revision notes week 2

8/13/2019 Revision Notes Week 2

1/31

NIGC:- WEEK 2

Element 1:- Work Equipment Hazards and Control

Precautions in maintenance o Work EquipmentUse of permit to workIsolation/locking offDissipation of stored energySegregationSafe means of accessUse of PPECompetent personnelEnsure safe environment (allow to cool)

Hazards o maintenance !ork opposite o a"o#e plusCemicals!iological"s#estos$ot or coldPressure to complete work

$ec%anical Hazards o $ac%iner&Entanglement%raps

ImpactContactE&ection

EN'ICE

(ra! e)amples o entan*lement+ crus%in*+ dra!in* in+ s%ear

Non-$ec%anical Hazards o $ac%iner&Cemical/#iological a'ardsDust and fumesErgonomicsElectricityire/eplosion$a'ardous su#stances*anual andling+oise,adiationSta#ility of macine%emperature etremesUltra violet ligt-i#ration

1


2/31

,ice mac%iner&: - P%otocopier and %redder

Common %azardsElectricalErgonomic+oiseSta#ility of macine,t%er Hazards

P%otocopier (ocument s%redder

Drawing in Drawing in to cutters

%rap #etween moving parts Contact wit cutters

Cemicals Dust

Ultra violet ligt

$anuacturin*.$aintenance $ac%iner&: /enc% top*rinder.Pedestal drill

Common HazardsElectricityErgonomicsDustSta#ility of macine,t%er %azards

/enc% top *rinder Pedestal drill

Contact wit rotating weel EntanglementDrawing into te trap #etween tetool rest and weel

Contact (Sta##ing/puncture)

E&ected parts of weel orworkpiece

Impact from an unsecuredworkpiece

ire and sparks Cutting from swarf

-i#ration E&ection of a #roken #it ormaterials

*anual andling

0*ricultural.Horticultural $ac%iner&:- C&linder mo!er andstrimmer

Common Hazards!iological e.g. animal droppingsCemicals e.g. er#icidesElectricalire/eplosion if petrolErgonomics*anual andling

+oise and vi#rationE&ection of materials

2


3/31

,t%er Hazards

C&linder mo!er trimmer

Contact wit rotating #lades Contact wit cutter

Entanglement in #lades Entanglement wit cutter

etail $ac%iner&:- Waste Compactor.C%eckout Con#e&or

Common %azardsElectricityErgonomics*anual andling,t%er Hazards

Waste Compactor C%eckout Con#e&or

Impact Drawing in trapsCrus +onionising radiation (Scanner)

!iological infection from waste

Construction $ac%iner&:- Cement $i)er.Circular a!

Common HazardsDustElectricitySta#ility of macine

Ergonomics%rapping #etween fied and moving parts+oise

,t%er Hazards

Cement $i)er Circular a!

Entanglement Drawing into rotating #lade

Cemicals Contact

*anual andling E&ection of materials

$ac%iner& Hierarc%& o Controlsied guards0ter guards or protection devicesProtective devices (1igs2 $olders2 Pus Sticks)Information2 Instruction2 %raining and Supervision

i)ed Guards:- 0 p%&sical "arrier not connected to mac%inecontrols !%ic% %as no mo#in* parts and requires a tool to remo#eit

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4/31


5/31

Element 2:- $o#ement o People and $aterials

Hazards to pedestriansSlips2 trips and falls on same level

alls from eigtCollisions wit moving veicles

Precautions or accidents on taircases,emoval of o#structionsProvision of nonslip surfaces,eflective edging"de3uate ligtingEffective maintenanceUse of signs

5idtProvision of andrailsDimensions treads and risers4andingsConsider disa#led persons"void te need to carry eavy o#&ects up and down

Causes o accidents on staircases opposite o a"o#e

0ccidents on !alk!a&s almost t%e same

Hazards o ork trucks0verturning0verloading4oss of loadsCollision wit oter veiclesCollision wit pedestriansEplosions and fire

W%& can trucks o#erturn

%ravelling on gradients tat are too steep%ravelling forwards wen descending slopes0verloaded or unevenly loaded%ravelling over soft or uneven ground%ravelling over slippery surfaces%ravelling too fastStriking ker#s or oter edges+ot suita#le for te taskCarrying loads at a dangerous eigts

'o a#oid o#erturnin* opposite o a"o#e

5


6/31

Parkin* o ork trucksPut in neutralPut on and#rakeSwitc off engine,emove key6ive key to appropriate personorks on floor*ast sligtly forwardParked in suita#le location+o #locking of eits

0dditional %azards o electric ork trucks$ydrogen gas released during #attery cargingElectricity pro#lems*anual andling of li3uidsCorrosive acids%ey are 3uiet

(ri#er selectionSuita#le age*edical eamination,outine medical cecks at regular intervals"ssessment after prolonged a#sencesCapa#le of %raining

,efreser training

aet& o pedestrians in #e%icle mo#in* areasSegregationSuita#le parking areas"void reversing if possi#le0neway systems"void sarp or #lind #endsSufficiently wide entrances and gateways-ision aids

Speed limitsSignallers (!anksmen)Protection from fumesProtection from materials falling off$ig visi#ility &ackets

6


7/31

Element 4:- $anual and $ec%anical Handlin* Hazards

$anual Handlin* In5uriesEternal7 Cuts2 #ruises2 a#rasions2 crus in&uries

Internal7 Strains2 %ears2 $ernias

Hierarc%& to reduce %andlin* in5uries"void andling"ssessImplement controls

$anual Handlin* isk 0ssessment3oad5eigt

Si'eSape,igidityDifficult to graspUnsta#leSarp2 ot2 cold etc.Indi#idualSeStatureIndividual capa#ility

%rainingPersons assessment of own capa#ility'ask$olding away from trunk%wistingStooping,eacing upwards4arge vertical movement4ong carrying distancesStrenuous pusing or pulling

Unpredicta#le movement of loads,epetitive andlingInsufficient rest or recovery5ork rate imposed #y te processEn#ironmentConstraints on posturePoor floors-ariations in levels$ot/Cold/ umid conditionsPoor ligting

7


8/31

Correct Kinetic Handlin* 'ec%nique"ssess te loadClose to load as possi#leSecure gripSuita#le feet position!ack straigt!end te knees4oad close to te #odySmoot movement

Con#e&ors

Hazards Precautions

%rapping in drive mecanisms 6uards2 +o loose cloting

%raps2 +ips2 Drawing in Pop out rollers2 nip guardsSarp edges Edge protection2 eliminate edges

Items &amming conveyor "de3uate design

alling o#&ects Edge guards2 #arriers

,iding or crossing conveyor !ridges2 complete enclosure

Impact wit o#&ects $elmets2 padding

+oise $earing protection

*anual andling *ecanical andling

Electrical a'ards Suita#le electrical e3uipment

'&pes o Cranes*o#ile%ower6antry0veread

Cranes ma& ail "ecause o0verturning0verloadingUnsuita#le support or inade3uate #ases for crane

4oss of loadailure of load4ack of maintenanceailure of load #earing part

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9/31

ae use o CranesSuita#le craneSuita#le ground conditionsUse of outriggers"voidance of o#structionsCare near overead power linesDesignated and protected areaSuita#le and tested lifting tackleCorrect slinging tecni3ueCompetent personnel4oad near ground if travelling6ood visi#ility6ood communicationsSuita#le storage for fuels etc

Hazards opposite o a"o#e plusUse of crane in ig winds

Emplo&ee saet& durin* litin*%rained personnelProperly trained e3uipmentE3uipment as ad statutory inspections5arning of lift taking place+o employee to walk under load

Ensure load is secureS54 of crane and tackle not eceeded4ifted to correct eigt*oved at appropriate speed"de3uate supervision

4ifting "ccessories (%ackle)

$ain Hazards0verloading/used a#ove safe working load

Incorrect use e.g. too wide an angle wit cainsInsecure attacment of loadDamage to tackleIncorrect slinging metodailure to eamine and inspect preuseIncompetent staff

Precautions opposite o a"o#e

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10/31

Element 6:- C%emical and "iolo*ical %ealt% %azards andcontrols

'ar*et ,r*ans:- 0 part o t%e "od& !%ic% sustains an ad#erse

eect !%en it is e)posed to or "& contaminated "& a particular%armul a*ent

E)amples:- *ercury2 4ead te #rain "s#estos2 "mmonia te 4ungs

/odies deences a*ainst dust%e air and wetness of te nose%e cange of direction of te larynSnee'ing and couging

%e air cells in te respiratory tract%ears and #linking of te eyes

(ermatitis&mptoms:-!listers2 Inflammation2 Dryness2 reddening2 cracking ofskin

Protecti#e measures a*ainst dermatitisEliminate te su#stanceSu#stitution of te su#stance

!arrier creams26ood ygiene practicesPPE

outes o entr& in t%e "od&InalationIngestion"#sorptionDirect entryIn&ection

0cute eects:- 0d#erse %ealt% eects resultin* rom sin*le ors%ort term e)posure !%ic% is usuall& re#ersi"le e7*7 0lco%ol

C%ronic:- 0d#erse %ealt% term eects resultin* rom prolon*ed orrepeated e)posure leadin* to a *radual oten irre#ersi"le eectse7*7 li#er disease caused "& 0lco%ol

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11/31

Classiication o Hazardous u"stances

Irritant:- Non-corrosi#e su"stances !%ic% t%rou*% immediate+prolon*ed or repeated contact !it% skin or mucous mem"ranema& cause inlammation e7*7 Petrol

Corrosi#e:- u"stances !%ic% on contact !it% li#in* tissue ma&destro& it "& "urnin* e7*7 acids

Harmul:- u"stances !%ic% i s!allo!ed+ in%aled or penetrate t%eskin ma& cause dama*e to %ealt%

8er& 'o)ic:- 0 poisonous su"stance !%ic% in lo! quantities ma&cause deat%+ acute or c%ronic dama*e to %ealt%

'o)ic:- 0 poisonous su"stance !%ic% in lo! quantities ma& causedeat%+ acute or c%ronic dama*e to %ealt%

Carcino*enic:- u"stances !%ic% cause disorders to cell *ro!t%t%at ma& lead to cancer

Inormation on $anuacturers aet& data s%eetsIdentification of te su#stance*anufacturers information

Composition of te ingredientsirstaid precautionsirefigting measures$andling and storagePPEDisposal considerations%ransport information,egulatory information

Gra" ampler 9C%emical stain detector tu"e

(ra! it

0d#anta*es (isad#anta*es

4ow cost Inaccurate

%akes little time Positioning of tu#e

Immediate result 0nly a snap sot

4ittle training Inefficient

Information during spillage Cemical use only

6ood for coarse indication Su#stance specific

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12/31

Hazardous su"stance risk assessment ; steps as normal

Control o %ealt% %azardsEliminateeduce "& su"stitutionIsolate:-%otal EnclosureSegregate te peopleControlEngineering Control (4E-)*aintenance of controlsCange te work pattern or metod$ygiene and ousekeepingPPE(iscipline

Emer*enc& controls or spilla*e+ air pollution etc7-entilation systems alarmedPPEEmergency sowers2 eye was facilities!ooms2 sawdust2 spillage proceduresEvacuation proceduresIsolation of te areaEvacuation of te employees at risk

PPE for staff involved in clear up

3ocal E)%aust 8entilation

$ain Parts:- Hood+ (uctin*+ ilter+ an

(ra! it

3E8 "ecomes ineicient "ecause o:-!locked filters

4ack of maintenancePosition of oodUnautorised alterations!roken ducting5ear of fan #ladesIncorrect settingsIncreased contaminant levelInade3uate designailure of operators to use it

C%ecks opposite o a"o#e

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13/31

peciic 0*ents

0mmoniaStrongly alkaline colourless gas wit a pungent odour. It is a corrosiveand can cause irritation to te eyes and upper respiratory tract in smallconcentrations. 4arge concentrations can cause #lindness and fluid inte lungs. Eye protection and respiratory protection essential.

0s"estos

$ain t&pes:- /lue+ /ro!n and W%ite

(iseases:- 0s"estosis+ 3un* cancer+ $esot%elioma


14/31

(ust Identiication-isual signs of dustDust lampsStatic or personal sampling$ealt surveillance

Control measures or dustEliminationSu#stitution e.g. pellets instead of powdersEnclosure of te process4ocal eaust ventilation-acuuming instead of sweepingDamping down4imiting time of eposure4imiting num#ers eposed,espiratory protective e3uipment

3ead" eavy2 soft and easily worked metal. Can enter #ody #y eatingcontaminated food #ut usually #y #reating fumes or dust.

"cute lead poisoning can result in nausea2 eadaces2 effects on tenervous system sometimes deat in severe cases.

,r*anic ol#ents%ese dissolve oter su#stances and are also used as cleaning anddegreasing agents. %ey are volatile and evaporate 3uickly at roomtemperature so teir vapours can #e drawn into te lungs.

"cute effects are irritation of te eyes2 skin2 troat and lungs. Effectsmay #e eadaces2 nausea2 di''iness and loss of consciousness and inetreme cases in deat.

Isoc&anates

0rganic compounds widely used in industry for products suc as spraypainting of veicles and production of polyuretane ru##ers and foams.

Inflammation of te nasal passages and troat can lead to astma.

ilicaound in sand2 granite etc. and te ealt a'ard comes from #reatingit in wic can lead to te lung disease silicosis.

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15/31

/iolo*ical 0*ents

3eptospirosis or Weils disease!acteria found in te urine of female rats and te most common sourceis in river water2 sewers etc. Enters te #ody troug puncture of teskin or ingestion. "ttacks te kidneys and liver causing igtemperatures and may #e fatal.

3e*ionella"n air#orne #acterium found in water sources suc as cooling towers2stagnant water etc. It is caused #y inalation of air#orne droplets ofwater containing te legionella #acteria leading to a form of pneumoniai.e. #reating difficulties2 ig temperature and possi#le deat. %ose atgreatest risk are middle aged smokers or elderly people wit cestpro#lems. Control measures involve temperature control andmonitoring2 avoiding 8dead legs9 legs in pipework2 #iocide treatment andeffective cleaning and maintenance.

Hepatitis" disease of te liver and can cause ig temperatures2 nausea and&aundice. It is caused #y a'ardous su#stances or a virus. $ealtworkers and tose andling #odily fluids are most at risk. %e controlmeasures involve inoculation and good ygiene practices.

Control measures or /iolo*ical HazardsCleaning and disinfection5ater treatment-ermin controlContainment of te #iological agent"voidance of sarp implementsProper disposal of contaminated wasteImmunisationPersona ygienePPE

Waste tora*eSufficient storage areaClearly te la#el te storage areaEnsure storage area secureProtect storage area wit #unds etc.Store different types of waste separately+ever store incompati#le waste togeterSelect appropriate containers:eep 3uantities of waste to a minimum

Protect waste from te elements

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16/31

Element ;:- P%&sical and ps&c%olo*ical %azards

Er*onomics%e study of te relationsip #etween workers and teir environment2work e3uipment and work task.

5ork ,elated Upper 4im# Disorders (5,U4Ds)

Causes o W


17/31

"de3uate ligting*inimum noise"mple legroomSuita#le screen at eye levelSuita#le softwear:ey#oard5ork surfaceSuita#le work cairootrest if necessary

Healt% eects o remainin* seated or a lon* time-erte#ral and muscular damage$ig #lood pressureCirculation pro#lems

uita"le eat or sedentar& !orkers6ood lum#ar support6ood widt and dept"#ility to ad&ust seat #ack and eigtSta#le #ase"#ility to swivelProvision of arm rests

Welare and En#ironment issues

WelareSufficient toilets5asing facilitiesEating and canging facilitiesCloting storageSeating,est areas"rrangements for nonsmokers

Workin* en#ironment%emperature-entilation4igting,oom dimensionsSuita#le work stations and seating5eater protection for outdoor workstations

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18/31

Healt% eects o poor li*%tin*Eye strain$eadacesPoor posture%ripping over unseen o#&ectsIncreased likeliood of uman errorIncreased time to vacate work area

actors to consider !%en assessin* adequac& o li*%tin*%e tasks #eing undertaking%e si'e and layout of te work area%e e3uipment used"vaila#ility of natural ligtSift times/work patternsSuita#le num#er of artificial ligtContrast levels6lare"reas in sadow+eed for localised ligting*aintenance of ligting"de3uate emergency ligting

Noise

Noise terminolo*&

requenc&:- '%e num"er o !a#e ronts assi*n a point in onesecond measured in Hertz

Intensit&:- '%e loudness o t%e noise

(eci"el:- '%e sound pressure le#el

=0> Wei*%tin*:- 0 ilter in t%e noise meter t%at equates t%e noise to

%o! t%e %uman ear percei#es t%e noise

Hearin* (ama*e

0cute C%ronic

Stress +oise induced earing loss

%emporary tresold sift Permanent tresold sift

%emporary tinnitus Permanent tinnitus

!last deafness Pre#yacusis

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19/31

Noise Control

ourceDesignDampingIsolate*aintenancePat%Screens and #arriersEnclosure"#sorptionSilencer'%e PersonDistance%ime eposedInformation and training

3imitations on Personal Hearin* Protection+ot worn correctly+ot fitted correctly+ot properly maintainedUncomforta#le or inconvenient to wear

+eeds constant management commitment*ay introduce secondary risks

Hand-0rm 8i"ration

Healt% Eects%ingling in te ands and etremities+um#ness and #lancing of te fingersSwollen painful &oints,eduction in manual deterity

,eduction in te sensation of touc

Control $easuresEliminationeduce t%e de*ree o #i"rationSelect low vi#ration e3uipmentSelect ergonomically designed e3uipment*aintenance of e3uipment,educe grip and pus force wit work e3uipment,educe te time workers eposed

Introduce ealt surveillance6loves and eated padsInformation and training on te nature of risks

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20/31

Work in a Hot En#ironmentHealt% eectsSkin #urnsCataractsDeydration$eat cramps$eadacesaintingPrecautions*edical preselection"cclimatisation4imit time of eposureCold drinksPPE

Work in Cold En#ironmentHealt% eects$ypotermia4oss of concentrationSiveringrost #itePrecautions

*edical preselection"cclimatisation4imit time of eposure$ot drinksInsulated cloting

adiation

Non-Ionisin*

'&pe


21/31

Ionisin* adiation

'&pe


22/31

tress

P%&sical Eects Ps&c%olo*ical eects

$eadaces Increased aniety

Di''iness ,educed concentration

"cing neck and soulders Irrita#ility

Skin rases Sudden mood canges

Prone to infections Ina#ility to cope

Panic attacks ,educed work output

,aised eart rate Increased use of alcool2 etc

Increased #lood pressure Poor sleep patterns

$eart disease

Stomac ulcers

Causes o tressCultureDemandsControl,elationsipsCange,oleIndividualEnvironment

Control measures or stressSelecting suita#le employees%rainingClearly defined rolesClearly work o#&ectivesComforta#le working environment6ood lines of communication,ealistic work scedulesEmployee involvement

6rievance procedureImpartial investigation of stress*anagement support

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23/31

Element ?:- Electrical Hazards and Control

$ain Hazards o Electricit&!urnsSock"rcingireEplosions

econdar& Eects o Electricit&alls from eigtUnintentional movement of macineDeactivation of control measures4oss of information

%row off

Healt% eects o Electricit& on t%e "od&Damage to nervous systemIrregular eart#eat (i#rillation)Internal #urnsEternal #urns*uscular contractionsStopping #reatingStopping of te eart

actors Inluencin* se#erit& o electrical s%ock-oltageCurrent%imeConductivity or resistanceCurrent pat

0ction on indin* someone in contact !it% electricit&Isolate te supply if possi#le

Summon elp6ive firstaid if capa#le,emain wit casualty until emergency services arrive

Causes o Electrical ireInade3uate circuits0verloaded circuitsIncorrect fusesDamaged insulation4oose connections

lamma#le materials too close to electrical e3uipment0vereating of ca#les

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24/31

aet& o Porta"le Electrical 0ppliances'%e appliance:-!attery operatedCecked #efore useSuita#le selected e3uipmentProperly maintained e3uipment'%e 3ead:-Ensure not run over #y veiclesDragged over roug services%rapped in macineryEposed to ot surfaces or corrosive cemicalsContinuous fleing@oints+ Connections and plu*s:-*akesift temporary connections4eads getting pulled outPoor made connectionsuse #eing replaced!attery operated

use:- 0 !eak link desi*ned to melt+ "reakin* t%e circuit ate)cessi#e currents

Circuit /reakers:- Electroma*netic de#ice !%ic% perorm t%e sameunction as uses i7e7 "reak t%e circuit at e)cessi#e current

alt%ou*% sli*%tl& aster

Eart%in*:- Electricit& !ill al!a&s tr& reac% eart% and eart%in*means pro#idin* a pat% to eart% lo!er t%an t%e %uman "od&

Isolation:- '%e disconnection and separation o t%e electricalequipment rom e#er& source o electrical equipment in suc% a!a& t%at t%e disconnection and separation is secure

educed #olta*e s&stems:- /& reducin* t%e #olta*e present

s&stem t%e consequences o electrical s%ock can "e *reatl&reduced

esidual Current (e#ices 9C(:- It compares t%e current lo!in*into t%e s&stem !it% t%e current lo!in* out7 W%en t%e le#el diers"& a preset #alue t%e C( !ill open rapidl& and interrupt t%esuppl&

(ou"le Insulation:- Co#erin* li#e parts "& t!o separated la&ers oinsulation

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25/31


26/31

Element A:- Construction 0cti#ities Hazards and Control

ite Precautions or c%ildrenencingSecurityCameras5arning signs-isit scools%ake cildren to site on visits4ock away veicle keys4ock away a'ardous cemicals,emove laddersCover oles,educe eigts of materials

Hazards or repair o lat ooalling offalling troug"ccess$ot #itumen!urning gasesumesire*anual andling

3addersHazards in usealling off0verreacingCarrying up materialsUnsuita#le ladder4adder not properly securedIncorrect angle+ot reacing a#ove landing place

"luminium ladders near electrical lines

caoldin*

(ra! and la"el ke& parts o an independent 'ied caold

Inspection c%eckin* t%e a"o#e are correct PlusStaggered &oints+ot overloadedSuita#le access

%o! %o! scaold is attac%ed to t%e "uildin*$o"ile 'o!er caold

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27/31

PrecautionsErected #y competent personsPre use inspectionsPositioned on firm groundCorrect eigt to widt ratio


28/31

$ain %azardsUndermining foundationsCollapseUnderground servicesPersons falling in-eicles close to edge"ccess and egress$a'ardous atmosperesloodingContamination%ype of soil,emoval of soil

Precautions or a"o#e

Precautions or under*round ser#icesPlan &o#4ocate ca#les"void ca#lesSafe digging procedures

Hazards o (emolitionUnderground and over ead servicesalls from eigt

all of materialsPremature collapse$ealt a'ards6ases and vapours+oise-i#rationIonising radiations!iological a'ards

Precautions opposite o a"o#e plus

Eclusion 'onesSafe metod of demolitionPPE

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29/31

Element B:- ire Hazards and Control

Causes o ire"rsonElectrical faults*isuse of electrical e3uipmentSmokers> materials0il/gas eating e3uipment and porta#le eatersUnsafe storage of materialsUse of flamma#le li3uids or gases in unsuita#le areas5elding/ot work*ecanical eat (Sparks/friction)

%e fire triangle7 uel2 Source of ignition2 0ygen

las point7 %e temperature at wic a vapour given off #y su#stancewill ignite wen #rougt to a source of ignition

Classes o ire0 Com"usti"le solids 9Coal+ paper etc7/ lamma"le liquids 90lco%ol+ PetrolC lamma"le *ases 9/utane+ %&dro*en+ propane( $etals

Cookin* media 98e*eta"le oil or animal ats

$et%od o Heat 'ranser

(irect Contact:- '%e lame and a com"usti"le uel are in directcontact and t%e uel %eats up and e#entuall& i*nites7

Conduction:- Heat tra#els !it%in a solid material rom %otter tocooler parts

adiation:- Heat is radiated t%rou*% t%e air causin* %eatin* o amaterials at a distance rom t%e ire7

Con#ection:- Hot air rises in currents causin* t%e "uild up o %otand un"urnt *ases under ceilin*s etc7 and allo!s ire to spreadrom one room to anot%er7

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30/31

ire precautions to minimise t%e risk to people in t%e e#ent o ireSuita#le ire/smoke detectionire 0larms:-Suita#le,egular %estingContact wit emergency services$eans o escape%ravel distancesStairwaysire doorsSignageEmergency ligting"ssem#ly points$eans o i*%tin* t%e ireSuita#le etinguisersProperly sited etinguisers%raining in use of etinguisersEtinguisers properly maintainedEmer*enc& e#acuation proceduresire marsalsire noticesire drills,oll callsProvisions for dia#led

3imitin* num"ers o persons

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31/31

revision notes week 2

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