate6 Je,oy beca&e *urious and sternly !arned Jonas to sto, 5is &aliciousact or 5e !ould get !5at 5e !anted# A 5eated argu&ent bet!een Jonas and Je,oyensued but Jaa tried to cal& do!n 5is *riend# At &idnig5t6 Jonas con(inced Jaato lend 5i& 5is #@< caliber ,istol so t5at 5e could use it to noc do!n Je,oy andto end 5is arrogance# Jonas t5oug5t t5at a*ter all6 e,losions !ere e(ery!5ere andnobody !ould no! !5o s5ot Je,oy# A*ter Jaa lent 5is *irear& to Jonas6 t5e latteragain started started t5ro!ing lig5ted su,er lolos and ,la-,las at Je,oys yard inorder to ,ro(oe 5i& so t5at 5e !ould co&e out o* 5is 5ouse# 45en Je,oy ca&e out6

Jonas i&&ediately s5ot 5i& !it5 Jaas #@< caliber gun but &issed 5is target#Instead6 t5e bullet 5it Je,oys *i(e year old son !5o !as *ollo!ing be5ind 5i&6illing t5e boy instantaneously6 I* you !ere t5e Judge6 5o! !ould you decide t5ecase E,lain# $1N+%'E%/E AB%4E.:I !ould con(ict Jonas as ,rinci,al by direct ,artici,ation and Jaa as co-,rinci,al by Indis,ensable coo,eration *or t5e co&,le cri&e o* &urder !it55o&icide# Jaa s5ould be 5eld liable as co-,rinci,al and not only as an acco&,licebecause 5e ne! o* Jonas cri&inal design e(en be*ore 5e lent 5is *irear& to Jonasand still 5e concurred in t5at cri&inal design by ,ro(iding t5e *irear)ri&inal Liability= "rinci,al by Induce&ent $2002+A ased to ill ) because o* a gra(e inustice done to A by )# A ,ro&ised are!ard# !as !illing to ill )6 not so &uc5 because o* t5e re!ard ,ro&ised to 5i&

but27 o* ;because 5e also 5ad 5is o!n long-standing grudge against )6 !5o 5ad !ronged 5i& int5e ,ast# I* ) is illed by 6 !ould A be liable as a ,rinci,al by induce&ent$oboy and >ongsi6*or a ,rice or &onetary consideration6 to co&&it arson !5ic5 t5e latter !ould not5a(e co&&itted !ere it not *or suc5 reason# >oboy and >ongsi are ,rinci,als bydirect ,artici,ation $Art# 176 ,ars# 21 and 36 .")+#estructi(e Arson $199@+

/ata o!ns a t5ree-storey building located at Bo# 3 erran %treet# "aco6 Danila#%5e !anted to construct a ne! building but 5ad no &oney to *inance t5econstruction# %o6 s5e insured t5e building *or "360006000#00# %5e t5en urged >oboyand >ongsi6 *or &onetary consideration6 to burn 5er building so s5e could collectt5e insurance ,roceeds# >oboy and >ongsi burned t5e said building resulting to itstotal loss# 45at cri&e did /ata6 >oboy and >ongsi co&&it%'E%/E AB%4E.:/ata6 >oboy and >ongsi co&&itted t5e cri&e o* destructi(e arson because t5eycollecti(ely caused t5e destruction o* ,ro,erty by &eans o* *ire under t5ecircu&stances !5ic5 e,osed to danger t5e li*e or ,ro,erty o* ot5ers $Art6 3206,ar#


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"EBAL/IE%)o&,le )ri&e (s# )o&,ound )ri&e $200@+istinguis5 clearly but brie*ly: et!een co&,ound and co&,le cri&es as conce,tsin t5e "enal )ode#%'E%/E AB%4E.:)D"'B ).IDE% result !5en t5e o**ender co&&itted only a single *elonious act*ro& !5ic5 t!o or)ri&inal La! ar Ea&ination 8 ? A $199@-200;+

&ore cri&es resulted# /5is is ,ro(ided *or in &odi*ied *or& in t5e *irst ,art o*Article @6 .e(ised "enal )ode6 li&iting t5e resulting cri&es to only gra(e andHorless gra(e *elonies# ence6 lig5t *elonies are ecluded e(en t5oug5 resulting *ro&t5e sa&e single act#)D"LEC ).IDE% result !5en t5e o**ender 5as to co&&it an o**ense as a necessary&eans *or co&&itting anot5er o**ense# nly one in*or&ation s5all be *iled and i*,ro(en6 t5e ,enalty *or t5e &ore serious cri&e s5all be i&,osed#)o&,le )ri&e (s# %,ecial )o&,le )ri&e (s# elito )ontinuado $200


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intentione& o t5ey alter t5e cri&inal liability o* an accused E,lain# $@N+%'E%/E AB%4E.:AE..A/I I)/'% or &istae in t5e blo! occurs !5en t5e o**ender deli(ered t5e blo!at 5is intended (icti& but &issed6 and instead suc5 blo! landed on an unintended(icti /5e situation generally brings about co&,le cri&es !5ere *ro& a singleact6 t!o or &ore gra(e or less gra(e *elonies resulted6 na&ely t5e atte&,t againstt5e intended (icti& and t5e conseGuence on t5e unintended (icti As co&,lecri&es6 t5e ,enalty *or t5e &ore serious cri&e s5all be t5e one i&,osed and in t5e

&ai&u& ,eriod# It is only !5en t5e resulting *elonies are only lig5t t5at co&,lecri&es do not result and t5e ,enalties are to be i&,osed distinctly *or eac5resulting cri&e#E... IB "E.%BAE or &istae in identity occurs !5en t5e o**ender actually 5it t5e,erson to !5o& t5e blo! !as directed but turned out to be di**erent *ro& and nott5e (icti& intended# /5e cri&inal liability o* t5e o**ender is not a**ected6unless t5e &istae in identity resulted to a cri&e di**erent *ro& !5at t5eo**ender intended to co&&it6 in !5ic5 case t5e lesser ,enalty bet!een t5e cri&eintended and t5e cri&e co&&itted s5all be i&,osed but in t5e &ai&u& ,eriod $Art#@96 .)+#".AE/E. IB/EB/IBED or !5ere t5e conseGuence !ent beyond t5at intended ore,ected# /5is is a &itigating circu&stance $Art# 13# ,ar# 36 .")+ !5en t5ere is anotorious dis,arity bet!een t5e act or &eans e&,loyed by t5e o**ender and t5e

resulting *elony6 i6e#6 t5e resulting *elony could not be reasonably antici,atedor *oreseen by t5e o* *ender *ro& t5e act or &eans e&,loyed by 5i)o&,le )ri&e= Aberratio Ictus= Atte&,ted Durder !it5 o&icide $2000+es,ite t5e &assi(e ad(ertising ca&,aign in &edia against *irecracers and gun-*iring during t5e Be! >ears celebrations6 Jonas and Jaa boug5t ten boes o*su,er lolo and ,la-,la in ocaue6 ulacan# e*ore &idnig5t o* ece&ber 316 19996Jonas and Jaa started t5eir)ri&inal La! ar Ea&ination 8 ? A $199@-200;+celebration by 5a(ing a drining s,ree at Jonas ,lace by e,loding t5eir 5ig5-,o!ered *irecracers in t5eir neig5bor5ood# In t5e course o* t5eir con(ersation6Jonas con*ided to Jaa t5at 5e 5as been ee,ing a long-ti&e grudge against 5isneig5bor Je,oy in (ie! o* t5e latters re*usal to lend 5i& so&e &oney# 45ile undert5e in*luence o* liGuor6 Jonas started t5ro!ing lig5ted su,er lolos inside Je,oys

*ence to irritate 5i& and t5e sa&e e,loded inside t5e latters yard# ',on no!ingt5at t5e t5ro!ing o* t5e su,er lolo !as deliberate6 Je,oy beca&e *urious andsternly !arned Jonas to sto, 5is &alicious act or 5e !ould get !5at 5e !anted# A5eated argu&ent bet!een Jonas and Je,oy ensued but Jaa tried to cal& do!n 5is*riend# At &idnig5t6 Jonas con(inced Jaa to lend 5i& 5is #@< caliber ,istol sot5at 5e could use it to noc do!n Je,oy and to end 5is arrogance# Jonas t5oug5tt5at a*ter all6 e,losions !ere e(ery!5ere and nobody !ould no! !5o s5ot Je,oy#A*ter Jaa lent 5is *irear& to Jonas6 t5e latter again started t5ro!ing lig5tedsu,er lolos and ,la-,las at Je,oys yard in order to ,ro(oe 5i& so t5at 5e !ouldco&e out o* 5is 5ouse# 45en Je,oy ca&e out6 Jonas i&&ediately s5ot 5i& !it5 Jaas#@< caliber gun but &issed 5is target# Instead6 t5e bullet 5it Je,oys *i(e yearold son !5o !as *ollo!ing be5ind 5i&6 illing t5e boy instantaneously6 a+ 45atcri&e or cri&es can Jonas and Jaa be c5arged !it5 E,lain# $2N+

%'E%/E AB%4E.:Jonas and Jaa6 can be c5arged !it5 t5e co&,le cri&e o* atte&,ted &urder !it55o&icide because a single act caused a less gra(e and a gra(e *elony $Art# @#.")+#Atte&,ted &urder is a less gra(e *elony6 !5ile consu&&ated 5o&icide is a gra(e*elony: bot5 are ,unis5able by a**licti(e ,enalties#)o&,le )ri&e= octrine o* Aberratio Ictus= Bot A,,licable $199;+At t5e 5eig5t o* an altercation6 "edrito s5ot "aulo but &issed6 5itting /iburcioinstead6 resulting in t5e deat5 o* t5e latter# "edrito6 in(oing t5e doctrine o*aberratio ictus6 clai&s ee&,tion *ro& cri&inal liability# I* you !ere t5e udge65o! !ould you decide t5e case


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%'E%/E AB%4E.:I* I !ere t5e Judge6 I !ill con(ict "edrito and *ind 5i& guilty o* t5e co&,lecri&e o* o&icide !it5 Atte&,ted o&icide# /5e single act o* *iring at "auloresulted in t5e co&&ission o* t!o *elonies6 one gra(e $5o&icide+ and t5e ot5erless gra(e $atte&,ted 5o&icide+ t5us *alling sGuarely under Art# @6 .")= 5ence6t5e ,enalty !ould be *or t5e &ore serious cri&e $5o&icideK in its &ai&u& ,eriod$17 years @ &ont5s and 1 day to 20 years+#Aberratio ictus $&istae in t5e blo!+ could not be used as a de*ense as it is not

an ee&,ting circu&stance# "edrito is liable under t5e ,rinci,le o* Art# @6 .")6!5ic5 &aes a ,erson cri&inally liable *or all t5e natural and logicalconseGuences o* 5is *elonious act29 o* ;)o&,le )ri&es= )ou, detat ? rebellion ? sedition $2003+1+ )an t5ere be a co&,le cri&e o* cou, detat !it5 rebellion 2N 2+ )an t5ere bea co&,le cri&e o* cou, detat !it5 sedition 2N%'E%/E AB%4E.:1+ >es6 i* t5ere !as cons,iracy bet!een t5e o**enderH o**enders co&&itting t5ecou, detat and t5e o**enders co&&itting t5e rebellion# y cons,iracy6 t5e cri&eo* one !ould be t5e cri&e o* t5e ot5er and (ice (ersa# /5is is ,ossible becauset5e o**ender in cou, detat &ay be any ,erson or ,ersons belonging to t5e &ilitaryor t5e national ,olice or a ,ublic o**icer6 !5ereas rebellion does not so reGuire#

Doreo(er6 t5e cri&e o* cou, detat &ay be co&&itted singly6 !5ereas rebellionreGuires a ,ublic u,rising and taing u, ar&s to o(ert5ro! t5e duly constitutedgo(ern&ent# %ince t5e t!o cri&es are essentially di**erent and ,unis5ed !it5distinct ,enalties6 t5ere is no legal i&,edi&ent to t5e a,,lication o* Art# @ o*t5e .e(ised "enal )ode#2+ >es6 cou, detat can be co&,leed !it5 sedition because t5e t!o cri&es areessentially di**erent and distinctly ,unis5ed under t5e .e(ised "enal )ode#%edition &ay not be directed against t5e o(ern&ent or non-,olitical in obecti(e6!5ereas cou, detat is al!ays ,olitical in obecti(e as it is directed against t5eo(ern&ent and led by ,ersons or ,ublic o**icer 5olding ,ublic o**ice belonging tot5e &ilitary or national ,olice# Art# @ o* t5e )ode &ay a,,ly under t5econditions t5erein ,ro(ided#AL/E.BA/IVE AB%4E.:

/5e cri&e o* cou, detat cannot be co&,leed !it5 t5e cri&e o* rebellion becausebot5 cri&es are directed against t5e o(ern&ent or *or ,olitical ,ur,oses6alt5oug5 t5e ,rinci,al o**enders are di**erent# /5e essence &ay be t5e sa&e andt5us constitute only one cri&e# In t5is situation6 t5e t!o cri&es are not distinctand t5ere*ore6 &ay not be ,ro,er to a,,ly Article @ o* t5e )ode#)o&,le )ri&es= eter&ination o* t5e )ri&e $1999+A6 actuated by &alice and !it5 t5e use o* a *ully auto&atic D-1@ sub-&ac5ine gun6s5ot a grou, o* ,ersons !5o !ere seated in a coc,it !it5 one burst o* successi(e6continuous6 auto&atic *ire# our $@+ ,ersons !ere illed t5ereby6 eac5 5a(ing 5itby di**erent bullets co&ing *ro& t5e sub-&ac5ine gun o* A# our $@+ cases o*&urder !ere *iled against A# /5e trial court ruled t5at t5ere !as only one cri&eco&&itted by A *or t5e reason t5at6 since A ,er*or&ed only one act6 5e 5a(ing,ressed t5e trigger o* 5is gun only once6 t5e cri&e co&&itted !as &urder#

)onseGuently6 t5e trial udge sentenced A to ust one ,enalty o* reclusion,er,etua# 4as t5e decision o* t5e trial udge correct E,lain# $@N+%'E%/E AB%4E.:)ri&inal La! ar Ea&ination 8 ? A $199@-200;+/5e decision o* t5e trial udge is not correct# 45en t5e o**ender &ade use o* anauto&atic *irear&6 t5e acts co&&itted are deter&ined by t5e nu&ber o* bulletsdisc5arged inas&uc5 as t5e *irear& being auto&atic6 t5e o**ender need only ,resst5e trigger once and it !ould *ire continually# or eac5 deat5 caused by adistinct and se,arate bullet6 t5e accused incurs distinct cri&inal liability#ence6 it is not t5e act o* ,ressing t5e trigger !5ic5 s5ould be considered as,roducing t5e se(eral *elonies6 but t5e nu&ber o* bullets !5ic5 actually ,roduced


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t5e)o&,le )ri&es= Bature ? "enalty In(ol(ed $1999+45at constitutes a co&,le cri&e o! &any cri&es &aybe in(ol(ed in a co&,lecri&e 45at is t5e ,enalty t5ere*or $@N+%'E%/E AB%4E.:A co&,le cri&e is constituted !5en a single act caused t!o or &ore gra(e or lessgra(e *elonies or !5en an o**ense is co&&itted as a necessary &eans to co&&itanot5er o**ense $Art# @6 .")+# At least t!o $2+ cri&es are in(ol(ed in a co&,le

cri&e= eit5er t!o or &ore gra(e or less gra(e *elonies resulted *ro& a single act6or an o**ense is co&&itted as a necessary &eans *or co&&itting anot5er# /5e,enalty *or t5e &ore serious cri&e s5all be i&,osed and in its &ai&u& ,eriod#$Art# @6 .")+)o&,le )ri&es= rdinary )o&,le )ri&e (s# %,ecial )o&,le )ri&e $2003+istinguis5 bet!een an ordinary co&,le cri&e and a s,ecial co&,le cri&e as tot5eir conce,ts and as to t5e i&,osition o* ,enalties# 2N%'E%/E AB%4E.:IB )B)E"/ -An .IBA.> )D"LEC ).IDE is &ade u, o* t!o or &ore cri&es being ,unis5ed indistinct ,ro(isions o* t5e .e(ised "enal )ode but alleged in one In*or&ationeit5er because t5ey !ere broug5t about by a single *elonious act or because oneo**ense is a necessary &eans *or co&&itting t5e ot5er o**ense or o**enses# /5ey

are alleged in one In*or&ation so t5at only one ,enalty s5all be i&,osed#A %"E)IAL )D"LEC ).IDE6 on t5e ot5er 5and6 is &ade u, o* t!o or &ore cri&es !5ic5are considered only as co&,onents o* a single indi(isible o**ense being ,unis5edin one ,ro(ision o* t5e .e(ised "enal )ode#A% / "EBAL/IE% -In .IBA.> )D"LEC ).IDE6 t5e ,enalty *or t5e &ost serious cri&es5all be i&,osed and in its &ai&u& ,eriod#In %"E)IAL )D"LEC ).IDE6 only one ,enalty is s,eci*ically ,rescribed *or all t5eco&,onent cri&es !5ic5 are regarded as one indi(isible o**ense# /5e co&,onentcri&es are not regarded as distinct cri&es and so t5e ,enalty *or t5e &ost seriouscri&e is not t5e ,enalty to be i&,osed nor in its &ai&u& ,eriod# It is30 o* ;t5e ,enalty s,eci*ically ,ro(ided *or t5e s,ecial co&,le cri&e t5at s5all bea,,lied according to t5e rules on i&,osition o* t5e ,enalty#

)ontinuing **ense (s# elito )ontinuado $199@+i**erentiate delito continuado *ro& a continuing o**ense#%'E%/E AB%4E.:ELI/ )B/IB'A6 or )B/IB''% ).IDE6 is a ter& used to denote as only one cri&ea series o* *elonious acts arising *ro& a single cri&inal resolution6 notsusce,tible o* di(ision6 !5ic5 are carried out in t5e sa&e ,lace and at about t5esa&e ti&e6 and (iolating one and t5e sa&e ,enal ,ro(ision# /5e acts done &ust bei&,elled by one cri&inal intent or ,ur,ose6 suc5 t5at eac5 act &erely constitutesa ,artial eecution o* a ,articular cri&e6 (iolating one and t5e sa&e ,enal,ro(ision# It in(ol(es a concurrence o* *elonious acts (iolating a co&&on rig5t6 aco&&on ,enal ,ro(ision6 and i&,elled by a single cri&inal i&,ulse $"eo,le (s#LeQdes&a6 73 %).A 77+#n t5e ot5er 5and6 a )B/IB'IB EB%E is one !5ose essential ingredients too

,lace in &ore t5an one &unici,ality or city6 so &uc5 so t5at t5e cri&inal,rosecution &ay be instituted and t5e case tried in t5e co&,etent court o* any oneo* suc5 &unici,ality or city#/5e ter& M)B/IB'E ).IDEM or delito continuado &andates t5at only one in*or&ations5ould be *iled against t5e o**ender alt5oug5 a series o* *elonious acts !ere,er*or&ed= t5e ter& Mcontinuing cri&eM is &ore ,ertinently used !it5 re*erence tot5e (enue !5ere t5e cri&inal action &ay be instituted#eat5 "enalty $200@+A# /5e deat5 ,enalty cannot be in*licted under !5ic5 o* t5e *ollo!ingcircu&stances: 1+ 45en t5e guilty ,erson is at least 1 years o* age att5e ti&e o* t5e co&&ission o* t5e cri&e# 2+ 45en t5e guilty ,erson is &ore t5an 70


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years o* age# 3+ 45en6 u,on a,,eal to or auto&atic re(ie! by t5e%u,re&e )ourt6 t5e reGuired &aority *or t5e i&,osition o* t5e deat5 ,enalty isnot obtained# @+ 45en t5e ,erson is con(icted o* a ca,ital cri&e but be*oreeecution beco&es insane# es6 a,,ellants contention is correct inso*ar as t5e age o* t5e (icti& isconcerned# /5e age o* t5e (icti& ra,ed 5as not been ,ro(ed beyond reasonable doubtto constitute t5e cri&e as Guali*ied ra,e and deser(ing o* t5e deat5 ,enalty# /5eguidelines in a,,reciating age as a Guali*ying circu&stance in ra,e cases 5a(e notbeen &et6 to !it: 1+ /5e ,ri&ary e(idence o* t5e age o* t5e (icti& is 5erbirt5 certi*icate= 2+ In t5e absence o* t5e birt5 certi*icate6 age o* t5e

(icti& &aybe ,ro(en by aut5entic docu&ent6 suc5as ba,tis&al certi*icate and sc5ool records= 3+ I* t5e a*oresaid docu&ents ares5o!n to 5a(e beenlost or destroyed or ot5er!ise una(ailable6 t5etesti&ony6 i* clear and credible o* t5e (icti&s&ot5er or any &e&ber o* t5e *a&ily6 byconsanguinity or a**inity6 !5o is Guali*ied to testi*yon &atters res,ecting ,edigree suc5 as t5e eact age31 o* ;or date o* birt5 o* t5e o**ended ,arty ,ursuant to %ection @06 .ule 130 o* t5e.ules on E(idence s5all be su**icient but only under t5e *ollo!ing circu&stances:


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$a+ I* t5e (icti& is alleged to be belo! 3 years o* age and !5at is soug5t to be,ro(ed is t5at s5e is less t5an 7 years old= $b+ I* t5e (icti& is alleged to bebelo! 7 years o* age and !5at is soug5t to be ,ro(ed is t5at s5e is less t5an 12years old= $c+ I* t5e (icti& is alleged to be belo! 12 years o* age and !5at issoug5t to be ,ro(ed is t5at s5e is less t5an 1 years old#@+ In t5e absence o* a certi*icate o* li(e birt56 aut5entic docu&ent6 or t5etesti&ony o* t5e (icti&s &ot5er or relati(es concerning t5e (icti&s age undert5e circu&stances abo(e-stated6 co&,lainants sole testi&ony can su**ice6 ,ro(ided

t5at it is e,ressly and clearly ad&itted by t5e accused $"eo,le us# "runa6 390%).A


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50/128

delinGuents= ;+ /5ose !5o s5all 5a(e esca,ed *ro& con*ine&ent ore(aded sentence= 7+ /5ose !5o (iolated t5e ter&s o* conditional ,ardon granted tot5e& by t5e )5ie* Eecuti(e= + /5ose !5ose &ai&u& ter& o* i&,rison&ent does noteceed one year=)ri&inal La! ar Ea&ination 8 ? A $199@-200;+9+ /5ose !5o6 u,on t5e a,,ro(al o* t5e la! $ece&ber


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A !as con(icted o* t5e co&,le cri&e o* esta*a t5roug5 *alsi*ication o* ,ublicdocu&ent# %ince t5e a&ount In(ol(ed did not eceed "200#006 t5e ,enalty ,rescribedby la! *or esta*a is arresto &ayor in its &ediu& and &ai&u& ,eriods# /5e ,enalty,rescribed by la! *or *alsi*ication o* ,ublic docu&ent is ,rision &ayor ,lus *inenot to eceed " .ABE !it5in ,rision &ayor

&ai&u& $ten $10+ years and one $1+ day to t!el(e $12+ years+ as DACID'D# /5is isin accordance !it5 "eo,le us6 onales6 73 "5il6


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DIBID'D sentence under t5e I%L and t5e &ini&u& o* t5e DACID'D sentence#"enalties= Ditigating )ircu&stances !Hout Aggra(ating )ircu&stance $1997+Assu&e in t5e ,receding ,roble& t5at t5ere !ere t!o &itigating circu&stances andno aggra(ating circu&stance# I&,ose t5e ,ro,er ,rison ,enalty#%'E%/E AB%4E.:/5ere being t!o $2+ &itigating circu&stances !it5out any aggra(ating circu&stance6t5e ,ro,er ,rison ,enalty is arresto &ayor $in any o* its ,eriods6 ie# ranging*ro& one

$1+ &ont5 and one $1+ day to si $;+ &ont5s+ as DIBID'D to ,rision correccional inits &ai&u& ,eriod *our $@+ years6 t!o $2+ &ont5s6 and one $1+ day to si $;+years as DACID'D# 'nder Art# ;@6 ,ar# < o* t5e .e(ised "enal )ode6 !5en a ,enaltycontains t5ree ,eriods6 eac5 one o* !5ic5 *or&s a ,eriod in accordance !it5Article 7; and 77 o* t5e sa&e )ode6 and t5ere aret!o or &ore &itigating circu&stances and no aggra(ating circu&stances6 t5e ,enaltynet lo!er in degree s5ould be i&,osed# or ,ur,oses o* t5e Indeter&inate %entenceLa!6 t5e ,enalty net lo!er in degree s5ould be deter&ined !it5out regard as to!5et5er t5e basic ,enalty ,ro(ided by t5e .e(ised "enal )ode s5ould be a,,lied inits &ai&u& or &ini&u& ,eriod as circu&stances &odi*ying liability &ay reGuire#/5e ,enalty net lo!er in degree to ,rision correccional# /5ere*ore6 as ,re(iouslystated6 t5e &ini&u& s5ould be !it5in t5e range o* arresto &ayor and t5e &ai&u& is!it5in t5e range o* ,rision correctional in its &ai&u& ,eriod#

"enalties= "arricide !H Ditigating )ircu&stance $1997+A and ,leaded guilty to t5e cri&e o* ,arricide# /5e court *ound t5ree &itigatingcircu&stances6 na&ely6 ,lea o* guilty6 lac o* Instruction and lac o* intent toco&&it so gra(e a !rong as t5at co&&itted# /5e ,rescribed ,enalty *or ,arricide isreclusion ,er,etua to deat5# I&,ose t5e ,ro,er ,rinci,al ,enalty#%'E%/E AB%4E.:/5e ,ro,er ,enalty is reclusion ,er,etua# E(en i* t5ere are t!o or &ore &itigatingcircu&stances6 a court cannot lo!er t5e ,enalty by one degree $Art# ;3# ,ar# 36.e(ised "enal )ode= "eo,le (s# or&igones6 7 "5il# ;


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'nder Article 27 o* t5e .e(ised "enal )ode6 as a&ended by .e,ublic Act $.A+ Bo#79


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%'E%/E AB%4E.:/5e ,eriod s5all not be less t5an t!ice t5e total nu&ber o* days o* subsidiaryi&,rison&ent# 'nder Act Bo# 17326 subsidiary i&,rison&ent *or (iolations o*s,ecial la!s s5all not eceed ; &ont5s at t5e rate o* one day o* i&,rison&ent *ore(ery 2#


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a ,rison ter& o* one $1+ year and one $1+ day to one $1+ year and eig5t $+ &ont5so* ,rision correccional# 4it5in t5e ,eriod to a,,eal6 5e *iled an a,,lication *or,robation under t5e "robation La! o* 197;6 as a&ended# )ould 5e ,ossibly Guali*y*or ,robation%'E%/E AB%4E.:>es# In rancisco (s# )ourt o* A,,eals6 2@3 %).A 3@6 t5e %u,re&e )ourt 5eld t5atin case o* one decision i&,osing &ulti,le ,rison ter&s6 t5e totality o* t5e ,risonter&s s5ould not be taen into account *or t5e ,ur,oses o* deter&ining t5e

eligibility o* t5e accused *or t5e3; o* ;,robation# /5e la! uses t5e !ord M&ai&u& ter&M6 and not total ter It is enoug5t5at eac5 o* t5e ,rison ter&s does not eceed si years# /5e nu&ber o* o**enses isi&&aterial *or as long as t5e ,enalties i&,osed6 !5en taen indi(idually andse,arately6 are !it5in t5e ,robationable ,eriod#"robation La!= rder enying "robation= Bot A,,ealable $2002+A !as c5arged !it5 5o&icide# A*ter trial6 5e !as *ound guilty and sentenced to si$;+ years and one $1+ day in ,rision &ayor6 as &ini&u&6 to t!el(e $12+ years andone$1+ day o* reclusion te&,oral6 as &ai&u "rior to 5is con(iction6 5e 5ad been*ound guilty o* (agrancy and i&,risoned *or ten $10+ days o* arresto &anor and*ined *i*ty ,esos $"es6 "C &ay a,,ly *or ,robation# is ,re(ious con(iction *or anot5er cri&e !it5 a,enalty o* t5irty days i&,rison&ent or not eceeding one $1+ &ont5 does notdisGuali*y 5i& *ro& a,,lying *or ,robation= t5e ,enalty *or 5is ,resent con(ictiondoes not disGuali*y 5i& eit5er *ro& a,,lying *or ,robation6 since t5e i&,rison&entdoes not eceed si $;+ years $%ec# 96 "res# ecree Bo# 9;+#"robation La!= .ig5t= arred by A,,eal $199


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and *our $@+ &ont5s taing into consideration certain &odi*ying circu&stances#Vincent no! a,,lies *or ,robation# o! !ill you rule on 5is a,,lication iscuss*ully#

%'E%/E AB%4E.:1# I* I !ere t5e udge6 I !ill deny t5e a,,lication *or ,robation# /5e accused isnot entitled to ,robation as %ec# 9 o* t5e "robation La!6 " B# 9;6 as a&ended6s,eci*ically &entions t5at t5ose !5o Mare sentenced to ser(e a &ai&u& ter& o*

i&,rison&ent o* &ore t5an si yearsM are not entitled to t5e bene*its o* t5e la!#2# /5e la! and uris,rudence are to t5e e**ect t5at a,,eal by t5e accused *ro& asentence o* con(iction *or*eits 5is rig5t to ,robation#$%ec# @6 " Bo# 9;# asa&ended by " 1990= ernardo us# alagot= rancisco (s# )A: Lla&ado (s# )A= e la)ru (s# Judge )alleo6 )A case+#/5is is t5e second consecuti(e year t5at t5is Guestion !as ased# It is t5esincere belie* o* t5e )o&&ittee t5at t5ere is a need to re-ea&ine t5e doctrine#irstly6 &uc5 as t5e accused !anted to a,,ly *or ,robation 5e is ,roscribed *ro&doing so as t5e &ai&u& ,enalty is B/ ".A/IBALE# %econdly6 !5en t5e &ai&u&,enalty !as reduced to one !5ic5 allo!s ,robation it is but *air and ust to grant5i& t5at rig5t because it is a,,arent t5at t5e trial udge co&&itted an error and*or !5ic5 t5e accused s5ould not be &ade to su**er# Judicial tribunals in t5isurisdiction are not only courts o* la! but also o* eGuity# /5irdly6 t5e udg&ent

o* t5e a,,ellate court s5ould be considered a ne! decision as t5e trial courtsdecision !as (acated= 5ence6 5e could tae ad(antage o* t5e la! !5en t5e decisionis re&anded to t5e trial court *or eecution $"lease see issenting o,inion inrancisco (s# )A+# It is suggested6 t5ere*ore6 t5at an ea&inee ans!ering in t5istenor s5ould be credited !it5 so&e ,oints#"robation La!= .ig5t= arred by A,,eal $2003+Juan !as con(icted o* t5e .egional /rial )ourt o* a cri&e and sentenced to su**ert5e ,enalty o* i&,rison&ent *or a &ini&u& o* eig5t years# e a,,ealed bot5 5iscon(iction and t5e ,enalty i&,osed u,on 5i& to t5e )ourt o* A,,eals# /5e a,,ellatecourt ulti&ately sustained Juans con(iction but reduced 5is sentence to a &ai&u&o* *our years and eig5t &ont5s i&,rison&ent# )ould Juan *ort5!it5 *ile ana,,lication *or ,robation E,lain# N%'E%/E AB%4E.:

Bo6 Juan can no longer a(ail o* t5e ,robation because 5e a,,ealed *ro& t5eudg&ent o* con(iction o* t5e trial court6 and t5ere*ore6 cannot a,,ly *or,robation any&ore# %ection @ o* t5e "robation La!6 as a&ended637 o* ;&andates t5at no a,,lication *or ,robation s5all be entertained or granted i* t5eaccused 5as ,er*ected an a,,eal *ro& t5e udg&ent o* con(iction#%us,ension o* %entence= AdultsHDinors $200;+/5ere are at least 7 instances or situations in cri&inal cases !5erein t5eaccused6 eit5er as an adult or as a &inor6 can a,,ly *or andHor be granted asus,ended sentence# Enu&erate at least < o* t5e $


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;# %us,ension o* sentence under t5e ,robation la!#

$"## 9;+

7# %us,ension o* deat5 sentence o* a ,regnant !o&an# $Art# 36 .e(ised "enal)ode+

$B/A EBE: .#A# 93@@ is outside t5e co(erage o* t5e ea&ination+%us,ension o* %entence= Dinors $2003+A !as 2 &ont5s belo! 1 years o* age !5en 5e co&&itted t5e cri&e# e !as c5arged!it5 t5e cri&e 3 &ont5s later# e !as 23 !5en 5e !as *inally con(icted andsentenced# Instead o* ,re,aring to ser(e a ail ter&6 5e soug5t a sus,ension o*t5e sentence on t5e ground t5at 5e !as a u(enile o**ender %5ould 5e be entitledto a sus,ension o* sentence .easons# @N%'E%/E AB%4E.:Bo6 A is not entitled to a sus,ension o* t5e sentence because 5e is no longer a&inor at t5e ti&e o* ,ro&ulgation o* t5e sentence# or ,ur,oses o* sus,ension o*sentence6 t5e o**enders age at t5e ti&e o* ,ro&ulgation o* t5e sentence is t5eone considered6 not 5is age !5en 5e co&&itted t5e cri&e# %o alt5oug5 A !as belo!1 years old !5en 5e co&&itted t5e cri&e6 but 5e !as already 23 years old !5en

sentenced6 5e is no longer eligible *or sus,ension o* t5e sentence#)an u(enile o**enders6 !5o are recidi(ists6 (alidly as *or sus,ension o*sentence E,lain# @N%'E%/E AB%4E.:>es6 so long as t5e o**ender is still a &inor at t5e ti&e o* t5e ,ro&ulgation o*t5e sentence# /5e la! establis5ing a&ily )ourts6 .e,# Act 3;96 ,ro(ides to t5ise**ect: t5at i* t5e &inor is *ound guilty6 t5e court s5ould ,ro&ulgate t5esentence and ascertain any ci(il liability !5ic5 t5e accused &ay 5a(e incurred#o!e(er6 t5e sentence s5all be sus,ended !it5out t5e need o* a,,lication ,ursuantto " ;036 ot5er!ise no!n as t5e M)5ild and >out5 4el*are )odeM $.A 3;96 %ec#


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O"eo,le (s# alit# 230 %).A @;+#EC/IB)/IB ).IDIBAL LIAILI/>A&nesty (s# " 11;0 $200;+)an *or&er %4 %ecretary iny %oli&an a,,ly *or a&nesty o! about colu&nist.andy a(id $>ou are su,,osed to no! t5e cri&es or o**enses ascribed to t5e& as,ublis5ed in al&ost all ne!s,a,ers *or t5e ,ast se(eral &ont5s#+ $2#


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17# Alar& and scandal=

1# Illegal "ossession o* *irear&s#

Etinction= )ri&inal ? )i(il Liabilities= E**ects= eat5 o* accused ,ending a,,eal$200@+AC !as con(icted o* recless i&,rudence resulting in 5o&icide# /5e trial courtsentenced 5i& to a ,rison ter& as !ell as to ,ay "1


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liability o* t5e o**ender because it obliterates e(ery (estige o* t5e cri&e#e+ "A.B being a ,ri(ate act by t5e "resident6 &ust be ,leaded and ,ro(ed byt5e ,erson ,ardoned6 !5ile ADBE%/> !5ic5 is a "rocla&ation o* t5e )5ie* Eecuti(e!it5 t5e concurrence o* )ongress is a ,ublic act o* !5ic5 t5e courts s5ould taeudicial notice#39 o* ;"ardon= E**ect= )i(il Interdiction $200@+/.> !as sentenced to deat5 by *inal udg&ent# ut subseGuently 5e !as granted

,ardon by t5e "resident# /5e ,ardon !as silent on t5e ,er,etual disGuali*icationo* /.> to 5old any ,ublic o**ice# A*ter 5is ,ardon6 /.> ran *or o**ice as Dayor o*A""6 5is 5o&eto!n# is o,,onent soug5t to disGuali*y 5i /.> contended 5e is notdisGuali*ied because 5e !as already ,ardoned by t5e "resident unconditionally# Is/.>% contention correct .eason brie*ly# $


61/128


62/128

,reli&inary in(estigation# or (arious reasons6 it !as only on July 36 199 !5ent5e Judge o* said court decided t5e case by dis&issing it *or lac o* urisdictionsince t5e cri&e !as co&&itted in Danila# /5e case !as subseGuently *iled !it5 t5e)ity iscal o* Danila but it !as dis&issed on t5e ground t5at t5e cri&e 5adalready ,rescribed# /5e la! ,ro(ides t5at t5e cri&e o* concubinage ,rescribes inten $10+ years# 4as t5e dis&issal by t5e *iscal correct E,lain6 $es# ###2+ As la!yer o* Andre!6 I !ill *ile a &otion to Guas5 t5e In*or&ation on t5eground o* ,rescri,tion# /5e cri&e o* *alse testi&ony under Art# 10 5as ,rescribedbecause "aolo6 t5e accused in t5e ,rinci,al case6 !as acGuitted on January 106197 and t5ere*ore t5e ,enalty ,rescribed *or suc5 cri&e is arresto &ayor under

Art# 106 ,ar# @6 .")#)ri&es ,unis5able by arresto &ayor ,rescribes in *i(e $


63/128

## ;@;= rancisco (s# )A6 122 %).A )i(il liability= E**ect o* AcGuittal $2000+Ba&e at least t!o ece,tions to t5e general rule t5at in case o* acGuittal o* t5eaccused in a cri&inal case6 5is ci(il liability is lie!ise etinguis5ed# $2N+%'E%/E AB%4E.:Ece,tions to t5e rule t5at acGuittal *ro& a cri&inal case etinguis5es ci(illiability6 are: 1+ 45en t5e ci(il action is based on obligations notarising *ro& t5e act co&,lained o* as a *elony=2+ 45en acGuittal is based on reasonable doubt or acGuittal is on t5e ground

t5at guilt 5as not been ,ro(en beyond reasonable doubt $Art# 296 Be! )i(il )ode+=3+ AcGuittal due to an ee&,ting circu&stance6 lie Insanity= @+ 45ere t5e courtstates in its Judg&ent t5at t5e case &erely in(ol(es a ci(il obligation= !it5DI)IE# In t5e end6 t5e )ourt !as not con(inced !it5 &oral certainty t5at t5eguilt o* ) 5as been establis5ed beyond reasonable doubt and6 t5us6 acGuitted 5i&

on t5e ground o* reasonable doubt# )an t5e *a&ily o* t5e (icti& still reco(erci(il da&ages in (ie! o* t5e acGuittal o* ) E,lain# $


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obliged to ,ay *or t5e da&age done# %uc5 *ault or negligence6 about ,re-eistingcontractual relation bet!een t5e ,arties6 is called a Guasi-delict OArt# 217;6))+# /5is is entirely se,arate and distinct *ro& ci(il liability arising *ro&negligence under t5e "enal )ode OArts6 316 217;6 21776 ))K#)i(il Liability= %ubsidiary= E&,loyers $199+uy6 !5ile dri(ing a ,assenger ee,ney o!ned and o,erated by Da6 bu&,ed e&y6 a,edestrian crossing t5e street# e&y sustained inuries !5ic5 reGuired &edicalattendance *or t5ree &ont5s# uy !as c5arged !it5 recless i&,rudence resulting to

,5ysical inuries# )on(icted by t5e Detro,olitan /rial )ourt# uy !as sentenced tosu**er a straig5t ,enalty o* t5ree &ont5s o* arresto &ayor and ordered toinde&ni*y e&y in t5e su& o* "


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/5e )a,tain ordered t5e s5i, to sto, *or e&ergency re,airs lasting *or al&ost 1banags *ro& )la(eria6 )agayan6 ,assed byand too ad(antage o* t5e situation# /5ey cut t5e s5i,s engines and too a!ayse(eral 5ea(y crates o* electrical eGui,&ent and loaded t5e& in t5eir &otorboat#/5en t5ey le*t 5urriedly)ri&inal La! ar Ea&ination 8 ? A $199@-200;+to!ards A,arri# At daybrea6 t5e cre! *ound t5at a robbery too ,lace# /5ey

radioed t5e A,arri "ort Aut5orities resulting in t5e a,,re5ension o* t5e cul,rits#

45at cri&e !as co&&itted E,lain# $2#


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&urder as t5e ,ur,ose o* t5e illing !as because o* 5is Mcorru,t ,ractices M6!5ic5 does not a,,ear to be ,olitically &oti(ated# /5ere is no indication as to5o! t5e illing !ould ,ro&ote or *urt5er t5e obecti(e o* t5e Be! "eo,les Ar&y#/5e illing is &urder because it !as co&&itted !it5 treac5ery#AL/E.BA/IVE AB%4E.:/5e cri&e s5ould be rebellion !it5 &urder considering t5at Art# 13< o* t5e .e(ised"enal )ode 5as already been a&ended by .e,# Act Bo# ;9;6 deleting *ro& saidArticle6 co&&on cri&es !5ic5 used to be ,unis5ed as ,art and ,arcel o* t5e cri&e

o* rebellion# /5e ruling in "eo,le (s# ernande6 99 "5il#


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installation *or t5e ,ur,ose o* seiing ,o!er and taing o(er suc5 installation6!5at cri&e or cri&es are t5ey guilty o* $3N+%'E%/E AB%4E.:/5e ,er,etrators6 being ,ersons belonging to t5e Ar&ed orces6 !ould be guilty o*t5e cri&e o* cou, detat6 under Article 13@-A o* t5e .e(ised "enal )ode6 asa&ended6 because t5eir attac !as against (ital &ilitary installations !5ic5 areessential to t5e continued ,ossession and eercise o* go(ern&ental ,o!ers6 andt5eir ,ur,ose is to seie ,o!er by taing o(er suc5 installations#

# I* t5e attac is Guelled but t5e leader is unno!n6 !5o s5all be dee&ed t5eleader t5ereo* $2N+%'E%/E AB%4E.:/5e leader being unno!n6 any ,erson !5o in *act directed t5e ot5ers6 s,oe *ort5e&6 signed recei,ts and ot5er docu&ents issued in t5eir na&e6 or ,er*or&edsi&ilar acts6 on be5al* o* t5e grou, s5all be dee&ed t5e leader o* said cou,detat $Art 13


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A6 a teac5er at Da,a ig5 %c5ool6 5a(ing gotten &ad at C6 one o* 5is ,u,ils6because o* t5e latters t5ro!ing ,a,er cli,s at 5is class&ates6 t!isted 5is rig5tear# C !ent out o* t5e classroo& crying and ,roceeded 5o&e located at t5e bac o*t5e sc5ool# e re,orted to 5is ,arents > and R !5at A 5ad done to 5i > and Ri&&ediately ,roceeded to t5e sc5ool building and because t5ey !ere running andtaling in loud (oices6 t5ey !ere seen by t5e)ri&inal La! ar Ea&ination 8 ? A $199@-200;+barangay c5air&an6 6 !5o *ollo!ed t5e& as 5e sus,ected t5at an unto!ard incident

&ig5t 5a,,en# ',on seeing A inside t5e classroo&6 C ,ointed 5i& out to 5is *at5er6>6 !5o ad&inistered a *ist blo! on A6 causing 5i& to *all do!n# 45en > !as aboutto ic A6 rus5ed to!ards > and ,inned bot5 o* t5e latters ar&s# %eeing 5is*at5er being 5eld by 6 C !ent near and ,unc5ed on t5e *ace6 !5ic5 caused 5i& tolose 5is gri, on ># /5roug5out t5is incident6 R s5outed !ords o* encourage&ent at>6 5er 5usband6 and also t5reatened to sla, A# %o&e security guards o* t5e sc5oolarri(ed6 inter(ened and surrounded C6 > and R so t5at t5ey could be in(estigatedin t5e ,rinci,als o**ice# e*ore lea(ing6 R ,assed near A and t5re! a s&all*lo!er ,ot at 5i& but it !as de*lected by # a+ 45at6 i* any6 are t5e res,ecti(ecri&inal liability o* C > and R $;N+ b+ 4ould your ans!er be t5e sa&e i* !ere abarangay tanod only $@N+%'E%/E AB%4E.:a+ C is liable *or irect Assault only6 assu&ing t5e ,5ysical inuries

in*licted on 6 t5e arangay )5air&an6 to be only slig5t and 5ence6 !ould beabsorbed in t5e direct assault# A arangay )5air&an is a ,erson in aut5ority$Art# 1


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"enal )ode6 teac5ers and ,ro*essors o* ,ublic or duly recognied ,ri(ate sc5ools6colleges and uni(ersities in t5e actual ,er*or&ance o* t5eir ,ro*essional dutiesor on t5e occasion o* suc5 ,er*or&ance are dee&ed ,ersons in aut5ority *or,ur,oses o* t5e cri&es o* direct assault and o* resistance and disobedience inArticles 1@ and 1


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A sentence i&,osing t5e ,enalty o* destierro is e(aded !5en t5e con(ict enters anyo* t5e ,laceH,laces 5e is ,ro5ibited *ro& entering under t5e sentence or co&e!it5in t5e ,ro5ibited radius# Alt5oug5 destierro does not in(ol(e i&,rison&ent6 itis nonet5eless a de,ri(ation o* liberty# $"eo,le (s# Abilong# 2 "5il# 172+#

2# Danny &ay be ,rosecuted in agu,an )ity or in Danila !5ere 5e !as arrested#/5is is so because e(asion o* ser(ice o* sentence is a continuing o**ense6 as t5e

con(ict is a *ugiti(e *ro& ustice in suc5 case# $"arulan (s# ir# o* "risons6 L-2


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"ascual o,erated a rice t5res5er in arangay Ba,nud !5ere 5e resided# .enato6 aresident o* t5e neig5boring arangay ui5a&an6 also o,erated a &obile ricet5res5er !5ic5 5e o*ten broug5t to arangay Ba,nud to t5res5 t5e ,alay o* t5e*ar&ers t5ere# /5is !as bitterly resented by "ascual6 one a*ternoon "ascual6 and5is t!o sons con*ronted .enato and 5is &en !5o !ere o,erating t5eir &obile ricet5res5er along a *eeder road in Ba,nud# A 5eated argu&ent ensued# A barangayca,tain !5o !as)ri&inal La! ar Ea&ination 8 ? A $199@-200;+

*etc5ed by one o* "ascuals &en tried to a,,ease "ascual and .enato to ,re(ent a(iolent con*rontation# o!e(er6 "ascual resented t5e inter(ention o* t5e barangayca,tain and 5aced 5i& to deat5# 45at cri&e !as co&&itted by "ascual iscuss*ully#%'E%/E AB%4E.:"ascual co&&itted t5e co&,le cri&e o* 5o&icide !it5 assault u,on a ,erson inaut5ority $Arts# 1@ and 2@9 in relation to Art6 @6 .")+# A barangay c5air&an6is in la! $Art# 1es# Fno!ledge t5at t5e note is counter*eit and intent to use it &ay bes5o!n by t5e conduct o* t5e accused# %o6 ,ossession o* 100 *alse bills re(eal:$a+ no!ledge t5at t5e bills are *ae= and $b+ intent to utter t5e sa&e#

alse /esti&ony $199@+"aolo !as c5arged !it5 5o&icide be*ore t5e .egional /rial )ourt o* Danila# Andre!6a ,rosecution !itness6 testi*ied t5at 5e sa! "aolo s5oot Abby during t5eir 5eatedargu&ent# 45ile t5e case is still ,ending6 t5e )ity all o* Danila burned do!n andt5e entire records o* t5e case !ere destroyed# Later6 t5e records !erereconstituted# Andre! !as again called to t5e !itness stand# /5is ti&e 5etesti*ied t5at 5is *irst testi&ony !as *alse and t5e trut5 !as 5e !as abroad !5en

t5e cri&e too ,lace#@7 o* ; /5e udge i&&ediately ordered t5e ,rosecution o* Andre! *or gi(ing a*alse testi&ony *a(orable to t5e de*endant in a cri&inal case# 1#P 4ill t5e caseagainst Andre! ,ros,er 2#P "aolo !as acGuitted# /5e decision beca&e *inal onJanuary 106 197# n June 16 199@ a case o* gi(ing*alse testi&ony !as *iled against Andre!# As 5isla!yer6 !5at legal ste, !ill you tae%'E%/E AB%4E.:1+ >es# or one to be cri&inally liable under Art# 116 .)6 it is not necessaryt5at t5e cri&inal case !5ere Andre! testi*ied is ter&inated *irst# It is not e(enreGuired o* t5e ,rosecution to ,ro(e !5ic5 o* t5e t!o state&ents o* t5e !itness is


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*alse and to ,ro(e t5e state&ent to be *alse by e(idence ot5er t5an t5econtradictory state&ents $"eo,le (s# Araola6 13 )ourt o* A,,eals .e,ort6 2ndseries6 ,# 0+#2+ As la!yer o* Andre!6 I !ill *ile a &otion to Guas5 t5e In*or&ation on t5eground o* ,rescri,tion# /5e cri&e o* *alse testi&ony under Art# 10 5as ,rescribedbecause "aolo6 t5e accused in t5e ,rinci,al case6 !as acGuitted on January 106197 and t5ere*ore t5e ,enalty ,rescribed *or suc5 cri&e is arresto &ayor underArt# 106 ,ar# @6 .")#

)ri&es ,unis5able by arresto &ayor ,rescribes in *i(e $


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%'E%/E AB%4E.:1+ "ia did not co&&it a cri&e6 t5e *elony closest to &aing "ia cri&inally liableis ra(e %candal6 but t5en suc5 act is not to be considered as 5ig5ly scandalousand o**ensi(e against decency and good custo&s# In t5e *irst ,lace6 it !as notdone in a ,ublic ,lace and !it5in ,ublic no!ledge or (ie!# As a &atter o* *act it!as disco(ered by t5e eecuti(es accidentally and t5ey 5a(e to use binoculars to5a(e ,ublic and *ull (ie! o* "ia sunbat5ing in t5e nude#2+ /5e business eecuti(es did not co&&it any cri&e# /5eir acts could not be acts

o* lasci(iousness Oas t5ere !as no o(ert lust*ul act+6 or slander6 as t5e e(entualtal o* t5e to!n6 resulting *ro& 5er sunbat5ing6 is not directly i&,uted to t5ebusiness eecuti(es6 and besides suc5 to,ic is not intended to de*a&e or ,ut "iato ridicule#"erury $199;+@ o* ;%isenando ,urc5ased t5e s5are o* t5e stoc5olders o* Estrella )or,oration in t!oinstall&ents6 &aing 5i& t5e &aority stoc5older t5ereo* and e(entually6 its,resident# ecause t5e stoc5olders !5o sold t5eir stocs *ailed to co&,ly !it5t5eir !arranties attendant to t5e sale6 %isenando !it55eld ,ay&ent o* t5e secondinstall&ent due on t5e s5ares and de,osited t5e &oney in escro! instead6 subectto release once said stoc5olders co&,ly !it5 t5eir !arranties# /5e stoc5oldersconcerned6 in turn6 rescinded t5e sale in Guestion and re&o(ed %isenando *ro& t5e

"residency o* t5e Estrella )or,oration6 %isenando t5en *iled a (eri*ied co&,laint*or da&ages against said stoc5olders in 5is ca,acity as ,resident and ,rinci,alstoc5older o* Estrella )or,oration# In retaliation6 t5e stoc5olders concerned6a*ter ,etitioning t5e %ecurities and Ec5ange )o&&ission to declare t5e rescission(alid6 *urt5er *iled a cri&inal case *or ,erury against %isenando6 clai&ing t5att5e latter ,erured 5i&sel* !5en 5e stated under oat5 in t5e (eri*ication o* 5isco&,laint *or da&ages t5at 5e is t5e "resident o* t5e Estrella )or,oration !5en in*act 5e 5ad already been re&o(ed as suc5# 'nder t5e *acts o* t5e case6 could%isenando be 5eld liable *or ,erury E,lain#%'E%/E AB%4E.:Bo6 %isenando &ay not be 5eld liable *or ,erury because It cannot be reasonably&aintained t5at 5e !ill*ully and deliberately &ade an assertion o* a *alse5ood!5en 5e alleged in t5e co&,laint t5at 5e is t5e "resident o* t5e )or,oration6

ob(iously6 5e &ade t5e allegation on t5e ,re&ise t5at 5is re&o(al *ro& t5e,residency is not (alid and t5at is ,recisely t5e issue broug5t about by 5isco&,laint to t5e %E)# It is a *act t5at %isenando 5as been t5e "resident o* t5ecor,oration and it is *ro& t5at ,osition t5at t5e stoc5olders concerned,ur,ortedly re&o(ed 5i&6 !5ereu,on 5e *iled t5e co&,laint Guestioning 5is re&o(al#/5ere is no !ill*ul and deliberate assertion o* a *alse5ood !5ic5 is a reGuisiteo* ,erury#"erury $1997+A6 a go(ern&ent e&,loyee6 !as ad&inistrati(ely c5arged !it5 i&&orality *or 5a(ingan a**air !it5 6 a coQe&,loyee in t5e sa&e o**ice !5o belie(ed 5i& to be single#/o ecul,ate 5i&sel*6 A testi*ied t5at 5e !as single and !as !illing to &arry 6e induced ) to testi*y and ) did testi*y t5at !as single# /5e trut56 5o!e(er6!as t5at A 5ad earlier &arried 6 no! a neig5bor o* )# Is A guilty o* ,erury Are

A and ) guilty o* subordination o* ,erury%'E%/E AB%4E.:Bo# A is not guilty o* ,erury because t5e !ill*ul *alse5ood asserted by 5i& isnot &aterial to t5e c5arge o* i&&orality# 45et5er A is single or &arried6 t5ec5arge o* i&&orality against 5i& as a go(ern&ent e&,loyee could ,roceed or,ros,er# In ot5er !ords6 As ci(il status is not a de*ense to t5e c5arge o*i&&orality6 5ence6 not a &aterial &atter t5at could in*luence t5e c5arge#)ri&inal La! ar Ea&ination 8 ? A $199@-200;+/5ere is no cri&e o* subornation o* ,erury# /5e cri&e is no! treated as ,lain,erury !it5 t5e one inducing anot5er as t5e ,rinci,al induce&ent6 and t5e latter6as ,rinci,al by direct ,artici,ation $"eo,le (s# "odol ;; "5il# 3;


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t5is case A cannot be 5eld liable *or ,erury6 t5e &atter t5at 5e testi*ied tobeing i&&aterial6 5e cannot t5ere*ore be 5eld res,onsible as a ,rinci,al byinduce&ent !5en 5e induced ) to testi*y on 5is status# )onseGuently6 ) is notliable as ,rinci,al by direct ,artici,ation in ,erury6 5a(ing testi*ied on&atters not &aterial to an ad&inistrati(e case#"erury $200


75/128

,er*or&ing an o**icial act in ec5ange *or a gi*t6 ,resent or consideration gi(ento 5i& $Art# 2106 .e(ised "enal )ode+6 t5e cri&e co&&itted is direct bribery#%econdly6 5e destroyed t5e s5abu !5ic5 is an e(idence in 5is o**icial custody6t5us6 constituting in*idelity in t5e custody o* docu&ents under Art# 22; o* t5e.e(ised "enal )ode#2#P Indirect bribery=%'E%/E AB%4E.:Indirect bribery !as not co&&itted because 5e did not recei(e t5e bribe because o*

5is o**ice but in consideration o* a cri&e in connection !it5 5is o**icial duty#3#P %ection 3$e+ o* .A 3019 $Anti-ra*t and )orru,t "ractices Act+=%'E%/E AB%4E.:%ee# 3$e+6 .#A# Bo# 019 !as not co&&itted because t5ere !as no actual inury tot5e go(ern&ent# 45en t5ere is no s,eci*ic Guanti*ied inury6 (iolation is notco&&itted# $arcia-.ueda (s A&or6 et al#6 #.# Bo# 11;936 %e,te&ber 206 2001+@#P bstruction o* Justice under " 129=%'E%/E AB%4E.:"atric co&&itted t5e cri&e o* obstruction o* ustice alt5oug5 t5e *eigner ,enaltyi&,osable on direct bribery)ri&inal La! ar Ea&ination 8 ? A $199@-200;+or in*idelity in t5e custody o* docu&ents s5all be i&,osed# %ec# 1 o* "## Bo#129 re*ers &erely to t5e i&,osition o* t5e 5ig5er ,enalty and does not ,reclude

,rosecution *or obstruction o* ustice6 e(en i* t5e sa&e not constitute anot5ero**ense#AL/E.BA/IVE AB%4E.:bstruction o* Justice is not co&&itted in t5is case6 because t5e act o*destroying t5e e(idence in 5is custody is already ,enalied by anot5er la! !5ic5i&,oses a 5ig5er ,enalty# $%ec# 16 "#I+# Bo# 129+Jurisdiction= I&,eac5able "ublic **icers $200;+Judge .od .eyes !as a,,ointed by *or&er "resident idel .a&os as e,uty &buds&an*or t5e Visayas *or a ter& o* 7 years co&&encing on July


76/128

use# E(en i* t5ere is no direct e(idence o* &isa,,ro,riation6 5is *ailure to


77/128

!it5 t5e c5aracter o* ,ublic ,ro,erty6 e(en t5oug5 t5e ,ro,erties belong to a,ri(ate indi(idual $Art# 2226 .")+#/5e *ailure o* .eyes and %antos to gi(e any satis*actory e,lanation !5y t5e (ans!ere &issing6 is ,ri&a *acie e(idence t5at t5ey 5ad ,ut t5e sa&e to t5eir ,ersonaluse#Dal(ersation $200;+1# In 1926 t5e "5ili,,ine Bational an $"B+6 t5en a go(ern&ent baninginstitution6 5ired enry dela .enta6 a )"A6 as .egional an Auditor# In 19926 5e

resigned and !as e&,loyed by t5e "5ili,,ine e,osit Insurance )or,oration $"I)+6anot5er go(ern&ent-o!ned and controlled cor,oration# In 199


78/128

"## Bo# 1;12 $Anti-encing La!+ under %ection < ,ro(ides t5at &ere ,ossession o*any good6 article6 ite&6 obect or any t5ing o* (alue !5ic5 5as been t5e subecto* robbery or t5ie(ery s5all be ,ri&a *acie6 e(idence o* *encing#Jules is guilty o* carna,,ing# e too t5e &otor (e5icle belonging to anot5er!it5out t5e latters consent# $.#A# Bo# ;


79/128

t5e "l006000 ).I *und# Eliabet56 !5o !as c5arged !it5 &al(ersation o* ,ublic*unds6 !as acGuitted by t5e %andiganbayan o* t5at c5arge but !as ne(ert5elesscon(icted6 in t5e sa&e cri&inal case6 *or illegal use o* ,ublic *unds# n a,,eal6Eliabet5 argued t5at 5er con(iction !as erroneous as s5e a,,lied t5e a&ount o*"


80/128

>es6 A co&&itted t5e cri&e o* in*idelity in t5e custody o* a ,risoner# %ince isa detention ,risoner# As )5ie* o* "olice6 A 5as custody o(er # E(en i* returnedto t5e &unici,al Jail at :30 ,# A6 as custodian o* t5e ,risoner6 5as&aliciously *ailed to ,er*or& t5e duties o* 5is o**ice6 and !5en 5e ,er&its said,risoner to obtain a relaation o* 5is i&,rison&ent6 5e consents to t5e ,risoneresca,ing t5e ,unis5&ent o* being de,ri(ed o* 5is liberty !5ic5 can be consideredreal and actual e(asion o* ser(ice under Article 223 o* t5e .e(ised "enal )ode$"eo,le (s# Leon andino 29 "5il# @


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rooLater6 Fing ga(e Jose6 5is legiti&ate brot5er6 one ,iece o* e!elry belonging toLaura# Jose ne! t5at t5e e!elry !as taen *ro& Laura but nonet5eless 5e sold it*or "26000# 45at cri&e or cri&es did Fing6 o&ing and Jose co&&it iscuss t5eircri&inal liabilities# O10NP%'E%/E AB%4E.:)ri&inal La! ar Ea&ination 8 ? A $199@-200;+Fing co&&itted t5e co&,osite cri&e o* .a,e !it5 5o&icide as a single indi(isible

o**ense6 not a co&,le cri&e6 and /5e*t# /5e taing o* Lauras e!elry !5en s5e isalready dead is only t5e*t#)ri&inal Liability= /u&ultous A**ray $1997+uring a to!n *iesta6 a *ree-*or-all *ig5t eru,ted in t5e ,ublic ,laa# As aresult o* t5e tu&ultuous a**ray6 A sustained one *atal and t5ree su,er*icial stab!ounds# e died a day a*ter# 6 )6 and E !ere ,ro(en to be ,artici,ants in t5eMru&bleM6 eac5 using a ni*e against A6 but it could not be ascertained !5o a&ongt5e& in*licted t5e &ortal inury# 45o s5all be 5eld cri&inally liable *or t5edeat5 o* A and *or !5at%'E%/E AB%4E.:6 )6 6 and E being ,artici,ants in t5e tu&ultuous a**ray and 5a(ing been ,ro(ento 5a(e in*licted serious ,5ysical inuries6 or at least6 e&,loyed (iolence u,onA6 are cri&inally liable *or t5e latters deat5# And because it cannot be

ascertained !5o a&ong t5e& in*licted t5e &ortal inury on A6 t5ere being a *ree-*or-all *ig5t or tu&ultuous a**ra

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