revistas ieee.pdf
TRANSCRIPT
-
5/19/2018 Revistas IEEE.pdf
1/9
COUUTUTARY
40
GrGABrr ErneRruer
AND
100
Glcnelr
ErHenruer:
THe DvELoPMENT
oF
a
FLrxIaIe
AncHITEcTURE
Jonru D'AuBRostA
lntroduction
In December
2007 the IEEE
Standards Asso-
ciation approved
the formation
of the
IEEE
P802.3ba Task
Force, which
was chartered
with
the development
of 40
Gb
Ethernet
and
100
Gb
Ethernet.
The decision
to do both rates
of Ether-
net
was
scrutinized by the
industry
at the time,
but ultimately
the Higher
Speed Study
Group
provided
a vital forum
for
the
stakeholders
in the
next
generation
of Ethernet
to debate this
very
issue.
The
fact that this
debate
actually
occurred
is in itself a
testament
to
the success
of Ethernet.
Networking
applications,
whose
bandwidth
requirements
are doubling
approximately
every
18 months,
have
greater
bandwidth
demands
than
computing
applications,
where the bandwidth
capabilities
for
servers
are
doubling
approximate-
ly
every 24
months.
The impact
of this difference
in
bandwidth
growth
is illustrated
in Fig. 1.
It
is
clear from
these trend
lines that
if
Ethernet
is
to
provide
a
solution for both
the computing
and
network
application
space, it needs
to
evolve
past
its
own
tradition
of
10x
leaps
in operation
rates
with
each
successive
generation.
The
decision
to do
two
rates
was
not
taken lightly
by
par-
ticipants
in the Higher
Speed
Study
Group.
In hindsight,
this
author,
who
was
in the
thick of this
debate, feels
that
the
deci-
sion
to do
both
40
Gb
and
100
Gb
Ethernet
was
the correct
decision
for Ethernet.
Ultimately,
it was
the
IEEE standards
development
process
itself
that
proved
to be the
key
to
resolv-
ing
this
difficult
decision.
Support of two
differing
data rates
as
well
as
different
physical
layer
specifications
selected
for this
project
presented
the task
force
with
a dilemma.
The
task
force needed
to
develop
an architecture
that
could support
both rates
simulta-
neously
and
the
various
physical
layer
specifications
being
developed
today, as
well as what
might
be
developed
in
the
future.
This
column
will
provide
the reader
with
insight
into
the
IEEE
P802.3ba
architecture,
and
highlight
its inherent
flexibility
and
scalability.
The
Physical
Layer
Specifications
Closely
examining
the
different
application
spaces
where
40
Gb
and
100
Gb Ethernet
will
be used
led
to
the
identifica-
tion
of the physical
layer
(PHY)
specifications
being targeted
by
the Task
Force. For
computing
applications,
copper
and
optical
physical layer solutions
are
being developed
for
dis-
tances
up to 100
m
for
a
full range
of
server
form
factors
including
blade,
rack,
and
pedestal
configurations.
For
net-
work aggregation
applications,
copper
and
optical
solutions
are
being
developed
to
support
distances
and
media types
appropriate
for
data
center networking,
as well
as service
provider
intra-office
and
interoffice
connection.
Table
1
provides
a summary
of the
different
PHY specifi-
cations
that were
ultimately
targeted
by
the task
force
with
their
respective
port
type names.
Below
is a description
of
each
of the
different
physical
medium
dependents
(PMDs):
.
40GBASE-KR4:
This
PMD
supports backplane
transmis-
sion
over
four
channels
in
each
direction
at 40
Gb/s. It
leverages
the l0GBASE-KR
architecture,
already
devel-
oped channel
requirements,
and
PMD.
.
40GBASE-CR4
and 1O0GBASE-CR10:
The
40GBASE-
CR4 PMD
supports
transmission
at 40
Gb/s across four
dif-
ferential pairs
in each direction
over a twin
axial
copper
cable
assembly.
The
1OOGBASE-CR10
PMD
supports
transmission
at
100
Gb/s
across
10
differential
pairs
in each
direction
over a twin
axial copper
cable
assembly.
Both
PMDs
leverage
the lOGBASE-KR architecture,
already
developed
channel
requirements,
and
PMD.
.
4OGBASE-SR4
and
100GBASE-SR10:
This
PMD
is based
on 850 nm
technology
and supports
transmission
over
at
Ieast
100
m
OM3
parallel
gigabit
per
second.
The
effective
date rate per
lane
is
10
Gb/s. Therefore,
the
40GBASE-
SR4 PMD
supports
transmission
of 40
Gb
Ethernet
over
a
parallel gigabit
per
second
medium
consisting
of four paral-
lel
OM3 fibers
in
each direction,
while the
100GBASE-
SR10 PMD
will support
the
transmission
of
100
Gb
Ethernet
over a
parallel
gigabit
per
second
medium
consist-
ing of 10 parallel
OM3
fibers
in
each
direction.
.
4OGBASE-LR4:
This
PMD
is
based
on 1310
nm
coarse
wavelength-division
multiplexing
(CWDM)
technology
and
over
at least
10 km
over single-mode
is based
on the
ITU
G.694.2 specifi-
ngths
used
are
1270,1,290,1310,
arrd
1330
nm.
The
effective
data rate per
lambda
is 10
Gb/s,
which
will help
maximize
reuse
of existing
10G PMD
tech-
nology.
Therefore,
the 40GBASE-LR4
PMD
supports
transmission
of 40
Gb Ethernet
over
four wavelengths
on
each
SMF in
each direction.
.
100GBASE-LR4:
This
PMD is
based
on
1310
nm
dense
WDM
(DWDM)
technology
and
supports
transmission
of
at least
10 km
over single-mode
gigabit
per
second.
The
grid
is
based
on
the ITU
G.694.1
specification,
and
the
wavelengths
used
are 1295,1300,1305,
and
1310
nm. The
(Continued
on
page
510
1 00 Gigabit
Ethernet
40 Gigabit
Ethernet
1
0
Gigabit
Ethernet
I
Gigabit Ethernet
I
Figure
1. Bandwidth growth
forecasts.
IEEE
Communications
Magazine.
March
2009
-
5/19/2018 Revistas IEEE.pdf
2/9
I
Table
1.
Summary
of IEEE
P802.3ba physical
layer
specifications.
(Continued
from
page
S8)
effective
data rate
per
lambda
is 25
Gb/s. Therefore,
the
100GBASE-LR4
PMD
supports transmission
of
100
Gb
Ethernet
over four
wavelengths
on
each SMF in
each
direc-
tion.
.
100GBASE-ER4:
This
PMD
is
based
on
1310
nm
DWDM
technology
and
supports transmission
over at least
40 km
over
single-mode
gigabit
per
second.
The
grid
is based
on
the ITU
G.694.t
specification,
and
the wavelengths
used
are
1295,1300,
1305, and
1310
nm.
The
effective
data rate
per
lambda
is
25 Gb/s. Therefore,
the
1O0GBASE-LR4
PMD
supports
transmission
of 100
Gb Ethernet
over four
wavelengths
on each
SMF in
each
direction.
To
achieve
the
40
km
reaches
called for,
it
is
anticipated
that implementa-
tions
may
need
to include
semiconductor
optical
amplifier
(SOA)
technology.
The
Architecture
During
the
proposal
selection
process
for
the
different
PHY
specifications,
it
became
evident
that
the task force
would
need
to
develop
an
architecture
that
would be
both
flexible
and scalable
in
order
to simultaneously
support
40
Gb
f
Figure
2.
IEEE
P802.3ba
architecture.
and
100
Gb
Ethernet.
These
architectural
aspects
would
necessary
in
order
to deal
with the PHY
specifications
bein
developed
by the
IEEE P802.3ba
Task
Force,
as
well as
tho
that
may
be developed
by
future
task forces.
Figure
2
illustrates
the
overall
IEEE
P802.3ba
architectu
that
supports both
40
Gb and
100
Gb Ethernet.
While all
the PHYs
hve
a
physical
coding
(PCS)
sublayer, physic
medium
attachment
(PMA)
sublayer,
and
physical
mediu
dependent (PMD)
sublayer,
only
the copper
cable (-CR)
an
backplane (-KR)
PHYs
have
an
auto-negotiation
(AN)
su
layer
and an
optional
forward
error
correction
(FEC)
subla
er.
For
40 Gb
Ethernet
the
respective
PCS
and PMA
subla
ers need
to
support
PMDs
being
developed
by
the
IEE
P802.3ba
Task Force
that
operate
electrically
across
four
d
ferential pairs
in
each
direction,
or optically
across
four
op
cal
fibers
or four
wavelengths
in
each direction.
It
w
realized,
however,
that
in
the
future,
the IEEE
p802.3b
architecture
might
need
to support
other
40
Gb
PMDs
th
could operate
either
across
two
lanes
or
a single
serial
lan
Likewise,
for 100
Gb Ethernet
the
respective
PCS
and
pM
I EV"1.
need
to
support
PMDs
being
developed
by
th
IEEE
P802.3ba
Task
Force
that
operate
electrically
across
differential
pairs
in
each
direction,
or
optically
across
10 op
cal
fibers
or
four
optical
wavelengths
in
each
direction.
It w
also
realized
that in
the future
the
IEEE
P802.3ba
archite
ture might
need
to
support
other
100
Gb PMDs
that
mig
potentially
operate
across
five
lanes,
two lanes,
or a sing
serial
lane.
The
task
force
leveraged
the
relationship
between
th
respective
sublayers
to
develop
the
flexible
and
scalable
arch
tecture
it
needed
for 40
Gb and
100
Gb Ethernet,
as
well
for
future
rates
of Ethernet.
_
The
PCS
sublayer
couples
the
respective
media indepe
dent,interface
(MII)
to the
PMA
sublayer.
For
40
Gb Ethe
net,
the
MII
is
called
XLGMII,
and for
100
Gb Ethernet,
th
MII
is called
CGMII.
The
PMA
sublayer
interconnects
th
PCS
to the
PMD
sublayer.
Therefore,
the
functionalit
embedded
in
the PCS
and PMA
represent
a two-stage
proces
that
couples
the respective
MII
to
the
different
pMDs
tha
were
envisioned
for
40
Gb and 100
Gb
Ethernet.
Furthe
more,
this scheme
can
be scaled
in
the future
to
support
th
next
higher
rates
of Ethernet.
As
noted
above,
the PCS
sublayer
couples
the respectiv
MII
to the PMA
sublayer.
The
aggregate
stream
coming
from
(Continued
on
page
51
sl0
IEEE
Communications Magazine
.
March
200
-
5/19/2018 Revistas IEEE.pdf
3/9
f
Aggregate
stream
of
64l66b
words
---
rl
-
pCS
lane
I
.
PCS
lane 2
5imple
66b word
round
robin
PCS
lane
n
\-
-,'
\
-.'
Lane
markers
CotvrurruTARy
I
Figure
3. PCS
lane
distibution
concept.2
(Continued
from
page
510)
the
MII
into
the
PCS
sublayer undergoes
the
6481668 cod
scheme
that
was
used
in 10
Gb
Ethernet.
Using
a round-rob
distribution
scheme,
66-bit
blocks
are
then
dislributed
acr
PCS
lanes
for 100
Gb Ethernet.
The
number
of
pCS
lanes
each rate
er of
lan
that
migh
given
ra
and
then
Jof
tho
implemen
Gb
Ethernet
will
four
channels
or
PCS
lanes
for
10
employ
7,
2,
4,
5,
each
direction..
(Continued
on page
51
MAC
client
MAC
control
(optional)
MAC
Reionciliation
CGMII
PCS
PMA
(20:10)
CAUI
PMA
(10:4)
PMD
MD
Medium
Z
1 OOGBASE-LR4
I
Figure
4. Example
implementation
of L77GBASE-LR4.
IEEE
Communications
Magazine
.
March
20
-
5/19/2018 Revistas IEEE.pdf
4/9
(Continued
from
page
510)
I
Figure
5.IEEE
P802.3ba
timeline.
Lowesf
cosfper
clean
in
the
industry
Podable
Palm
sized
package
Etrective
Wet
or Dry Cteaning
Wide
range
connectors
and
polish
types
More
than
500x
cleanngs
pet
unit
We
hope
to
E6e
you
at
Booth
#
3030
for
a demonsttation
,,
(
,.
,"
o:;;,i
",
c"-,.;.;,.o\. .
h"Rr
Need
a
helping
hand
to
keep
your
fibers
clean?
CAUI
interface,
which
is
then
mult
plexed
into
four
lambdas,
each
with
effective
data
rate
of
25
Gb/s,
and
ca
ried
across
10
km
of
SMF.
Conclusion
The
IEEE
P802.3ba
Task
Force
ha
ls
prepanng
a
request
to
go
to
workin
Group
Ballot,
the
nexistage
in
th
development
of
40
Gb
and
10
Gb
Eth
ernet.
The
adopted
schedule
for
the pro
ject
is shown
in
Fig.
5.
Regardl
regarding
th
this project
fashion
and
dards
approval
in
June
2010.
Further
more,
the
architecture
this
task
force
ha
adopted
will
allow
Ethernet to
scale t
even
greater
speeds
in
the
future,
which
should
interest
those
parties
alread
starting
to
call
for
Terabit
Ethernet.
SEIKOH
GIKEN
www.SeikohGiken,com
I
f 7 7
O
-27
9-6602
IEEE
Communications
Magazine. March
20(D
-
5/19/2018 Revistas IEEE.pdf
5/9
applications
RNER:t
Derek J. Walvoord
and
Roger
L. Easton, Jr.
scription to assist scholars
in
reading
damased characters
and
words.
MULTISPECTRAL IMAGING
ACQUtStTtON
Both the erased Archimedes
text
(the
underwriting)
and
the Euchologion
text
(ovenruriting)
were written
using
iron
gall
ink.
The
original
proposal
for
imasingi
was directed
at capturing
and
enhancin
a small color
difference between
the
two
texts
[Figure
2(a)]. Each
page
was imaged
under
two illuminations
(ultraviolet
light
at I
:
365
nm
and low-wattase
tunssten
lights) through five
different bandpass
fil-
ters
(blue,
6lreen,
red, and two IR bands)
[2]
to
create a
multispectral
data set for
subsequent
processin.
LEAST-SQUARES
SPECTRAL
UNMIXING
The
initial
approach
used to
providr
scholars with enhanced fishlrnsds5
te$
Digital
Transcription
of the
Archimedes
Palimpsest
he recent
and
concurrent
development
of
the technolo-
gy
of
optical
sensors
and dig-
ital
computers,
and
the
consequent decreases
in
their
cost,
makes
possible
for
their
usae
in
the
transcription
of
historical manu-
scripts. Some
of these documents
may
have been
deliberately erased and
over-
written to
make
apalimpsest,
which
may
further
suffer
from
many
other
forms
of
deterioration.
The
Archimedes Palimpsest
includes
partial
texts
from
seven treatises
by
Archimedes, including the only extant
copy in
the original
Greek
of his
most
famous
work Or
Floating Bodies,
the
only copies in any form of On the
Method
of Mechanical Theorems
(which
provides
insight
into his mathematical
thought
process)
and of Stomachion
(which
has been
identified
to
be a very
early study in combinatorics
[1]).
In
this article
we
present
the
workflow and
methods involved
in
the digital
tran-
scription
of
the Archimedes
palimpsest.
THE PALIMPSEST
The
original codex of Archimedes
texts
was copied
onto
parchment
from
other
sources in
the
10th
century
to make a
bound book.
Durins
the
Fourth
Crusade
inL204, the
bookwas
disbound,
the
origi-
nal text
was erased, and the
pages
were
cut
in
half. Along
with
pases
from
the
other manuscripts,
the
erased Archimedes
pages
were then overwritten
with
the
Euchologion
(a
Christian
prayer
book). In
1906, Johan
L. Heiber,
a Danish
philolo-
gist,
identified
that the undertext of
the
palimpsest
was the
work
of
Archimedes,
and he had
65
photographs
made
of the
book.
The
manuscript
resurfaced in
1998
when Christie's
auctioned
the
codex
for
US$2
million dollars to an
anonymous
American
collector,
who
has lent it
to the
Walters Art Museum
in Baltimore,
Maryland,
and
generously
funded
its con-
servation,
imaging, and study. The condi-
tion of
the
book
has deteriorated
markedly
since Heiberg's work, as shown
by the comparison
of a Heiber
photo-
raph
to the current
appearance
of
the
same
page
in Figure
1.
The manuscript has
reat
historical
importance,
but
unfortunately
much
of
the text is
very
difficult to
discern due to
its
poor
condition. Our
underlying
objec-
tive in the transcription of the
Archimedes
palimpsest
was to apply
mod-
ern imainS
techniques
to
preserve
the
manuscript and
to
assist transcription by
scholars. In this
process,
we used multi-
spectral image
collection
and
processin,
which
facilitated
transcription
of
nearly
8070
of
the
manuscript,
and
a digital
imagin
tool that
used
this
partial
tran-
(a)
(b)
[FlGll
Leaf 57 verso of the Archimedes
palimpsest:
(a)
photograph
from 1905
by
Heiberg
and
(b)
condition in 2007, showing the damage
that occurred in 100
years
(Courtesy
of the owner
of the
Archimedes
palimpsest.)
iqitat
object
rdmtiliq
lo.1 logtuspzooa.szgoo
IEEE
SIGNAL PROCESSING
MAGAZINE
[1OO]
JULY
2OO8
1
053-5888/08/125
o(E@G
-
5/19/2018 Revistas IEEE.pdf
6/9
lJ.
Walvoord
L.
Easton,
Jr.
ars
in
readin
ords.
NG
nedes
text
(the
uchologion
text
n
using
iron
gall
sal
for
ima$ing
g
and
enhancing
between
the
tuo
pa6ie
was
imaged
(ultraviolet
ligbt
h,attage
tunsten
rcnt
bandPass
fi '
nd
two
IR
bandst
rtral
data
set
for
E
used
to
Provide
I
fuchimedes
tef
rorn
1906
bY
in
100
Years'
employed
a
supervised
least-squares
spec-
tral
unmixing
algorithm
[3].
After regis-
tering
each
band
in the multispectral
data, an observer
selected
giroups
of
pixels
that
belonged
to four object
classes:
over-
writin,
underwriting,
parchment,
and
mold. The imase
set
was
processed
to
estimate
the
class
membership
of
each
pixel.
Figure 2(b) shows leaf
28 verso
(the
reverse
side of leaf 28) of lhe Euchologion
under normal
illumination
and
the
image
of
the
class map for
the
original
Archimedes text. Note
that the
ray
value
of
each
pixel
is
a measure of
the member-
ship in this class; underwriting
is mapped
to
white
and other classes
to
black.
The
image shows
how the method
successful-
ly stripped off much
of
the ink from
the
Euchologion,
leaving only the remnants
of
the original Archimedes
text.
However,
the
additional noise
in
the
processed
imaes was annoying to the
scholars
who
were transcribing the
text.
In
addition,
any Archimedes
character
that is
partially
obscured
by
a Euchologion
character
showed
distinct breaks
in
the ink
that
might
lead
to ambiguous
readings. The
scholars desired a much
simpler
result
that
preserved
the visibility
of both
writ-
ings,
while distinguishing the texts in
some manner.
PSEUDOCOLOR
IMAGE
ENHANCEMENT
After receiving
the feedback from
the
scholars,
the imaging
team
developed
a
processing
method to
produce
pseudocol-
or
images
that
allocated different
colors to
the
underwritin,
overwriting,
and
parch-
ment
classes. The
process
is
based on the
observation
that the undenvriting
is bare-
ly
detectable
under
red
light,
while
both
texts are visible when
viewed
under
ultra-
violet
light.
W
illumination
generates
vis-
ible fluorescence
in
the
parchment,
which
enhances
the
contrast of
both
texts
when
viewed through a blue filter.
A
pseudocol-
or
image
is
constructed by
assigning the
red channel
of the
image
under tungsten
illumination
to its
red
channel and the
blue channel under
UV illumination
to its
green
and
blue channels. The reddish
Archimedes
text appears dark in
the
sreen
and blue channels and
brighter in red
light,
thereby
showing a
distinct
reddish
tint in
the
pseudocolor
image.
The
Euchologion
text is
dark
in
all three chan-
nels
and
so appears in
a dark neutral
shade. This color cue
assists the scholars
in
the
transcription
of the text.
An exam-
ple
of a
pseudocolor
imase is
shown in
Figure
2(c).
THE TRANSCRIPTION
SYSTEM
While the
pseudocolor
system
sufficiently well for
much of the
text,
transcription
of
some
pase
problematic
due to severe
dam
interactive
image
processins
and
system has
been
developed
to
(a)
(a)
lmages
of a section of
the
palimpsest
under
illumination
with
wavelen
sing from
right
to
left.
The
text
becomes more visible
as the wavelength
o
illumination
decreases.
(b)
A
comparison
of
the original strobe illuminated
image
28
verso before and
after least-squares
spectral
unmixing.
(Courtesy
of the owne
Archimedes
palimpsest.)
(c)
Pseudocolor
image
of disbound leaves
98
verso
-
102
of
the Euchologion
(Archimedes
treatise On Spiral Lines).
The horizontal
Archimed
and the diagram appear
with reddish
tints,
while
the
prayer
book text appears
b
(Courtesy
of the owner
of the
Archimedes
palimpsest.)
85888/08/$25
00@200
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CORNER
ii
continued
additional
information
to the scholar
and
utilize
his
or
her
feedback.
The
process...
ing
uses
a
series of
spatial correlations
between character
fragments in
the
images
and a
trainins
library
of charac-
ters
extracted
from relatively
clean
regions
in the manuscript.
A high-level
diaram
of the
overall
transcription
sys-
tem is
shown in Figure
3(a) and a low-
level diagram
of the
processins
is
shown
in Figure
3(b).
FEATURE
EXTRACTION
The features
used
for
character
classifica-
tion
are
extracted usins
advanced
corre-
lation techniques
[Figure
3(b)].
Several
matching
schemes are
used
simultane-
ously
to account for
variability in
the
spatial
structure
of
the
character regions
under
scrutiny, thus
providing
adequate
features
for classification.
ADVANCED
CORRELATION
FILTERING
The
feature
extraction
process
benefits
heavily
from the inclusion
of
filter
designs that incorporate
a set of training
imaes
into the filter
mask development.
Composite
correlation designs use
a
trainin
set
from
a
particular
class
to
pro-
vide
some
degree of distortion
tolerance
for
within-class
variation. The maximum
aueroge
correlation
height
(MACH)
filter
[4],
when
used
with other classical
filter-
ing
designs,
provided
acceptable
correla-
tion results
for
feature
extraction
using
the
palimpsest
imasery.
The MACH
filter
has
the form
h
:
y(S-t
I)-lm,
(1)
where h is the
vector representation
of
the filter
transfer
function,
m
is the
vec-
tor containing
the mean
trainins
image
Fourier
transform,
I is
the identity
matrix,
and
7
is a normalization
con-
stant.
Note that lower-case
bold-faced
symbols
represent
vectors
while
upper-
case symbols refer
to
matrices.
The
matrix
S in the MACH
filter is
given
by
lN
S:
,i=
)'rX-Mr*1Xi-M).
(2)
d.1\
-
:l
where ly'
is
the
number
of training
imaes,
d is
the
number
of
pixels
in each
image, and X
and M are
diagonal matri-
ces
containins
the
th
training
Fourier
transform
and
the
average
Fourier
transform, respectively.
To
achieve high
tolerance
to within-
class
distortion,
the filter is
designed
to
minimize
the
averase
similarity measure
(ASM)
between
output
correlation
planes
for
each
of the training
images
used
to
construct
the filter
mask. In
addition,
the
output noise
uariance
(ONV)
is also
mirr
imized,,
and the
aerage correlation
height
(ACH)
is
maximized.
These
crite-
ria
are
[4]
ASM:1-\to,t*.rt
N
??-*
-
S@,r)12
:
h+Sh
(31
oNV:
E{hrch}
(4t
,N
ACH
:
* )-.qt0.
0t
t5t
]\t
-
T:I
where
g(m,
n) is
the correlation
plar
corresponding
to the
ith
training
imagE
and
C is the
covariance matrix
of tl-
input noise
estimation.
An
example
of
a
typical
correlatim
plane
produced
by
the
MACH
filts
usir
Greek characters
from
the
underwriting
h
training and
targets is shown
in Figure
4
Probabilistic
Network
(b)
lFlc3l
(a)
Block
diagram
of the transcription
system
and
(b)
detailed
block diagram
of
the
character
recognition
of
(a).
Probabilities
of
CharacterMord
Library
..:
Character
Class %
Classification
Sum
Squared Error
Character
Class
Feature
Vectors
ROI
Autocorrelation
Feature Vector
L
r
IEEE
SIGNAL PROCESSING
MAGAZINE
1102}
JULY
2OO8
-
5/19/2018 Revistas IEEE.pdf
8/9
True
Class
(Nontraining)
v
[FlG4]
Example
of normalized
correlation
planes
generated
using
the
MACH
filter
for
(a)
true
class
targets
and
(b)
false
class'targetsl
IACHI
filter
ssical
filter-
rble correla-
rtion
using
,f{CH
filter
L
(lt
sentation
of
n
is the
rec-
ining
irnagp
he identitl
ization
con-
r
bold-raced
rile
upper-
trices.
Thc
sgiwnh-
l-- lr-
rZt
of
trainin6
irclsind
oonal
mi-
rE
Forrrlr
4le
Fouricr
x
to
rib
;
rie
-
5/19/2018 Revistas IEEE.pdf
9/9
applications
CORNER,:
continued
using
the
probable
words
from
the
LUT
or
perform
another
query
[81.
CONCLUSIONS
We have
applied
multispectral
imaging
techniques
and
character
recosnition
methods
based
on
a
library
of identified
characters
to digitized
data
from
the
Archimedes
palimpsest
in
a
unified image
analysis
and
classification
framework.
The
process
presented
in
this
article
assisted
scholars
in
their
transcription
of
the
palimpsest,
which
is
one
of the
most
important
documents
in
the history
of sci-
ence.
Among
them,
Reviel
Netz,
the
princi-
pal
scholar
in
translating
the
Archimedes
text, has
commented
very
positively
on
the
value
of the
character
recognition
tool.
In
addition,
the
digital
transcription
workflow
has been
applied to
a
tenth
century Hebrew
colophon
[7]
and
even
outside
the
digital
transcription
of documents
(for
instance,
it
is
currently
being
used to
locate
centroids
of registration
markers
in
three-dimen-
sional
MRI
breast imaging).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The
authors
thank
the other
members
of
the
Archimedes
palimpsest
imaging
team, Dr.
Keith
Knox
of
Boeing
LTS,
and
Dr.
William
A.
Christens-Barry
of
Equipoise
Imaging,
LLC.
In
addition, rte
thank
the owner
of the
Archimedes
Palimpsest,
Dr.
William
Noel
and
Abigai,
Quandt
of the
Walter's
Art
Museum
i::
Baltimore,
and Dr.
Reviel
Netz
,:
Stanford
University.
Photographs
of
tlr
Archimedes
Palimpsest
were
produce;
by
William
A.
Christens-Barry
Roger
L
Easton,
Jr.,
and Keith
T.
Knox.
AUTHORS
Derek
J. Waluoord
r
nr
Roger
L.
Easton,
-/r
are
with
the
Chester
E
Carlson Cent=:n
Imaging
Science
at
the
Rochester
l-=im
of
Technology,
Rochester,
New
Yorli
REFERENCES
[1]
R. Netz
and
W.
Noel,
The
Archimedu
(l.rT
h/Mr
York
DaCapo
Press,
2007.
[2]
R.L. Easton,
Jr.
and
W Noel,'
imaging
of
the Archimedes
palim
Liure
Mdiaal,
vol. 45,
pp.
3949,
20M.
[3]
J.R.
Schott.
Remole
Sensinq:
The
t:-,:.t
-M
Approach.
New\ork:
Oxford
Univ.
prs-
-'
'
-
t4l
B.VK.
Vijaya Kumar,
A.
Mahalan=
an
illXi
Juday,
Conelation
Pattem
Recogmitio-_
lw
mfru
Cambridge
Univ. Press,
2005.
t5]
B.V.K.
Vijaya
Kumar
and
L-
-_llrrmum[lil
''Performance
measures
for
corr.:-_
:r'Er,
Appli
e d
Op
t.,
v
ol. 20,
no. 20,
pp.
299 i-j
"r"Ni_
.lt#]lliltl
[6]
S.J. Russell
and
P
Norvig,,lrda-;-
A
Modem
Approach,2nd
ed.
Eng],r
Prentice
Hall, 2002.
[7]
D.
Walvoord,
R.L.
Easton.
lr.. ir
I,m.
ruu]lL,
Heimbueger.
''Enhancement
and
;ire
ulq"
tion
of the
erased
colophon
o: ,i.:gmouttlUil
Hebrew
prayer
book,"
Proc.
SP1f.
r':u
ffi
pp.
157-166.
[8]
D.J.
Walvoord,
R.L.
Easton.
-Ir--
:m 1*
'Adding
contextual
information
::
:m
ter recognition
on the
Archimeda
:almmsm"
SPIO,
vol.
6500,
p.
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