revision notes week 2.pdf

8/16/2019 Revision notes week 2.pdf

1/54

NEBOSH IGC: - WEEK 2

Element 1:- Movement of People and Materials

Hazards to pedestrians

Slips, trips and falls on same level

Falls from height

Collisions with moving vehicles

Precautions for accidents on Staircases

Removal of obstructions

Provision of non-slip surfaces

Reflective edging

Adequate lighting

Effective maintenance

Use of signs

Width

Provision of handrails

Dimensions treads and risers

Landings

Consider disabled persons

Avoid the need to carry heavy objects up and down

Causes of accidents on staircases opposi te of above

Accidents on walkways almost the same

Hazards of fork trucks

Overturning

Overloading

Loss of loads

Collision with other vehicles

Collision with pedestrians

Explosions and fire

Why can trucks overturn

Travelling on gradients that are too steep

Travelling forwards when descending slopes

Overloaded or unevenly loaded

Travelling over soft or uneven ground

Travelling over slippery surfaces

Travelling too fast

Striking kerbs or other edges

Not suitable for the task

Carrying loads at dangerous heights

1


2/54

To avoid overturning opposite of above

Parking of fork trucks

Put in neutral

Put on handbrake

Switch off engineRemove key

Give key to appropriate person

Forks on floor

Mast slightly forward

Parked in suitable location

No blocking of exits

Addi tional hazards of electric fork t rucks

Hydrogen gas released during battery charging

Electricity problemsManual handling of liquids

Corrosive acids

They are quiet

Driver selection

Suitable age

Medical examination

Routine medical checks at regular intervals

Assessment after prolonged absences

Capable of TrainingRefresher training

Safety of pedestrians in vehicle moving areas

Segregation

Suitable parking areas

Avoid reversing if possible

One-way systems

Avoid sharp or blind bends

Sufficiently wide entrances and gateways

Vision aids

Speed limits

Signallers (Banksmen)

Protection from fumes

Protection from materials falling off

High visibility jackets

2


3/54

Module 1: Movement of People & Vehicles

List EIGHT rules to follow when a fork-lif t truck is left unattended during a drivers’

work break (8)

This question was generally well answered & most candidates were able to cite a number

of rules that need to be followed when leaving a fork-lift truck unattended, such as

Returning the truck to a designated parking area where possible

Applying the brake & leaving controls in a neutral position

Ensuring the forks are resting on the floor & the mast tilted slightly forward

Avoiding the obstruction of walkways, exits & fire points

& removing the ignition key & returning it to a responsible person

Outline the precautionary measures to be taken to avoid accidents involving

reversing vehicles within a workplace (8)

This question has been used previously & produced very little difficulty for the majority of

candidates, who were able to specify a variety of precautionary measures

Better candidates presented a hierarchical range, from

Avoiding the need for vehicles to reverse (one-way & “drive-through” systems,

turning circles etc)

Tthrough the separation of vehicles & pedestrians (barriers, signs, etc)

& aspects of vehicles & workplace design (audible alarms, mirrors on vehicles & at

blind corners, refuges, lighting, etc)

To procedural measures (use of banks men, site rules, driver training, etc)

Outline the precautions that might be needed to ensure the safety of pedestrians in

areas where vehic les are in use (8)

Answers generally included references to Segregated systems for vehicular & pedestrian traffic

Appropriate road markings

Maintaining good visibility (mirrors, transparent doors, provision of lighting etc) &

audible warnings on vehicles

Other relevant measures that were mentioned included the

Drawing up & enforcement of site rules

The provision of refuges

The wearing of high-visibility clothing

3


4/54

A good standard of housekeeping

& training for, & supervision of all concerned

Battery-powered fork-lift trucks are used to move palletised goods wi thin a

warehouse

(i) Describe FOUR hazards associated specifically with battery-powered fork-lif t

trucks (4)

(ii) Outline the precautions that may be needed to ensure the safety of

pedestrians in the areas where the fork-lif t trucks are operating (8)

(iii) Outline EIGHT rules to follow when a fork-lift truck is left unattended during a

drivers’ work break (8)

No Examiners’ Report is available for Part (a)!

See last question for Examiners’ Report for part (b)!

Part (c) of the question was generally well answered & most candidates were able to cite a

number of rules that need to be followed when leaving a fork-lift truck unattended, such as

Returning the truck to a designated parking area where possible

Applying the brake & leaving controls in a neutral position

Ensuring the forks are resting on the floor & the mast tilted slightly forward

Avoiding the obstruction of walkways, exits & fire points

& removing the ignition key & returning it to a responsible person

4


5/54

Element 2:- Manual and Mechanical Handling Hazards

Manual Handling Injuries

External:- Cuts, bruises, abrasions, crush injuries

Internal:- Strains, Tears, Hernias

Hierarchy to reduce handling injuries

Avoid handling

Assess

Implement controls

Manual Handling Risk Assessment

Load

Weight

Size

Shape

Rigidity

Difficult to grasp

Unstable

Sharp, hot, cold etc.

Individual

Sex

Stature

Individual capability

Training

Persons assessment of own capability

Task

Holding away from trunk

Twisting

Stooping

Reaching upwards

Large vertical movement

Long carrying distances

Strenuous pushing or pulling

Unpredictable movement of loads

Repetitive handlingInsufficient rest or recovery

Work rate imposed by the process

Environment

Constraints on posture

Poor floors

Variations in levels

Hot/Cold/ humid conditions

Poor lighting

5


6/54

Correct Kinetic Handling Technique

Assess the load

Close to load as possible

Secure grip

Suitable feet position

Back straightBend the knees

Load close to the body

Smooth movement

Conveyors

Hazards Precautions

Trapping in drive mechanisms Guards, No loose clothing

Traps, Nips, Drawing in Pop out rollers, nip guards

Sharp edges Edge protection, eliminate edgesItems jamming conveyor Adequate design

Falling objects Edge guards, barriers

Riding or crossing conveyor Bridges, complete enclosure

Impact with objects Helmets, padding

Noise Hearing protection

Manual handling Mechanical handling

Electrical hazards Suitable electrical equipment

Types of Cranes

MobileTower

Gantry

Overhead

Cranes may fail because of

Overturning

Overloading

Unsuitable support or inadequate bases for crane

Loss of load

Failure of loadLack of maintenance

Failure of load bearing part

Safe use of Cranes

Suitable crane

Suitable ground conditions

Use of outriggers

Avoidance of obstructions

Care near overhead power linesDesignated and protected area

Suitable and tested lifting tackle

6


7/54

Correct slinging technique

Competent personnel

Load near ground if travelling

Good visibility

Good communications

Suitable storage for fuels etc

Hazards opposite of above plus

Use of crane in high winds

Employee safety during lifting

Trained personnel

Properly trained equipment

Equipment has had statutory inspections

Warning of lift taking place

No employee to walk under loadEnsure load is secure

SWL of crane and tackle not exceeded

Lifted to correct height

Moved at appropriate speed

Adequate supervision

Lifting Accessories (Tackle)

Main Hazards

Overloading/used above safe working loadIncorrect use e.g. too wide an angle with chains

Insecure attachment of load

Damage to tackle

Incorrect slinging method

Failure to examine and inspect pre-use

Incompetent staff

Precautions opposite of above

7


8/54

Element 2: Mechanical & Manual Handling

(a) Outline a good handling technique that could be adopted by a person

required to lift a load from the ground (6)

(b) Give TWO examples of how a manual handling task might be avoided (2)

Many organisations provide manual handling training for their employees & so candidates

should have had little difficulty in answering part (a) of the question

Better candidates initially emphasised the need to

Address the size & weight of the load

& the location to which it is to be moved

& then outlined a technique that included issues such as the correct positioning of

the feet

Keeping the back straight

Bending only the knees

& lifting smoothly while keeping the load close to the body

A storeman is required to place boxes of metal components by hand on to shelved

racking

(i) List FOUR types of injury to which the employee may be at risk while carrying

out this task (4)

(ii) Outline the factors in relation to the task & the load that will affect the risk ofinjury (4)

In answering part (i) of the question, only better candidates recognised the need to refer to

specific types of injury such as

Slipped disk, torn ligaments

Tendon sprain or hernia

Given that the question related to manual handling & stacking potentially heavy

boxes, there was, in addition, the possibility that the boxes or their contents could fall

causing Cuts

Abrasions & even fractures

In part (ii), the more successful candidates were those who read the question carefully &

realised that no marks were available for factors relating to the individual or the

environment

The question outlined the task to be performed & this should have led candidates to

consider the rate of work, in terms of

The number of boxes to be lifted & the frequency of lifting

& the vertical & horizontal distances that the boxes are required to be lifted orcarried, particularly if they have to be lifted from the ground &/or placed on high

shelves

8


9/54

The need for excessive

Pulling

Or pushing of the load

& twisting of the body should also have been considered

Outline the factors that may affect the level of risk f rom manual handling in relation

to

(i) The load (4)

(ii) The individual (4)

Part (i) of the question explored candidates’ knowledge of the ways in which the nature of a

load can present a risk of injury during manual handling activities

Candidates should have identified matters such as

The size & weight of the load

The possibility that the contents might move & the load become unbalanced

The position of the centre of gravity

Difficulty in securing a firm grasp of the load

& the presence of sharp edges

Part (ii) required candidates to outline the factors relating to the individual carrying out the

handling operation

These include

Body size & strength in relation to the task to be carried out (which can be age or

gender-related)

Physical handicaps or restrictions caused by illness, disability or pregnancy

Lack of training in manual handling

& inappropriate clothing or footwear

The question was concerned only wi th the load & the individual but many answers

also addressed factors connected with the task & the environment

9


10/54

Element 3:- Work Equipment Hazards and Control

Precautions in maintenance of Work Equipment

Use of permit to work

Isolation/locking offDissipation of stored energy

Segregation

Safe means of access

Use of PPE

Competent personnel

Ensure safe environment (allow to cool)

Hazards of maintenance work opposite of above plus

Chemicals

Biological

Asbestos

Hot or cold

Pressure to complete work

Mechanical Hazards of Machinery

Entanglement

Traps

Impact

Contact – cutting – stabbing – puncture

Ejection

ENTICE

Draw examples of entanglement, crushing, drawing in, shear

Non-Mechanical Hazards of Machinery

Chemical/biological hazards

Dust and fumes

Ergonomics

Electricity

Fire/explosionHazardous substances

Manual handling

Noise

Radiation

Stability of machine

Temperature extremes

Ultra violet light

Vibration

10


11/54

Office machinery:- Photocopier and Shredder

Common hazards

Electrical

Ergonomic

NoiseStability of machine

Other Hazards

Photocopier Document shredder

Drawing in Drawing in to cutters

Trap between moving parts Contact with cutters

Chemicals Dust

Ultra violet light

Manufacturing/Maintenance Machinery: Bench top grinder/Pedestal dril l

Common Hazards

Electricity

Ergonomics

Dust

Stability of machine

Other hazards

Bench top grinder Pedestal drill

Contact with rotating wheel Entanglement

Drawing into the trap between the toolrest and wheel

Contact (Stabbing/puncture)

Ejected parts of wheel or workpiece Impact from an unsecured workpiece

Fire and sparks Cutting from swarf

Vibration Ejection of a broken bit or materials

Manual handling

Agricultural/Hort icul tural Machinery:- Cylinder mower and str immer

Common Hazards

Biological e.g. animal droppingsChemicals e.g. herbicides

Electrical

Fire/explosion if petrol

Ergonomics

Manual handling

Noise and vibration

Ejection of materials

Other Hazards

Cylinder mower StrimmerContact with rotating blades Contact with cutter

Entanglement in blades Entanglement with cutter

11


12/54

Retail Machinery:- Waste Compactor/Checkout Conveyor

Common hazards

Electricity

Ergonomics

Manual handlingOther Hazards

Waste Compactor Checkout Conveyor

Impact Drawing in traps

Crush Non-ionising radiation (Scanner)

Biological infection from waste

Construct ion Machinery:- Cement Mixer/Circu lar Saw

Common Hazards

Dust

ElectricityStability of machine

Ergonomics

Trapping between fixed and moving parts

Noise

Other Hazards

Cement Mixer Circular Saw

Entanglement Drawing into rotating blade

Chemicals Contact

Manual handling Ejection of materials

Machinery Hierarchy of Controls

Fixed guards

Other guards or protection devices

Protective devices (Jigs, Holders, Push Sticks)

Information, Instruction, Training and Supervision

Fixed Guards:- A physical barrier not connected to machine controls which has no

moving parts and requires a tool to remove it

Fixed Guards

Advantages Disadvantages

Minimal maintenance Not linked to machine controls

Only defeated by deliberate act No protection when removed

Only visual inspection Access to dangerous parts when

removed

May protect against other hazards e.g.

noise, dust, ejection of materials

More difficult to remove not practical

when frequent access required

Tends to be left unfixed when frequentaccess required

May hamper visibility

12


13/54

Interlock Guard:- Linked to the machine controls so that when the machine is in a

dangerous condition the guard cannot be opened or opening the guard causes the machine

to become safe

Interlock Guard


Allow safe access for feeding materials Increase the complexity of the machine

Convenient to use Difficult to test and maintain

Less likely to be deliberately defeated May need a brake or time delay

Speeds up operations Components could fail in service

Regular maintenance required

May not fail to safety

Module 3: Work Equipment Hazards and Controls

Outline the FOUR main categories of guards & safeguarding devices that may be

used to minimise the risk of contact with dangerous parts of machinery (8)

Answers to this question were rather variable

Many candidates could name the 4 main categories of guards & safeguarding

devices (often inspired by the acronym “FIAT”)

But were either unable to provide the necessary additional detail that an outline

requires or became confused between the various types

Most candidates initially mentioned fixed guards described

A physical barrier

Held in its place at all times

Not linked to the machine operation & requiring a special tool for its removal

Next, interlocked guards could have been described as

A guard linked mechanically, electrically, or pneumatically to the machine operation

& preventing access when the machine is in a dangerous position

While also preventing operation of the machine when the guard is open

A third category of guard, the adjustable or self-adjusting guard, is essentially a

fixed guard that has elements that can be adjusted (or which adjust themselves) to allow for

the material being processed

Typical examples can be found on circular saws & drill chucks

Lastly, the trip device (for example

A pressure mat

Probe

Or photo-electric system)

stops movement of the machine when approach is detected

13


14/54

While not really “main” type of guard due to its limited application, credit was given

to candidates who referred to automatic (or self-acting) guards within their 4 types

An automatic guard is linked to the machine mechanism & physically moves an

operator from the danger zone

Identify FOUR mechanical hazards presented by pedestal dr ills & out line in EACH

case how injury may occur (8)

These include

Entanglement of hair with the drill bit or chuck

Stabbing injuries from the end of the bit

Contact with the drill bit or chuck resulting in abrasions

& ejection of, or impact by, unclamped workpieces, made worse by the fact that the

workpiece may be spinning at fast speed on the bit

Cutting hazards may also be presented by metal swarf produced by the drilling

process

Provide sketches to show clearly the nature of the following mechanical hazards

from moving parts of machinery

(i) Entanglement (2)

(ii) Crushing (2)

(iii) Drawing-in (2)

(iv) Shear (2)

No Examiners’ Report is available

14


15/54

Element 4:- Electrical Hazards and Control

Main Hazards of Electricity

Burns

Shock Arcing

Fire

Explosions

Secondary Effects of Electricity

Falls from height

Unintentional movement of machine

De-activation of control measures

Loss of information

Throw off

Health effects of Electricity on the body

Damage to nervous system

Irregular heartbeat (Fibrillation)

Internal burns

External burns

Muscular contractions

Stopping breathing

Stopping of the heart

Factors Influencing severity of electrical shock

Voltage

Current

Time

Conductivity or resistance

Current path

Action on finding someone in contact wi th electr ic ity

Isolate the supply if possible

Summon help

Give first-aid if capableRemain with casualty until emergency services arrive

Causes of Electrical Fire

Inadequate circuits

Overloaded circuits

Incorrect fuses

Damaged insulation

Loose connections

Flammable materials too close to electrical equipment

Overheating of cables

15


16/54

Safety of Portable Electrical Appliances

The appliance:-

Battery operated

Checked before use

Suitable selected equipment

Properly maintained equipmentThe Lead:-

Ensure not run over by vehicles

Dragged over rough services

Trapped in machinery

Exposed to hot surfaces or corrosive chemicals

Continuous flexing

Joints, Connections and plugs:-

Makeshift temporary connections

Leads getting pulled out

Poor made connectionsFuse being replaced

Battery operated

Fuse:- A weak link designed to melt, breaking the circuit at excessive currents

Circuit Breakers:- Electromagnetic device which perform the same function as fuses i.e.

break the circuit at excessive current although slightly faster

Earthing:- Electricity will always try reach earth and earthing means providing a path to

earth lower than the human body

Isolation:- The disconnection and separation of the electrical equipment from every source

of electrical equipment in such a way that the disconnection and separation is secure

Reduced vol tage systems:- By reducing the voltage present system the consequences of

electrical shock can be greatly reduced

Residual Current Devices (RCD):- It compares the current flowing into the system with

the current flowing out. When the level differs by a preset value the RCD will open rapidly

and interrupt the supply

Double Insulation:- Covering live parts by two separated layers of insulation

User checks

Equipment is of an approved standard

Wiring and casing are free from damage

Cables are correctly routed

System not overloaded

Correct fuses

Plug properly wired and gripped

Competent users

Using reduced voltage in wet conditions

Using RCDs

16


17/54

Office Environments

Suitable equipment manufactured to appropriate standards

Avoid the use of trailing cables

Avoid multi-socket extensions

Control private electrical equipment brought from homeReport defective and damaged equipment

Ensure effective heating

Switch off overnight

Test appliances at regular intervals

17


18/54

Element 4: Electrical Hazards & Controls

(a) Describe the possible health effects of electric ity on the body (4)

(b) Outline the emergency action to take if a person suffers a severe electrical

shock (4)For part (a), most candidates were bale to specify the two main effects of electricity on the

human body as interference with nerve/muscle action & tissue burns

Although some were content to rely on vague references to “shock” or “heart

attack”, which were insufficient as a description

More able candidates included reference to

Cardio-respiratory effects

In particular the risk of fatal injury due to disruption of heart rhythm

As far as tissue burns are concerned, candidates should have referred to the

Main sites of damage as being the entry & exit points

& to the possibility of damage to internal organs

For part (b), the first action on discovering a person having suffered an electric shock

should always be

To summon help & following this

If the person is still in close proximity to the live part

Isolate the supply

Or push the person clear using a non-conductive implement

First-aid should then be administered, which, depending on the severity of the

shock, may include cardio-pulmonary resuscitation

If successful, an airway should be maintained by placing the victim in the recovery

position & breathing should be monitored until medical help arrives

(a) Describe the possib le health effects of electric ity on the body (4)

(b) Outline FOUR factors that may affect the severity of harm of injury from

contact with electricity (4)

For part (a), most candidates were able to specify the two main effects of electricity on the

human body as interference with nerve/muscle action & tissue burns, although some were

content to rely on vague references to “shock” or “heart attack”, which were insufficient as a

description

More able candidates included reference to

Cardio-respiratory effects

In particular the risk of fatal injury due to disruption of heart rhythm

As far as tissue burns are concerned, candidates should have referred to the main

sites of damage as being

The entry & exit points

18


19/54

& to the possibility of damage to internal organs

For part (b), many answers concentrated almost entirely on the voltages involved

Relatively few candidates outlined additional factors such as

The route taken through the body

The length of contact time

The general health & age of the person involved

& those factors that might affect the size of current passing through the body

In particular, there was little understanding of resistance, based on such things as

Dryness of the skin

Natural body resistance

Ground conditions

& type of footwear

Outline the practical measures to reduce the risk of injury from electricity when

using a portable electrical appliance on a const ruction site (8)

For this question, there was a large range of issues available to those candidates who

could envisage working conditions on a construction site & outline the practical measures

required to reduce the risk of injury from the use of portable electrical equipmentRelevant measures include

The appropriate selection of equipment such as battery-operated appliances or

those operating at a reduced voltage (typically 110v)

Cables connected to the power supply with proper connectors

The use of RCDs

Training of operators in the checking procedures to be followed before use

The introduction of a regular appliance inspection & testing procedure

& the avoidance of using in wet conditions

As with past questions on electricity, there was a mixed response, with some candidates

showing their knowledge of the subject to good effect & others struggling to gain marks

Many candidates appeared confused with terms such as “reduced low voltage”, &

abbreviations such as “PAT” & “rcd”

Answers generally tended to concentrate on maintenance & inspection issues although, as

always, there were some generic, rather vague & decidedly optimistic references to PPE &

training when nothing else came to mind

19


20/54

Outline a range of checks that should be made to ensure electrical safety in an office

environment (8)

Surprisingly few candidates offered comprehensive answers for the range of checks

required to achieve electrical safety in an office environment

Answers could have included reference to visual inspections for

Damage to cables

Plugs & sockets

The need to ensure that all fuses are of the correct rating

& checking that equipment is sited such that outlets are not overloaded & cable are not in

vulnerable positions

The equipment itself should be checked to ensure suitability & conformity with recognised

standards (e.g. CE marking) & a specific testing procedure for portable appliances should

be in place As well as a procedure for reporting defects or damage

Many answers were based on best practice in factories or on construction sites

Rather than the range of routine checks that should be undertaken in an office environment

20


21/54

Element 5:- Fire Hazards and Control

Causes of fire

Arson

Electrical faultsMisuse of electrical equipment

Smoker’s materials

Oil/gas heating equipment and portable heaters

Unsafe storage of materials

Use of flammable liquids or gases in unsuitable areas

Welding/hot work

Mechanical heat (Sparks/friction)

The fire triangle:- Fuel, Source of ignition, Oxygen

Flash point:- The temperature at which a vapour given off by substance will ignite when

brought to a source of ignition

Classes of f ire

A Combustible solids (Coal, paper etc.)

B Flammable liquids (Alcohol, Petrol)

C Flammable gases (Butane, hydrogen, propane)

D Metals

F Cooking media (Vegetable oil or animal fats)

Method of Heat Transfer

Direct Contact:- The flame and a combustible fuel are in direct contact and the fuel heats

up and eventually ignites.

Conduction:- Heat travels within a solid material from hotter to cooler parts

Radiation:- Heat is radiated through the air causing heating of a materials at a distance

from the fire.

Convection:- Hot air rises in currents causing the build up of hot and unburnt gases underceilings etc. and allows fire to spread from one room to another.

Fire precautions to minimise the risk to people in the event of fire

Suitable Fire/smoke detection

Fire Alarms:-

Suitable

Regular Testing

Contact with emergency services

Means of escapeTravel distances

Stairways

21


22/54

Fire doors

Signage

Emergency lighting

Assembly points

Means of fight ing the fire

Suitable extinguishersProperly sited extinguishers

Training in use of extinguishers

Extinguishers properly maintained

Emergency evacuation procedures

Fire marshals

Fire notices

Fire drills

Roll calls

Provisions for disabled

Limiting numbers of persons

22


23/54

Element 5: Fire

(a) Explain, using a suitable sketch, the signif icance of the “ fire triangle” (4)

(b) Identify THREE methods of heat transfer & explain how EACH can cause the

spread of fire (6)(c) Outline measures that should be taken to minimise the risk of fi re from electrical

equipment (8)

(d) Explain why water should not be used on fires invo lving electrical equipment (2)

Part (a) of this question required candidates to explain, with a clearly labelled diagram, that

each side of the fire triangle represents one of 3 elements, namely

Fuel

Oxygen

& a source of ignition

that must be present for combustion to occur

This part of the question was generally well answered

See next question for part (b)!

In answering part (c) of this question, Examiners expected candidates to outline measures

such as

The proper selection of equipment to ensure its suitability for the task

Pre-use inspection by the user

Establishing correct fuse ratings, ensuring circuits & sockets are not overloaded

Disconnecting or isolating the equipment when it is not in use

& ensuring that electrical motors do not overheat (e.g. by checking that vents are

uncovered)

Additional measures include the need to

Uncoil cables (particularly extension leads) to prevent the build up of heat &

protecting cables form mechanical damage

Importantly, electrical equipment & systems should be subject to regular inspection,

testing & maintenance by competent persons

This should ensure, for instance, that contacts are sound, thereby reducing the

likelihood of electrical arcing

For part (d) , most candidates could explain that using water on an electrical fire can lead

to electric shock since water is a good conductor of electricity

Carbon dioxide & dry powder were correctly identified as suitable extinguishing agents

where electrical equipment is involved but references to halon were discounted due to the

fact that its use has now been banned

23


24/54

Identify the FOUR methods of heat t ransfer & explain how EACH can cause the

spread of fire (8)

The four methods of heat transfer that should have been identified in answer to this

question are

Conduction

Convection

Radiation

& direct burning

The last of these is normally considered a method in its own right but is, in fact, a

combination of the other methods

Having identified the methods, many candidates appeared to find difficulty in explaining

how each method may cause the spread of fireSufficient understanding, however, could be demonstrated by the appropriate use of

practical examples

For instance

Heat can be transferred through metal beams or other parts of a structure by

conduction

It can be carried by rising air currents (convection) to cause a build-up of hot gases

under ceilings

It can be radiated through the air causing heating of material at a distance from a

fire

&, perhaps what is the most obvious method, combustible material in direct contact

with flames can itself catch fire

(a) In relation to the classification of fires, give an example of a material (fuel)

that falls within EACH of the classes of A, B, C & D (4)

(b) Identify TWO methods of heat transfer & explain how EACH method

contr ibutes to the spread of fire (4)

Examiners were concerned that only a few candidates appeared to have a knowledge ofthe standard classification of fires & were able to give relevant examples of materials that

fell within the four classes

Reference should be made to course notes or texts for the classes of fire to which

the question relates

List EIGHT ways of reducing the risk of fire starting in a workplace (8)

Candidates could have chosen from a list including

The control of smoking & smoking materials, good housekeeping to prevent the

accumulation of waste paper & other combustible materials

Regular lubrication of machinery

Frequent inspection of electrical equipment for damage

24


25/54

Ensuring ventilation outlets on equipment are not obstructed

Controlling hot work

Security measures to prevent arson

The provision of proper storage facilities for flammable liquids

& the segregation of incompatible chemicals

Several candidates, perhaps in haste, did not pay sufficient attention to the wording of the

question & included measures that were more relevant to a situation where a fire had

already broken out, such as the

Provision of alarms

Fire-fighting equipment

& evacuation systems

Outline the requirements to ensure the safe evacuation of persons from a building in

the event of a fire (8)

A good answer to this question would have included an outline of such

requirements as

The means for raising the alarm

An acceptable distance to the nearest available exit

Escape routes of sufficient width

Clear signing of escape routes

The provision of emergency lighting

Escape routes kept clear of obstructions with the fire door closed to prevent the

spread of smoke

The provision of fire-fighting equipment

The appointment of fire marshals

Procedures for the evacuation of those with a physical impairment (in relation to

hearing, sight or mobility)

& the need to practice the evacuation plan at regular intervals

Many candidates focused their answers on good evacuation techniques & provided

detailed information on what an emergency evacuation plan should include

However, they did not address many of the above-mentioned requirements, which are

designed to ensure that the evacuation plan works effectively

Once again, there were a significant number of candidates who provided a list & not an

outline as required

25


26/54

Element 6:- Chemical and biological health hazards and

controls

Target Organs:- A part of the body which sustains an adverse effect when it is exposed toor by contaminated by a particular harmful agent

Examples:- Mercury, Lead the brain

Asbestos, Ammonia the Lungs

Bodies defences against dust

The hair and wetness of the nose

The change of direction of the larynx

Sneezing and coughing

The hair cells in the respiratory tractTears and blinking of the eyes

Dermatitis

Symptoms:- Blisters, Inflammation, Dryness, reddening, cracking of skin

Protective measures against dermatitis

Eliminate the substance

Substitution of the substance

Barrier creams,

Good hygiene practicesPPE

Routes of entry in the body

Inhalation

Ingestion

Absorption

Direct entry

Injection

Acute effects:- Adverse health effects resulting from single or short term exposure which

is usually reversible e.g. Alcohol intoxication of the liver.

Chronic:- Adverse health term effects resulting from prolonged or repeated exposure

leading to a gradual often irreversible effects e.g. liver damage caused by consuming

Alcohol for many years.

Classif ication of Hazardous Substances

Irritant:- Non-corrosive substances which through immediate, prolonged or repeated

contact with skin or mucous membrane may cause inflammation e.g. Petrol

26


27/54

Corrosive:- Substances which on contact with living tissue may destroy it by burning e.g.

acids

Harmful:- Substances which if swallowed, inhaled or penetrate the skin may cause

damage to health

Very Toxic:- A poisonous substance which in low quantities may cause death, acute or

chronic damage to health

Toxic:- A poisonous substance which in low quantities may cause death, acute or chronic

damage to health

Carcinogenic:- Substances which cause disorders to cell growth that may lead to cancer

Information on Manufacturers Safety data sheets

Identification of the substanceManufacturers information

Composition of the ingredients

First-aid precautions

Fire-fighting measures

Handling and storage

PPE

Disposal considerations

Transport information

Regulatory information

Grab Sampler (Chemical stain detector tube)

Draw it


Low cost Inaccurate

Takes little time Positioning of tube

Immediate result Only a snap shot

Little training Inefficient

Information during spillage Chemical use onlyGood for coarse indication Substance specific

Hazardous substance risk assessment 5 steps as normal

Control o f health hazards

Eliminate

Reduce by substitution

Isolate:-

Total EnclosureSegregate the people

Control

Engineering Control (LEV)

27


28/54

Maintenance of controls

Change the work pattern or method

Hygiene and housekeeping

PPE

Discipline

Emergency controls for spillage, air pollution etc.

Ventilation systems alarmed

PPE

Emergency showers, eye wash facilities

Booms, sawdust, spillage procedures

Evacuation procedures

Isolation of the area

Evacuation of the employees at risk

PPE for staff involved in clear up

Local Exhaust Ventilation

Main Parts:- Hood, Ducting, Filter, Fan

Draw it

LEV becomes inefficient because of:-

Blocked filters

Lack of maintenance

Position of hood

Unauthorised alterationsBroken ducting

Wear of fan blades

Incorrect settings

Increased contaminant level

Inadequate design

Failure of operators to use it

Checks opposite of above

Specific Agents

Ammonia

Strongly alkaline colourless gas with a pungent odour. It is a corrosive and can cause

irritation to the eyes and upper respiratory tract in small concentrations. Large

concentrations can cause blindness and fluid in the lungs. Eye protection and respiratory

protection essential.

Asbestos

Main types:- Blue, Brown and White

Diseases:- Asbestosis, Lung cancer, Mesothelioma

28


29/54

Uses

Pipe lagging

Wall and roof panels

Ceiling tiles

Textured coatings

Insulation materialsGaskets

Brake linings

Carbon Dioxide

Colourless and odourless gas which is heavier than air. Low levels increases the rate of

respiration and high levels depress the rate of respiration leading to unconsciousness and

even death. Produced in fermentation process e.g. breweries.

Carbon Monoxide

Colourless and odourless and tasteless gas. Found where incomplete combustion occurse.g. boilers, vehicle exhausts

Inhalation of the gas results in headache, drowsiness, flushed “pink” appearance and

ultimately asphyxiation

Chlorine

A greenish toxic gas with a pungent smell which is highly irritant to the respiratory system.

Dusts

Nuisance dust can cause asthma, bronchitis, emphysema and conditions such asasbestos, Silicosis.

Dust Identification

Visual signs of dust

Dust lamps

Static or personal sampling

Health surveillance

Control measures for dust

Elimination

Substitution e.g. pellets instead of powders

Enclosure of the process

Local exhaust ventilation

Vacuuming instead of sweeping

Damping down

Limiting time of exposure

Limiting numbers exposed

Respiratory protective equipment

Lead

A heavy, soft and easily worked metal. Can enter body by eating contaminated food but

usually by breathing fumes or dust.

29


30/54

Acute lead poisoning can result in nausea, headaches, effects on the nervous system

sometimes death in severe cases.

Organic Solvents

These dissolve other substances and are also used as cleaning and degreasing agents.

They are volatile and evaporate quickly at room temperature so their vapours can be drawninto the lungs.

Acute effects are irritation of the eyes, skin, throat and lungs. Effects may be headaches,

nausea, dizziness and loss of consciousness and in extreme cases in death.

Isocyanates

Organic compounds widely used in industry for products such as spray painting of vehicles

and production of polyurethane rubbers and foams.

Inflammation of the nasal passages and throat can lead to asthma.

Silica

Found in sand, granite etc. and the health hazard comes from breathing it in which can lead

to the lung disease silicosis.

30


31/54

Biological Agents

Leptospirosis or Weils disease

Bacteria found in the urine of female rats and the most common source is in river water,

sewers etc. Enters the body through puncture of the skin or ingestion. Attacks the kidneys

and liver causing high temperatures and may be fatal.

Legionella

An airborne bacterium found in water sources such as cooling towers, stagnant water etc. It

is caused by inhalation of airborne droplets of water containing the legionella bacteria

leading to a form of pneumonia i.e. breathing difficulties, high temperature and possible

death. Those at greatest risk are middle aged smokers or elderly people with chest

problems. Control measures involve temperature control and monitoring, avoiding “dead

legs” legs in pipework, biocide treatment and effective cleaning and maintenance.

Hepatitis A disease of the liver and can cause high temperatures, nausea and jaundice. It is caused

by hazardous substances or a virus. Health workers and those handling bodily fluids are

most at risk. The control measures involve inoculation and good hygiene practices.

Control measures for Biolog ical Hazards

Cleaning and disinfection

Water treatment

Vermin control

Containment of the biological agent

Avoidance of sharp implementsProper disposal of contaminated waste

Immunisation

Persona hygiene

PPE

Waste Storage

Sufficient storage area

Clearly the label the storage area

Ensure storage area secure

Protect storage area with bunds etc.

Store different types of waste separately

Never store incompatible waste together

Select appropriate containers

Keep quantities of waste to a minimum

Protect waste from the elements

31


32/54

Element 7:- Physical and psychological hazards

Ergonomics

The study of the relationship between workers and their environment, work equipment andwork task.

Work Related Upper Limb Disorders (WRULDs)

Causes of WRULDs

Repetitive finger, hand or arm movements

Twisting movements

Squeezing

Hammering

Pushing, pulling or reaching movements

Symptoms

Numbness in fingers

Pains in hands or arms

Restriction of joint movement

Soft tissue swelling

Factors to be considered during risk assessment

Force exerted

Frequency and duration of operation

Repetition of movement without rest or recovery

Posture

Constraints on space

Environment

Improve above plus:-

Mechanise task

Use correct tools and equipment

Display Screen Equipment (DSEs)

Health effects

Upper limb pains and discomfort

Eye and eyesight effects

Epilepsy

Radiation effects on pregnant women

Fatigue and stress

Workstation requirements

Adequate lightingMinimum noise

Ample legroom

32


33/54

Suitable screen at eye level

Suitable softwear

Keyboard

Work surface

Suitable work chair

Footrest if necessary

Health effects of remaining seated for a long time

Vertebral and muscular damage

High blood pressure

Circulation problems

Suitable Seat for sedentary workers

Good lumbar support

Good width and depth Ability to adjust seat back and height

Stable base

Ability to swivel

Provision of arm rests

Welfare and Environment issues

Welfare

Sufficient toilets

Washing facilitiesEating and changing facilities

Clothing storage

Seating

Rest areas

Arrangements for non-smokers

Working environment

Temperature

Ventilation

Lighting

Room dimensions

Suitable work stations and seating

Weather protection for outdoor workstations

Health effects of poor lighting

Eye strain

Headaches

Poor posture

Tripping over unseen objects

Increased likelihood of human error

Increased time to vacate work area

33


34/54

Factors to consider when assessing adequacy of lighting

The tasks being undertaking

The size and layout of the work area

The equipment used

Availability of natural light

Shift times/work patternsSuitable number of artificial light

Contrast levels

Glare

Areas in shadow

Need for localised lighting

Maintenance of lighting

Adequate emergency lighting

Noise

Noise terminology

Frequency:- The number of wave fronts assign a point in one second measured in Hertz

Intensity:- The loudness of the noise

Decibel:- The sound pressure level

“ A” Weighting:- A filter in the noise meter that equates the noise to how the human earperceives the noise

Hearing Damage

Acute Chronic

Stress Noise induced hearing loss

Temporary threshold shift Permanent threshold shift

Temporary tinnitus Permanent tinnitus

Blast deafness Prebyacusis

Noise Contro l

Source

Design

Damping

Isolate

Maintenance

Path

Screens and barriers

Enclosure

Absorption

Silencer

34


35/54

The Person

Distance

Time exposed

Information and training

Limitations on Personal Hearing ProtectionNot worn correctly

Not fitted correctly

Not properly maintained

Uncomfortable or inconvenient to wear

Needs constant management commitment

May introduce secondary risks

Hand-Arm Vibration

Health EffectsTingling in the hands and extremities

Numbness and blanching of the fingers

Swollen painful joints

Reduction in manual dexterity

Reduction in the sensation of touch

Control Measures

Elimination

Reduce the degree of vibration

Select low vibration equipmentSelect ergonomically designed equipment

Maintenance of equipment

Reduce grip and push force with work equipment

Reduce the time workers exposed

Introduce health surveillance

Gloves and heated pads

Information and training on the nature of risks

Work in a Hot Environment

Health effects

Skin burns

Cataracts

Dehydration

Heat cramps

Headaches

Fainting

Precautions

Medical pre-selection

Acclimatisation

Limit time of exposure

Cold drinks

PPE

35


36/54

Work in Cold Environment

Health effects

Hypothermia

Loss of concentration

Shivering

Frost bitePrecautions

Medical pre-selection

Acclimatisation

Limit time of exposure

Hot drinks

Insulated clothing

Radiation

Non-IonisingType Use in Industry

Infrared Heating and brazing

Lasers Cutting, Bar code readers

Microwaves Food preparation, Signal transmission

Ultra-violet Welding

Health effects

Burns

Reddening of the skin

Cataracts Arc eye

Temporary sterility

Ionising Radiation

Type Use in Industry

Alpha Smoke detectors

Beta Thickness testing

Gamma Non-Destructive testing

X-Ray Medical

Neutron By product nuclear fission

Acute effects f rom high dose Chronic Effects

Reddening of the skin Cancers

Radiation sickness, Nausea, Vomiting,

Diarrhoea

Sterility

Hair loss Hereditary defects

Death Effects on unborn children

Death

Control Measures

TimeDistance

Shielding

36


37/54

Others

PPE

Environmental and personal monitoring

Correct disposal of radiation materials

Good hygiene practices

Training and supervision

Violence at work

Occupations at risk

Taxi drivers

Hospitals

Schools

Cash transactions

Delivery/collection of money

Control measuresTraining and information

The environment

Design of the job

Communication

Lone working

Reporting and recording incidents

Stress

Physical Effects Psychological effects

Headaches Increased anxietyDizziness Reduced concentration

Aching neck and shoulders Irritability

Skin rashes Sudden mood changes

Prone to infections Inability to cope

Panic attacks Reduced work output

Raised heart rate Increased use of alcohol, etc

Increased blood pressure Poor sleep patterns

Heart disease

Stomach ulcers

Causes of Stress

Culture

Demands

Control

Relationships

Change

Role

Individual

Environment

37


38/54

Control measures for stress

Selecting suitable employees

Training

Clearly defined roles

Clearly work objectives

Comfortable working environmentGood lines of communication

Realistic work schedules

Employee involvement

Grievance procedure

Impartial investigation of stress

Management support

38


39/54

Elements 6 & 7: Chemical & Biological Health /Physical &

Psychological Hazards & Controls

Outline the measures an employer might consider to minimise the risk of violence against

employees (8)

With many occupations exposed to the risk of violence from members of the public,

particularly in the service industries, there was a wide range of practical measures that

could have been outlined

Better answers looked at measures that encompassed the broad aspects of

Environment

Job factors

Individual protection

& general security

Only by addressing a wide range of issues, rather than concentrating on just

physical security measures for instance, could high marks be obtained

The design of public areas, in terms of décor, seating, the means of providing information

(e.g. on waiting times) & the absence of obvious barriers, can help to reduce the build-up of

confrontation & violent episodes

A balance must be drawn, however, between presenting a calm & “open”

environment & protecting staff from any violent incidents that could arise

Hence, there will often be a need for

Wide counters

Coded locks on doors

CCTV systems

Panic buttons

& alarm systems

Whether these are made discreet or obvious will depend upon the particular

circumstancesSome situations, particularly those involving money, may mean that the risk is too

great to avoid the use of some sort of physical separation, such as security screens,

between employees & members of the public

Many occupations, such as estate agents & social workers, involve interaction with the

public outside work premises

In these cases, measures such as the

Avoidance of carrying large amounts of cash

Implementing appointment systems

Client risk assessment

& accurate record-keeping may need to be considered

39


40/54

The risks to lone workers should be given particular attention, with the need in certain

circumstances to avoid lone working altogether &/or to implement regular check-in

procedures & to issue panic alarms

In addition to designing the workplace & the task to minimise the risk of violent assault, staff

will need to be trained in the procedures & possibly how they might recognise the early

signs of aggressive behaviour & avoid, defuse or otherwise deal with a violent situationIn certain circumstances, the employment of security staff & the provision of PPE (e.g.

bullet or stab proof vests, helmets etc) may be required

In general, answers tended to be limited, sometimes because candidates seemed to have

only one situation in mind, such as that faced by health service workers

Others referred in vague terms to measures such as “the need for stringent security” but

without giving any detail or examples of what this might mean

Outline the factors that may indicate a need for health surveillance of employees in

the workplace (8)

In answering, candidates could have chosen from a variety of factors such as Ill-health & absence records

First-aid treatments

Complaints from employees

The findings of risk assessments

The results of inspections or monitoring activities

Changes in methods of work

& the relevant requirements of current legislation & approved codes of practice

(a) Describe the differences between “ acute” & “ chronic” health effects (4)

(b) Identify the factors that could affect the level of harm experienced by an

employee exposed to a toxic substance (4)

For part (a), candidates should have explained that, in the case of acute health effects, the

adverse effects appear after a single or short term exposure to the agent, & the response is

invariably rapid or immediate

In most cases, acute effects recede on cessation of exposure (the obvious

exception being death)

Chronic health effects, on the other hand, usually result from prolonged or repeated

exposure to the agent

The response is normally gradual, often progressive & irreversible, & may go

unrecognised for long periods of time

There were few good answers to this part of the question, with many candidates

unable to differentiate between the 2 types of health effect

Answers to part (b) were to a slightly better standard, with candidates identifying factors

such as

The route of entry of the toxic substance into the body

& the associated mode of exposure (e.g. contact, inhalation etc)

40


41/54

The concentration

Physical state

& toxicity of the substance

The level, duration & frequency of exposure

The effectiveness of the control measures in place

& the personal factors such as the age, gender, health status & susceptibilities of

those exposed

A large item of process machinery is to be c leaned manually with a f lammable

solvent before being partially dismantled for repair

(i) Identify FOUR possible health effects from exposure to the solvent (4)(ii) Outline the safety precautions that should be taken when using such

flammable solvents (8)

(iii) Outline further precautions that might be needed in order to ensure the health

& safety of those carrying out maintenance work (8)

In answering part (i), most candidates were able to identify four possible health effects

associated with the use of solvents

Most organic solvents are associated particularly with dermatitis & narcotic effects

that range from headaches & drowsiness through to unconsciousness & death

Psychological changes may be experiencedExposure to solvent vapours may also cause irritation of the mucous membranes of

the eyes & respiratory tract, & absorption into the body may lead to kidney or liver damage

For part (ii), Examiners expected candidates to outline safety precaution such as

The removal of potential sources of ignition from the site of the operation

The provision of adequate ventilation

limiting the quantity of solvent in use at any one time

Clear marking of containers

Ensuring that suitable fire-fighting equipment is in place

The provision of personal protective equipment such as gloves, & eye & respiratory

protection

& ensuring that operatives are informed of, & trained in, the procedures for the safe

use of solvents, especially those concerned with the cleaning of brushes & disposal

of rags

Part (iii) required candidates to imagine the problems, other than exposure to solvents that

might be encountered by the maintenance staff working on the large item of equipment

41


42/54

Hence, candidates should have had in mind issues associated with the machinery itself

(mechanical & non-mechanical hazards), access to the site of work & the possible

movement of heavy components

Good answers included reference to The possible need to operate under a permit-to-work system

The isolation of services/power to the plant

the release of stored energy or securing moving parts

Ensuring hot parts are allowed to cool

Segregation of the area in which the operation is to be carried out

The provision of safe access for persons & materials (possibly by providing

scaffolding & lifting equipment)

Ensuring good levels of lighting & ventilation

The provision of PPE (e.g. hard hats, harnesses & eye & skin protection)

& the use of competent personnel who have been made fully aware of the

precautions & emergency procedures necessary & are properly supervised

A computer user has complained of neck & back pain

Outline the features associated with the workstation that might have contributedtowards this condit ion (8)

In general, this question was not answered well by most candidates, mainly because they

seemed better prepared to state what a DSE workstation should have then to identify the

features that may have led to the condition described

Better answers referred to aspects of poor workstation layout such as

The screen at an incorrect height or poorly positioned causing repeated head

movements

The chair at an incorrect height or the seat back incorrectly adjusted

The lack of a document holder

& glare or reflections on the screen that force the computer user to adopt an

awkward posture to avoid them

Other possibilities, such as exposure to draughts, poor general or local lighting & the citing

of ancillary equipment (e.g. printer), also existed

42


43/54

Outline the factors that would contr ibute towards the development of WRULDs (8)

In their responses to this question, many candidates concentrated solely on display screen

equipment issues & outlined factors such as workstation layout & the failure to provide

sufficient breaks from the task

Others produced lengthy answers in which they repeated the same items in different ways,thus losing time but gaining few marks

Better candidates took a broader view & referred to additional factors such as

Space constraints resulting in poor working postures

Excessive force or awkward hand movements needed to carry out an operation

The frequency with which tasks need to be repeated

The use of vibrating tools & equipment

& the involvement of vulnerable workers such as those with pre-existing conditions& pregnant women

(a) Outline the possible risks to health associated with the use of display screen

equipment (DSE) (4)

(b) Identify the features of a suitable seat for use at a DSE works tation (4)

Significant health risks associated with display screen equipment relate to a range of work-

related upper limb disorders caused by poor posture &/or repetitive movement

Such conditions can cause pain, swelling, soreness or stiffness in fingers, wrists,

elbows or shouldersOther risks are eye-strain or migraine from

Uncorrected eyesight problems

Poor workstation layout

Fatigue

Stress

&, in rare cases, facial dermatitis (which is thought to be more related to the working

environment than the workstation or equipment itself)

Many candidates referred in general terms to pain or strain without identifying the parts of

the body affected, while others simply stated “work related upper limb disorders” with no

indication that they understood the meaning of the term

In contrast, answers to part (b) were to a much higher standard, with most candidates

identifying such factors as

Stability (or “five points contact with the floor”)

The ability to adjust seat height

& seat back (to provide good lumbar support)

The provision of armrests where appropriate

43


44/54

& the facility to swivel, tilt & move the seat with ease when required

Outline the possible effects on health from exposure to high levels of noise (8)

Answers to this question were particularly disappointing given both the importance of thesubject in relation to occupational health & the prominence afforded to noise on courses &

in past exam questions

Many candidates found difficulty in expressing clearly what they meant & some produced

short lists that included terms like “deafness” with no further explanation

Of those who did refer to noise-induced hearing loss, many did not then go on to outline the

condition in terms of

Physiological damage to the sensory hair cells in the inner ear, affecting sounds

within the audible frequency range

& progressively worsening with continued exposure

Relatively few candidates differentiated between the acute & chronic effects of

noise

For instance, although most candidates mentioned tinnitus, & recognised

that it is characterised by a ringing or other sound in the ears, very few referred to

its temporary or permanent nature

Similarly, there was little distinction made between temporary & permanent

threshold shift (with the latter describing noise-induced hearing loss)

This is despite the fact that most people have experienced the acute effects

of noise at some time

Other acute effects include stress & fatigue & trauma (e.g. burst eardrum)

caused by exposure to sudden loud noise

In relation to the ill-health effects from the use of vibrating hand-held tools

(i) Identify the typical symptoms that might be shown by affected indiv iduals (4)

(ii) Outline the control measures that may be used to minimise the risk of such

effects (4)

For part (i), typical symptoms are

Numbness & blanching of the fingers

& swollen painful joints

Leading to a reduction in both the manual dexterity & tactile sensation

Many candidates referred to the physiological effects of vibration, such as constriction of

blood vessels, rather then the symptoms displayed or described by those affected

Such answers did not attract marks

Answers to part (ii) were generally to a better standard, with some presented in a

hierarchical order

44


45/54

In some cases, it might be possible to alter the work process in order to

Eliminate or reduce the use of vibrating tools

(or perhaps to reduce the pressure upon the tool required by the operator)

Ways of reducing the degree of vibration, or changing its characteristics, should be

explored by

Proper selection of equipment

&/or by good standards of maintenance

Risk can also be reduced by

Limiting the time that operators are exposed

By introducing a health surveillance/health promotion programme

& by appropriate personal protective equipment (such as gloves to keep hands

warm)

Outline the health & safety risks associated with welding operations (8)

Given the variety of types of welding, & the broad range of hazards that can be presented,

an outline of the associated risks should have posed little problem

Many candidates, however, concentrated on identifying the hazards rather than the risks

Depending on the type of welding, risks may include

Electric shock

Tripping over trailing cables or pipes

Injuries from the handling of cylinders

& the problems associated with oxygen enrichment leading to an increased risk of

fire &/or explosion

Better candidates referred to the effects of fume inhalation, damage to the eyes

from UV light, burns to the skin & the increased risk of fire from hot materials or sparks

(a) Identify the possib le indications of a dust problem in a workplace (4)(b) Describe how the body may defend itself against the harmful effects of

airborne dust (6)

(c) Outline, using practical examples where appropriate, the control measures

that may be used to reduce levels of dust in a work environment (10)

Part (a) was less well answered, with most candidates able to identify only a limited

number of indications, such as

Visible signs of dust (in the air or deposited on surfaces or clothes)

& complaints of discomfort by employees

Other examples could have included cases of

45


46/54

Impaired health linked to exposure (possibly detected by health or medical

surveillance)

The results of workplace monitoring

& problems associated with plant & equipment such as blocked filters

Part (b) was not well answered with surprisingly few candidates able to provide an

adequate description of how the body may defend itself against the harmful effects of

airborne dust

The majority mentioned coughing & sneezing but only the better informed referred to the

filtering effect of nasal hairs & to the role of the mucus in the respiratory tract & bronchi,

which allows dust particles to be trapped & then carried upwards by tiny hairs (cillia)

Fine dust particles reaching the bronchioles may be subject to the engulfing action of

scavenging cells (macrophages) & absorbed into the blood stream. Or causing the eyes to

“water” & dust particles to be removed

Good answers to part (c) generally followed the first part of the control hierarchy & referred

to control measures such as

Elimination (e.g. by introducing pre-formed components or outsourcing the dusty

operation)

Substitution (e.g. of powder by granules, liquid or paste)

Isolation of the process in a separate room

Enclosure (in a glove box, for instance)

The provision of LEV

& suppression by damping down & carrying out cleaning operations by vacuuming

rather than sweeping

Some candidates concentrated solely extraction, some providing a lot of inappropriate

details on LEV systems

Some candidates also mentioned dilution ventilation, although generally this has little effect

on airborne dust levels

Other candidates did not read the question with sufficient care & referred to PPE & reduced

exposure times, neither of which reduces levels of dust in the air

Identify the information that should be included on a hazard data sheet supplied with

a hazardous substance (8)

The information that should be contained on a hazard data sheet includes

The name of the substance

Its chemical properties & composition

The nature of the hazard

Relevant standards (e.g. occupational exposure standards)

Precautions to be taken in its transport, handling & use

46


47/54

Measures to be taken in an emergency (e.g. spillage or accidental exposure)

including first-aid treatment

& disposal requirements

Outline the precautionary measures that may be needed to prevent sl ip & triphazards in an engineering factory (8)

In answers to this question

Examiners were looking for an outline of precautionary measures such as

The initial design & layout of the workplace, with designated walkways & non-slip

floors

A system of maintenance that ensures the prompt repair of floor defects such as

holes & bumps

Procedures for avoiding & dealing with spillages

The provision of adequate lighting & highlighting strips to warn of a difference in

levels

A good standard of housekeeping (including the proper management of cables &

hoses)

& procedures for reporting defects & incidents

(a) Identify the types of hazard against which gloves could offer protection (4)

(b) Outline the practical limitations of using gloves as a means of protection (4)

Some good responses were provided for part (a) of the question, with most candidates

able to identify

Chemical

Mechanical

Biological

Radiation

& electrical hazards

Extremes of temperature & wet work were also mentioned

Part (b) proved a little more difficult & most candidates were content to outline only

limitations relating to the loss of feeling & other tactile issues

Better candidates referred additionally to the possibilities of

Localised heating of the hand that opens the pores & increases skin permeability

Invisible leaks

Allergic response to the glove material

& entanglement with machinery

47


48/54

Other than those relating to the physical environment

Outline the options that might be available to an organisation to reduce stress levels

amongst its employees (8)

There were however, numerous other causes that could have been outlinedThese can be broadly categorised into those relating to work arrangements

(Shiftwork, unsocial hours, excessive overtime, lack of adequate breaks, etc)

Work demands (too high or too low, repetitive or monotonous work, lack of control

over the job, mismatch between skills & job requirements etc)

& relationships with others (general relationships with supervisors or peers poor

lines of communication & issues of harassment, bullying discrimination, abuse &

violence)

Employees may also, of course, face pressures in their private lives (financial,marital, etc) that can increase general stress

Outline FOUR types of engineering control that may be used to reduce noise in the

workplace, giving a practical example of EACH (8)

In answering this question, those candidates who could apply the theory of noise reduction

to the scenario described inevitably performed better than those who mentioned noise

reduction techniques in the abstract

Examiners were looking for response that outlined means such as

Insulating the noise by the erection of barriers or screens

Fitting a silencer to the chisel &/or lagging it with a jacket

Covering exposed surfaces with absorbent material

Minimising exposure times by carrying out the operation where possible at times

when employees of the factory are not at work

& providing hearing protection for the operator & workers

Unfortunately, there were relatively few candidates who showed evidence of a good

general understanding of how the noise reduction techniques of Insulation

Absorption

& isolation/segregation

could be applied in the circumstances described

Outline the factors that might reduce the effectiveness of the LEV system (8)

Most candidates were able to outline at least a reasonable range of factorsBetter candidates addressed both underlying factors, such as

Poor design & a lack of maintenance &/or periodic testing

48


49/54

& the more immediate factors

Such as the hood being placed too far from the source of the emission

Damaged or blocked filters

Unauthorised alteration to the system

incorrect settings

A faulty fan

& possible changes to the process leading to increased dust emissions

Outline the issues that should be addressed by an organisation when developing a

system for the safe collection & disposal of its waste (8)

In answering this question, candidates were expected to outline such issues as the

identification of waste by

Its hazardous properties (e.g. general, biological or special waste) & by its nature

(e.g. solid or liquid)

The quantity produced

The need for separation of incompatible wastes

The means for containing waste & its marking & labeling

The provision of safe storage on site & the methods of transportation to & from the

storage facility

The appointment of a competent &/or licensed waste carrier

Possible pollution issues arising from spillages

The competence & training of staff

& the keeping of the necessary records

Most candidates had trouble with this question & produced answers that referred vaguely to

COSHH & risk assessments

Without addressing the specific issues associated with the development of part of a waste

management system

49


50/54

Element 8:- Construction Activities Hazards and Control

Site Precautions for children

Fencing

SecurityCameras

Warning signs

Visit schools

Take children to site on visits

Lock away vehicle keys

Lock away hazardous chemicals

Remove ladders

Cover holes

Reduce heights of materials

Hazards for repair of Flat Roof

Falling off

Falling through

Access

Hot bitumen

Burning gases

Fumes

Fire

Manual handling

Ladders

Hazards in use

Falling off

Overreaching

Carrying up materials

Unsuitable ladder

Ladder not properly secured

Incorrect angle

Not reaching above landing place

Aluminium ladders near electrical lines

Scaffolding

Draw and label key parts of an independent Tied Scaffold

Inspection checking the above are correct Plus

Staggered joints

Not overloaded

Suitable access

Show how scaffold is attached to the building

Mobile Tower Scaffold

50


51/54

Precautions

Erected by competent persons

Pre use inspections

Positioned on firm ground

Correct height to width ratio 3.5 x Narrowest side

Use of outriggers to broaden baseTying in to adjacent structure

People and materials removed before moving

Handrails and toeboards

Suitable work platform

Not overloaded

Hazards opposi te of above

Mobile Elevating Work Platforms

Hazards

People falling or being thrown

Materials falling

Crushing between carrier and a fixed structure

Collapse or overturning of MEWP caused by

Equipment failure

Unsuitable ground conditions

Defective or unused outriggers

Overloading of the carrier

Struck by loadStruck by another vehicle

Interference with controls

Precautions opposite of above

Suspended access cradles and platforms

Precautions

Pre-use inspections

Supports to building of adequate strength

Suitably maintained

Safe access and egress

Not exceed safe working load

Guard rails and toeboards fitted

Safety harnesses worn

Limitations on use in strong winds

Excavations

Main hazards

Undermining foundations

Collapse

51


52/54

Underground services

Persons falling in

Vehicles close to edge

Access and egress

Hazardous atmospheres

FloodingContamination

Type of soil

Removal of soil

Precautions for above

Precautions for underground services

Plan job

Locate cables

Avoid cablesSafe digging procedures

Hazards of Demolit ion

Underground and over head services

Falls from height

Fall of materials

Premature collapse

Health hazards

Gases and vapours

NoiseVibration

Ionising radiations

Biological hazards

Precautions opposite of above plus

Exclusion zones

Safe method of demolition

PPE

52


53/54

Element 8: Construction

Outline the precautions that should be taken to reduce the risk of in jury when work

is carried out on a pitched (sloping) roof (8)

This question sought to test candidates’ knowledge of the precautions that should be taken

to reduce the risk of injury when working on sloping roofs

The majority provided reasonable answers & referred to many of the relevant

precautions such as

The provision of safe access to the roof & roof edge protection

The use of crawling boards or roof ladders

Identifying & covering roof lights

Arrangements for moving tools & materials to & from the roof

The issue of wearing of PPE such as helmets, footwear & harnesses

The employment of a trained & competent workforce

& the need to stop the work activity during adverse weather conditions

(a) Explain the meaning of the term “ hazard” (2)

(b) Outline the main hazards associated with demolition work (6)

There are no Examiners’ Report available for part (a)!

Part (b) of the question was generally well answered by most candidates

The main hazards associated with this type of work include

Falls from a height

Falling debris & premature collapse

Use of explosives

Contact with noise from equipment & heavy plant

Dust (possibly including asbestos)

& the possible presence of services such as electricity, gas & water

Outline EIGHT precautions that may be taken to ensure the safety of children who

might be tempted to gain unauthorised access to a construct ion site (8)

This question was generally well answered with the majority of candidates able to outline a

hierarchy of measures that started with precautions to prevent entry by the

Use of fencing

Warning against the dangers by means of signs

53


54/54

& monitoring using security patrols or CCTV

This was followed by reference to the need, should entry be gained to make the site

itself safe by

Isolating services

Reducing heights of materials

Covering or fencing excavations as well as removing ladders & denying access to

scaffolding

Better candidates also considered further precautions such as securing

Tools

Chemicals

Equipment

& vehicles

& working with the community including visits to schools

Some candidates again did not take careful note of the question & outlined the hazards

instead of the precautions

There were also a few examples of candidates referring to very similar precautions as

separate issues, which did not always provide the breadth of answer expected

revision notes week 2.pdf

Documents