revista benefis no.33

5/12/2018 Revista Benefis No.33 - slidepdf.com

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Akmksty-idb-bs

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@e Qkxly~e nk Akmkhildy Hlyie`ky

Idbae~k e èlmdqbe`lnenIebpeõe nk è YCI_ peqe

idbae~lq è kxeylùm km LYQ nk`

1??< aeyåmndyk km lmdqbeilùm

pqdpdqildmene pdq `dy aemidy-

Ei~{e`lnen Hlyie`

I-_-I- Ieq`dy Lxåm K{nexk Emf{lemdAkmksty

´Ky `kfâ~lbd k` LM_Ip{a`liend pdq k` LMKF

Iqâ~lie e` pqdiknlblkm~d nk

iqkeilùm | p{a`lieilùm nk` LM

e ieqfd nk` LMKFL e peq~lq nk`

nk g{`ld nk 1?55-

K` pe~qlbdmld pkqydme` d ebl`leqQlkyfd nk pkqnkq`d pdq nk{ney nk è kbp

km u{k yk ky ydild-

@li- Beq~ce Iqly~lme Yåmickw YemnAkm

_e~qlbdmle` | kbpqkye hebl`leq

Ei~{e`lnen G{qânlid"

Hlyie`

Nly~qla{lqnlxlnkmndy

d qkkbad`yeq iepl~e`,ú{ì idmxlkmk båy…4

#~kqikqe peq~k,

_qåi~lie G{qânlie, Idqpdqe~lxe | Hlyie`

Ilqi{my~emileilùm nk ey ei~ey nk xlyl~ey ndblil leqley-

Nkak qke lweqyk nk dqbe pdqbkmdqlwene | nk~e` ene è km~qkfe nk lmdqbeilùm | ndi{bkm~eilùmkm {me xlyl~e ndblil leqle-



DHLILMEY IDQ_DQE^LXEY

Ex- @ey Ebìqliey Md- 8?5 _lyd 8 Lm~-5Hqeii- Yem~e K`kme I-_- 1?19?

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| #99, 989? <? 5>I-_- Kqlijd W÷õlfe Ye`neõe

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gdqfk-bdqkmdOakmky-idb-bs@li- Knfeq E`kgemnqd Ilymkqdy Beq~âmkw

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qdnqlfd-ykqxlmbkweOakmky-idb-bs@li- Gdyì Gky÷y Nâew Qdnqâf{kw

gky{y-nlewOakmky-idb-bsI-_-I- | B-L- Feaqlk` Kyidaknd F{l``ìm

feaqlk`-kyidakndOakmky-idb-bsI-_-I- | B-L- Nexln Blyek` H{kq~k Feqhey

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KNL^DQLE@

Akmksty

QKN NK DHLILMEY

Km ky~e knlilùm yk pqkykm~e {m ky~{nld eikqie nk è iebpeõe u{k ce lmlilend è YCI_ e ~qexìy

nk` YE^ peqe idbae~lq è kxeylùm yie` km LYQ nk` kgkqilild 1??< aeyåmndyk km lmdqbeilùm

pqdpdqildmene pdq èy pqdpley lmy~l~{ildmky aemieqley eikqie nk `dy nkpùyl~dy kki~{endy km

kki~lxd pdq pkqydmey lmyiql~ey d md km k` QHI ky pdq kyd u{k nkilbdy u{k k` LNK idblkmwe e

qkmnlq q{~dy e è E{~dqlnen Hlyie`-

Enkbåy idbkm~eqkbdy eikqie nk` pqdiknlblkm~d nk iqkeilùm | p{a`lieilùm nk` LM_I e

ieqfd nk` LMKFL e peq~lq nk` peyend 5; nk g{`ld nk 1?55 nkalnd e u{k yk pqkykm~em nlxkqyey

emdbe`âey `kfe`ky èy u{k cem ylnd eme`lweney e pqd{mnlnen pdq m{ky~qdy kspkq~dy km k`

~kbe idm `d u{k ebea`k `ki~dq ~kmnqå {m pemdqebe båy ebp`ld eikqie nk è `kfe`lnen d md

nk` âmnlik il~end-

Idm~lm{ebdy idm è ~kqikqe | ÷`~lbe peq~k nk` emå`lyly nk è idmxkmlkmile nk nly~qla{lq

nlxlnkmndy d qkkbad`yeq iepl~e` pdq peq~k nk` kbpqkyeqld fkmkqåmnd`k k` be|dq akmkild

yie` idmdqbk e èy nlypdylildmky yie`ky | `kfe`ky xlfkm~ky | km ky~k ieyd yk kgkbp`lieqåm

`dy nlxkqydy kki~dy u{k p{knk ceakq km k` pkqikp~dq nk` lmfqkyd peqe nk ky~e bemkqe k

kbpqkyeqld p{kne nkmlq idm ~dne ikq~kwe u{k `k idmxlkmk båy-

Km è ei~{e`lnen ksly~km nlxkqydy ieydy km u{k km {me xlyl~e ndblil`leqle md yk `kxem~em èy

ei~ey nk è blybe nk {me dqbe u{k i{bpèm idm `d ky~ea`kilnd km è Ieq~e Befme | k`

Iùnlfd Hlyie` nk è Hknkqeilùm #IHH, nk ~e` bemkqe u{k yk nkge e` xlyl~end km {me yl~{eilùm nk

lmnkkmylùm pdq `d u{k è Y{pqkbe Idq~k nk G{y~lile nk è Meilùm #YIGM, yk ce pqdm{milend

e exdq nk è nkalne ilqi{my~emileilùm nk èy ei~ey nk xlyl~e ~e` idbd yk pdnqå daykqxeq km è

pqkykm~k knlilùm-

_dq ÷`~lbd pkqd md bkmdy lbpdq~em~k m{ky~qdy kypkile`ly~ey km be~kqle pe~qlbdmle` | ebl`leq

ksp`liem k` kki~d u{k p{nlkqe ~kmkq km k` ydild nk {me kbpqkye èy nk{ney idm~qeâney pdq

ky~e ÷`~lbe |e u{k pdnqâem neqyk ieydy km u{k k` ydild plkqne cey~e y{ pe~qlbdmld pkqydme`

pdq `d u{k yk `k qkidblkmne idmy~l~{lq `kfe`bkm~k y{ ‐_e~qlbdmld Hebl`leq‒ | eyâ ye`xef{eqneq

y{y alkmky | `dy nk y{ ebl`le-



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Xâi~dq Eàkq~d K{nexk Emf{lemdNlqki~dq Fkmkqe`

Weclqe Ydâe Xkfe Båqu{kwNlqki~dqe Knl~dqle`

Xâi~dq Fkqeqnd Fdmwå`kw F{~lìqqkwIddqnlmendq Ky~qe~ìflid Lmy~l~{ildme`

Y~kem _e{` nk @{me QdiceNlykõd Knl~dqle`

Idèadqendqky nk ky~e KnlilùmI-_-I- Ieq`dy Lxåm K{nexk Emf{lemd@li- Beq~ce Iqly~lme Yåmickw YemndxeÌ-_-I- | B-L- Xâi~dq Eàkq~d K{nexk Emf{lemd@li- Gdyì Gky÷y Nâew Qdnqâf{kwI-_-I- | B-L- Feaqlk` Kyidaknd F{l``ìm

Hkice nk Lbpqkylùm7Nlilkbaqk 1?55

Akmky @e Qkxly~e nk Akmkildy Hlyie`ky ky {me p{a`lieilùmnk idm~kmlnd yie` `kfe` pe~qlbdmle` | nk kbpqkye ebl`leqeadqnene nkynk k` p{m~d nk xly~e kbpqkyeqle`-

Y{ dagk~lxd ky lmy~q{lq | ei~{e`lweq e` Idm~endq Hlyie`ly~eEadfend Hlyie`ly~e | e` Kbpqkyeqld km i{ky~ldmky kykmile`kypeqe k` pkqkiildmeblkm~d nk y{ kbpqkye-

Y{y lmxe`{ea`ky epdq~eildmky km `dy åbal~dy `kfeìdm~ea`k | pe~qlbdmle` `d kqlfkm idbd be~kqle` nk epd|d |nk idmy{`~e aåylie em~k yl~{eildmky pqkxkm~lxey | idqqki~lxeyylkbpqk idbpqdbk~lndy | km idèadqeilùm idm k` nkyeqqd``d

nk e ydilknen km fkmkqe`-@e knl~dqle` md yk ceik qkypdmyea`k nk` idm~kmlnd nk `dyem{mildy ml nk ey dkq~ey qke`lweney pdq dy em{milem~ky-

Ky {me p{a`lieilùm ~qlbky~qe` knl~ene | nly~qla{lne pdqIdqpdqe~lxd Knl~dqle Akmky Y- E- nk I- X- idm dilmey kmEx- @ey Ebìqliey 8?-5 8¿ plyd Nkypeicd 5 Hqeii- @e H{km~kEf{eyie`lkm~ky Efy- Lbpqkyd pdq @eykq _qlm~ E{~dknlildmkynk _d~dyâ Y- E- nk I-X- km Ex- Lmn{y~qley 9?5<"A Wdme Lmn{y~qle I-_- 639<; Yem @{ly _d~dyâ Y-@-_-_qdclalne è qkpqdn{iilùm ~d~e` d peqile` nk` idm~kmlnd ylmpqkxle e{~dqlweilùm nk dy knl~dqky-

Ikq~liend nk @lil~{n nk Idm~kmlnd 5?391 Ikq~liendnk @lil~{n nk ^â~{`d7 591;< kspknlndy pdq è Ykiqk~eqâe nkFdakqmeilùm Ikq~liend nk qkykqxey nk Nkqkicdy e` [ydKsi`{ylxd ?>"1??<"?<5656131>??"5?1 kspknlnd pdq èNlqkiilùm nk Qkykqxey nk Nkqkicdy nk` Lmy~l~{~d Meildme` nkNkqkicdy nk E{~dq- Hqemu{kd pefend pkqblyd nk p{a`lieilùmpkqldnlie e{~dqlwend pdq YK_DBKS m÷bkqd __?5"???1-

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Nly~qla{lq nlxlnkmndy d qkkbad`yeq iepl~e` ú

idmxlkmk båy---4 #~kqikqe peq~k,

Hlme`likbdy k` emå`lyly idmg{m~d nk` lbpei~d lb

yl~lxd nk k`kflq i{eù{lkqe nk `dy ndy ieblmdy-

Ilqi{my~emileilùm nk èy ei~ey nk xlyl~ey ndb

il`leqley-Nkak qke`lweqyk nk dqbe pdqbkmdqlwene | nk

`ène è km~qkfe nk lmdqbeilùm | ndi{bkm~ei

km {me xlyl~e ndblil`leqle-

K` pe~qlbdmld pkqydme` d ebl`leqQlkyfd nk pkqnkq`d pdq nk{ney nk è kbpqkye

u{k yk ky ydild-

5>

IDM^KMLND

knl~dqleÒakmky-idb-bs

akmkhy-idb-bs

A{wùm nk idbkm~eqldy | y{fkqkmiley7

´Ky `kfâ~lbd k` LM_I p{a`liend pdq k` LMKFL4Iqâ~lie e` pqdiknlblkm~d nk iqkeilùm | p{a`liei

nk` LM_I e ieqfd nk` LMKFL e peq~lq nk` 5; nk g{

nk 1?55-

Idbae~k e è lmdqbe`lnenIebpeõe nk è YCI_ peqe idbae~lq è kxeylùm

LYQ nk` 1??< aeyåmndyk km lmdqbeilùm pqdp

ildmene pdq `dy aemidy-



>Akmksty

K` idbae~k e è lmdqbe`lnen md yd`d ky~å nlqlfl"nd e è nk~kqblmeilùm nk lbp{ky~dy pdq è kxe"ylùm yie` ylmd u{k ~ebalìm ky~å iqkend peqepqkxkmlq | idbae~lq k` èxend nk nlmkqd | k`

memileblkm~d e` ~kqqdqlybd lbplnlkmnd eyâ u{k èydqfemlweildmky nk`li~lxey nlypdmfem nk y{y femem"

iley {~l`lwemnd e` Yly~kbe Hlmemilkqd idbd {m bknldpeqe idm~lm{eq idm y{y ei~lxlnenky nk`li~lxey-

Ky~e iebpeõe ky~å nlqlflne pqlmilpe`bkm~k e èyylf{lkm~ky pkqydmey7

5-Idm~qla{|km~ky md lmyiql~dy km k` Qkfly~qdHknkqe` nk Idm~qla{|km~ky #QHI,-1-Idm~qla{|km~ky lmyiql~dy km k` QHI | u{kmd pqkykm~eqdm è nkièqeilùm em{e` ky~emndda`lfendy e k``d-9-Idm~qla{|km~ky u{k md ei~{qkm `dy alkmkyd ykqxlildy nkqlxendy nk y{y ei~lxlnenky->-Idm~qla{|km~ky u{k pqkykm~km k` exlyd nky{ypkmylùm nk ei~lxlnenky km k` QHI | idm~l"m÷em qke`lwemnd ei~lxlnenky u{k fkmkqem lb"p{ky~dy-;-Nk` Qìflbkm nk _ku{kõdy Idm~qla{|km~ky#QK_KIDY, u{k ~lkmkm lmfqkydy y{pkqldqky e`dy ky~ea`kilndy km y{ qìflbkm-8-Idm~qla{|km~ky u{k ~lkmkm nkpùyl~dy km kki"~lxd | u{k md ykem nkièqendy idbd lmfqkydy-

Idbae~k e è

lmhdqbe`lnen@e Ykiqk~eqle nk Ceilkmne | Iqìnl~d _÷a`lid #YCI_, e ~qexìy nk` Ykqxlild nk Enbl"mly~qeilùm ^qla{~eqle #YE^, lmlilù {me iebpeõe peqe idbae~lq è lmhdqbe`lnen nkbåy nk yklyilkm~dy bl` idm~qla{|km~ky u{k kxenlkqdm k` Lbp{ky~d Ydaqk è Qkm~e#LYQ, nk` kgkqilild 1??< aeyåmndyk km lmhdqbeilùm pqdpdqildmene pdq èy Lmy~l~{"ildmky Hlmemilkqey qkypki~d e dy nkpùyl~dy km khki~lxd qke`lwendy pdq dy idm~qla{"|km~ky e y{y i{km~ey aemieqley-

I-_-I- Ieq dy Lxåm K{nexk Emf{lemd

ieq dy-k{nexkOakmkhly-idb-bs

Akmksty

Idbae~k e è lmdqbe`lnen


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-benefis-no33 7/38;Kmkqd " Beqwd 1?51 Akmk

@ey Lmy~l~{ildmky Hlmemilkqey pqdpdqildmeqem lmdq"beilùm nk y{y i{km~ecealkm~ky e è YCI_ u{lkmxkqlieqå yl ky~åm d md lmyiql~dy km k` QHI nk md ky"~eq lmyiql~dy èy E{~dqlnenky Hlyie`ky pqdiknkqåm eqke`lweq è lmyiqlpilùm k lmlileq idm y{y ei{`~enky nkidbpqdaeilùm km k` ndblil`ld pqdpdqildmend pdqèy Lmy~l~{ildmky Hlmemilkqey-

Dagk~lxd nk` Lbp{ky~d e `dy Nkpùyl~dy kmKki~lxd #LNK,-

K` LNK km~qd km xlfdq k` 5 nk g{`ld nk 1??3 i{|dypqlmilpe`ky dagk~lxdy {kqdm7

E{sl`leq km k` idm~qd` nk è kxeylùm yie`-Fqexeq k` idm~qd` nk h{gd nk kki~lxd-Lbpei~eq e u{lkmky da~lkmkm lmfqkydy u{k mdydm nkièqendy e èy E{~dqlnenky Hlyie`ky-

Nkm~qd nk è kspdylilùm nk bd~lxdy nk è @k| nk`Lbp{ky~d Idm~qe è Lmdqbe`lnen pqdbdxlne pdqk` Kgki{~lxd ecdqe LNK yk idmylnkqù u{k km Bìslidè kxeylùm yie` yk qke`lwe km nlxkqyey dqbey km~qkk`èy k` bkqiend lmdqbe` è pqky~eilùm nk ykqxlildy| è xkm~e nk alkmky ylm kspknlilùm nk ei~{qey eyâ idbd è iqkeilùm nk kyu{kbey ydy~liendy peqekxenlq k` pefd nk idm~qla{ildmky km~qk d~qey: `di{e` kxlnkm~kbkm~k lmh{|k nk bemkqe mkfe~lxe kmè qkie{neilùm- Ky eyâ u{k idm è me`lnen nk iqkeqbkgdqky | be|dqky bkiemlybdy peqe lbpknlq kìqkilblkm~d nk pqåi~liey nk kxeylùm yie` yk a{yiebkgdqeq e ei~l~{n nk dy idm~qla{|km~ky e ~qexìy nk`dbkm~d e` i{bp`lblkm~d xd`{m~eqld nk y{y da`lfe"ildmky yie`ky idm `d u{k yk qkeqbe k` dagk~lxdnk è m{kxe i{`~{qe nk` i{bp`lblkm~d yie` aeyendkm k` idbpqdblyd nk eykf{qeq u{k iene pkyd u{kepdq~km `dy il{nenemdy pdq idmikp~d nk pefd nkidm~qla{ildmky yk xlmi{`k ky~qkicebkm~k idm k`kgkqilild ~qemypeqkm~k | cdmky~d nk` fey~d p÷a`lidaegd {m ky~qli~d yly~kbe nk qkmnlilùm nk i{km~eybknlem~k k` i{e` yk `k nì e idmdikq e è ydilknenlmdqbeilùm kceilkm~k nk `dy fey~dy k lmxkqyldmkyqke`lweney-

K` LNK nkynk y{ meilblkm~d a{yieae mky ks~qeyie`ky lnkm~liemnd e eu{k``dy idm~qla{|km~kyu{k dbl~lkqem ~d~e` d peqile`bkm~k k` pefd nk lb"p{ky~dy pdq md ky~eq lmyiql~dy km k` QHI dbl~lkqem

kspknlq idbpqdaem~ky pdq èy ei~lxlnenky u{k qke"`lwem | nkièqeqem lmfqkydy ei{b{èa`ky bkmdqky e`dy qke`ky km èy nkièqeildmky u{k pqkykm~km peqemky yie`ky-

Eylblybd k` LNK ky~ea`kilù u{k `dy idm~qla{|km"~ky u{k qke`lweqem nkpùyl~dy km kki~lxd be|dqky e.1;???-?? bkmy{e`ky pefeqâem ydaqk k` ksiknkm"~k è ~eye nk` 1+ pdq iene Lmy~l~{ilùm nk` Yly~kbeHlmemilkqd nemnd idbd qky{`~end k` LNK e qk~kmkq| km~kqeq ky~d ÷mliebkm~k ep`liù km `dy kgkqilildy1??3 | 1??< |e u{k peqe k` kgkqilild nk 1?5? yk qk"dqbù nlice nlypdylilùm | yk ky~ea`kilù {me kskm"ilùm nk .5;???-?? bkmy{e`ky pdq Lmy~l~{ilùm nk`Yly~kbe Hlmemilkqd ep`liemnd è ~eye nk` 9+ ydaqkk` ksiknkm~k nlypdylilùm u{k yk kmi{km~qe xlfkm~kcey~e è kice nk p{a`lieilùm nk ky~k eq~âi{`d-

@ey bk~ey | `dy `dfqdy eìemwendy pdq peq~k nk èE{~dqlnen Hlyie` km è qkie{neilùm nk` LNK cem ylndye~lyei~dqldy | e{m båy pdqu{k nlicd lbp{ky~d kyè aeyk peqe è nk~kqblmeilùm nk d~qey idm~qla{ild"mky md nkièqeney pdq `dy idm~qla{|km~ky idbd kyk` ieyd nk` LYQ-

Nkynk 1??3 cey~e k` 1?5? ky~dy ydm `dy qky{`~endykm~qk `d pqd|ki~end | `d qkie{nend7



8Akmksty

@e ieq~e lmxl~eilùm u{k ky~å kmxlemnd k` YE^ e `dyidm~qla{|km~ky ky è ylf{lkm~k7

Md~e7 K` LYQ nk~kqblmend pdq è E{~dqlnen km èieq~e lmxl~eilùm ky {me iem~lnen epqdslbene u{k kìdm~qla{|km~k ky~å da`lfend e pefeq pdq `d u{k kymkikyeqld u{k yk nk~kqblmk idqqki~ebkm~k k` lb"pdq~k e pefeq-



http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-benefis-no33 9/386Kmkqd " Beqwd 1?51 Akmk

Nk~kqblmeilùm nk `dy lbp{ky~dy e pefeq-

Eme`likbdy k` ieyd km peq~li{èq nk~kqblmemnd k`LNK qk~kmlnd pdq è Lmy~l~{ilùm Hlmemilkqe | k` LYQ epefeq pdq `dy lmfqkydy dbl~lndy7

5-" Lbp{ky~d e `dy Nkpùyl~dy km Kki~lxd-

@e pkqydme âylie kki~{ù nkpùyl~dy km kki~lxdkm k` Aemid n{qem~k k` kgkqilild 1??< nk è yl"f{lkm~k bemkqe7

Md~e7 Md `k ky ep`liea`k è qeiilùm XL nk` eq~âi{`d 1xlfkm~k peqe k` kgkqilild 1??< nkalnd e u{k k` idm"~qla{|km~k md yk kmi{km~qe km k` y{p{ky~d nk pefeqnk{ney pdq iqìnl~dy d~dqfendy pdq k` Yly~kbe Hlmem"ilkqd idm `dy nkpùyl~dy km kki~lxd nlypdylilùm u{ke peq~lq nk` 5 nk g{`ld nk 1?5? {k qkdqbene-

@e Lmy~l~{ilùm Hlmemilkqe nkalù qk~kmkq nk LNK eìdm~qla{|km~k . 8><?->? iem~lnen u{k pdnqå eiqk"nl~eqyk idm~qe k` LYQ nk` kgkqilild 1??< idmdqbk e è@k| nk` LNK-

1-" Lbp{ky~d Ydaqk è Qkm~e-

K` LYQ e pefeq nk~kqblmend pdq è e{~dqlnen ky nk. 55>;<>-?? ykf÷m è ieq~e lmxl~eilùm k` i{e` nkakpefeqyk km {me ydè ksclalilùm e bey ~eqneq k` 95

Bky Lbpdq~k Kskmilùm Aeyk êye LNK

Kmkqd .665??-?? .1;???-?? .;15??-?? 1+ .5?>1-??

Beqwd 1851?-?? 1;???-?? 551?-?? 1+ 11->?

Eaql` 5>9???-?? 1;???-?? 553???-?? 1+ 198?-??

Efdy~d 55?;??-?? 1;???-?? 3;;??-?? 1+ 565?-??

Ykp~lkbaqk <1???-?? 1;???-?? 86???-?? 1+ 59>?-??

Di~{aqk 1;3??-?? 1;???-?? 3??-?? 1+ 58-??

^d~e` .>6>;1?-?? .5;????-?? .91>;1?-?? 1+ .8><?->?

Aeyk fqexea`k- >6>;1?-??

@âbl~k lmkqldq- 9<13>5-<6

Ksiknkm~k ydaqk k` âbl~k lmkqldq- 35863-?9

êye nk LYQ- 13+

LYQ ydaqk k` ksiknkm~k- 1138<-3;

I{d~e ge- 8<881->?

LYQ nk~kqblmend- <1;91-1;

LNK iqknl~ea`k- 8><?->?

LYQ e pefeq- 38?>5-3;

Hei~dq nk ei~{e`lweilùm-

nli"55eaq"5?

5?5-3?3?<6-;55< ?-?>>?

Md~e7 LMI_ NLI"55 5?5-3?3? #ky~lbend,

Ei~{e`lweilùm- 963;-3>

Nk~kqblmeilùm nk qkieqfdy-

Be|"1?5? e Nli"1?55 11-8?+

Qkieqfdy- 1?9?5-?8

LYQ e pefeq epqdslbend- 55?513-6;

Nk md ky~eq lmyiql~dy èy E{~dqlnenky Hlyie`ky pqdiknkqåme qke`lweq è lmyiqlpilùm k lmlileq idm y{y ei{`~enky nk

idbpqdaeilùm km k` ndblil`ld pqdpdqildmend pdq èyLmy~l~{ildmky Hlmemilkqey-

nk beqwd nk 1?51 nlice iem~lnen ky ky~lbene pdq`d u{k k` idm~qla{|km~k yl ky~å km k` y{p{ky~d nkdblylùm nkakqå nk~kqblmeq y{ LYQ e pefeq pdq k`kgkqilild 1??< idmylnkqemnd y{y ei~{e`lweildmky |qkieqfdy peqe kki~dy pqåi~lidy xebdy e nk~kqblmeqk` bdm~d e pefeq nk` LYQ km k` bky nk kmkqd nk 1?51idmylnkqemnd k` eiqknl~eblkm~d nk` LNK pdq e qk~km"ilùm nk è Lmy~l~{ilùm Hlmemilkqe-

Nk~kqblmeqkbdy k` LYQ e pefeq pdq dy lmfqkydy dbl"~lndy idmylnkqemnd è ~eqle nk` kgkqilild 1??< eõdkm k` u{k yk dbl~lù è da`lfeilùm-



3Akmksty

K` LYQ e pefeq ky nk . 55?513-6; idmylnkqemnd ei"

~{e`lweildmky | qkieqfdy nlicd pefd nkakqå qke`lweq"yk nk bemkqe kypdm~åmke ky nkilq nkakqå qke`lweqykem~ky nk u{k èy e{~dqlnenky yie`ky kgkqwem y{y e"i{`~enky nk idbpqdaeilùm nk `d idm~qeqld yk ceqâebkqkikndq e b{`~ey pdq dblylùm nk lbp{ky~dy | pdqè md pqkykm~eilùm nk nkièqeildmky-

Km k` ieyd km peq~li{èq è ieq~e lmxl~eilùm ky~ea`kik{m LYQ e pefeq epqdslbend nk .55>;<>-?? ylm kb"aeqfd ky mkikyeqld nk~kqblmeq`d idbd yk clwd kmk` iåì{`d em~kqldq |e u{k è iem~lnen pqkykm~e {menlkqkmile idmylnkqea`k-

H{mnebkm~d nk è nk~kqblmeilùm nk` LYQ-

@e E{~dqlnen Hlyie` nk~kqblme è dblylùm nk` LYQidmylnkqemnd u{k `dy nkpùyl~dy km kki~lxd qke`lwe"ndy pdq k` idm~qla{|km~k md nkièqendy ydm lmfqk"ydy ei{b{èa`ky idmdqbk e` eq~âi{`d 5?6 nk è @k|nk LYQ u{k e è `k~qe nlik7

‐ Eq~âi{`d 5?6-" I{emnd {me pkqydme âylie e{mi{emnd md ky~ì lmyiql~e km k` Qkfly~qd Hknkqe` nkIdm~qla{|km~ky qke`lik km {m eõd nk ie`kmneqldkqdfeildmky y{pkqldqky e `dy lmfqkydy u{k c{alkqknkièqend km kyk blybd eõd èy e{~dqlnenky y"

ie`ky pqdiknkqåm idbd ylf{k7

L- Idbpqdaeqåm k` bdm~d nk ey kqdfeildmky | è nlyiqkpemile idm è nkièqeilùm nk`

idm~qla{|km~k | neqåm e idmdikq e ìy~kk` qky{`~end nk nlice idbpqdaeilùm-

LL- #---,

LLL- #---,

_eqe `dy kki~dy nkky~k eq~âi{`d

~ebalìm

yk idmylnkqem kqdfeildmky `dy fey~dy èy enu{lyl"

ildmky nk alkmky | `dy nkpùyl~dy km i{km~ey aem"ieqley d km lmxkqyldmky memilkqey- Md yk ~dbeqåmkm idmylnkqeilùm `dy nkpùyl~dy u{k k` idm~qla{|km"~k kki~÷k km i{km~ey u{k md ykem pqdpley u{k ie"`lu{km idbd kqdfeildmky km `dy ~ìqblmdy nk ky~keq~âi{`d i{emnd yk nkb{ky~qk u{k nlicd nkpùyl~dyk clwd idbd pefd pdq è enu{lylilùm nk alkmkyd nk ykqxlildy d idbd idm~qepqky~eilùm peqe k` d~dqfeblkm~d nk` {yd d fdik ~kbpdqe` nk alkmky d peqe qke`lweq lmxkqyldmky memilkqey ml `dy ~qeype"ydy km~qk i{km~ey nk` idm~qla{|km~k d e i{km~ey nky{ iùm|{fk nk y{y eyikmnlkm~ky d nkyikmnlkm~kykm `âmke qki~e km pqlbkq fqend-

I{emnd k` idm~qla{|km~k da~kmfe lmfqkydy nk`dy pqkxly~dy km ky~k ~â~{`d | md `dy nkièqk ykep`lieqå ky~k pqkikp~d idbd yl c{alkqe pqkykm"~end è nkièqeilùm ylm lmfqkydy- …‒-

Ìmeyly eõenlnd-

Ky~d ky e E{~dqlnen Hlyie` pqdiknkqå e idbpqdaeqk` bdm~d nk è nlyiqkpemile yie` i{emnd idmyl"nkqk u{k èy kqdfeildmky {kqdm y{pkqldqky e `dylmfqkydy nk `dy u{k c{alkqk nkièqend km kyk bly"bd eõd | i{emnd ksly~em nkpùyl~dy km y{y i{km~eyaemieqley pdq d u{k km ky~e iebpeõe yk pqk~kmnkidbpeqeq `dy nkpùyl~dy qke`lwendy idm~qe `dy lm"

fqkydy nkièqendy km ky~k ieyd e E{~dqlnen Hlyieìdmylnkqeqå idbd aeyk peqe nk~kqblmeq k` LYQ èykqdfeildmky qke`lweney #nkpùyl~dy km kki~lxd pdq.>6>;1?-??, bkmdy dy lmfqkydy nkièqendy #ikqd,nemnd idbd qky{`~end u{k `dy lmfqkydy dbl~lndypdq èy kqdfeildmky yke nk .>6>;1?-?? iem~lnenaeyk nk è nlyiqkpemile yie` | ydaqk è i{e` yk nk"akqå nk~kqblmeq k` lbp{ky~d idqqkypdmnlkm~k idm"dqbk e è ~eqle nk` eq~âi{`d 566 nk è @k| nk LYQ-

E{mend e `d em~kqldq è E{~dqlnen Hlyie` ~kmnqâe e"i{`~en yl eyâ `d nkilnk peqe nk~kqblmeq k` Lbp{ky~de` Xe`dq Efqkfend #LXE, | k` Lbp{ky~d Kbpqkyeqle` eêye ×mlie #LK^[, dbl~lndy idmylnkqemnd km ky~k ÷`"

~lbd ieyd k` eiqknl~eblkm~d nk` LYQ kki~lxebkm~kpefend pdq k` idm~qla{|km~k-



http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-benefis-no33 11/38<Kmkqd " Beqwd 1?51 Akmk

Hdqb{èqld B÷`~lp`k nk pefd-

Eidbpeõene e è ieq~e lmxl~eilùm k` idm~qla{|km"~k qkilalqå k` dqb{èqld b÷`~lp`k nk pefd u{k km

k` ieyd km peq~li{èq e kice âbl~k ky k` 95 nk beq"wd nk` 1?51- E` lf{e` yk ky~ea`kikm dpildmky peqeqke`lweq k` pefd |e yke km {me ydè ksclalilùm d km1 9 > ; d 8 bkmy{e`lnenky-



5?Akmksty

Idmi`{ylùm7

@e lmlile~lxe pqlxene e ~qexìy nk èy iåbeqey kb"pqkyeqle`ky ce qke`lwend nlxkqyey eiildmky peqekxl~eq u{k ky~k ~lpd nk ~kqqdqlybd yie` #idbae~kidm~qe è lmdqbe`lnen, idm~lm÷k ky~d ky u{k ykemk`lblmeney nlicey eiildmky |e u{k nk `d idm~qeqldb{icdy idm~qla{|km~ky lmyiql~dy d md km k` QHIky~eqåm km {me yl~{eilùm nk`liene e` ~kmkq u{knkykbad`yeq {m nlmkqd u{k e è kice ~e` xkw |e md`d ~kmfem | pdmnqåm km {m fqexk qlkyfd y{ pe~ql"bdmld cey~e ``kfeq e` adqnk nk è u{lkaqe pdq k`ylbp`k ckicd nk qke`lweq nkpùyl~dy km kki~lxd u{kkm b{icdy nk `dy ieydy md ~lkmkm mlmf{me qkpkq"i{ylùm yie` |e u{k p{knkm nkqlxeq nk pqìy~ebdyidaqdy k~i- u{k md ~lkmkm mene u{k xkq idm è ei"

~lxlnen kbpqkyeqle` d pqdkyldme` nk` idm~qla{|km"~k ylm kbaeqfd peqe èy e{~dqlnenky ky {m lmfqkydu{k nkakqå pefeq LYQ ye`xd pq{kae km idm~qeqldpdq `d u{k k` idm~qla{|km~k nkakqå lm~kqpdmkq `dybknldy nk nkkmye mkikyeqldy-

B{icdy nk `dy idm~qla{|km~ky idm è me`lnen nkkxl~eq pqda`kbey pqkykm~ky d {~{qdy idm èy E{"~dqlnenky Hlyie`ky ky~åm qke`lwemnd k` pefd nk` LYQnk~kqblmend km èy ieq~ey lmxl~eilùm u{k cem qkil"alnd lbpei~emnd nlqki~ebkm~k y{ kidmdbâe pdq`d u{k `dy lmxl~d e eme`lweq è yl~{eilùm km idmg{m~didm y{ idm~endq em~ky nk ~dbeq {me nkilylùm u{k~kmfe {m lbpei~d kidmùblid | kmi{km~qkm è bk" gdq ye`lne nkm~qd nk` beqid `kfe` ky~ea`kilnd-

@e E{~dqlnen Hlyie` ~kmnqâe ei{`~en yl eyâ `d nkilnkpeqe nk~kqblmeq k` Lbp{ky~d e` Xe`dq Efqkfend #LXE, |k` Lbp{ky~d Kbpqkyeqle` e êye ×mlie #LK^[, dbl~lndy-




51Akmksty

[me iqâ~lie e` pqdiknlblkm~d nk iqke"ilùm | p{a`lieilùm nk` Âmnlik Meildme`nk _qkildy e` Idmy{blndq e ieqfd nk`LMKFL e peq~lq nk` 5; nk g{`ld nk 1?55-

@li- Beq~ce Iqly~lme Yåmickw Yemndxe`

beq~ce-yemickwOakmkhly-idb-bs

Akmksty

´Ky `kfâ~lbd k` LM_I

p{a`liend pdq k` LMKFLLM^QDN[IILÙM

K` Âmnlik Meildme` nk _qkildy e` Idmy{blndq dalkm idmdilnd pdq y{y ylfèy LM_I qky{`~e {mâmnlik nk xl~e` lbpdq~emile peqe è ~dbe nknkilyldmky pd`â~liey | kidmùbliey p{ky qkhk"

ge e fqemnky qeyfdy k` idy~d u{k ~lkmk è xlne ~dbem"nd km i{km~e alkmky | ykqxlildy aåylidy peqe i{e`"u{lkq ebl`le- Ky~k âmnlik enkbåy lmh{|k km m{ky~qedqbe nk ieì{èq idm~qla{ildmky qewùm pdq è i{e`ksly~k {m pqdiknlblkm~d peqe y{ nk~kqblmeilùm pkq"ki~ebkm~k ky~ea`kilnd: ylm kbaeqfd e peq~lq nk èqkdqbe e è @k| nk` Yly~kbe Meildme` nk Lmdqbe"ilùm Ky~enây~lie | Fkdfqeâe #@YMLKF, u{k km~qù kmxlfdq k` peyend 5; nk g{`ld nk 1?55 yk ky~ea`kikmm{kxey qkfèy u{k pdmkm km ~kè nk g{lild è `kfl~l"blnen nk` LM_I-

´Ky `kfâ~lbd k` LM_I p{a`liend pdq k` LMKFL4



K@ LM_I KM K@ IÅ@I[@D NKIDM^QLA[ILDMKY

_eqe kki~dy yie`ky k` LM_I idaqe xkqnenkqd ylf"mliend i{emnd k` xe`dq nk èy idm~qla{ildmkynkak ei~{e`lweqyk eyâ idbd m{ky~qdy iqìnl~dynk{ney | alkmky- Km pdiey peèaqey ~dndy m{ky"~qdy alkmky | nkqkicdy yk kmi{km~qem y{gk~dy e eyqkfèy nk è ei~{e`lweilùm |e yke peqe eiqkikm~eq"`dy d kbpdaqkikq`dy-

Km kyk ykm~lnd kmidm~qebdy u{k peqe è Ykiqk~eqâenk Ceilkmne | Iqìnl~d _÷a`lid #YCI_, md aey~e idmfqexeq kmùbkmdy kidmùblidy u{k km pqlmilpld qk"xkèm nlqki~ebkm~k qlu{kwe km {me pkqydme idbdykqâe k` idmy{bd k` da~kmkq {me {~l`lnen è pqdplk"nen nk alkmky k~i- ylmd u{k pdq k` ylbp`k ckicd

nk u{k m{ky~qdy alkmky | nkqkicdy yk kmi{km~qemy{gk~dy e {m bkqiend ndmnk lmh{|km ei~dqky kid"mùblidy | h{i~{eildmky nk nlmkqd y{ ei~{e`lweilùm~ebalìm lmilnk e` bdbkm~d nk nk~kqblmeq èy idm"~qla{ildmky e` fey~d p÷a`lid ~em~d peqe e{bkm~eqèyidbd peqe nlyblm{lqèy-

QKE@LNEN NK@ LM_I

B{icd ky nlyi{~lne è xe`lnkw | `kfl~lblnen nk ky~kebdyd LM_I p{ky qkidqnkbdy u{k e÷m e pkyeq nku{k yk ~qe~e nk {m lmnliendq km è xeqleilùm nk pqk"ildy nk pqdn{i~dy nk è iemey~e aåylie u{k p{nlkqe~kmkq ~lm~ky bkqebkm~k kidmùblidy e` xkqmdy da`l"

fendy e {~l`lweq`d peqe k` iåì{`d nk m{ky~qey idm~ql"a{ildmky nkakbdy peq~lq nk {m lmnliendq u{k ykeqkpqkykm~e~lxd nk è qke`lnen | enlildme`bkm~k u{kyke `kfâ~lbd km y{ pqdikyd nk iqkeilùm | p{a`lilnene `dy peq~li{èqky-

Ceaèmnd nk è ‐qke`lnen‒ nk ky~k âmnlik ydèbkm~kidm è lm~kmilùm nk ykbaqeq km k` `ki~dq {me lmu{lk"~{n ydaqk è xe`lnkw kidmùblie nk` blybd båy mdpeqe y{bkqflq`d km {m pqd{mnd ky~{nld ydaqk èyaeyky nk y{ iqkeilùm nkakbdy pqkilyeq u{k ky~kâmnlik p{nlkqe md qkxkèq {me yl~{eilùm `d y{ilkm"~kbkm~k enep~ene e è qke`lnen-

Ky~d nkalnd e u{k èy ‐ièyky‒ nk alkmky | ykqxlildyidmylnkqendy ylkbpqk ydm `dy blybdy eyâ idbd `dypeqåbk~qdy nk idmy{bd e÷m | i{emnd k` dqfemlybdkmieqfend nk y{ kèadqeilùm i{km~e idm ei{`~enkypeqe bdnlieq`dy- Idbd yl {m peq~li{èq md p{nlk"qe y{y~l~{lq {m pqdn{i~d pdq d~qd em~k k` e{bkm~didmylnkqend nk pqkildy d nk pèmd nkgeq nk idmy{"blq`d- Km enlilùm e d em~kqldq xe`k e pkme idbkm~equ{k `dy bdbkm~dy km u{k yk id~lwem `dy pqkildy nk`dy alkmky p{nlkqem md ~dbeq km i{km~e e{bkm~dy

idmylnkqea`ky pdq è kyieykw nk {m pqdn{i~d qkae" gey pdq ~kbpdqeney yku{âey èy ebdyey dkq~ey nkpeyl``d k~i- p{ky èy id~lweildmky md ydm nleqley ylmd

yd`d e`f{mey ndy d ~qky xkiky e` bky- \ d~qe iqâ~liepkqydme` ky u{k ky~k âmnlik kxlnkm~kbkm~k yk aeyekm {me kidmdbâe ‐dqbe`‒ kyiepemnd peqe k``d kìdmy{bd u{k qke`lwe è fkm~k km ~lemf{ly | p{ky~dy-

Bey yk lmyly~k md u{kqkbdy iqkeq {me e`ye kspki"~e~lxe km k` `ki~dq nemnd ky~e lmdqbeilùm peqe u{kplkmyk u{k em~k è pqdaea`k e`~e nk qke`lnen nkky~k âmnlik ~kmkbdy {m k`kbkm~d nk nkkmye peqe‐u{l~åqmdy`d‒ nk kmilbe p{ky ceaèmnd km ~ìqbl"mdy g{qânlidy qky{`~e pqåi~liebkm~k lbpdyla`k ``k"xeq e {m ~qla{me` k` ieyd pdq è i{ky~lùm pqdae~dqle~kmlkmnd u{k qkp`lieq èy id~lweildmky nk ~dndy `dypqdn{i~dy | ykqxlildy peqe qk{~eq ~kdqâey | pqdiknl"

blkm~dy endp~endy idbd xkqnen eayd`{~e km m{ky"~qe pd`â~lie kidmùblie | m{ky~qe `kflyèilùm-

Md day~em~k `d em~kqldq qkidqnkbdy u{k d~qd k`k"bkm~d nk nkkmye km idm~qe nk è eqal~qeqlknen nkèy e{~dqlnenky e` bdbkm~d nk iqkeq idm~qla{ildmkyd idmikp~dy u{k lmilnkm nlqki~ebkm~k km ìy~ey kypqkilyebkm~k è xldèilùm e` pqlmilpld nk `kfe`lnen| ykf{qlnen g{qânlie km ndmnk yk kslfk k` qkypk~d eilkq~ey dqbe`lnenky | pqdiknlblkm~dy kspqkyebkm"~k pqkxly~dy km {me mdqbe | {me ikq~kwe peqe k` peq"~li{èq e m nk u{k md u{knk n{ne e`f{me ydaqk ènk~kqblmeilùm nk {m âmnlik d ei~dq-

QKU[LYL^DY NK XE@LNKW NK@ LM_I

K` eq~âi{`d 1? nk` Iùnlfd Hlyie` nk e Hknkqeilùm #IHH,bkmildme u{k k` LM_I ykqå ieì{ènd pdq k` Aemidnk Bìslid | yk p{a`lieqå km k` Nleqld Dhile` nkè Hknkqeilùm #NDH, nkm~qd nk `dy pqlbkqdy nlkwnâey nk` bky ylf{lkm~k e` u{k idqqkypdmne-



5>Akmksty

nk u{k yk `ke k` Aemid nk Bìslid nkak km~kmnkqykidbd kmieqfend k` LMKFL-

Km~dmiky md day~em~k u{k k` IHH ky~ea`kwie u{k k`kmieqfend nk è kèadqeilùm | p{a`lieilùm nk` LM_Iky k` Aemid nk Bìslid nkak km~kmnkqyk e peq~lq nkè km~qene km xlfdq nk` eq~âi{`d ;< qeiilùm LLL | kèq~âi{`d Nìilbd _qlbkqd nk è il~ene @k| u{k ky~eda`lfeilùm qkiek km k` LMKFL-

K` `ki~dq km~dmiky yk pqkf{m~eqå yl yk kmi{km~qeda`lfend e `kkq ~dney èy p{a`lieildmky nk` NDH didmdikq ~dney èy `k|ky- Qkidqnkbdy u{k ksly~k {mpqlmilpld fkmkqe` nk nkqkicd u{k qkwe7 ‐è lfmdqem"ile nk è @k| md kslbk nk y{ i{bp`lblkm~d‒ pdq `du{k k` ckicd nk u{k è be|dqâe nk è pdaèilùm mdyk kmi{km~qk e` pkmnlkm~k nk èy di{qqkmiley nk

m{ky~qdy `kflyèndqky | è iqkeilùm nk m{kxey mdq"bey md ylfmlie u{k md nkakm ydbk~kqyk e y{ ksei"~e daykqxeilùm d u{k y{ lfmdqemile pdnqâe ykq {meksi{ye qkm~k e {m g{kw-

_{ky km m{ky~qd peây è ylbp`k p{a`lieilùm nk {m~ks~d mdqbe~lxd km k` NDH d km k` pkqlùnlid `die`dile` ykf÷m yk ~qe~k nk {me mdqbe knkqe` d ky~e~e`lbp`lie {me pqky{milùm `kfe` km k` ykm~lnd nk u{k è@k| p{a`liene yk nld e idmdikq e ~dne è pdaèilùmu{k idmdikm y{y eìemiky | `dy ~ìqblmdy km u{k nk"akqå idaqeq xlfkmile-

Eyâ u{k {me xkw nkyieq~end {m pdyla`k pqda`kbe nkidm~qenliilùm nk mdqbey peyebdy e è qkxlylùm nk`pqdiknlblkm~d nk iqkeilùm nk` LM_I7

ÝK I[B_@KM @DY QKU[LYL^DY _EQE @EIQKEILÙM NK@ LM_I4

Qkidqnkbdy u{k k` eq~âi{`d 1?"aly ky~ea`kik ilkq~dyp{m~dy e idmylnkqeq u{k ydm dqbe`lnenky kykmile"`ky peqe neq ikq~kwe nk è `kfl~lblnen nk ky~k âmnlik-_dq `d u{k e m nk eil`l~eq m{ky~qd ky~{nld eme`lwe"qkbdy iene {md nk ky~dy p{m~dy nkilnlkmnd yl yki{bp`k è dqbe`lnen kslflne7

5-‐Yk id~lweqåm i{emnd bkmdy `dy pqkildy km

9? il{nenky èy i{e`ky ky~eqåm {alieney km pdq `d bkmdy 1? km~lnenky knkqe~lxey- @eyil{nenky yk`kiildmeney nkakqåm km ~dnd ieyd~kmkq {me pdaèilùm nk 1???? d båy ceal"~em~ky | ylkbpqk ceaqåm nk lmi`{lqyk èy 5? wdmey idm{qaeney d il{nenky båy pdaèneynk è Qkp÷a`lie‒-

Km ky~k p{m~d ky lbpdq~em~k nky~eieq u{k kki~lxe"bkm~k ksly~k {m ie~å`dfd nk båy nk 9? il{nenky"

_dq y{ peq~k k` eq~âi{`d 1?"aly nk` blybd dqnkme"blkm~d il~e ilkq~dy qku{lyl~dy peqe è iqkeilùmnk` LM_I ydaqk `dy i{e`ky ea{mneqkbdy km pdy~k"

qldq epeq~end idm k` eåm nk ykq `d y{ilkm~kbkm"~k ksp`lie~lxdy-

Nkakbdy eièqeq u{k e peq~lq nk` 5; nk g{`ld nk`1?55 k` kmieqfend nk è kèadqeilùm | p{a`lieilùmmd ky k` Aemid nk Bìslid ylmd k` Lmy~l~{~d Meildme`nk Ky~enây~lie | Fkdfqeâe #LMKFL, | k``d md ky pdq"u{k yk nkypqkmne nk` Iùnlfd il~end p{ky y{ qknei"ilùm idm~lm÷e ylkmnd è blybe ylmd pdqu{k e peq~lqnk è km~qene km xlfdq nk è @YMLKF | km peq~li{èq e~qexìy nk y{ eq~âi{`d ;< qeiilùm LLL | y{ idqqkèildme"nd eq~âi{`d Nìilbd _qlbkqd ^qemyl~dqld yk ceik {meqkblylùm e ~dney eu{k`èy nlypdylildmky km ndmnk ykky~ea`kwie u{k k` da`lfend ky k` Aemid nk Bìslid

peqe u{k yk `ke u{k ky k` il~end Lmy~l~{~d-

´KSLY^K [M IDMH@LI^D NK MDQBEY U[KQKF[@EM @E IQKEILÙM NK@ LM_I4

@dy ky~{nldydy nk è be~kqle pdnqâem idmylnkqequ{k ksly~k {m pdyla`k idmhli~d nk mdqbey `kfe`kyu{k pqdxdie lmykf{qlnen g{qânlie km k` peq~li{èqnkyidmdilkmnd km qke`lnen u{lìm ky k` dqfemlybdkmieqfend nk è iqkeilùm | p{a`lieilùm nk` LM_Iu{k km bl iql~kqld yk kmi{km~qe nkyieq~end e` ykq{m ~kbe |e qky{k`~d e{mu{k km dqbe fkmìql"ie pdq è Y{pqkbe Idq~k nk G{y~lile nk è Meilùm#YIGM, km è g{qlypq{nkmile i{|d q{aqd qkwe7 IDM"

H@LI^D NK @K\KY- KY LMKSLY^KM^K I[EMND D_K"QE @E NKQDFEILÙM ÅILÊ NK @E @K\ EM^KQLDQ_DQ @E _DY^KQLDQ-

Km xlq~{n nk è em~kqldq g{qlypq{nkm"ile pdnkbdy xå`lnebkm~k ydy"

~kmkq u{k `d u{k y{iknk km kìeyd idmiqk~d ky {me nkqd"

feilùm ‐~åil~e‒ nk {me peq~knk è mdqbe km ndmnk ylmnkgeq nk ksly~lq {m ~ks~d`kfe` "kypkiâiebkm~k`dy eq~âi{`dy 1? | 1?"alynk` IHH km è peq~k e`{yl"

xe e` Aemid nk Bìslid" k`blybd nkge nk idaqeq xl"fkmile d ep`lieal`lnen pdq

xlq~{n nk eyâ kslflq`d d~qemdqbe kbl~lne idm pdy"

~kqldqlnen" k` eq~âi{`dNìilbd _qlbkqd ^qem"

yl~dqld | ;< qeiilùmLLL nk è @YMLKF" e`ykõeèq u{k km `{feq



http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-benefis-no33 17/385;Kmkqd " Beqwd 1?51 Akmk

kypkiâiebkm~k ydm i{eqkm~e | ykly" {alieney km~dney èy km~lnenky knkqe~lxey" md yù`d 1?" | yk lm"i`{|km 5? wdmey idm{qaeney d il{nenky båy lbpdq"

~em~ky nk` peây- Ylm kbaeqfd ky~k `ly~end ky k` p{a`l"iend pdq k` Aemid nk Bìslid k` 1; nk kmkqd nk 1?55| e ì` yk qkbl~k ei~{e`bkm~k k` LMKFL e` bdbkm~d nkieì{èq k` LM_I-

Kbpkqd nkakqâebdy i{ky~ldmeq yl ky xå`lnd u{kylkmnd ecdqe k` LMKFL k` dqfemlybd qkypdmyea`k nkè iqkeilùm | p{a`lieilùm nk ky~k âmnlik p{knk `k"fe`bkm~k qkbl~lqyk e èy aeyky pqdpdqildmeney pdqk` Aemid nk Bìslid u{k ecdqe ky lmidbpk~km~k kmky~e be~kqle-

M{ky~qey eqf{bkm~eildmky pdnqâem ykq pqdiknkm~kynk idmylnkqeq k` g{wfendq u{k è iqkeilùm nk` LM_I

ne~e nkynk k` blybd pqdikyd nk yk`kiilùm nk il{"nenky | ~dne xkw u{k k` blybd IHH km y{ eq~âi{`d1?"aly ky~ea`kik `dy qku{lyl~dy e u{k nkak ‐y{gk~eq"yk‒ k` LM_I: nlicd km d~qey peèaqey iùbd nkak nkiqkeqyk k` LM_I-

1- ‐Nkakqåm id~lweqyk `dy pqkildy idqqkypdm"nlkm~ky e i{emnd bkmdy 5??? pqdn{i~dy | ykqxlildy kypkiâhidy efq{pendy km 1;? idm"ikp~dy nk idmy{bd `dy i{e`ky eaeqieqåm e` bkmdy 9; qebey nk `dy yki~dqky efqâidèfemenkqd lmn{y~qle` | nk ykqxlildy idmdqbke` ie~å`dfd nk ei~lxlnenky kidmùbliey kèad"qend pdq k` Lmy~l~{~d Meildme` nk Ky~enây~lieFkdfqeâe k Lmdqbå~lie‒-

Km ky~k p{m~d y{iknk {me kxlnkm~k l`kfe`lnen p{kyyl {y~kn ei{nk iene bky e` NDH peqe idmy{`~eq `dypqdn{i~dy | y{y pqkildy yk kmidm~qeqå idm {m xkqne"nkqd iqlp~dfqebe p{ky qke`bkm~k `d u{k yk p{a`lieky {m `ly~end idm ‐ièxky‒ nk pqdn{i~dy #pkqd nky"idmdikbdy i{å`ky pdqu{k md ky~å lmnlxln{e`lwend,idm y{ idqqkè~lxd pqkild ‐pqdbknld bkmy{e`‒-

K` blybd LMKFL ykõeè km k` NDH nk` 1> nk md"xlkbaqk nk 1?55 e` bdbkm~d nk p{a`lieq k` iå`"i{`d nk` LM_I u{k èy id~lweildmky yk pdmkm e nly"pdylilùm nk` p÷a`lid lm~kqkyend pdq yù`d 8 bkykykm è Nlqkiilùm Fkmkqe` Eng{m~e nk Âmnliky nk _qk"ildy | md pqkilyebkm~k u{k yk ky~ìm p{a`liemndkm kyk bdbkm~d-

Idbd alkm pdnqåm epqkileq qky{`~e lbpdyla`k id"mdikq i{å`ky ydm ey id~lweildmky u{k `kxe e iead k`LMKFL p{ky ky pqkilyd ei{nlq e` åqke u{k km k` NDHyk bkmildme | ykf{qebkm~k mkikyl~eqkbdy pqk"ykm~eq {me yd`lil~{n pdq kyiql~d e è i{e` md ~lkmk k`Lmy~l~{~d {m pèwd peqe qkypdmnkq- \ pdq y{p{ky~dmd nkakbdy d`xlneq u{k yù`d pdnqâebdy idmy{`~eq

èy id~l"weildmkyu{k md ~km"

fem be|dq em~l"fðknen e 8 bkyky-

_dq `d u{k yk xk `dy pqdn{i~dy| ykqxlildy idmikp~dy nk idmy{"bd | qebey nk yki~dqky efqâidè fe"menkqd lmn{y~qle` | nk ykqxlildy #u{k yk aeyekm {m y{p{ky~d ie~å`dfd nk ei~lxlnenky kid"mùbliey kèadqend pdq k` LMKFL, ydm `dy p{a`liendypdq k` Aemid nk Bìslid k` 1; nk kmkqd nk 1?55 | md`d p{a`liend pdq k` pqdpld Lmy~l~{~d i{ky~ldmåmndmdyyl ky xå`lnd u{k k` LMKFL pqåi~liebkm~k cefe m{èyy{y ei{`~enky km ky~k ykm~lnd | ylbp`kbkm~k ~dbk`d p{a`liend pdq {m dqfemlybd ecdqe lmidbpk~km~k-

^qe~åmndyk nk `dy 1;? idmikp~dy nk idmy{bd ei{"nlbdy e` NDH nk` 1; nk kmkqd nk 1?55 u{k qkl~kqe"bdy ky k` `ly~end km k` u{k yk aeye k` LMKFL peqe y{iåì{`d nk` LM_I: | kmidm~qebdy u{k yk kmi{km~qemp{a`liendy 139 | eyâ `d eikp~e ~ks~{e`bkm~k k` Aemidnk Bìslid-

Km~dmiky yl km e kypkilk k` eq~âi{`d 1?"aly ykõeè u{k`dy bl` pqdn{i~dy nkakm efq{peqyk km 1;? idmikp~dynk idmy{bd md nkak `kkqyk km ‐pdq `d bkmdy‒ ylmde~kmnkq e` m÷bkqd u{k ecâ yk kslfk | e` md i{bp`lqidm ky~k qku{lyl~d lf{e`bkm~k k` LM_I ky l`kfe`-

Km i{em~d e èy qebey nk `dy yki~dqky efqâidè feme"nkqd lmn{y~qle` | nk ykqxlildy k` m÷bkqd efq{pend kynk 61 `d i{e` i{bp`k `d kslflnd pdq k` IHH i{emndceaè nk eaeqieq e` ‐bkmdy 9; qebey‒ | ylm kbaeqfdk` LMKFL ~dbe lf{e`bkm~k k` `ly~end p{a`liend k` 1;nk kmkqd nk 1?55 pdq k` Aemid nk Bìslid-

9- ^qe~åmndyk nk e`lbkm~dy èy id~lweildmky nk pqkildy yk ceqåm idbd bâmlbd ~qky xkiky n{"qem~k iene bky- K` qky~d nk èy id~lweildmky ykda~kmnqåm {me d båy xkiky bkmy{e`ky-

Yk ceaè km è blybe p{a`lieilùm nk` iåì{`d nk` LM_Iu{k yk ceik {m ‐pqdbknld bkmy{e`‒ nk `dy pqkildy nk`dy pqdn{i~dy | `d u{k i{eù{lkq pkqydme km~lkmnk kmk` idmikp~d ky d alkm {me y{be nleqle nk `dy pqkildyn{qem~k {m bky | y{ nlxlylùm km~qk `dy nâey u{k idm"~lkmk k` pkqâdnd d è `ki~{qe nk {m pqkild lmlile` è nk`pqkild me` nk` pkqâdnd | y{ nlxlylùm km~qk ndy- _kqdkm e kypkilk yk nkyidmdik yl yk ~qe~e nk {m pqdbknldqke`bkm~k p{ky è p{a`lieilùm nk` LMKFL ylbp`kbkm"~k bkmildme ieyl ~ks~{e`bkm~k k` IHH il~emnd u{kkm k` q{aqd nk e`lbkm~dy yk clilkqdm pdq `d bkmdy9 xkiky km k` bky | `dy nkbåy q{aqdy pdq `d bkmdy{me xkw-



58Akmksty

\ pdq d~qe peq~k k` u{k bkmildmk km dqbe ebalf{eu{k yk ~dbeqdm èy id~lweildmky ‐båy nk 9‒ d ‐pdq `dbkmdy {me xkw‒ e` bky md lmnlie qke`bkm~k i{åm~ey

xkiky clilkqdm y{y kmi{ky~ey-

>- @ey id~lweildmky nk pqkildy idm èy u{k ykieì{`k k` Âmnlik Meildme` nk _qkildy e` Idmy{"blndq nk iene bky nkakqåm idqqkypdmnkq e` pkqâdnd nk u{k yk ~qe~k-

Ky~k p{m~d kyiepe ~d~e`bkm~k e m{ky~qd idmdil"blkm~d p{ky idbd km k` NDH yd`d epeqkik k` `ly~e"nd nk pqdn{i~dy km ièxk idm y{ pqkild ‐pqdbknld‒md epeqkikm p{a`lieney èy kicey km u{k {kqdmckicey èy id~lweildmky- _eqe k``d ~kmnqâebdy u{kyd`lil~eq e è Nlqkiilùm nk ^qe~eblkm~d nk è Lmdqbe"ilùm nk è Nlqkiilùm Fkmkqe` Eng{m~e nk Âmnliky nk

_qkildy èy id~lweildmky idqqkypdmnlkm~ky-

;- K` Âmnlik Meildme` nk _qkildy e` Idmy{blndq nk iene bky yk ieì{èqå {~l`lwemnd è ùqb{"è nk @eypk|qky- Yk ep`lieqåm pdmnkqendqky peqe iene q{aqd nk` idmy{bd ebl`leq idmyl"nkqemnd `dy idmikp~dy ylf{lkm~ky7 E`lbkm~dyakalney | ~eaeid: qdpe ie`wend | eiikydqldy:xlxlkmne: b{ka`ky epeqe~dy | kmykqky ndbìy"~lidy: ye`{n | i{lnend pkqydme`: ~qemypdq~k:kn{ieilùm | kypeqilblkm~d: d~qdy ykqxlildy-

@e ùqb{è pdmnkqendqky | qebey md ydmp{a`lieney pdq k` LMKFL ylmd u{k ~dbe`d p{a`liend pdq k` Aemid nk Bìslid |eyâ `d ykõeè km è p{a`lieilùm nk` iå`"

i{`d nk` LM_I km k` NDH nk` 1> nk md"xlkbaqk nk 1?55-

\ m{kxebkm~k xlkmk è lm~kqqdfem"~k yl ykqå xå`lnd u{k k` LMKFL

md cefe y{ ~qeaegd |pdmfe km pqåi~lie y{yei{`~enky ~dbemndkm i{km~e ne~dy nk"

~kqblmendy pdq k` Aemid nk Bìslid u{k ecdqe |e mdky idbpk~km~k | ydaqk {m `ly~end p{a`liend nkynkpqlmilpldy nk eõd-

8- K` Aemid nk Bìslid p{a`lieqå km k` NleqldDhile` nk è Hknkqeilùm `dy ky~endy wdmey id"m{qaeney il{nenky eq~âi{`dy ykqxlildy idm"ikp~dy nk idmy{bd | qebey e u{k yk qkhkqkmèy qeiildmky L | LL eyâ idbd èy id~lweildmky{~l`lweney peqe ieì{èq k` Âmnlik-‒

E` qkypki~d qkidqnkbdy u{k ndmnk yk cefe e`{ylùme` Aemid nk Bìslid nkakbdy `kkq k` ‐LMKFL‒ km~dm"iky è da`lfeilùm em~ky ykõeène qkiek km ky~k ÷`~l"bd dqfemlybd-

Ylm kbaeqfd k` u{k ceik è p{a`lieilùm nk `dy ‐ky~e"

ndy wdmey idm{qaeney il{nenky eq~âi{`dy ykqxlildyidmikp~dy nk idmy{bd | qebey‒ ky k` Aemid nk Bì"slid #idm ksikpilùm nk ey id~lweildmky, p{ky k` LMK"FL ~dbe k` NDH nk` 1; nk kmkqd nk 1?55 peqe ky~dykki~dy p{a`liend pdq k` Aemid nk Bìslid-

_dq d~qe peq~k ky km ky~k påqqed ndmnk yk da`lfe ep{a`lieq è ~d~e`lnen nk èy id~lweildmky {~l`lweneypeqe ieì{èq k` âmnlik ky nkilq iene kmi{ky~e qke"`lwene nly~lmf{lkmnd pqdn{i~dy pqkildy | kicey: |`d p{a`liend md ydm èy id~lweildmky ylmd {m `ly~e"nd nk ièxky | pqkildy u{k ydm y{p{ky~dy ‐pqdbk"nldy bkmy{e`ky‒-

Eyâ ky u{k yl k` Aemid nk Bìslid ky qke`bkm~k k` u{kylkm~e ey aeyky peqe e iqkeilùm nk` LM_I pdqu{k nk"mk `dy pqdn{i~dy qebey idmikp~dy nk idmy{bd |`dy pdqikm~egky nk idmy{bd ml ~ebpdid p{a`lie èyid~lweildmky ylmd u{k b{ky~qe {m pqdbknld nùmnkceik xå`lne y{ idbpk~kmile k` LMKFL4 ńùmnk yk neikq~kwe e` peq~li{èq ydaqk k` iåì{`d nk` LM_I4

Ylbp`kbkm~k peqe ea{mneq km k` ~kbe ky~k Lmy~l~{"~d yk kmi{km~qe p`kmebkm~k ei{`~end e ~qexìy nky{ Qkfèbkm~d peqe nkmlq `dy pqdn{i~dy | ykqxl"ildy qebey y{aqebey idmikp~dy nk idmy{bd km~qkd~qdy km `dy u{k |e md nkakqâem idm~lm{eq xlfkm~kyqkfèy lbp{ky~ey pdq k` Aemid nk Bìslid-

L@KFE@LNEN NK@ LM_I

Nk `d em~kqldqbkm~k eme`lwend ´`k u{knù ièqdiùbd yk ieì{è k` LM_I4 yl è qkyp{ky~e ky eqbe"~lxe km~dmiky `k lmxl~d e u{k bk `d ksp`lu{k pdqu{knkml~lxebkm~k è p{a`lieilùm bkmy{e` u{k ``kxe eiead k` LMKFL ky peqile` | ebalf{e nkgemnd km~dm"iky è ieqfe e` peq~li{èq nk ei{nlq e y{y lmy~eèild"mky e lmxky~lfeq ~dndy `dy k`kbkm~dy km u{k yk aeyepeqe ieì{èq k` LM_I-




Yl è qkyp{ky~e {k mkfe~lxe km~dmiky idlmilnlqåidmblfd km u{k ksly~k {m xkqnenkqd ky~end nk lm"ykf{qlnen g{qânlie | xldèilùm e` pqlmilpld nk `kfe`l"

nen ~qla{~eqle pdqu{k nkyidmdikbdy ey xkqnenkqeyid~lweildmky qke`lweney pdq k` LMKFL i{emnd k` IHHky ièqd km ykõeèq u{k ìy~ey nkakqåm p{a`lieqyk kmk` NDH | md ylbp`kbkm~k p{a`lieq ‐pqdbknldy nkpqkildy‒ nk pqdn{i~dy lmnly~lmf{la`ky-

_dq d~qe peq~k k` u{k k` LMKFL md p{a`lu{k pdq yâ bly"bd `dy pqdn{i~dy qebey pdmnkqeildmky nk idmy{"bd lbp`lie u{k kgkqik y{y ei{`~enky peqe è iqkeilùmnk` LM_I km dqbe peqile` nemnd xlfkmile e qkfèyykm~eney pdq {m dqfemlybd ecdqe lmidbpk~km~k-

Yl nk i{eù{lkq bemkqe k` g{wfendq idmylnkqeqe u{kk` LMKFL p{knk ~dbeq | ceikq y{|d k` iåì{`d nk`

Aemid nk Bìslid | y{y nk~kqblmeildmky ckbdy |eksp`liend md i{bp`km `dy qku{lyl~dy nk` eq~âi{`d 1?"aly nk` IHH p{ky md ~dbem 1;? idmikp~dy nk idm"y{bd ylmd 139 i{emnd k` il~end dqnkmeblkm~d mdceaè nk u{k ‐pdq d bkmdy‒ yk ~dbkm 1;?-

K lf{e`bkm~k md peykbdy pdq e`~d u{k ksly~km idm"ikp~dy ~em ebalf{dy u{k pqdxdiem lmikq~ln{baqk g{qânlie k` u{k md ykpebdy iùbd ieì{èm k` pqd"bknld bkmy{e` i{emnd md ~kmkbdy lnke nk i{åm"~ey xkiky id~lwem `dy pqdn{i~dy ml iùbd idmylnkqemky~k pqdbknld-

Md peye nkyepkqilalnd u{k lf{e`bkm~k ksly~k {medpdq~{mlnen nk lbp{fmeq eu{k``dy kmùbkmdy lm"heildmeqldy u{k lbp`liem è ei~{e`lweilùm nk ilkq~dyalkmky peqe e{bkm~eq {me idm~qla{ilùm ylm kbaeq"fd nkakbdy eièqeq u{k è ky~qe~kfle nk nkkmyenkpkmnkqå nk e pqdp{ky~e nk iene eykydq eyâ idbdk` qlkyfd u{k {y~kn u{lkqe ~dbeq-

\ km ky~d bk ksp`lid: em~kqldq e è qkdqbe nk` eq"~âi{`d 9> nk` IHH u{k km~qù km xlfdq peqe k` kgkq"ilild yie` nk 1??6 `dy eykydqky fkmkqe`bkm~kmdy ikm~qåaebdy km {~l`lweq è ‐idmy{`~e em~k èe{~dqlnen yie`‒ idbd {m xkqnenkqd bknld peqenkylmidqpdqeq k`kbkm~dy mdilxdy nk èy idm~qla{"ildmky ylm mkikylnen nk ep`lieq ky~qe~kfley u{k~qegkqem peqe m{ky~qdy i`lkm~ky k` qlkyfd nk {mepdyla`k `lu{lneilùm yie`-

Idm è ei~{e` qkneiilùm nk` eq~âi{`d 9> nk` IHH |y{ lm~kqpqk~eilùm g{qlypq{nkmile` yk ce ikqqendkye pdylal`lnen p{ky è qkyp{ky~e e {me idmy{`~e|e md ky lbp{fmea`k: | nkge e` peq~li{èq ÷mlie"bkm~k ~qky dpildmky7

e, ^dbeq {me ei~l~{n idmykqxendqe | yù`d kmieyd nk ykq `lu{lnend pdq idm~qla{ildmky dbl~l"ney lbp{fmeq è ei~{e`lweilùm u{k |e nk pdq yâ

lm~kfqe {me peq~k lbpdq~em~k nk` iqìnl~d yie`:

a, Ep`lieq pdq yâ blybd km dqbe nlqki~e | ylmk` xly~d a{kmd nk {m ~qla{me` èy ky~qe~kfley y"ie`ky pqdp{ky~ey pdq y{y eykydqky nkylmidqpd"qemnd k` LM_I e ~dndy eu{k``dy iåì{`dy u{k `ke{bkm~em idmylnkqea`kbkm~k y{y idm~qla{ild"mky ylm kbaeqfd ey{blkmnd k` qlkyfd ks~qkbdnk ykq `lu{lnend pdq k` Hlyid | cey~e km~dmikyceikq xe`kq `dy eqf{bkm~dy nk l`kfl~lblnen nk`LM_I e ~qexìy nk` bknld nk nkkmye idqqkypdm"nlkm~k- _kqd idm è ieqfe nk {m iqìnl~d u{k lb"p`lieqâe nk km~qene k` d~dqfeq feqem~âe | ydaqk~dnd kypkqeq e u{k y{ nkkmye yke alkm lbp`k"

bkm~ene d

i, Kypkqeq e u{k e`f{me nlypdylilùm qkèildmenee ky~k âmnlik yke qkdqbene | km~dmiky lm~km~eq{m ebpeqd idm~qe @k|ky peqe nkylmidqpdqeq`dnk `dy iåì{`dy u{k `k eki~em-

IDMI@[YLDMKY

Yk pqkf{m~eqå k` `ki~dq ú{ì lbpdq~emile ~kmnqâek` lbp{fmeq k` LM_I yl yk ce nlicd u{k ~e` lmnlie"ndq lmh{|k pdyl~lxe d mkfe~lxebkm~k km k` iåì{`dnk idm~qla{ildmky4

Ksly~k {me yl~{eilùm peq~li{èq ~qe~åmndyk nk `dyiqìnl~dy yie`ky km ndmnk y{ nk~kqblmeilùm kypdq peq~k nk è e{~dqlnen | ndmnk k` peyd nk`~lkbpd e÷m i{emnd yk lbp{fmk em~k {m ~qla{meìdqqk km pkqg{lild nk` fdakqmend- _dq `d u{k yl kme`fd pdnkbdy idm~qeqqky~eq ky~k âmnlik è nkkm"ye idm~qe k` blybd em~k {me `lu{lneilùm lbp`lie{me a{kme dpdq~{mlnen-

Ylm n{ne e`f{me km ~lkbpdy ndmnk k` ilkqqk nk fd"alkqmd ~qek epeqkgene è yem~e lmu{lylilùm yie` pdqè ei~l~{n pdq peq~k nk` YE^ | èy Ykiqk~eqâey nk Hl"memwey idm~qe `dy kbpqkyeqldy ndmnk km {m eåm qk"

ie{nendq nk~kqblmem iqìnl~dy yie`ky lbpefea`ky|d y{fkqlqâe u{k kypkqk è dpdq~{mlnen nk pk`keq {miqìnl~d yie` peqe qkn{ilq è ei~{e`lweilùm | kypkqeqe`f{me qkdqbe e` eq~âi{`d 1? d 1?"aly nk` IHH d eq"~âi{`dy nk è @YMLKF u{k lmilnem nlqki~ebkm~k kmè nk~kqblmeilùm nk` LM_I peqe lm~km~eq {m ebpeqdidm~qe @k|ky-



53Akmksty

Nly~qla{lq nlxlnkmndy

d qkkbad`yeq iepl~e`ú{ì idmxlkmk båy…4#~kqikqe peq~k,

Idbd |e xkâebdy km è ykf{mne peq~k nkky~k eq~âi{`d km k` ieyd 9 yk `kfù e e idm"i`{ylùm u{k ebaey dpildmky qkpqkykm~e"aem k` blybd idy~d hyie` peqe è kbpqkyeu{k qkkbad`yeae k` iepl~e` d nly~qla{âe`dy nlxlnkmndy | u{k km ky~k ~lpd nk ie"ydy yk nkaâe eme`lweq ~dnd k` km~dqmdky~d ky enlildme`bkm~k e è ieqfe nk èkbpqkye ~ebalìm nkak ky~{nleqyk k`kki~d km k` pkqikp~dq nk` lmfqkyd peqeu{k km~dmiky nkpkmnlkmnd nk k``d yknkhme u{ì ky `d båy idmxkmlkm~k-

I-_-I- | B-L- Xâi~dq Eàkq~d K{nexk Emf{lemd

xli~dq-k{nexkOakmkhly-idb-bs

Akmksty

` ú{ì idmxlkmk båy---4

Nly~qla{lq nlxlnkmndy d qkkbad`yeq iepl~e` ú{ì idmxlkmk båy---4



1?Akmksty Nly~qla{lq nlxlnkmndy d qkkbad`yeq iepl~e` ú{ì idmxlkmk båy---4

5 KHKI^D HLYIE@ I[EMND K@ _KQIK_^DQNK@ NLXLNKMND KY _KQYDME HLYLIE \ @DY

NLXLNKMNDY MD _QDXLKMKM NK I[HLM NK @E_KQYDME BDQE@ U[K @DY NLY^QLA[\K7

Km ky~k ieyd ~kmkbdy u{k e pkqydme bdqe` nkceakq nly~qla{lnd pdq kgkbp`d .5??????-??ky~eqâe pefemnd k` Lbp{ky~d Ydaqk è Qkm~eylf{lkm~k7

@d em~kqldq idm aeyk km `d ykõeènd km k` eq~âi{"

`d 55 nk è @k| nk` Lbp{ky~d Ydaqk è Qkm~e #@LYQ,blybd u{k |e {k eme`lwend | ~qemyiql~d km èy peq"~ky em~kqldqky nk` pqkykm~k eq~âi{`d-

_dq y{ peq~k k` kki~d km è pkqydme âylie ky~å ky"~ea`kilnd km k` eq~âi{`d 58; nk è @LYQ u{k e è `k~qenlik7

‐ Eq~âi{`d 58;-" @ey pkqydmey âyliey nkakqåm ei{"b{èq e y{y nkbåy lmfqkydy `dy pkqilalndy pdq nl"

[~l`lnen nly~qla{lne fqexea`k mdpqdxkmlkm~k nk I[HLM

5??????-??

_dq7 Hei~dq nk plqeblneilùm 5->138

Lf{e`7 [~l`lnen nly~qla{lne plqeblnene 5>138??-??

_dq7 eye nk lbp{ky~d 9?+

Lf{e`7 LYQ pdq {~l`lnen nly~qla{lne >13;3?-??

[~l`lnen nly~qla{lne fqexea`k mdpqdxkmlkm~k nk I[HLM

5??????-??

Båy7 LYQ pdq {~l`lnen nly~qla{lne >13;3?-??

Lf{e`7 [~l`lnen nly~qla{lne plqeblnene 5>13;3?-??

_dq7 êye nk lbp{ky~d 9?+

Lf{e`7 LYQ e ieqfd pdq {~l lnen nly~qla{lne >13;6>-??Nlxlnkmnd d {~l lnen pkqilalnd7 5??????-??

_dq7 Hei~dq nk plqeblneilùm 5->138

Lf{e`7 Nlxlnkmnd d {~l`lnen plqeblnend 5>138??-??

_dq7 êye nk lbp{ky~d 9?+

Lf{e`7 Lbp{ky~d pefend pdq e ydilknen >13;3?-??

Nlxlnkmnd d {~ l lnen pkqilalnd7 5??????-??

Båy7 Lbp{ky~d pefend pdq e ydilknen >13;3?-??

Lf{e`7 Lmfqkyd ei{b{èa`k peqe LYQ 5>13;3?-??

xlnkmndy d {~l`lnenky- Eylblybd nlicey pkqydmeyâyliey pdnqåm eiqknl~eq idm~qe k` lbp{ky~d u{kyk nk~kqblmk km y{ nkièqeilùm em{e` k` lbp{ky"~d ydaqk è qkm~e pefend pdq è ydilknen u{k nly"~qla{|ù `dy nlxlnkmndy d {~l`lnenky ylkbpqk u{ku{lkm kki~÷k k` eiqknl~eblkm~d e u{k yk qkkqkky~k påqqed idmylnkqk idbd lmfqkyd ei{b{èa`kenkbåy nk` nlxlnkmnd d {~l`lnen pkqilalnd k` bdm"~d nk` lbp{ky~d ydaqk è qkm~e pefend pdq nliceydilknen idqqkypdmnlkm~k e` nlxlnkmnd d {~l`lnen pkqilalnd | enkbåy i{km~km idm è idmy~emile eu{k yk qkkqk è qeiilùm SLX nk` eq~âi{`d 38 nk ky~e@k|- _eqe ky~dy kki~dy k` lbp{ky~d pefend pdq èydilknen yk nk~kqblmeqå ep`liemnd è ~eye nk` eq"

~âi{`d 5? nk ky~e @k| e` qky{`~end nk b{`~lp`lieq k` nlxlnkmnd d {~l`lnen pdq k` ei~dq nk 5-933< -5

#…,‒

Km ky~k ykm~lnd ky da`lfe~dqld u{k è pkqydme âylieei{b{`k e y{y nkbåy lmfqkydy eu{k``dy pkqilalndypdq nlxlnkmndy d {~l`lnenky ndmnk peqe nk~kqbl"meq k` bdm~d e ei{b{èq | k` lbp{ky~d e ieqfd kmè nkièqeilùm em{e` ~kmkbdy k` ylf{lkm~k kgkbp`d7

5

Hei~dq xlfkm~k km 1?5? 1?55 | 1?51 nk 5->138 ykf÷m eq~âi{`d 1 nk èy nlypdylildmky nk xlfkmile ~kbpdqe` nk ` Lbp{ky~d Ydaqk e Qkm~e-



Idbd qky{`~end ~kmkbdy {m LYQ e exdq k` i{e`ykqå y{yikp~la`k nk yd`lil~eqyk km nkxd`{ilùm pdqpeq~k nk è pkqydme âylie-

E` lmfqkyd ei{b{èa`k idmdqbk e` qki{enqd em"~kqldq `k ep`liebdy è ~eqle nk` eq~âi{`d 566 nk è@LYQ peqe nk~kqblmeq {m LYQ em{e` idbd ylf{k7

Lmfqkyd ei{b{èa`k 5>13;3?-??

Bkmdy7 @âbl~k lmkqldq 9<13>5-<6

Lf{e`7 Ksiknkm~k nk âbl~k lmkqldq 5?9;693-?9

_dq7 _dqikm~egk e ep lieq ydaqk âbl~klmkqldq

9?+

Lf{e`7 Lbp{ky~d Ydaqk e Qkm~e em~ky nk I-H- 95?615->5

Båy7 I{d~e ge 696?9->?

Lf{e`7 Lbp{ky~d Ydaqk e Qkm~e 93>>1>-35

Bkmdy7 LYQ eiqknl~ea`k eq~âi{`d 58; >13;3?-??

Lf{e`7 LYQ e ieqfd d #e exdq, #>>5;;-5<,

êye nk LYQ kki~lxe 16+

I{emnd è pkqydme âylie qkilakidbd ÷mlid lmfqkyd ei{b{èa`k

k` nlxlnkmnd mkikyeqlebkm~kylkbpqk neqå idbd qky{`~end {m

LYQ e exdq `d em~kqldq km xlq~{n nku{k è ~eye kki~lxe nk lbp{ky~d

e` ep`lieq è ~eqle nk` eq~âi{`d566 ylkbpqk ykqå bkmdq e`

9?+ u{k pdq nlypdylilùm `kfe` ykpkqbl~k eiqknl~eq-

[me fqem pqkf{m~e u{k p{knky{qflq nk ky~k ~kbe ykqâe7 Ú{ìpeyeqâe yl è pkqydme bdqe` u{knly~qla{|ù k` nlxlnkmnd md km~k"qeqe k` LYQ nk~kqblmend idmdqbke` pqlbkq qki{enqd eu{â ksp{ky"~d4 Ýkqâe u{k è pkqydme âylie mdpdnqâe eiqknl~eq k` LYQ km y{ nk"ièqeilùm em{e` | yk ~kmnqâe u{kkypkqeq cey~e u{k è pkqydmebdqe` `d km~kqeqe peqe u{k eyâ `dp{nlkqe eiqknl~eq4

\ è qkyp{ky~e ky7 u{k e÷m |i{emnd è pkqydme u{k nly~qla{"

|ù k` nlxlnkmnd u{k md pqdxkmâenk y{ I[HLM md c{alkqe km~kqe"nd k` lbp{ky~d idqqkypdmnlkm~kyk ~kmnqâe k` nkqkicd ksp`âil~d nku{k è pkqydme âylie eiqknl~eqe k` LYQkm y{ nkièqeilùm em{e` `d em~kqldq idmylnkqemndu{k k` pqdpld eq~âi{`d 58; nkmk u{ì yk nkak nkkm~kmnkq pdq LYQ pefend | ky~ea`kik u{k7

‐_eqe ky~dy kki~dy k` lbp{ky~d pefend pdq è yd"ilknen yk nk~kqblmeqå ep`liemnd è ~eye nk` eq~â"i{`d 5? nk ky~e @k| e` qky{`~end nk b{`~lp`lieq k`nlxlnkmnd d {~l`lnen pdq k` ei~dq nk 5-933<-‒

Idmi`{|kmnd km~dmiky u{k e÷m | i{emnd u{lkmnly~qla{|e k` nlxlnkmnd md km~kqk k` lbp{ky~d e y{ieqfd e pqdple k| nkmk `d u{k yk nkak km~kmnkqpdq LYQ pefend peqe `dy kki~dy nk` eiqknl~eblkm"~d nk` lbp{ky~d-

1 KHKI^D HLYIE@ I[EMND K@ _KQIK_^DQNK@ NLXLNKMND D [^L@LNEN KY

_KQYDME BDQE@ \ @E _KQYDME BDQE@U[K @DY NLY^QLA[\K MD ^LKMK I[HLM7

Ecdqe alkm yl è pkqydme qkikp~dqe nk` nlxlnkm"nd ky pkqydme bdqe` `d ep`liea`k e` ieyd ykqå `d



11Akmksty Nly~qla{lq nlxlnkmndy d qkkbad`yeq iepl~e` ú{ì idmxlkmk båy---4

ky~ea`kilnd km k` ÷`~lbd påqqed nk` eq~âi{`d 56 nkè @LYQ7

‐ Eq~âi{`d 56-" @ey pkqydmey bdqe`ky qkylnkm~kykm k` peây lmi`{lne è eydileilùm km peq~lilpeilùmei{b{èqåm è ~d~e`lnen nk `dy lmfqkydy km kki~l"xd km alkmky km ykqxlild km iqìnl~d d nk i{eù{lkq d~qd ~lpd u{k da~kmfem km k` kgkqilild lmi`{ylxk `dy pqdxkmlkm~ky nk y{y ky~ea`kilblkm~dy km k` ks~qem" gkqd- K` eg{y~k em{e` pdq lmheilùm ei{b{èa`k kyk` lmfqkyd u{k da~lkmkm `dy idm~qla{|km~ky pdq ènlyblm{ilùm qke` nk y{y nk{ney-

#…,

Md ykqåm ei{b{èa`ky peqe `dy idm~qla{|km~kynk ky~k ^â~{`d `dy lmfqkydy pdq nlxlnkmndy d{~l`lnenky u{k pkqilaem nk d~qey pkqydmey bd"qe`ky qkylnkm~ky km Bìslid- Ylm kbaeqfd ky~dylmfqkydy lmiqkbkm~eqåm è qkm~e fqexea`k e u{k ykqkkqk k` eq~âi{`d 58 nk ky~e @k|-‒

Ìmeyly Eõenlnd

@d em~kqldq idm lmnkpkmnkmile nk u{k è pkqydmebdqe` u{k nly~qla{|e nlicdy nlxlnkmndy c{alkqkd md pefend k` lbp{ky~d u{k `k idqqkypdmne pdqceakq nly~qla{lnd dy blybdy ylm idm~eq idm k` lmnl"iendq yie` nkmdblmend ‐I[HLM‒-

Ydèbkm~k yk nkakqå daykqxeq u{k e÷m | i{emndky~dy lmfqkydy md ydm ei{b{èa`ky peqe LYQ `dyblybdy yâ dqbeqåm peq~k nk è aeyk peqe i{em~l"ieq è _eq~lilpeilùm nk `dy ^qeaegendqky km èy [~l`l"nenky nk èy Kbpqkyey #_^[,-

Enkbåy nk d em~kqldq yk ~lkmk idbd akmkild u{kk` lmfqkyd pkqilalnd pdq nlxlnkmndy ‐lmiqkbkm~eqåè I[HLM‒ | km~dmiky nlice pkqydme bdqe` ~kmnqå{me I[HLM be|dq peqe u{k pdy~kqldqbkm~k p{kne

xå`lnebkm~k aegeq nlicey {~l`lnenky e `dy ydildy |eykem pkqydmey âyliey d bdqe`ky | u{k md yk pef{klbp{ky~d e`f{md-

K` {mnebkm~d e `d em~kqldq `d ~kmkbdy km k` eq~â"i{`d 33 nk è @LYQ k` i{e` yk ~qemyiqlak7

‐ Eq~âi{`d 33-" @ey pkqydmey bdqe`ky ``kxeqåm{me i{km~e nk {~l`lnen yie` mk~e- Ky~e i{km~e yk enlildmeqå idm è {~l`lnen yie` mk~e nk ienekgkqilild eyâ idbd idm `dy nlxlnkmndy d {~l`lne"nky pkqilalndy nk d~qey pkqydmey bdqe`ky qkyl"nkm~ky km Bìslid | idm dy lmfqkydy nlxlnkmndy d{~l`lnenky y{gk~dy e qkfâbkmky yie`ky pqkkqkm~kykm dy ~ìqblmdy nk` nìilbd påqqed nk` eq~âi{`d 159

nk ky~e @k| | yk nlyblm{lqå idm k` lbpdq~k nk dy nl"xlnkmndy d {~l`lnenky pefendy idm èy {~l`lnenkynly~qla{lney e u{k yk qkkqk k` eq~âi{`d 3< nk ky~e@k| i{emnd km ebady ieydy pqdxkmfem nk` ye`ndnk nlice i{km~e- _eqe `dy kki~dy nk ky~k påqqedmd yk lmi`{|km dy nlxlnkmndy d {~l`lnenky km eiild"mky d `dy qklmxkq~lndy km è y{yiqlpilùm | e{bkm~dnk iepl~e` nk è blybe pkqydme u{k `dy nly~qla{|knkm~qd nk `dy 9? nâey me~{qe`ky ylf{lkm~ky e y{ nly"~qla{ilùm- _eqe nk~kqblmeq è {~l`lnen yie` mk~e eu{k yk qkkqk ky~k påqqed yk nkakqå nlyblm{lq kmy{ ieyd k` bdm~d u{k qky{`~k km `dy ~ìqblmdy nk èqeiilùm LL nk` eq~âi{`d 55 nk ky~e @k|-

#…,‒

Ìmeyly Eõenlnd

9 KHKI^D HLYIE@ KM K@ _KQIK_^DQI[EMND U[LKM NLY^QLA[\K @DY

NLXLNKMNDY D [^L@LNENKY @D CEIK NKY[ I[HLM-

K` kki~d peqe k` pkqikp~dq nk` nlxlnkmnd ykqåk` blybd u{k |e xkâebdy em~kqldqbkm~k ’yke pkqydme âylie d yke pkq"ydme bdqe`" è ÷mlien l k q k m i l eykqå peqe


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-benefis-no33 25/38Akmk19Kmkqd " Beqwd 1?51

Km k` ieyd nk qkkbad`yd nk iepl~e` ce|u{k idmylnkqeq u{k k` bdbkm~d nk

ie{yeilùm nk` lbp{ky~d ky i{emnd ykqke`lwe k` ‐pefd nk` qkkbad`yd‒ `d i{e` mdmkikyeqlebkm~k idlmilnlqå idm è kice nkei{kqnd nk `dy ydildy nk qkn{ilq k` iepl~e`pdqu{k u{lwå km kyk bdbkm~d è kbpqkye

md ~kmfe `lu{lnkw peqe ``kxeq`d e iead-

; KHKI^D HLYIE@ KM K@ _KQIK_^DQI[EMND KM K@ QKKBAD@YD NK IE_LÊ@

K@ YDILD KY _KQYDME BDQE@ \ NK

IDMHDQBLNEN IDM K@ EQ LI[@D 3< NK LYQYK KYÊQÂEM NLY^QLA[\KMND [^L@LNENKY7

Km ky~k ieyd ykqâe ep`liea`k k` blybd ~qe~eblkm~d em"~kqldqbkm~k ykõeènd km k` p{m~d m÷bkqd 9 |e u{kyk ky~eqâem pkqilalkmnd {~l`lnenky èy i{e`ky nk idm"dqblnen idm k` ÷`~lbd påqqed nk` eq~âi{`d 56 nk LYQmd ykqâem lmfqkydy ei{b{èa`ky-

u{lkm nly~qla{|e `dy nlxlnkmndy u{k md ky~eqå y{gk~de` pefd nk LYQ e`f{md km~dmiky pqdxkmfe d md nkI[HLM k` ~qe~eblkm~d peqe k` pkqikp~dq md iebale-

> KHKI^D HLYIE@ KM K@ _KQIK_^DQI[EMND KM K@ QKKBAD@YD NK

IE_LÊ@ K@ YDILD KY _KQYDME HLYLIE \ NKIDMHDQBLNEN IDM K@ EQ LI[@D 3< NK LYQYK KYÊQÂEM NLY^QLA[\KMND [^L@LNENKY7

Km ky~k ieyd k` kki~d yie` ykqâe k` blybd ykõeènd kmk` p{m~d m÷bkqd 5 nk` pqkykm~k eq~âi{`d |e u{k e pkq"ydme bdqe` ky~eqâe nly~qla{|kmnd {~l`lnenky | k` lmfqk"yd pkqilalnd nkak ykq ei{b{ènd pdq e pkqydme âylie-

8 KHKI^D HLYIE@ KM K@ _KQIK_^DQI[EMND KM K@ QKKBAD@YD NK IE_LÊ@

K@ YDILD KY _KQYDME HLYLIE D _KQYDMEBDQE@ \ NK IDMHDQBLNEN IDM K@EQ^LI[@D 3< NK LYQ MD YK NK^KQBLME U[KYK NLY^QLA[\KM [^L@LNENKY-

Km k` pqkykm~k ieyd ~kmnqâebdy u{k ylkmnd pkqydmeâylie d bdqe` u{lkm qkilak è iem~lnen qkkbad`yene| ep`liemnd k` pqdiknlblkm~d ky~ea`kilnd km k` eq~â"i{`d 3< nk LYQ ne idbd qky{`~end u{k md yk nly~qla{"|km {~l`lnenky ~kmkbdy u{k `d u{k qke`bkm~k ky~åmqk~lqemnd `dy ydildy ky è iem~lnen u{k km dqlfkmceaâem epdq~end | pdq kmnk md yk idmylnkqe idbd

{~l`lnen nly~qla{lne-

Km ky~k ieyd ~kmkbdy u{k è iem~lnen qkilalne ykidmylnkqeqâe idbd {m lmfqkyd u{k md ykqâe dagk~dnk fqexebkm e`f{md d em~kqldq km xlq~{n nk u{k mdyk fkmkqù qkm~e e`f{me nk èy epdq~eildmky u{k kmkyk bdbkm~d yk ky~eqâem qk~lqemnd | pdq kmnk nliceiem~lnen md ykqâe ei{b{èa`k peqe è nk~kqblmeilùmnk` LYQ-

Cey~e eu{â ckbdy eme`lwend nlxkqydy y{p{ky~dy u{kp{nlkqem ykq ep`liea`ky e` ~lpd nk kbpqkye u{k yk qk"pqkykm~k ylm n{ne yk nkakqå ky~{nleq enki{enebkm"~k iene ieyd km peq~li{èq peqe k`kflq è dpilùm u{k~kmfe idbd qky{`~end {m be|dq akmkild yie` peqeè kbpqkye | peqe k` kbpqkyeqld ylm nkgeq nk daykqxeqè peq~k kfe` nk iene dpilùm k`kflne-

@d qkidbkmnea k ykqå u{k yk ky~{nlkm ey ~qky peq~kykm u{k yk nlxlnlù ky~k eq~âi{`d | u{k yk qke`likm ieydypqåi~lidy ep`liea`ky e è kbpqkye peqe `{kfd km~dm"iky nkilnlq u{k idmxlkmk båy7 NLY^QLA[LQ NLXLNKM"NDY d QKKBAD@YEQ IE_LÊ@-

IDMI@[YLDMKY



1>AkmkstyAkmksty Ilqi{my~emileilùm nk èy ei~ey nk xlyl~ey ndblil`leqley

Ilqi{my~emileilùm nk èy ei~ey

nk xlyl~ey ndblil`leqleyQkehqbem iql~kqld y{y~km~end km è g{qlypq{nkmile 1E-$G- <<$1??? pdq èYkf{mne Yeè nk è Y{pqkbe Idq~k nkG{y~lile nk è Meilùm #YIGM,-

@li- Gdyì Gky÷y Nâew Qdnqâf{kw

gky{y-nlewOakmkhly-idb-bs

Akmksty

LM^QDN[IILÙM

Idm kice 5< nk di~{aqk nk` eõd 1?55 èYkf{mne Yeè nk è YIGM kbl~lù qkyd`{"ilùm qkypki~d nk è idm~qenliilùm nk ~kyly13>$1?55 y{yil~ene km~qk k` _qlbkq | Yk"

f{mnd ^qla{me`ky Id`kflendy km Be~kqley Enbl"mly~qe~lxe | nk ^qeaegd nk` Nìilbd _qlbkq Ilqi{l~dkm è i{e` ksly~k dpdylilùm nk iql~kqldy nk nlicdy

~qla{me`ky qkypki~d nk u{ì yk nkak nk km~kmnkqpdq ilqi{my~emileilùm nk èy ei~ey nk xlyl~e-

K` _qlbkq ^qla{me` Id`kflend km Be~kqley Enbl"mly~qe~lxe | nk ^qeaegd nk` Nìilbd _qlbkq Ilqi{l~dydy~{xd u{k ‐…è bd~lxeilùm u{k idbd feqem~âeidmyefqe k` eq~âi{`d 58 idmy~l~{ildme` md ``kfe e` ks~qkbd nk kslflq u{k km è ilqi{my~emileilùm nk èyei~ey nk xlyl~e yk nkyiqlae cdge pdq cdge è ndi{bkm"


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-benefis-no33 27/381;Kmkqd " Beqwd 1?51 Akmk1;Di~{aqk " Nlilkbaqk 1?55 Akmk

~eilùm u{k è e{~dqlnen ceikmneqle qkilak | y{ idm"~kmlnd |e u{k md yk p{knk kslflq è nkyiqlpilùm bl"m{ildye p{ky aey~e idm pqkilyeq dy ne~dy qkè~lxdy e

èy i{ky~ldmky nk bdnd ~lkbpd | {feq nk dy ckicdy{ dblyldmky idmdilndy pdq `dy xlyl~endqky n{qem~k k` nkyeqqd``d nk {me xlyl~e nk lmypkiilùm d xkqlieilùm-‒

Km ~em~d u{k k` Ykf{mnd ^qla{me` Id`kflend kmBe~kqley Enblmly~qe~lxe | nk ^qeaegd nk` Nìil"bd _qlbkq Ilqi{l~d ydy~{xd u{k idmdqbk e `dky~ea`kilnd pdq è Ykf{mne Yeè nk è YIGM e`qkyd`xkq è idm~qenliilùm nk ~kyly ><$5<<<"YY ‐… peqe i{bp`lq idm k` qku{lyl~d nk ilqi{my~emileilùmnk èy ei~ey nk xlyl~e ndblil`leqle nkakm nk~e`èqyk pdqbkmdqlwenebkm~k `dy ckicdy { dblyldmky u{kidmdilkqdm `dy e{nl~dqky kypkiliemnd `dy ndi{"bkm~dy km~qkfendy e m nk u{k k` xlyl~end ky~ì km

ep~l~{n nk dqb{èq {me enki{ene nkkmye |e u{kydy~{xd u{k è ilqi{my~emileilùm nk` ei~e nk xlyl~enkak qke`lweqyk km k` pqdpld ndi{bkm~d u{k e idm"~lkmk | md km {md nlxkqyd p{ky md ksly~k pqkikp~didmy~l~{ildme` ml `kfe` u{k eyâ `d e{~dqlik: nkilylùmu{k y{y~km~ù km è g{qlypq{nkmile m÷bkqd 1§-$G-<<$1??? nk ky~e Ykf{mne Yeè nk` q{aqd7 ‐EIÊYNK XLYLÊ NDBLIL@LEQLE- Y[ ILQI[MYÊMILEILÙM NKAK IDMYÊQ KM K@ _QD_LD NDI[BKM^D U[K @EY IDM^LKMK \ MD KM [MD NLXKQYD-‒-

HDQBE@LNENKY NK @EYXLYLÊY NDBLIL@LEQLEY

@ey xlyl~ey ndblil`leqley idbd {me ei{`~en nk èe{~dqlnen yie` peqe xkqlieq k` i{bp`lblkm~d nkèy da`lfeildmky km be~kqle ~qla{~eqle lbp`lie u{kè e{~dqlnen yie`lwendqe nkakqå nk i{bp`lq idmdqbe`lnenky ~em~d `kfe`ky idbd idmy~l~{ildme`ky~dne xkw u{k ky~k ~lpd nk ei~dy nk e{~dqlnen nkql"xem nk` pqdpld ~ks~d idmy~l~{ildme` km y{ eq~âi{`d58 k` i{e` peqe {me bkgdq epqkileilùm yk ~qeyiqlalqåkm è peq~k qkè~lxe7

‐Eq~âi{`d 58- "#…,

Km ~dne dqnkm nk ie~kd u{k yù`d e e{~dqlnen g{nl"

ile` pdnqå kspknlq e yd`lil~{n nk` Blmly~kqld _÷a`l"id yk kspqkyeqå k` {feq u{k ce nk lmypkiildmeqykè pkqydme d pkqydmey u{k ce|em nk epqkckmnkq"yk | dy dagk~dy u{k yk a{yiem e d u{k ÷mliebkm"~k nkak `lbl~eqyk è nl`lfkmile `kxem~åmndyk e` idmi`{lqè {m ei~e ilqi{my~emilene km pqkykm"ile nk ndy ~ky~lfdy pqdp{ky~dy pdq k` di{pem~k nk` `{feq ie~kend d km y{ e{ykmile d mkfe~lxe pdq èe{~dqlnen u{k pqei~lu{k è nl`lfkmile-

#…,

@e e{~dqlnen enblmly~qe~lxe pdnqå pqei~lieq xlyl"~ey ndblil`leqley ÷mliebkm~k peqe ikqildqeqyk nk

u{k yk cem i{bp`lnd `dy qkfèbkm~dy yeml~eqldy | nk pd`liâe: | kslflq è ksclalilùm nk `dy `laqdy | pe" pk`ky lmnlypkmyea`ky peqe idbpqdaeq u{k yk cemeie~end èy nlypdylildmky yie`ky y{gk~åmndyk kmky~dy ieydy e èy `k|ky qkypki~lxey | e èy dqbe`l"nenky pqkyiql~ey peqe `dy ie~kdy-‒

Ìmeyly eõenlnd

Idbd yk nkypqkmnk nk` ~ks~d idmy~l~{ildme` ky qk"u{lyl~d u{k km èy xlyl~ey ndblil`leqley yk `kxem~kmei~ey ilqi{my~emileney `d i{e` ~ebalìm ky~å pqk"xly~d km k` eq~âi{`d >8 nk` Iùnlfd Hlyie` nk è Hknk"qeilùm #IHH, | km kypkilid nk è qeiilùm L è i{e`

~ks~{e`bkm~k ykõeè7

‐ Eq~âi{`d >8-" @e xlyl~e km k` ndblil`ld yie` yk nk"yeqqd`èqå idmdqbk e èy ylf{lkm~ky qkfèy7

L- Nk ~dne xlyl~e km k` ndblil`ld yie` yk `kxem~eqåei~e km è u{k yk ceqå idmy~eq km dqbe ilq"i{my~emilene `dy ckicdy { dblyldmky u{k yk c{"alkqkm idmdilnd pdq `dy xlyl~endqky- @dy ckicdy {dblyldmky idmylfmendy pdq `dy xlyl~endqky km èy

@e ilqi{my~emileilùm nk` ei~enk xlyl~e nkak qke`lweqyk kmk` pqdpld ndi{bkm~d u{k è

idm~lkmk | md km {md nlxkqyd-



18Akmksty

ei~ey ceikm pq{kae nk è ksly~kmile nk ~e`kyckicdy d nk èy dblyldmky kmidm~qeney peqe

kki~dy nk i{eù{lkqe nk èy idm~qla{ildmky eieqfd nk` xlyl~end km k` pkqldnd qkxlyend-‒

Ìmeyly eõenlnd

E` qkypki~d è YIGM km è kgki{~dqle u{k `k

nld dqlfkm e è g{qlypq{nkmile m{bkqd 1e-$G-<<$1??? nk~kqblmù | idmikp~{e`lwù `d qkè"ildmend idm e ilqi{my~emileilùm ykõeèmnd7

‐…Ecdqe peqe ky~eq km ep~l~{n nk pqkilyeq `d u{k nkak km~kmnkqyk pdq ilqi{my~emile"ilùm ky mkikyeqld ei{nlq e ylfmliend fqe"be~lie nk e peèaqe ilqi{my~emileq-

Nk ei{kqnd idm k Nliildmeqld nk è @kmf{eKypeõdè xlfìylbdpqlbkqe knlilùm Qke Eienkble Kypeõdè 5<<1 ilqi{my~emileq ky ‐nk~kqblmeq èy ilqi{my~emiley nk e`fd‒nkmlilùm ~e u{k mkikyeqlebkm~k kslfk

e~kmnkq e ylfmliend fqebe~lie nk è peèaqe ilqi{my~emile nkmlìmndyk pdq ~e e ‐eiilnkm~k nk bdnd ~lkbpd `{feq k~iì~k"

qe u{k ky~å {mlnd e è y{y~emile nk e`f÷mckicd d nlicd- Idmg{m~d nk d u{k ky~å

km ~dqmd e {md-

Nk `d em~ky ksp{ky~d yk id`lfku{k ‐ilqi{my~emileq‒ idmyly~k kmnk~e`èq pdqbkmdqlwenebkm~kkm~qk d~qdy `dy ne~dy qkè~lxdy eè i{ky~ldmky nk bdnd ~lkbpd | `{feq nk {m nk~kqblmend dagk~dckicd { dblylùm-

Km kyk dqnkm km ~ìqblmdy fkmk"qe`ky è ilqi{my~emileilùm nk {m

ei~d idmyly~k km nk~e`èq pdqbk"

mdqlwenebkm~k km~qk d~qdy `dy ne~dy qkè~lxdye èy i{ky~ldmky nk bdnd ~lkbpd | `{feq nk `dyckicdy { dblyldmky idmdilndy pdq dy xlyl~endqkyn{qem~k k` nkyeqqd``d nk {me xlyl~e nk lmypkiilùmd xkqlhieilùm lmnkpkmnlkm~kbkm~k nk u{k ìy~dykmi{enqkm d md km e`f÷m y{p{ky~d mdqbe~lxd-

@{kfd qky{`~e kxlnkm~k u{k è bd~lxeilùm | è ilq"

i{my~emileilùm ydm i{ky~ldmky nlxkqyey p{ky blkm"~qey è bd~lxeilùm idmyly~k km pqkilyeq èy ie{yeykypkile`ky pdq èy i{e`ky k ei~d nk bd`ky~le u{k ykkbl~k kmi{enqe nkm~qd nk {me clpù~kyly `kfe : è ilq"i{my~emileilùm idmyly~k km pqkilyeq `dy ne~dy qk"è~lxdy e ey i{ky~ldmky nk bdnd ~lkbpd | {feqkm~qk d~qey nk dy ckicdy { dblyldmky idmdilndy pdq è e{~dqlnen e` ``kxeq e iead è pqåi~lie nk{me nl`lfkmile nk lmypkiilùm d nk xkqlhieilùm…‒

Ìmeyly eõenlnd

Km ky~k dqnkm nk lnkey è ilqi{my~emileilùm nk èyei~ey nk xlyl~e ndblil`leqle lbp`lie u{k e e{~dqlnen

ei~{em~k nkakqå eykm~eq km dqbe pdqbkmdqlweneè lmdqbeilùm | ndi{bkm~eilùm u{k k` xlyl~end `kkm~qkf{k p{ky~d u{k è da`lfeilùm ky nk è e{~d"qlnen | md nk` peq~li{èq- Aegd kye pkqypki~lxe g{qâ"nlie | idmylnkqemnd `d em~ky ykõeènd | {mnendè da`lfeilùm nk `kxem~eq ei~ey ilqi{my~emileney km{me xlyl~e ndblil`leqle meik nk` m{bkqe` 58 idmy"~l~{ildme` |e nkyiql~d pdq `d i{e` ky ièqebkm~knkbdy~qend u{k u{lkm nkak nk `kxem~eq èy ei~eyilqi{my~emileney ky g{y~ebkm~k e pqdple e{~dqlnenyie`lwendqe | md k` idm~qla{|km~k p{ky~d u{k èda`lfeilùm ky peqe è e{~dqlnen ~dne xkw u{k eyâ yk nkypqkmnk nk` m{bkqe` 58 idmy~l~{ildme` | >8qeiilùm L nk` IHH-

Km kki~d lm~kqpqk~emnd nlicdy m{bkqe`ky km dqbeeqbùmlie | `l~kqe` yk nkypqkmnk u{k u{lkm ky~å da`l"fend e `kxem~eq èy ei~ey ky g{y~ebkm~k è e{~dqlnen

Ilqi{my~emileilùm nk èy ei~ey nk xlyl~ey ndblil`leqley

@e ilqi{my~emileilùm nk èy ei~ey nk xlyl~e ndblil"`leqle nkak ykq ~em ksp`âil~e idbd yke pdyla`kp{ky~d u{k km aeyk e nlice lmdqbeilùm ky u{kyk nk~kqblmeqå è yl~{eilùm hyie` nk` idm~qla{"|km~k | km y{ ieyd k` iqìnl~d yie`-



yie`lwendqe ceilkmnd idmy~eq km dqbe ilqi{my~em"ilene `dy ckicdy { dblyldmky u{k yk c{alkqkm idmd"ilnd pdq `dy xlyl~endqky- \ {m ckicd { dblylùm km y{ieyd ky g{y~ebkm~k è km~qkfe nk è ndi{bkm~eilùmk lmdqbeilùm u{k k` idm~qla{|km~k `k pqkykm~e e èe{~dqlnen i{emnd ky~e `k qku{lkqk y{ km~qkfe pdq~em~d e` ykq è da`lfeilùm nk è e{~dqlnen yie`lwend"qe `kxem~eq ei~e ilqi{my~emilene ceilkmnd idmy~eq

`dy ckicdy { dblyldmky u{k idmdwie lmn{nea`k"bkm~k nkak nk ykõeèq km dqbe pdqbkmdqlwene#ilqi{my~emilene, è lmdqbeilùm | ndi{bkm~eilùmu{k ky~å qkilalkmnd idm lmnkpkmnkmile nk è dqbe| ~ìqblmdy km u{k k` idm~qla{|km~k cefe km~qkfep{ky~d u{k peqe k` idm~qla{|km~k md ksly~k è da`l"feilùm nk `kxem~eq ei~{eilùm e`f{me-

Ecdqe alkm è ilqi{my~emileilùm nk èy ei~ey nkxlyl~e ndblil`leqle nkak ykq ~em ksp`âil~e idbd ykepdyla`k p{ky~d u{k km aeyk e nlice lmdqbeilùmu{k qkieae è e{~dqlnen yie`lwendqe ky u{k nk~kq"blmeqå è yl~{eilùm yie` nk` idm~qla{|km~k | km y{ieyd k` iqìnl~d yie` #qkypdmyeal`lnen kidmùblie

e y{ ieqfd, pdq `d i{e` è ilqi{my~emileilùm nkakykq pdqbkmdqlwene | ykõeèmnd i{emnd bkmdy k`m÷bkqd nk ndi{bkm~dy u{k idm~lkmk iene qkid"plèndq d ieqpk~e p{ky~d u{k pdq ylbp`k `ùflie{m qkidplèndq d ieqpk~e p{knk idm~kmkq nkynk{m ndi{bkm~d cey~e ilkm~dy d bl`ky nk ndi{bkm"~dy enkbåy nk u{k nkak è e{~dqlnen yie`lwendqenk~kqblmeq i{emnd bkmdy idm `dy m÷bkqdy idm"yki{~lxdy nk è lmdqbeilùm u{k yk `k km~qkfe {meqkè~dqâe nk iene ndi{bkm~d nk bemkqe fkmkqe`|e u{k nlice lmdqbeilùm yk {~l`lweqå peqe nk~kq"blmeq km y{ ieyd | nk ksly~lq {me qkypdmyeal`lnenkidmùblie | pe~qlbdmle` nk` fdakqmend-

Km ky~k dqnkm nk lnkey yk pqkykm~ù em~k è YIGM èidm~qenliilùm nk ~kyly 13>$1?55 y{yil~ene km~qk k`_qlbkq | Ykf{mnd ^qla{me`ky Id`kflendy km Be~k"qley Enblmly~qe~lxe | nk ^qeaegd nk` Nìilbd _qlbkq

Ilqi{l~d nk è i{eìdqqkypdmnlù idmd"ikq e è Ykf{mne Yeè nkè YIGM- Km nlice idm~qenliilùmè Yeè il~ene qkyd`xlù u{k md ksly~âe idm~qenliilùmnk ~kyly | peqe k``d eqf{bkm~ù u{k qkypki~d nk`~kbe qkè~lxd e è nkalne ilqi{my~emileilùm nk èyei~ey nk xlyl~e ndblil`leqle pdq peq~k nk èy e{~dqlne"

nky ceikmneqley qky{`~eae lbpqdiknkm~k è nkm{m"ile nk idm~qenliilùm nk ~kyly ~dne xkw u{k k` Ykf{m"nd ^qla{me` Id`kflend ydy~{xd u{k k` qku{lyl~d nkilqi{my~emileilùm nk èy ei~ey nk xlyl~e ndblil`leqleyk i{bp`k nk~e`èmnd pdqbkmdqlwenebkm~k `dy ck"icdy { dblyldmky u{k idmdilkqdm `dy e{nl~dqky: k``dkm ky~qli~e daykqxemile nk è ~kyly g{qlypq{nkmile`m÷bkqd 1§-$G- <<$1???-

Md day~em~k nk` idm~kmlnd nk è idm~qenliilùm nk~kyly pqdp{ky~e | qky{k`~e è Ykf{mne Yeè nk èYIGM qkyd`xlù u{k7

‐…_dq ~em~d qky{`~e kxlnkm~k u{k `d u{k yk pèm"

~ke km è pqkykm~k nkm{mile `d ky è dpdylilùmkm~qk è g{qlypq{nkmile nk ky~e Ykf{mne Yeè nk èY{pqkbe Idq~k nk G{y~lile nk e Meilùm | k` iql~kqldnk` _qlbkq ^qla{me` Id`kflend km Be~kqley Enbl"mly~qe~lxe | nk ^qeaegd nk` Nìilbd _qlbkq Ilqi{l~didm~kmlnd km èy kgki{~dqley nk è qkxlylùm yie` m÷bkqd '''''''''' | k` g{lild nk ebpeqd nlqki~d'''''''''' ylkmnd pdq k``d lbpqdiknkm~k è idm"~qenliilùm nk ~kyly nk bìql~d-

@d em~kqldq pdqu{k yl alkm k` ksebkm nk `dy iql~k"qldy y{y~km~endy pdq `dy ^qla{me`ky Id`kflendy nkIlqi{l~d |e qkkqlndy kxlnkmile u{k ìy~dy eqqlaeqdme nlxkqyey idmi`{yldmky km ~dqmd e {m blybd p{m"~d nk nkqkicd: `d ilkq~d ky u{k è idm~qenliilùm nk~kyly idbd bkiemlybd u{k pkqbl~k nkilnlq i{å` kyk` iql~kqld u{k nkak pqkxe`kikq idbd g{qlypq{nkm"ile qky{`~e lbpqdiknkm~k p{ky e` ceakq ep`liend



13Akmksty

{md nk `dy ùqfemdy g{qlynliildme`ky idm~kmnlkm"~ky è g{qlypq{nkmile 1§-$G- <<$1??? nk ky~e Yk"f{mne Yeè nkak idmi`{lqyk u{k |e md yk ky~å kmk` y{p{ky~d nk qkyd`xkqè pdqu{k ydaqk k` ~kbeidm~qdxkq~lnd |e ksly~k iql~kqld da`lfe~dqld peqenlicdy ùqfemdy g{qlynliildme`ky…‒

_dq `d i{e` idm nlicd iql~kqld y{y~km~end peqenk~kqblmeq è lbpqdiknkmile nk è idm~qenli"ilùm yd`lil~ene è Yeè idmylnkqù u{k ykf{âe pqk"xe`kilkmnd k` iql~kqld k lm~kqpqk~eilùm idm~kmlndkm è g{qlypq{nkmile 1§-$G- <<$1???- _dq `d ~em~d |km aeyk e è kgki{~dqle nli~ene km è idm~qenli"ilùm il~ene yk idmi`{|k u{k è ilqi{my~emileilùmnk èy ei~ey nk xlyl~e ndblil`leqle nkak ykq ~e`

u{k è e{~dqlnen yie`lwendqe ykõe`k pdqbk"mdqlwenebkm~k `dy ckicdy { dblyldmky u{k ykidmdilkqdm kypkiliemnd ièqebkm~k `dy ndi{"bkm~dy km~qkfendy e m nk u{k k` xlyl~end ky~ìkm ep~l~{n nk dqb{èq {me enki{ene nkkmyekm xlq~{n u{k è ilqi{my~emileilùm nk` ei~e nk xl"yl~e nkak qke`lweqyk km k` pqdpld ndi{bkm~d u{kè idm~lkmk | md km {md nlxkqyd-

Ky lbpdq~em~k eièqeq u{k è Ykf{mne Yeè nk èYIGM e` epkfd nk `dy p{m~dy idm~qenli~dqldy km"~qk _qlbkq | Ykf{mnd ^qla{me`ky Id`kflendy kmbe~kqley Enblmly~qe~lxe | nk ^qeaegd nk` Nìilbd

_qlbkq Ilqi{l~d idmylnkqù u{k k` pqlbkqd nk `dy~qla{me`ky il~endy ei~{ù | kbl~lù y{ qkyd`{ilùm kmdpdylilùm e è g{qlypq{nkmile nk kye Ykf{mne Yeènk è YIGM | idm k``d idmqbe u{k nlicd ^qla{meÌd`kflend yk epeq~ù nk` idm~kmlnd nk è blybeu{k nlicd yke nk peyd ky da`lfe~dqle p{ky~d u{keyâ `d pqkxìm `dy eq~âi{`dy 5<1 | 5<9 nk è @k| nkEbpeqd | k` epeq~eqyk nk` iql~kqld y{y~km~end km{me g{qlypq{nkmile lbp`lie {me qkypdmyeal`lnenpe~qlbdmle` e ieqfd nk` Ky~end pdq {me nkilkm~klbpeq~lilùm nk g{y~lile idmdqbk e è @k| Hknkqe`nk Qkypdmyeal`lnen _e~qlbdmle` nk` Ky~end-

Idmi`{ylùm

Km idmi`{ylùm èy ei~ey nk xlyl~e ndblil`leqley nkakmnk kxem~eqyk km dqbe ilqi{my~emilene nk ~e` bemk"qe u{k km nlicey ei~ey yk nkak nk ceikq idmy~eq kmdqbe pdqbkmdqlwene `dy ckicdy { dblyldmky idmd"ilndy n{qem~k e xlyl~e pdq `dy xlyl~endqky enkbåy nku{k è ilqi{my~emileilùm nk èy ei~ey idqqkypdmnk eè e{~dqlnen ei~{em~k k` ceikqèy idmy~eq- _dq ~em~dè ilqi{my~emileilùm nk èy ei~ey nk xlyl~e ndblil`le"qle idmyly~k km nk~e`èq | pdqbkmdqlweq è km~qkfe nkè lmdqbeilùm | ndi{bkm~eilùm ceilkmnd idmy~eq| kypkiliemnd `dy ndi{bkm~dy km~qkfendy e mnk u{k k` xlyl~end ky~ì km ep~l~{n nk dqb{èq {meenki{ene nkkmye-

Ilqi{my~emileilùm nk èy ei~ey nk xlyl~ey ndblil`leqley



* khlilkm~kK`lfk `dy i{qydy u{k u{lkqky ~dbeq

U{k iepeil~eq~k md ylfmlhlu{k yeiqlhlieq cdqey nk~qeaegd u{k nkyp{ìy ~kmfey u{k qkpdmkq- Idm k`Nlp`dbend xâe Lm~kqmk~ i{km~ey idm è `lakq~en nkeiikyd pdqu{k p{knky idmy{`~eq `dy idm~kmlndy nkynki{eù{lkq `{feq ylm lbpdq~eq k` nâe d è cdqe- ebalìmp{knky hlgeq {m ql~bd pkqydme` nk epqkmnlwegk, ~em~d kxk`dilnen idbd km k` ~lkbpd nknliend e `dy be~kqle`ky

c~~p7$$vvv-lbip-kn{-bs

ecdqe d~dqfe

1>?p~yK_I



9?Akmksty

K` pe~qlbdmld

pkqydme` d hebl`leq

Ú{ì qlkyfd ~kmfd nk pkqnkqpdq èy nk{ney nk è kbpqkyndmnk yd| ydild4

K` pqkykm~k eq~âi{`d ~lkmk pdq me`lnen lnkm"~lieq `dy qlkyfdy u{k {m ydild d eiildmly~e~lkmk nk pkqnkq y{ pe~qlbdmld pkqydme` debl`leq pdq da`lfeildmky d nk{ney nk è yd"

ilknen ndmnk ~lkmk y{ lmxkqylùm-

Bl emå`lyly idmy~e nk` ylf{lkm~k idm~kmlnd7

‡Emå`lyly nk` idmikp~d nk pe~qlbdmld,

‡Iùbd yk lm~kfqe k` pe~qlbdmld nk è hebl`le,

‡Qkypdmyeal`lnen yd`lneqle nk` ydild idm è

ydilknen-

I-_-I- | B-L- Feaqlk Kyidaknd F{l `ìm

feaqlk -kyidakndOakmkhly-idb-bs

Akmksty

K` pe~qlbdmld pkqydme` d ebl`leq



EMÅ@LYLY NK@ IDMIK_^D NK _E^QLBDMLD

K` ~ìqblmd _E^QLBDMLD nkqlxe nk` è~âmpe~ql2penqk | dml{b2qkilalnd ky nkilq `dqkilalnd nk` penqk-

@e ~kdqâe I`åylie d Y{agk~lxly~e nk E{aq| | Qe{5 nkmk e` _e~qlbdmld idbd ‐k` idmg{m~d nk `dy nkqk"icdy | èy da`lfeildmky nk {me pkqydme epqkilea`kykm nlmkqd | u{k dqbe {me {mlxkqye`lnen nk nkqkicd‒ idmylnkqem u{k ÷mliebkm~k èy pkqydmey p{knkm~kmkq pe~qlbdmld pdq ~kmkq iepeilnen nk ykq y{gk"~dy nk nkqkicdy | da`lfeildmky ~ebalìm idmylnk"qem u{k ~dne pkqydme nkak ~kmkq {m pe~qlbdmld |m{mie pdnqå ~kmkq ndy d båy- Ky~e ~kdqâe ~ebalìmidmylnkqe e pdylal`lnen nk u{k km {m {~{qd pdykealkmky nkqkicdy | da`lfeildmky-

E{~dqky idbd E`dly Xdm Aqlmw1 | Kqmy~ L- Akjjkq9 nkyeqqd`èqdm è ~kdqâe nk` _e~qlbdmld Dagk~lxdkm ~ìqblmdy fkmkqe`ky idmylnkqem è ksly~kmile nkpe~qlbdmldy u{k md ky~åm xlmi{èndy e e`f{me pkq"ydme- Ky~k pe~qlbdmld ~ebalìm yk nkmdblmù idbd‐_e~qlbdmld nk Eki~eilùm‒-

K` Lmy~l~{~d nk Lmxky~lfeildmky G{qânliey km y{ daqeNliildmeqld G{qânlid Bksliemd> ykõeè7

‐Nkynk k` p{m~d nk xly~e g{qânlid pe~qlbdmld kyk` idmg{m~d nk pdnkqky | nkakqky epqkilea`ky kmnlmkqd u{k ~lkmk {me pkqydme‒

Idmylnkqemnd `dy påqqedy em~kqldqky k` pe~qlbd"mld nk {me pkqydme p{knk ykq pdyl~lxd d yd`xkm~k#i{emnd y{y nkqkicdy ydm be|dqky u{k y{y da`lfe"ildmky, d alkm mkfe~lxd d lmyd`xkm~k #i{emnd y{ynkqkicdy ydm bkmdqky u{k y{y da`lfeildmky,-

IDBD YK LM^KFQE K@ _E^QLBDMLD HEBL@LEQ

K` eq~âi{`d 16 idmy~l~{ildme` km y{ qeiilùm SXLLky~ea`kik è da`lfeilùm nk u{k èy `k|ky nk `dy ky"~endy dqfemlikm e` pe~qlbdmld ebl`leq nk~kqbl"memnd `dy alkmky u{k nkakm idmy~l~{lq`d ydaqk èaeyk nk u{k ykqå lme`lkmea`k | md ky~eqå y{gk~d ekbaeqfd ml e fqexebkm mlmf{md-

Eylblybd k` eq~âi{`d 519 idmy~l~{ildme` km y{Epeq~end E qeiilùm SSXLLL ky~ea`kik u{k ey `k|kynk~kqblmeqåm `dy alkmky u{k idmy~l~{|em k` pe~ql"bdmld nk è ebl`le alkmky u{k ykqåm lme`lkmea`ky

md pdnqåm y{gk~eqyk e fqexåbkmky qke`ky ml kb"aeqfdy | ykqåm ~qeyblyla`ky e ~â~{`d nk ckqkmileidm ylbp`lieilùm nk èy dqbe`lnenky nk `dy g{l"ildy y{ikydqldy-

Nk ei{kqnd e m{ky~qe `kflyèilùm ilxl` iene ebl`le~lkmk nkqkicd e dqbeq {m ‐_e~qlbdmld nk è Hebl"`le‒- em~d k` Iùnlfd Ilxl` Hknkqe` idbd `dy IùnlfdyIlxl`ky nk `dy Ky~endy idmylnkqem ky~k ~kbe km k`pqkykm~k emå`lyly ÷mliebkm~k il~eqì e`f{mdy ne"~dy nk `dy Iùnlfdy Ilxl`ky Hknkqe` nk` Ky~end nkEf{eyie`lkm~ky | nk U{kqì~eqd-

K` Iùnlfd Ilxl` Hknkqe` km y{ ^â~{`d N{dnìilbdnkmdblmend ‐Nk` _e~qlbdmld nk è Hebl`le‒ km y{eq~âi{`d 619 ykõeè7

‐ Eq~âi{`d 619-" Ydm dagk~d nk` pe~qlbdmld nk èebl`le7

L- @e ieye ceal~eilùm nk è ebl`le:LL- Km e`f{mdy ieydy {me peqikè i{`~lxea`k-‒

Ecdqe eme`likbdy `d u{k ykõeè k` Iùnlfd Ilxl`nk` Ky~end nk Ef{eyie`lkm~ky u{k km y{ eq~âi{`d6>8 idmylnkqe7

‐ Eq~âi{`d 6>8-" K` pe~qlbdmld ebl`leq ky {melmy~l~{ilùm nk lm~kqìy p÷a`lid u{k ~lkmk pdq dagk~d eki~eq {md d båy alkmky peqe pqd~kfkq kidmùbliebkm~k e è ebl`le | ydy~kmkq k` cd"feq- Ydm dagk~d nk` pe~qlbdmld nk è ebl`le7

L- @e ieye"ceal~eilùm nk è ebl`le:LL- @dy `d~ky nky~lmendy e è idmy~q{iilùm nkieye"ceal~eilùm | `dy nkqkicdy nkqlxendy nk` ei~d g{qânlid u{k ~qemybl~em è pqdplknen yd"aqk k` ~kqqkmd dagk~d nk ky~k lm ylkbpqk u{kè ebl`le md i{km~k idm ieye"ceal~eilùm didm~emnd idm k`è ìy~e md yke eidqnk idm èymkikylnenky d ilqi{my~emiley peq~li{èqky nk èebl`le: |

_eqe idmy~l~{lq`d kfe`bkm~k mdnkak ksly~lq e`f÷m iqìnl~d km

hqbk | pkmnlkm~k nk pefd-

5 E{aq| | Qe{ ‐Nqdl~ Ilxl Hqemiel y‒- ^dbd LS @laqeqlky ^kicmlu{ky _eqly-1 E`dly xdm Aqlmw ‐@kcqa{ic nkq _emnkj~km‒ 1 xp`y #Kqèmfkm 5369"53<; 1- E{h-,- 53;6"5365-9 Kqmy~ L- Akjjkq7 Y|y~kb nky ck{~lfkm _emnkj~kmqkic~y xd - L Vklbeq 5338-> Lmy~l~{~d nk Lmxky~lfeildmky G{qânliey ‐Nliildmeqld G{qânli d Bksliemd‒ _dqq÷e Bìslid 1??; _åf-16<>-



91Akmksty

LLL- @dy alkmky b{ka`ky nk è ieye nk idmdqbl"nen idm `d nlyp{ky~d km k` eq~âi{`d 638 nk ky~kblybd iùnlfd-‒

Idmylnkqemnd è qeiilùm LLL nk` eq~âi{`d em~kqldq kèq~âi{`d 638 nk ky~k blybd Iùnlfd ykõeè7

‐ Eq~âi{`d 638-" I{emnd yk {yk nk èy peèaqeyb{ka`k d alkmky b{ka`ky nk {me ieye yk idb" pqkmnkqåm `dy u{k dqbkm k` eg{eq | {~kmyl`ldy nkìy~e | u{k ylqxkm ksi`{ylxe | pqdplebkm~k peqek` {yd | ~qe~d dqnlmeqld nk {me ebl`le ykf÷m èyilqi{my~emiley nk ey pkqydmey u{k è lm~kfqem- Kmidmyki{kmile md yk idbpqkmnkqåm7 k` nlmkqd `dyndi{bkm~dy | pepk`ky èy id`kiildmky ilkm~âiey | eq~ây~liey `dy `laqdy | y{y ky~em~ky èy bkne`èyèy eqbey `dy lmy~q{bkm~dy nk eq~ky | dildy èy gd|ey mlmf{me ièyk nk qdpe nk {yd `dy fqemdyie`ndy bkqiemiâey | nkbåy idyey ylblèqky-‒

Idbd pdnkbdy eme`lweq ksly~k {me fqem nlkqkmilekm~qk `d u{k lm~kfqe k` pe~qlbdmld nk è ebl`le kmk` Iùnlfd Ilxl` Hknkqe` | k` nk` Ky~end nk Ef{eyie"`lkm~ky ky lbpdq~em~k qkxlyeq ky~k ~kbe km k` Iùnl"fd u{k mdy idqqkypdmne idmylnkqemnd u{k km ieydnk u{k e`f÷m Iùnlfd md d idm~kbp`k yk nkak ep`l"ieq k` Iùnlfd Ilxl` Hknkqe`-

Ú[K IEQEI^KQLY^LIEY ^LKMK K@_E^QLBDMLD NK @E HEBL@LE4

@ey ieqei~kqây~liey pqlmilpe`ky u{k ~lkmk ‐K` _e~ql"bdmld nk è Hebl`le‒ ydm7

Yk idmy~l~{|k {m yd`d pe~qlbdmld pdq ebl`le-Ydm alkmky lme`lkmea`ky lmkbaeqfea`ky |md p{knkm ykq fqexendy-_{knk ykq idmy~l~{lnd pdq i{eù{lkqe nk `dyblkbaqdy nk è ebl`le-E` idmy~l~{lq k` pe~qlbdmld md yk ~qemybl~k èpqdplknen nk `dy alkmky e `dy blkbaqdy nk èebl`le pkqd yâ ~lkmkm nkqkicd e y{ nlyq{~k-

K` xe`dq båslbd ky 98;? xkiky k` yeèqld bâmlbdfkmkqe` nleqld xlfkm~k km k` Nly~ql~d Hknkqe` #km kìeyd nk` Iùnlfd Ilxl` Hknkqe`,-Yk idmy~l~{|k idm alkmky yl~dy km k` `{feq nk` nd"blil`ld nk u{lkm `d idmy~l~{|e-Yk nkak idmy~l~{lq em~k k` G{kw nk` ndblil`ld

nk` lm~kqkyend-Yk nkakqåm lmyiqlalq km k` Qkfly~qd _÷a`lid `dy alk"mky u{k xem e u{kneq eki~dy-Y{ idmy~l~{ilùm md nkak dqlflmeq {m qe{nk e`dy eiqkkndqky-

Eme`lwemnd èy ieqei~kqây~liey em~kqldqky ky nk fqemlbpdq~emile u{k {me ebl`le lm~kfqk `kfe`bkm~k y{pe~qlbdmld idmylnkqd b{| `lbl~end k` lbpdq~k nk98;? xkiky k` yeèqld bâmlbd fkmkqe` nleqld xlfkm~kkm k` Nly~ql~d Hknkqe` pqkxly~d km k` Iùnlfd Ilxl` Hk"nkqe` ei~{e`bkm~k ky~d ku{lxe`k e .1539>9-??- K` Iù"nlfd Ilxl` nk Ef{eyie`lkm~ky md ykõeè lbpdq~k pdq`d u{k ~lkmk u{k idmylnkqeq k` ykõeènd km k` Iùnlfd

Ilxl` Hknkqe`-

Xe`k è pkme idbkm~eq u{k d~qdy Iùnlfdy Ilxl`ky yk"õeèm bdm~dy båslbdy nly~lm~dy ~e` ky k` ieyd nk` Iù"nlfd Ilxl` nk U{kqì~eqd u{k km y{ eq~âi{`d 616 idm"ylnkqe >???? xkiky k` yeèqld bâmlbd fkmkqe` nleqldxlfkm~k km è wdme idmylnkqemnd u{k U{kqì~eqd ky~åkm k` åqke fkdfqåie ‐I‒ k` båslbd nk` _e~qlbdmld nkHebl`le e` eõd 1?55 ky .1183???-?? b{| y{pkqldq e`d ykõeènd km k` Iùnlfd Ilxl` Hknkqe`-

QKY_DMYEAL@LNEN YD@LNEQLE NK@YDILD IDM @E YDILKNEN

@e qkypdmyeal`lnen u{k {m ydild enu{lkqk e` dq"beq peq~k nk {me ydilknen p{knk ykq7

Y{aylnleqleYd`lneqle@lbl~eneL`lbl~ene |Y{p`kbkm~ene-




Qkypdmyeal`lnen Y{aylnleqle

Ky è qkypdmyeal`lnen u{k enu{lkqkm `dy ydildynk qkypdmnkq pdq èy nk{ney u{k è ydilknen mdp{kne i{aqlq pdqu{k yk efd~k y{ pe~qlbdmld- Kmpqlbkq `{feq `dy eiqkkndqky nkakqåm ei{nlq e è

ydilknen | i{emnd ìy~e yke lmyd`xkm~k ei{nlqåmkm ykf{mnd `{feq e `dy ydildy-

Qkypdmyeal`lnen Yd`lneqle

Km ky~e qkypdmyeal`lnen `dy eiqkkndqky nk {me yd"ilknen pdnqåm kslflq k` pefd nk y{y iqìnl~dy e i{e`"u{lkq ydild i{eù{lkq ydild qkypdmnk pdq k` ~d~e` nkèy da`lfeildmky nk è ydilknen em~k ~kqikqdy-

Qkypdmyeal`lnen @lbl~ene

Idmyly~k km u{k `dy ydildy qkypdmnkm pdq èy da`l"feildmky nk è ydilknen cey~e pdq k` bdm~d nk`

iepl~e` u{k epdq~eqdm-

Qkypdmyeal`lnen L`lbl~ene

Idmyly~k km u{k `dy ydildy qkypdmnkm pdq èy da`l"feildmky nk è ydilknen cey~e idm y{ pqdpld pe"~qlbdmld-

Qkypdmyeal`lnen Y{p`kbkm~ene

Ky ep`liea`k ÷mliebkm~k km ieyd nk èy Ydilk"nenky Iddpkqe~lxey | idmyly~k km u{k `dy ydildyqkypdmnkm cey~e pdq è iem~lnen u{k nk~kqbl"mkm km k` ei~e idmy~l~{~lxe è i{e` ykqå y{pkqldq

e y{ epdq~eilùm-

@e qkypdmyeal`lnen u{k {me pkqydme enu{lkqk e`dqbeq peq~k nk {me ydilknen nkpkmnk nk è ièyknk ydilknen e idm~lm{eilùm pqkykm~d èy nlxkqyeyièyky nk ydilknenky bkqiem~l`ky | è qkypdmyeal`l"nen nk `dy ydildy km iene {me7

I@EYK NK YDILKNEN ^L_D NKQKY_DMYEAL@LNEN

Km Mdbaqk Id`ki~lxd Y{aylnleqle L`lbl~ene |Yd`lneqle

Km Idbemnl~e Ylbp`k

Ydildy idbemnl~endy7Y{aylnleqle L`lbl~ene |

Yd`lneqleYdildy idbemnl~eqldy7@lbl~ene

Nk Qkypdmyeal`lnen@lbl~ene

@lbl~ene

Ydilknen Emùmlbe @lbl~ene

Km Idbemnl~e pdqEiildmky

Ydildy idbemnl~endy7Y{aylnleqle L`lbl~ene |Yd`lneqle

Ydildy idbemnl~eqldy7@lbl~ene

Ydilknen Iddpkqe~lxe

@lbl~ene | Y{p`kbkm~e"

ne i{emnd `dy ydildy `dei{kqnkm

Idbd pdnkbdy epqkileq km k` i{enqd em~kqldq kmèy Ydilknenky km Mdbaqk Id`ki~lxd km Idbemnl~eYlbp`k | km Idbemnl~e pdq Eiildmky e qkypdmyeal"`lnen u{k enu{lkqkm ~dndy d e`f{mdy nk `dy ydildyp{knk dqlflmeq u{k pdmfem km pk`lfqd cey~e y{ pe"~qlbdmld pkqydme` ky~d dqlflmù u{k km e ei~{e`lnenky~ey ydilknenky md ykem b{| {~l`lweney-

´@E QKY_DMYEAL@LNEN Y[AYLNLEQLEYD@LNEQLE K L@LBLÊNE EAEQIE E@

_E^QLBDMLD NK @E HEBL@LE4

[me nk èy ieqei~kqây~liey nk` _e~qlbdmld nk è He"bl`le ky u{k ydm alkmky lme`lkmea`ky lmkbaeq"fea`ky | md p{knkm ykq fqexendy-

@d em~kqldq yk {mnebkm~e km k` eq~âi{`d 616 nk` Iù"nlfd Ilxl` Hknkqe` km ~e` bd~lxd `dy alkmky u{k dq"bkm peq~k nk ky~k pe~qlbdmld nkakm u{kneq {kqe

Nkynk k` bdbkm~d km u{k yk lmyiqlak km k`Qkfly~qd _÷a`lid nk è _qdplknen | blkm~qey

ky~å idmy~l~{lnd md p{knk mlmf{mee{~dqlnen qke`lweq ei~dy nk eykf{qeblkm~d

ml kbaeqfd pqkie{~dqld d nkhml~lxd-



9>Akmksty

nk è qkypdmyeal`lnen u{k km dqbe y{aylnleqle yd`l"neqle d l`lbl~ene `dy ydildy ~kmfem idm {me ydilknen:`d i{e` u{kne qkl~kqend pdq k` eq~âi{`d 5;6 nk` IùnlfdHlyie` Hknkqe` km y{ qeiilùm LS u{k ky~ea`kik7

‐ Eq~âi{`d 5;6-" U{knem ksikp~{endy nk kbaeqfd7

#…,

LS- K` pe~qlbdmld nk ebl`le km `dy ~ìqblmdy u{kky~ea`kwiem èy `k|ky nkynk y{ lmyiqlpilùm km k` Qkfly~qd _÷a`lid nk e _qdplknen-

#…,‒

Lmnkpkmnlkm~kbkm~k nk `d ykõeènd km k` påqqedem~kqldq ky b{| lbpdq~em~k eme`lweq `d ykõeèndkm k` eq~âi{`d 69< nk` Iùnlfd Ilxl` Hknkqe` u{k e è`k~qe nlik7

‐ Eq~âi{`d 69<-" @e idmy~l~{ilùm nk` pe~qlbdmldnk è ebl`le md p{knk ceikqyk km qe{nk nk `dynkqkicdy nk dy eiqkkndqky-‒

K` Nliildmeqld nk è @kmf{e Kypeõdè nkmk idbdHqe{nk km be~kqle nk nkqkicd7

‐Yk nlik nk` ei~d nk` nk{ndq fkmkqe`bkm~k ylb{"ènd | qkyilmnla`k u{k nkge e` eiqkkndq ylm bknldnk idaqeq `d u{k yk `k nkak-‒

Nk` emå`lyly nk` ~ks~d nk` eq~âi{`d 69< nk` Iùnlfd Il"

xl` Hknkqe` | nk` idmikp~d nk Hqe{nk nk~kqblmd u{kem~ky nk idmy~l~{lq k` pe~qlbdmld nk è ebl`le ksly~k{me da`lfeilùm pdq peq~k nk `dy pqdplk~eqldy nk `dyalkmky u{k dqbeqâem k` _e~qlbdmld nk è Hebl`le `dyi{e`ky ce|em ylnd {~l`lwendy peqe feqem~lweq e`f{meda`lfeilùm-

Kgkbp`liemnd d em~kqldq y{pdmfebdy k` ylf{lkm"~k kyikmeqld7

[me Ydilknen km Mdbaqk Id`ki~lxd ~lkmk {me yl~{e"ilùm memilkqe km ndmnk y{y alkmky |e md ydm y{"ilkm~ky peqe i{aqlq y{y nk{ney u{k e`f÷m eiqkkndqei{nk idm `dy ydildy e kslflq k` i{bp`lblkm~d nk èyda`lfeildmky nk è ydilknen | e` neqyk ky~e yl~{eilùme`f÷m ydild nkbemnend nkilnk dqbeq y{ _e~qlbdmldnk Hebl`le k lmi`{lq km ì` y{ ieye ceal~eilùm-

Idmylnkqemnd `d em~kqldq è pqkf{m~e ykqâe7

´@e idmy~l~{ilùm nk _e~qlbdmld nk Hebl`lekm k i{e yk lmi`{lqâe è ieye ceal~eilùm dql"flme {m qe{nk nk nkqkicdy e eiqkkndq4

Idmylnkqd u{k è qkyp{ky~e ky7 yâ dqlflme {m qe{nknk nkqkicdy nkalnd e u{k pdq k` ~lpd nk qkypdmye"al`lnen u{k k` ydild ~lkmk km è ydilknen #y{aylnleqle

yd`lneqle k l`lbl~ene, | e` ykq nkbemnend pdq k` eiqkk"ndq md p{knk nlypdmkq nk y{y alkmky cey~e km ~em~dmd i{bpè idm k` eiqkkndq-

Ky ~qeyikmnkm~e` u{k èy pkqydmey lm~kfqkm y{ _e~ql"bdmld nk Hebl`le km k` bdbkm~d enki{end ky nkilqi{emnd md ~lkmk da`lfeildmky e ieqfd |e nkbem"neney peqe y{ i{bp`lblkm~d |e u{k yl {kqe ky~k kìeyd è idmy~l~{ilùm nk` _e~qlbdmld nk Hebl`le pdnqâeceikqyk km qe{nk nk `dy nkqkicdy nk `dy eiqkkndqky-

IDMI@[YLDMKY7

K` _e~qlbdmld nk Hebl`le nkalnebkm~k idmy~l~{lnd

pqd~kfk e `dy alkmky km ì` lmi`{lndy peqe u{k md p{k"nem xkmnkqyk kbaeqfeqyk d fqexeqyk ky lbpdq~em~kxkqlieq u{ì nkak lm~kfqeq ky~k pe~qlbdmld | k`xe`dq båslbd nk blybd `d i{e` nkpkmnk nk` Iù"nlfd Ilxl` nk iene Ky~end idmylnkqemnd u{k yl md ykykõeè yk nkak idmylnkqeq `d ykõeènd km k` IùnlfdIlxl` Hknkqe`-

Ky nk `èbeq è e~kmilùm k` bdm~d båslbd nk` _e~ql"bdmld nk Hebl`le nk >???? xkiky k` yeèqld bâmlbdfkmkqe` nleqld xlfkm~k km è wdme peqe k` Ky~end nkU{kqì~eqd #peqe k` 1?55 ydm .1183???-??, `d u{kceik båy mkikyeqld xkqlieq `d u{k idqqkypdmne kmiene Ky~end-

Exkm~{qeqyk e idmy~l~{lq {me ydilknen idm qkypdmye"al`lnen y{aylnleqle yd`lneqle k l`lbl~ene pdmk km g{k"fd ~dnd k` _e~qlbdmld _kqydme` nk {m lmnlxln{d-

Ky pdq ky~d u{k è k`kiilùm nk è ièyk nk ydilknen e`kbpqkmnkq {m m{kxd qk~d ky kykmile` peqe pqd~kfkqk` _e~qlbdmld _kqydme`- @e qkypdmyeal`lnen enu{lqlnee` dqbeq {me ydilknen md eki~eqå e {m _e~qlbdmldnk Hebl`le nkalnebkm~k idmy~l~{lnd-




Nlp`dbend km

Dm`lmk

Lmhdqbky k lmyiqlpildmky7 lmhdqbkyOlmkn{s-idb-bs vvv-lmkn{s-idb-bs¬ 1?51 Lmy~l~{~d nk Kn{ieilùm nk Ksik`kmile, Y-I- dndy `dy nkqkicdy qkykqxendy-

Bùn{`d LLL7

Lbp{ky~d kbpqkyeqle` e ~eye ÷mlie k

lbp{ky~d e `dy nkpùyl~dy km khki~lxd-

Nkhkmye | ebpeqd hlyie`-

^qe~eblkm~d kfe` | hlyie` nk nlxlnkmndy

| qkkbad`yd nk iepl~e`-

Bùn{`d LX7

Qkky~q{i~{qey idqpdqe~lxey g{qânlid"hlyie`k

Iqke~lxlnen | akmkhlildy hlyie`ky-

^qe~eblkm~d hlyie` nk qkylnkm~ky km k` ks~q

Bùn{`d L7

Eypki~dy idmy~l~{ildme`ky | iùnlfd hlyie` nk

è hknkqeilùm-

Nkqkicd idqpdqe~lxd-

Lbp{ky~d ydaqk e qkm~e pkqydmey bdqe`ky L-

@e bkgdq dpilùm nk

iepeil~eilùm e nly~em

FQEMNKY AKMKHLILDY

Ylm cdqeqldy-

Ecdqqd nk ~lkbpd km ~qeyèndy-

Ecdqqd nk pqky{p{ky~dy-

@e bkgdq ~kimd`dfâe | ckqqeblkm~ey

nk xemf{eqnle-

@e bkgdq ie`lnen km lmhdqbeilùm-

Xe`dqky efqkfendy7 kxe`{eilùm nke{~depqkmnlwegk | idmy~emile nk

peq~lilpeilùm-

Lmlild nk Nlp`dbend Kmkqd 1?

´Lm~kqkyend4--- `èbk e` ?5 3?? ;98 59 58

| idm f{y~d `k e~kmnkqkbdy%vvv-lmkn{s-idb-bs$pè~ehdqbe ¥Yd`lil

k` nkb?5 3?? ;98

Bùn{`d LL7

Lbp{ky~d ydaqk e qkm~e pkqydmey bdqe`ky LL-

Lbp{ky~d ydaqk e qkm~e pkqydmey hâyliey-

Lbp{ky~dy lmnlqki~dy-

Lmhdqbeilùm ei~{e`lwene, u{k lmi`{|k èy qkhdqbey epqdaeney km k` 1?55 | èy u{k yk epq{kakm n{qem~k k`'

revista benefis no.33

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