revision cell respiration option c
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/29/2019 Revision Cell Respiration Option C
1/6
Biology SL Revision Notes Ioana Holt
Cell Respiration
Contents
State that oxidation is loss of electrons from an element .................................................. 2
State that reduction is gain of electrons ................................................................................... 2
State that oxidation frequently involves gaining oxygen or losing hydrogen ............ 2
State that reduction frequently involves losing oxygen or gaining hydrogen ............ 2
Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a mitochondrion as seen in
electron micrographs ...................................................................................................................... 2
Outline the process of glycolysis ................................................................................................. 2
Explain the link reaction ................................................................................................................ 3
Explain the Krebs cycle ................................................................................................................... 4
Explain oxidative phosphorylation in terms of chemiosmosis ........................................ 5
Explain the relationship between the structure of the mitochondrion and its
function ................................................................................................................................................ 6
-
7/29/2019 Revision Cell Respiration Option C
2/6
Biology SL Revision Notes Ioana Holt
State that oxidation is loss of electrons from an element
State that reduction is gain of electrons
State that oxidation frequently involves gaining oxygen or losing hydrogen
State that reduction frequently involves losing oxygen or gaining hydrogen
Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a mitochondrion as seen
in electron micrographs
Outline the process of glycolysis
Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm: it produces 2 pyruvate molecules, 2 ATP, 2
NADH, and 1 H+ from every glucose molecule.
Glycolysis has 4 main stages
1. Phosphorylation (means phosphates are added)
Two phosphate groups are added to 1 glucose molecule to create 1 hexose biphosphate
molecule. The phosphate groups are provided by 2 ATP molecules.
2. Lysis (means molecules are split)
The hexose biphosphate molecule is broken into 2 molecules of triose phosphate.
3. Oxidation (means hydrogens are lost)
-
7/29/2019 Revision Cell Respiration Option C
3/6
Biology SL Revision Notes Ioana Holt
Two atoms of hydrogen are removed from each triose phosphate molecule and added to
2 molecules of NAD+.
4. ATP formation (means ADP is phosphorylated)
Pyruvate is formed by transferring 2 phosphate groups from each triose-phosphatemolecule to 4 molecules of ADP.
Explain the link reaction
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3wCGkmfEV9I
Glycolysis in the cytoplasm produces 2 pyruvate molecules.
Most of the energy that was stored in the glucose molecule is still present in pyruvicacid.
When oxygen is present, pyruvate is transported to the mitochondrial matrix and more
reactions take place, freeing more energy.
The reactions begin with a step known as the link reaction, so-called because it forms a
link between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
The link reaction involves oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate: oxidative because an
H+ is removed; decarboxylation because a CO2 is removed.
And the link reaction involves the reduction of NAD+ to NADH, and it produces acetyl
coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) and CO2.
-
7/29/2019 Revision Cell Respiration Option C
4/6
Biology SL Revision Notes Ioana Holt
Explain the Krebs cycle
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCypoN3X7KQ
The Krebs cycle is a series of steps (chemical reactions) that occurs in a mitochondrion.
The Krebs cycle begins with the entry of a 2-carbon molecule that gets delivered by
acetyl CoA. The 2-carbon molecule bonds with a 4-carbon molecule forming citrate, a 6-
carbon molecule. Citrate is converted (by a series of reactions) back to the 4-carbon
molecule (thus its a cycle).
CO2 is removed in two of the reactions (decarboxylations).
ATP is produced directly in one of the reactions (substrate-level phosphorylation)
Hydrogen is removed in four of the reactions (oxidations).
For each glucose molecule (at the start of glycolysis) there will be two turns of the Krebs
cycle.
The two turns of the cycle produce 4 CO2, 6 NADH + H+, 2 FADH2 and 2 ATP.
-
7/29/2019 Revision Cell Respiration Option C
5/6
Biology SL Revision Notes Ioana Holt
Explain oxidative phosphorylation in terms of chemiosmosis
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E82IFHFOQJ8&feature=related
The last step of aerobic respiration is called oxidative phosphorylation because ATP is
produced using energy from oxidation reactions. In this step electrons and hydrogens
from NADH and FADH2 are passed along an electron transport chain from one carrier
molecule to another.
The electron carriers are strategically located in the inner membrane of the
mitochondria. They are mainly proteins that shift between reduced and oxidized states
as they accept and donate electrons. The final electron carrier is O2 which bonds with
H+ to form water.
If no O2 is present then the electron transport chain can not function. As a result, NAD+
and FAD molecules are not produced, and the Krebs cycle can not operate.
As the electrons are passed down the electron transport chain, protons are pumped
across the membrane into the inter-membrane space. This creates a proton gradient,
which is a store of potential energy, and in turn powers the synthesis of ATP.
The inner membrane of a mitochondrion is impermeable to protons but they flow back
into the matrix through ATP synthase molecules that are embedded in the membrane.
As the ions flow down the gradient, energy is released and used to phosphorylate ADP.
When ATP synthesis is coupled to a concentration gradient of H+ it is called
chemiosmosis.
-
7/29/2019 Revision Cell Respiration Option C
6/6
Biology SL Revision Notes Ioana Holt
Explain the relationship between the structure of the mitochondrion and its
function
Matrix
The matrix is the mitochondrions cytoplasm. It is the fluid contained inside the inner
membrane. The matrix contains enzymes for the Krebs cycle.
Inter-membrane space
The intermembrane space is in-between the inner and outer membrane of a
mitochondrion. It functions to store protons, which are then used to make ATP as they
flow down a concentration gradient.
Cristae
Cristae are infoldings of the inner membrane, which is the location of the electron
transport chain of cell respiration. The cristae increase surface area of the inner
membrane; thus increasing the rate of ATP formation.