Revivirg the Collective Body:Gina Pane's Escalad"e l/on Anesthesiee

Fr6d6rique Baumgartner

.{ bstr.rcts

the- context of historic Drcscrvati()n uht.rc i t has not l>ct-n txamine-d. Firsllirrn-rulatcd in thc eightcenth-ecnturr .rcsthctic r,r.ritings ol' Johann GottfiicclI lcr<lcr ancl Johann Joachirn Winckchrann, thc Pvgrnal ion inrpulsc mav bctrar:c<l in the- clcl>a1cs, practiccs an<l publications rclatcrl to thc Zr,r'ingcr'sh is to rv o1 'c lcs t ru t t ions , rcs to ra t ions an t l rccons t ruc t ions , l i> l lou ' ing thct l t-struct ions in thc Scr cn Yr:ars War .rnrl W<rrl<l War II anrl Gt 'rrnarrl l .cuni l lc 'at ion in lc)90. Inrrrcations of [ '_r 'grnal ion's t n' .r t i l t ' . rnt l r t . ( rr).r t i \ ' \ -i r l t 'nt i l l t 'at ion u i th sculpturc an(l scul l) tural lr ' pt 'rccir,c<l .rrt hitr . t t trrc f i r l<l insubjccts as <l ivcrse as thc ovcrlapping priratc an<l publ ic sph. 'rr.s of vi t 's ingi r r t , rn c th ic 's o l ' l i r ing up to a scu lp tu ra l mo< lc l o r la i l ing to r lo so , tac t i l t 'm('mol-\ ' , mo<lcrn intc-rvcntion, anrl art 's theraltctrt i r . l to'"r 'cr.

- fhis cssa\ ' usts

r t . r ' cn t scho la rsh ip r> l r scu lp tu ra l i rnaq ina l ion anr l h is to r ic . ;> r t ' serva t io r - r t< rin tc rprc t thc I ) rgnr . r l i r>n impu lsc in th t 'Zu ingcr anr l i t s r i ch r lo t 'u rn t 'n ta rvt ' r i t l t ' t t t c ln r rn rhc e igh tcer r th rh ro t rg l - r tu t 'n t i l i r s t cur tL r r i t ' s in l ) r t ' * r l t . r r i sln h ivcs , I i l r r . r r i t ' s . r r r< l rnuscurns .

' fhc ' lragic Imagc: Action Painting Rc{igurcrl

Robert Slifkin

I l a r t ' n t ' l o s t t h t ' r ' ap . i c i l v 1o pc r t t i v c Abs t r . r c t F . xp r css i on i s l p ; r i n l i ng i n t h t '

t l t . l t l t l ( ' t ' i t s t r t ' . t ( t t t ' s t - r t i i s i o t t t ' < l ? ' l ' h i s pap t ' r c x . r r r r i r r t ' s t l r i s < l t r t ' s l i on t h ro r rgh . rn

. r t t a l l s i s o l ' I l a ro l< l I { os t r r l r c rq ' s ( \ ) n ( ( ' l ) t o l A r ' 1 i o r r I ) a i n t i ng . Wh i l c t vp i ca l l y

tunr l t ' rs too<l rs tht . < lvnarni t ' apl t l i t . r t ion ol 1ta int , Ar. l ion I )a int ing \ \ ' . ls

o r i g i na l l v n r ( ' i r n t 1 ( ) suggcs t a < l r ; r . r n l 1 i r un t l t ' r s t an< l i ng o l t h t ' no r k , , 1 ' a r t 1 i . . ' .. r t t io t r as at ' t ing) in * l ' r i t ' l ' r t l ' r t ' b l t r rn '< l l ) i rssa{( 's an<l hal l t ' rast '< l lornrs

pror luct ' r l t ' rn<>t ionl l c l l i ' t ts t rp<>n t l r t ' . rur l i t ' r r r . t ' o l v i t ' r , r ' t ' rs . l lv < lcpi t , t ing

i n rag t ' r v i n . r r l c t i r l c t l l r , un r t ' so l v t ' r l t on t l i l i on , A t l i on l ) a i n l i ngs l i r r gc< l . r

1 r ' t r r p r> ra l r n l l t ' i x i t t u l r i t h bo l l r l l a s l . u r r l l i r l r r r c r ' on t l i l i o r r s o l r r r o rp l r t > l og i t r r l

poss ib i l i t v t o t r l < l l r t . r t . p r t ' s t ' n1 t ' <1 . ' l ' h i s

l r o r< ' r ' i n { I s t i t t ( . o l , r l l u s i r t . i r r r ag t ' r ' , 1 .

i nv t ' s t t ' < l t l r t ' no r ks n i t h t hc i r o l i c i t t ' < l l r u t r a r t ' l ) ( ' x l ) l ( ) r ( ' ( l t r ' . r g i c c t l r os . l . i k t '

r l ratnat i r ' l ragc<ly, t l r r ' PrrrPost ' o l ' Act ion I )a in l ing \ \ , .1s t ( ) r r rakt . tht ' i ru( l i ( 'n(( '

t t t o r t ' s t ' t r s i t i v t ' t o t h t ' i r ( )wn s ta tus as a ( ' 1 ( ) r s t ' u rgh t i n t hc n r i < l< l l c o l t ' r ' t . n t s i r r

t ' r ' r ' r r ' < l ay l i l i ' , i r n r l sDu r t h t ' n r t o a r ' 1 r no r t ' < l c c i s i v t ' l v i n t hc i r r > r , r n l i v t ' s .

l lcviving thc Collcctirc llo<lv: (jina Panc's Escalatle Nttn .' lnc.sthesiic

Fr6d6rique Baumgartner

This art i t l t ' [ i r t ' t tst 's on ( i ina I 'anc's pcrlolrnlntc Esccr/crc/c r]()n (rrcrthl.si ic (1971),

uhith tonsistc<l ol 1hc art ist rnotrnt ing a l l<klt ' r sl tr<lt lc<l w,i th sharp rnt ' tal l i t 'shar<ls, causing injrrrv to ht 'rst ' l f in tht 'protcss. [)rt ' r ' ious art historians havcrt 'a<l I 'anc's Pcrl i ,r ' rnanc'cs through a Psr, hoanalvt i<. l t 'ns, t 'nrPhasizing thc

plrt c o1' Lat atr ian thotrghl in tht ' nasct 'nl l :r ' t 'nch l i ' rninist lnr>r t ' rrrt 'nt ol ' tht '1970s. This .rrt i t lc posits that psvt ho.rnalvt i< at 'r 'ounts ot lhnt"s lr 'ork h.rvt 'ncglt ' r ' t t '<l thc p() l i t i (al ( 'ont(.xt of th. ' rvork's t 'xt ' t 'ut iorr .rrr<l r t . t , t .pt ion. l ,anespcci l ical lv rclcre n< i :<l thc Victnarn \\hr vl l ' r t 'n shc <lcst 'r ibc<l hcr intr:nt ionuit lr lscalaJc non onesthlsi ic. Accorrl ingh', this art iclc l inks hcr pcrl irrnrancct<> trrt socioloeiquc a tcrrn appl iccl to . l rangc of p<>li t icizc<l u'orks prorlucc<lin l)aris in thc nakc <.l1' thc Mav 68 r 'rents an(l th()rcl)_\ ' tr> thc: pol i t ics ol 'thr ' /nrcrnrrt ionolc Sitt tctt ionni.stc. Strcssing t lrc importancc of ' thc t <xrc.cpt of 'al i t 'nat ion in thc' <l iscoursc of th.- l97Os anrl in l)ant"s rvr i t i rrgs, t l r is art ic. lcargucs tha t th t ' r rasoch is t i c c lcmcnts o l hc r pcr l i , rn )Jn( ( ' \ \ ( ' r ( . Jn J t t ( . rn l ) t t ( )cntl cr i l lct ' t ivc l tassivitv. This t :ol lcct ivc <lt 'ant:stht: t izat ion u.rs carr icr l ()ut l)v

l l 2 ( ) x r ( ) R r ) A R ' t J ( ) U R N A T l + . 2 2 0 l l

I

A1>sr nc rs

l)anc throuqh thc photo <locumcntatir)n ()l'h('r l)crfbrmancc, in rr.hich shc stagcrlthc- inragc of a non-slrcci l lc, r ; i thcr than individual l>o<lv.

Fans o1'Feminism: Re-rvrit ing Historics .f Secrnd-w.ave Feminisrnin Contcmporary Art

Catherine Grant

In |ctt:nt ,vcars, thcrc has lrt 'cn ;r rcappraisal ot intcrcst in lerninist ar1 arrrlactivisrn, ccntring on st'con<l *arc fcminisrn fi 'onr thc 1970s. 'fhis

artic.lcustrs the figurc ol thc l;rn tr> t.xplore thc ayrpcal o[ sccontl uavt. l i 'nrinisnr irrthc ('()Irtemlx)rarv trl()rtrctrt, tonsi<lt 'r ing thc tl i l l i 'rcnt uays artr.rorks rc rr ritt.,rc- inragint ' ant l r t ' -a t t i r . r t t ' , " , , , , r , l rn la. ' . fc ln in is t . r i r r r r l D, , l i t i ts .

- fhc

gt'nt:r.r t ionl l t t ' t tsiott l i run<l in artr ' r '<>rks that rt .r isi t this hirtorical l l l ()nl( 'nt is<l isc' t lssc<l ir t rclat ion (o l i r tr<krnr i ls i l \ \ 'a\ into thc r l t 's ir ing arr<l <lt .rotrr ir .rgin t t ' r cs ( tha t < runPl i t , r t cs l i l n i l i r l n r r r t l r . l s , , l l t r l i n is r gcncr .a l io r rs . ( -ons i< lc r inqi rangc o l c r>n t t 'n rPor ; r r '_ \ ' . r r t l r ,o r .ks , thc cor l ra l cxanrP lcs a rc Mar , , ,Kc l l1 . l sr( '(cn1 l)roi( ' (1 1.o'c . \onr7.r. 2005 7, w,hit h int, lu<k's Ir-agrrrcnts o{ inte r-r ' r t 'u sl ro t t l l ton t t ' t t r tho wcr t ' in r r r l v t '< l in l i ' rn in isnr in thc 1970s, r r>n t ras t t ' r l u i th av()ung('r gt 'r i t ' rat i t>n, .ur<l t l r t ' zint 's ol ' tht ' l l rr>okl_vn lrasc'r l r .6l l t ' t .1ivt ' tTTl{wh i th r t ' c r t 'a t ( ' J s l )a ( ( 'o l l i ' rn in is l r -o l l t . t ' t i v i l r ' r , r ' i th in a ( lL r ( ' ( . r a r t c r rn l t ' x t .

( ) x t : ( ) l r . r ) { t {T . J ( )U I INA I 14 .2 t ( ) t 1 l l l

L ( i i r r r l ' l r c u . t s l r o r t t i t r l l i a r r i l z , I r i n ( o , l r

1 9 i 9 , o l r n I t n l i n n l n t h f r i n ( l i n A u s l r i n n n r ( ) t h c r

l 1 r ' e i n g N a z i s r r r . I ' r r c s p c n l h e r r r r L r l l r i r r I l . r l r . r r r r l

n ) ( ^ r 1 l t { ) I ' r r i s i n l 9 ( . 1 t o r 1 1 r . r r r l I : r o l e r r a t i o n r l t ,

s L l l x l r i ( r r r ( ( l { s I l t N r r A r t s . S b c r e n r a i n c r l i n I t r r i s ,

l r u t r l s o t r a r e l l c t l 1 h n ) u g l ) ( ) u t I r r r r o P t , r c t u r r r i n g

o l i t n t o l t . r l r u n t i l h ( r ( l c i l h i n l c ) 9 0 a l i t . r r l o n g

i l l r r c s s . ' l , l r r , r r r r l / r r t i r J

l : x a l . t t o t i i s l r < x r J c r r r r i l i r

l l l c s s i n g l r . r n s l a t t r l t l r t t i t l e o l I ' . r n e ' s r r r i , n . \ t t

J c r r n i l i r l l l c s s i n g , ' ( i i n a

I ' . r r r r " s \ \ ' i l n c s s t ' s . l h e

.\ t r< l icnr r ' . rn< l I 'hotognphr ' ' , / ' r ' r f ornuncc / l , rcurt b,

r o l 7 , r r o - 1 , 2 0 0 2 , p . l . l A l l t l r c o t l r c r

l r . l r ) s l . r 1 i { ) r ) s i n t l r i r . r r t i < l t ( l r c r l i r r r r r . r n r e t i t l c s ,

r ' s r i l t i t l e s , i n ( l ( l u { ) 1 ( \ ) i r ( n l i r ( , u r l ( s s

o l l r c r - u i s c i r r r l i r , r l c < l

) . / l c r n J , r 1 , / . r . l c r ( / ) r y / , r c , / \ t , n c r 1 i t t r o l r t r l t l t t

i r - l i s l n r ( ^ i r r { a p i l t o l s r r r a l l s l o n t s l i o r r r t l r t < h r k

i n l ( ) . l s l ) . r e r r l r c r r ' l h t r u r . r t . r r l r r r r c r l l l 1 h e s u r .

I t t r l L l t t t n n i t , r k p l , r < i n a r h r k r r x r n r u l r c r r '

t l r t . r r t i s t h . r r l p l r t l r l r s t r i t s o l r o l o t r r l i r l o l r j c t r s

u l r i t h s l r t t r s e t l t o o r ' . r t t a r l r c ' . r r r r l i k c l i n l l t i \ ( .

J . I ' . r r e ' s s t r l r s r r l r r e n l r l t i r r r r i n r o l r r r l r r r u l t i p l e

\ ( \ l t l ( r t ( e s l t t s u r l l r r s r ' r i t s o l t l r r e e ) .

. 1 . l ) . r n t n r r i r r l a i r r r r l l l r s l i r r g r r r l l a l r o r a t i r n u i l l r

l r . r r t q o i s t M a s s < r r . ( ) r l l r i s i s s t r r ' , s c e J u l i a

I I o r r n l o r r , ' ( i i n , r

l t , r n t r ' t I i r l n q o i s t M r s s o n :

I . t r r r r r l r l e r k u x s t r r s i l r i l i t t s ( ) u l . r ( r ) n n i \ ( r ) ( \ ' ( l ( s

r t g a r l s ' , . l r t l n r ' r n c c , r r o . 5 l t , r \ p r i l . l r r n c 2 0 0 . 1 ,

pp. 20 9.

5 . S e e l i l r r r r l i n e ( l r a r r n n e i n ( l t \ n r ) e M r r t h r r r , l

( r r l s 1 , ( i i n . r I ' . r r r c , ' l . r ( \ r i s i n r ( l ' u n c . r c l i o n ' , / c t t r c

) r t n l t ) t n L o n n u ( c ) ( l : t r r l t r t . r l i o r a l t s t r p i r i t r r r t r k s

l l c r u x r \ r t s : I ' . r l i s , ) ( X ) 3 ; , p . 1 9 . ( ) r i g i n a l l r

l r r r l r l i s l r t r f i n . l r t r r r , l l I n r t r n , n t o n , t l , n o . i 9 . 1 0 ,

: \ p r i l N o v n r l x r 1 9 7 7 , p . l i t .

( r . l i r r t x r t r p l r ' , ( n r t l r ( \ 1 ' r s ( ) ( ) l i n n s s ( r n l ) l n { c ( ) l '

( r ) n t i ( 1 l ) r i n t s r l o t u r r r c n t i n g I ' a r r t ' s . r s r o r t , k e P t i D

l l r t a x h i v c s o l l i l n g r i s I ' l r r c h a l t , I ' r n c i n t l i c r t c r l

t h e u o r r l s ' l : s c r l a r l t s r n q l a r r t r " . S i r r r i l a r l v , I - r r r r q r r i s

I ' l u r l r r r t r t l i l r t r l 1 o / r t o / u J c n d D d n r v r f J i i c i s' l : s t i r l a < L

s i n g l r n l e ' i n ' \ r i l r ' s

s u r l ( s n ( 1 i ( ) n s ( 1 .

( l i n r I ) r n r ' ' , S r ' l v i t M o k h t a r i ( c r l . ; , / ' . 1 r t : r r n u o c

J r l d r t i ( i p L l i o n a r r r r , r n r / c ( l i r l i t i o r r s J ; r i r ; r r c l i n t( ' h a n r l x r n : N i r n c s , 2 0 0 2 1 , p . 2 3 2 . ( ) r i q i n a l l v

p r r l r l i s l r e < l i n t l r c t x h i l r i t i o n c a t a l o g u c A t u r r l c r

u r l / c u n , M u s i c ( l ' a r t ( r ) n t e n l l ) o r i i n , I l o r r l c r u x ,

1 9 7 3 , r r r P a g e n u n r h r . F o r . r l i r l l , r r r r r u n t o l t h c

((rr1sl)(rr( leD(e belrrcen I)ane .rDrl I ' lut l rar l

rol i r ( l inL l :sat lalc non drcvl l \ i r j . , scc Janig 13(grx'

a n r l \ a t h a l i e I i r u k r u c h , ' l ) o s s i t r : ( i i n a l ) . r n t ' ,

I , s t l l r t l e n o n i u r c s t h c s i i c , l 9 7 l ' , J a n i g l 3 i g o c ,

( T h c , \ u t h o r 2 0 1 L P u b l i s h c r l l r r ' ( ) x l i r r t l U n i r e r s i t v l ) r c s s ; a l l r i { h l s r c s c r v c ( l

t lo i : I 0. I 09 l /oxart j /kcr020

Reviving the Collcctive

Anesthdside

Fr6d6rique Baumgartner

Bodv: Gina Pane's Escalade IJon

In thc s l ) r ing ( ) l 197 I , thc l ta l ian Aus t r ian ar t i s t ( i ina l )anc l )c r l i ) rn rc ( lEscolalc non (rnel i .hisi ;c (.Unoncsthctizct l Escolot ion) in l-rer l 'ar isian stut l io.

l

Accrrr<l ing 1o hcr, this rr ork sh<>rrl<l bc <lcsignatc<l as rn .rcl idn. For this is

hor ' r ' l )anc , a rnc ln l )c r ( ) l ' 1he l i r t l v Ar t n ro \ ' ( 'n rcn t , r l c f ine< l a l l hc r

l)cr l i )rman('cs, t l ' rat is, al l hcr \ \ 'orks \\ 'hosc nrcaning InJtcrial isc(l throtrgh

ht 'r bo<li lv cngag(' ln( 'nt. Thcst ' sl) .rn an clcvt 'n ycar lx 'r i(xl , l l 'onr ht 'r

r(. \ ' ( ' lalorv (.xl)cr i( 'n( '( 'u 'hi lc nraking Picrrcs JiTrlat ic.\ , hcr l i rst spontatrcotts

c r . r i ( )n ou t ( l ( ) ( ) rs in Ju lv 1968, th rough L i t t l c Journc l , J in 1979, her las t

l)ul) l ic I)cr l()rn)ar)( '( ' . '- l 'hc single s( '( lucn('c t t t t ion Escdlut lc non dnc$htsi ic crrnsistc<l () l thc art ist

cl irnbing, bart ' l i rot, an(l l )ar( ' l ' ran<lcrl , a la<klcr l ikt ' slrr-rclrrrc \ \ ' i th run{s

stu<l<lcrf r .r ' i th sharp rnt ' t :r l l ic sharrls. r

Scenringly lnas(xhist i( , 1hr' pcrl i rrnrantt 'laste<l l i rr l ' ral l 'an hour u' lr t 'n thc art ist, l r lccrl ing I)r() lLsel\ ' , r( 'a(hc(l a strt( ' () l

total t 'xhaustion.

Althotrgh l)( ' r l i )rmativc in naturc, I ' .stalo. lc non dncsthcsicc took plac'c $ i thout

an au(l i( 'n( '( ' . I Iowcvcr, Js \ \ ' i th l)ant"s othcr (r(t ion.s, i t r l i<l involvc uhat shc c'al lc<l

a .on.st.rt , t l ' rat is, photo <lot 'unr( 'ntat i()n, ( 'x( '( Llt( ' ( l in crr l lalrorat ion r 'r ' i th thc

photographcr l ]rangoist ' Ml*., ,n.* F,r l l ' . rnt ' , photo r locutn( 'r)tat i() I) \ \ 'Js JIr

intcgral l)art () l tht 'w'ork, bv no rrcans s( '( ' ()n(larv to thc lrcr lorrnarrct ' i tscl l ' .Sh t ' cxp la ine< l tha t a l )e r lo rman(c inc lu< l t ' r l th rc r ' par ts o l ' c<1ua l impor tan t ' t ' :

thc grounrlvr 'ork, consist i t . tg () l l )rcl)rrat()ry ( lra\\ ' i r)gs, photographs, an(l lexts;

thc actual l)cr l i )rman(c; an(l thc s( ' lcct i()n ol photr>graphs takcn r luring thc

l)cr l i )rnri lncc, u'hich c'onsti tut( ' ( l tht ' (on.sr(rt .- [n this cr>ntext, thc prcscnr:c ol '

an au(l icn( '( ' ( l i ( l not al) l)clr as ( 'ssontial, Js the .on.r l( l t , in I)anc's vitu,

transmittc<l tht 'pt:r l i rrrnanco most r: f l ic icnt lv. L'r l ict, shc marlc clt :ar thal thc(dnrldf \ \ 'as rx)t scl)arato f i-<>rn thc l)cr l()rmancc; instcarl , i t u'as 1lar1 ol ' hcr

I)cr l i )rmativt ' languagc, as i t al lo\\ ,c( l hr:r to gui<lc m()rc cl()scly thc vicu,r 'r 's

gazc in his/hcr cnc()untcrr \ \ , i th the l)cr l i )rmincc.In thc casc ol Escalalc non oncsthisiic. thc consraf t()ok thc lirrm ol'

sixty nint: black-an<l- lr ,hitc enlargc<l c()ntacl l)r ints, rcc()r-r l ing cvcry <lctai l

of l)ant: 's painful asccnsion. Tht 'sclcctc(l prints rr 'cre af l ixerl to a vert icral

\ \ ,()(xlcn l)ancl thc crxact sizc ol thc larl<lcr, 123 x 160 crn. Thc la<l<lcr,

placcrl ncxt to thc pancl a f i ' r .r ' ccntimctrcs apart, c()ml)]ctc( l thc consrar of

[,sca]arlc non (tncsthisiie (Fig. 1 ). I1' uo vicu'cr attcn<lctl Panc's [sca1o,1c

Sanglante (BlooLly Climb\, as thc art ist an(l somc crr i t ics ()ccasional lv r lubl>crl

this violcnt pcrli)rmancc, thc constar attcstccl to thc highly disturbing( l

nJture ( ) f hc r gus ture .

Thc consrat <f [.rru]url" non trnesthisi;c is kcpt t<>rlav at thc Mus6c national rl'art

mo(lcrnc Ccntrc Pon'rpir l<iu in Paris. How,cvcr, s()mc of thc photographs also

circulatcrl in magazincs. In particular, thc crcation in thc autumn of 1971 of

thc Frcnch c:r i t ical journal r lr t i tut les (rcnamccl i l r t i tLt les Internutionnl thc

()xr()1rr) ART JOLrr{N-AL l.l..2 201 l 247-261

Frcrli r i<1uc l lrumgartncr

F ig . 1 . G ina Pane, Esca/a . ie non anes thds ide , 1971, b lackandwhi te photographs on wood pane l and s tee l s t ruc tu re , 323 ' 32O r 23cm. Photographs :

FranQoise l\4asson. Musee national d'art moderne-Centre Pompidou, Paris. (Photo: ' Adagp, Paris 2011.)

f i r l louing _\ 'car) l)r()\ ' i ( l ( '<l l 'ane uith an ol)[)()rtuni lv to <l isserninatt 'hcr w,ork.

Founrlc<l hv thc art ( r i t ic Frarrqois l) lut h;.rrt an<l t l rc lJorlv Art ist Ni l i t l rcl

J<rurni.rt ' , thc journal sut 'ct 'ssirclv pul) l ishc(l in i ts ()clober 19'71 issuc an<l i ts

Oct<>lrcl l )cccmbcr 1974 issuc a sclcct iorr of pl ' rotographs f l 'on'r E.scalurlc non, , . , f

d n c . \ I n c s l e c .

In a<l<l i t ion to carcfr . r l lv crrnccivcr l con.srdl r

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ol ' hcr cphcmcr.r l i rct ions, l)anc

in gcr r t ' ra l , p t r l , l i s l r i r rg .ss . l rs in

\ . r t h . r l i c I J o r r l o r r r h , l r l r . r r r l . r l r L r r n , r n { t r l s 1 , I r

l \ ' r l , ' r n t r n , . t . 1 - n t r c , r a l ] r L r ' e r / ' r r r i t r i f \ i i , n l c r r f , t i r . i r i l i \

( l ' r c s s c s L l r i r c l r i t r j r t r r l , l \ ' o n c s : l L t n r e . ,

2 0 1 0 1 , p . l + l 5 1 . I t l r a n k J . r n i g l l t g o t l i r r

l r r i n q i r r r r t h i s h x r l 1 , , r r r r n t l c n t i ( ) n .

7 . S c e l r t i t r r r / c r , t r o l , ( ) r l o b c r 1 9 7 1 , I r r n < l

. l r t i t u J c t l n r c r n a r t , t u , r / . r r r . I 5 1 7 , O r r o l x r

[ ) e t t r t l x r I 9 7 . t , p . i S .

l i - I ) lDc, . l crrrc.

9 - S c t l o r n i l c r l l l c s s i n g , ' S o r n r ' \ o 1 r ' s

o n C i n . r

l ) . r n e ' s \ ! i r u n r l s , i r t h c c x h i b i t i r n t . r t . r l o g u c ( i r n r r

/ ' . r n c , j o h n I I a n s a r < ] ( i a l l t r r . S o t r t h , r n r p t o n , 2 0 0 2 .

I) l ) . -2 5 l ( . ) .

1 0 . S e c l i r r e r r r r r p l e K r t l r r ( ) ' l ) r ' t l r n

\orrrnrrrc . l , ru,r / i r r j ' r r ; / t l r i ' . r ' r l r rr ( I 97 I I an<l thc

r r r . r l s l l g c i n ( r r r r r u r r r r ; l / ; r / r c \ l r n . . l / , r r t h r v n ,

/ ' , r ' f , , r r r , r n , r l n . n t J t l t L / 9 7 ( ) r ( U n i r c r s i l r o l

N l i r r u c s o l , r P r . s \ : N l i l l t ( . t l ) o l i s . r r r r l I o r r r l o n ,

I t ) ( ) S ) . l ) l ) t 9 6 0

I L l t r ' S o r r e

N r i c s r n ( l i n . r l ' r r r t s \ \ i r r r r r r l s ,

l l l l s s i r g l r x r k s l r r l i ( l l l r r l \ . r t I ) . t r e ' s l z i o n r

. \ o r r a r r r r r , r / , . ( l 9 7 l ) . s h i ( l l s l x L r s c s . r s . r ( . , l s e \ l u ( l \

l o r r l c r r r r r n s t r ' . r t i l g t l t c r L l r l i o r r s l r i p l x . t u c o r l ) . r n t , s

r r r l r ) r ) r i r ( l / ' r , / r r t / 1 , . I I e l i l t , ( i r , r L r s , r r r r l o l t l r r .

r r . r i n r 1 l ) r 1 \ ( n 1 . l t j \ t s o l i l r r r / r r r / ' , , , t l . t l x , r . r t r x l t l t c

l l r l r r r r o l , t , t t t u n l L n t n u n c . . r r l r r l t , o l r r r i l i n g

r l i r t t t r r l s p t t i l i r . r l l r t r n r . r r r l s l i n r . r l r . r l , s i r r . .

l l l c s s i r r g r r s t s i 1 r s . t r r c r p l . r n . r t o r r r r r r x [ . ] l i r r l z r , , r c

\ r r r t l r r r r t , r / , . . r r , r t r , , r r l i x r r s i l { ] o r r l i r r i r r i u r .

s \ l l l l r ) l \ , l t r ( l t t \ i t t l ] r l ) . l l ( r r r . r l r r r L l a P l r o r - s .

I ) . . \ P r , . l i r . r l i o r r r l t " l o l r j c t r L l x l l L J ' ( n n ) ( l . r l .

l r I r i s s r ' , l r ' l ) ( ) i n l ( s l r . i l l ( l t . l l ) l ( r . s L r r r r I P . t I , l , r r r L r r

' 1 , t r r ' , r r . r t ' l r ' r . , 1 , , l ' , " r . . , , . r i l . r . i l \ r r r ! \ , J i , l

c s r , r l . r , l c r I l r . t t l ( n l . l l q ( , 1 o r r 1 r ' s . r r r r r l i r r ' .

I s r . r l . r r l r ' . r s s . r t r l , l ' t r r r , l r r r i l i o t r . r r r ) r r ) \ ( . r ) r l r r ) ( .

, , l r , l l , \ 1 r . r 1 ( t i ( . ( l u i l , r r s i s l r ' , r { l ) \ i r l t . \

" , , l r , l , ' r r . " I ' , r r . t l . r r l , r l l , t t r , l i l t , . ) l \ i ( . l r , r r ) .

\ t t t . t , l l s , r r t i . t , ' . l u \ \ i . l t i J l l t r . r ) l I ) ( , r ) l i . r ) )

, 1 , ' t r l l t r r ' l r l r r . i r l L r L . i r r r r l r , , i r r t ( , u

l ) l u \ r i l r ' \ l r . r r l s< l r r r o r p s . | ) o r r l t L r l i r t l r r r L . l r r , r l o r r , l t . . , , r r l l i . r r r , t .

I ) , r r r l , L r l r r r , r r . r l r " . ( ) L r o t L r l i r r \ n n ( r t i r n ( r ( . j ( , r / r . r

/ i r r r r l , r , r r ' 1 l r l i t i o r r I . r l l : l ' . r r i s , l ' ) ' ) 7 t . l r . ( r 5 .

Rcr iring tl ie Collecti lt- Bocll

journals srrch as . l r t i tut lcs, ( )pus Intern<t t iondl , an( l Ar t Press. A col lcct ion of her

manv not( 's pulr l ishccl in 200] o l lcrs fur thcr- ins ight into her ar t is t ic out look.3

Thc l -ar :arr i rn inf l , ' r ion ol ' l )arrc 's \ . \ ' r i t ings, as Jcnni l -cr 13lessing has pointccl

out , is cv i< lcnt . '

, \ t cor<l ingl_r , psvchoanalvt ic thcorv has bccn usc( l

rccurrcnt lv as . t lcns through \ \ 'h ich to L ln( lcrstan( l thc ar t is t 's

l ) ( r t i ) r l n J t i \ r ' r J t i o r r . r l t ' . 1 " Bu t l ' anc ' , \ \ ' r i t i ngs , pa r t i cu l a r l r l n rm thc 1970s ,

arc a ls() st ron{ lv l )o l i t i ( is( . (1. Houcvcr, th is aspcr. t o l ' } rcr ar t is t i ( . pra( t i (c

sccms t( ) havc bct 'n L ln( l ( . r J( .kno\r ' lc<lgcr l , r lcs l t i tc i ts ovcr la l t \ \ ' i th thc

l ) svchoana l v t i ( ' ( l imcns i ( ) I l o l ' h t ' r wo rk . l l l c ss i ng r l cn rons t ra t c t l t ha t t hc

Lacanian ( l is( ourse u i th in w l ' r i r .h l )anc's l ) ract icc ( ,an l )c s i tuatc( l \ \ .as that

t f cvcl<r l rct l l r_v thc gr()u l ) P. i l ' .h(r ndl)sc ct Pol i t icyrc (Ps,vch ct Po); th is lx) inte( lto tht ' pol i l ica l

, in tcnt o l l )ant"s \ \ ( ) rk, ( ( )nsi ( ler ing thc l i ' r ' r ' r in is t l i runt lat ion

o| Pych ct Po." Yct , a nror t ' tangiblc shi f i ( ) f cml)hasis l i -ont psvchr>-

ar)alvt i ( 1hcor_t to thc ; lo l i t i t . r l ( ont( 'x t ( ) l ' thc t i rnc st . t ' r ' r ' rs nc( .cssarv to

l t lact ' l ! . rc , r / , r ,1c n()n ( rnc.r lh( js i . jc h istor ical l l . Inr l t ' t ' r l , I )ant"s cxplanal i ( ) r ) ( ) l h( ' r -

i t r t t ' t r t io t r n i th r l r is l ) ( ' r l r ) r rJn( r ' r ( \ ( . r l ,s l r t ,u sht ' ( ( )n( ( ' i \ ' ( . ( i i t pr inrar i l r ' . rs

. i l ) ( ) l i t i c r l s l i t ( ' r ) l ( ' r ) 1 :

Af ter f ix ing ihe metal object , ladder ' , s tudded wi th sharp metal l ic shards, to a wal l ofmy studro, I c l imbed/escalated barefoot and bare handed, up and across i ts fu l l length.

Escalat ingassaul t ing a posi t ion wi th a ladder strategy, which consists of c l imbing the'steps' .

American escalat ion in Vtetnarn.

Art is t ar t is tstooescalate/ascend.

Pain phls ical pain in one or several parts of the body.

Internal pain, c ieep, suf fer ing. Moral pain.rT

I ' l n t " s n ' l i ' r ' t ' n c t ' l o l h r ' \ ' i r ' l n rn r \ \ ' . r r i n t l i t , r l t ' s h ,n r hc r ' \ \ { ) r k \ \ . r s 1h ( ' r ) { r ( ) un ( l ( . ( li t t l r t t l ' t t i t t q i s s t t t s o l ( ( ) n t ( ' n r l ) ( ) r ' . l r ' \ p , r l i t i t s . l ' h t ' r r , l i , r t ' n r ' t ' l o l l t r ' \ ' i t ' t r r an r War i s

i r t t t ' r r s i l i r ' t l l l r l t t ' r ' t t s t ' o l n t i l i t a l ' _ r t t r t t t i no l og . v ( . r s s . r u l t , l x ) s i t i on , s ( t ' . t t ( ' { _ \ ) . l t ( l

r t ' i r r l i r r t . ' t l l r 1 l r t ' r ' ; l l . r r ( ) n t h ( ' \ \ ( ) r ' ( l i l . r , i r L r , / c u l r i < l r i r r F r - t ' n t h r r r r ' . r ns t i i r r r l r i nq

( . r s ( ( ' n ( l i n { ) ( ) r ' ( ' s ( . r l , t ( i n { ( i r r . r r r a r n r t ' t l ( ( ) l l l l i ( ( ) .

( ' ons i r l t ' r ' i ng s l ) c ( i l i ( J l l _ v t h i s po l i t i ca l ( on ( ( . x ( wh i t h , i n [ : r an t . t ' , \ \ ' . l s a l s ( )

l I ) . l r k ( ' ( l l r l t h r ' s t r r< l t ' n t l ) r ) t ( ' s t s o l Ma r ' 6 l J ( l r i s . r r t i t l t ' ( ' x Jn r i n ( ' s t hc t ' x1 t ' n t

to n 'h i t h Si t r , r . t t ior t is t t l r t 'or- i t 's , .u l ( l nr() r ' ( ' l ) . i r - t i (u l . r r l \ ' ( i t r_r ' l ) t ' l rorr l 's 1rr . \o i r r l l r l

. /u y ' .11.1. /1 ( 1967), l i 'anrc<l l ' . rnt ' 's Pol i t i r ' . r l gt 's tur t ' in , l ls t i i /a,1c n()n ( rnc. \ r f icr iJc.

I t a rgu t ' s t h . r t I ) t ' l r o r r l ' s t h t . o r ' _ r ' , n I r i t h { r ' e i l t l v i n l l u . ' n r t r l 1h t ' . l l t i s t i ( .

ln() \ ( 'nr( 'nt kn<lrr n as ( t r t J() ( , ( ) / ( )g iVrrc, lc t l I ) . tnt ' to l ) lJ(( ' ( . ( )n( . ( ' l ) ts st r r ,h as

l x ) l i t i ( . r l . l ( t i ( ) l i . i t ) ( l ( ( ) r n r n L r n i ( . r t i ( ) n a 1 t l ) ( ' ( ( ' n t r ( ' ( ) l h t ' r w o r k . M o r t ' o v r . r ,

i 1 shou ' s t h . r t l ' an t " s us ( ' ( ) l t h ( ' no t i ( ) n ( ) l . r r u ( ' s1 l ) ( . s i a ( ' l n ( ' r { ( ' ( l i r r r t ' spo r r s r .

1 o t h t ' r l i s t o u r s t ' ( ) n a l i ( . n . r t i ( ) n < l c r r ' l o P c < l l r l l ) c l r o r r l a n < l h i s l i r l l r x l e r s .

At cor<l i r rg l r ' , i t . i rqut .s that thc v i t 'u ing ol ' I ;scci / . r t1c non dncsth;s icc 's tunsr i r l ,

t hanks t o v i su . r l s ( r J ( ( . g i cs h i { h l i gh t i ng t hc v i cue r ' s ( . onn ( ' ( , t i ( ) n 1o t hc

largcr socia l l rot l r , l ) r (x lu(( 's h is/hcr rc l r l r r ) t ( ) ( . ( )ns( . i ( )L lsness as l i r as

l ) r ( ) r a l r c s l ) ons ib i l i t r i s con t t ' r r r t ' < l i n r . on t cx t s as c r i t i ( , a l ; t s l l t a t ( ) l ' t l t ( '

V ic lnan-r War.

Pane, a Polit icised Artist Rall ied to Art Socio/ogique

At tlre tinrc I)anr';: l t 'r l irrnrerl [.sca1aJc non oncsthisiic, thc LISA ha<l l>c.e.n inxrlvctlin thc Victnarn('sc (()lrf l i(t f irr ovcr six vcars. In France, t l 'rc conll ic't \\ 'as l)r()ughtto thc public. 's att( 'r)t jor) thr,,uqll artit, l t.s .rn(l l)h()t()graphs ol thc ra\aqcs ()f ahc

( ) x r . ( ) r ] . l ) . 1N I J ( ) L I t { \ . \ 1 . l . + . t 201 I 251

Frtlclcricluc Baumgartner

\ \ ' .1r publ ishcrd in thc rccc-ntly creatc(l an(l in(r(.asinglr ' l topular l t-r .U.rzincs

I'Erl,rcrs and I-c \bule1 Obsentrrerrr. Within ['anc's ocuvrc. .'r t()t.rl of thrt'r'

\\ orks (,e Riz. No. I , 1970 1971 , Escalarle non .rncvhtisrc:t' .-rntl\rrrrrr i .rrrc , lctu,r l i t ls t l leyisics-Fcu, l97l I rcfcr cxpl i<ri t l r t() tht, Viet lranr \ \hr.

l l

Th t ' r ' r r rns t i tu t r ' .1 un iquc bo< lv o f n<r rk , l s no r> t l rc r a r t i s t u t>rk inq in Franc t '

a t thc t imc ovcr t l v tack lc t l thc V ic tn . rn r War in h is / l rc r ' . r r t i s t i t l ) ra ( t i (c . In

l l t t , thc bac'kgroun<l ot ' thc pol i l i r ' is.r1ion ol th. ar rrrt ql lr lu shoulr l l : tc

na t iona l l r '< l i f l ' c rcn t ia tc< l : ra ( l i ca l po l i t i t ' s in th t 'L ISA an< l in Franc t ' r rc 'ccssar i l lr l t ' r 'c lrpt-cl r .r ' i thin scparatc spht:rcs, u i th tr>rlcsporrt l ing t l i t lcrt ' rrccs in tho u ar

in uh ich thc a r t i s t i c avant gar ( l c rcspon< lc< I . h r th r ' L ISA, th t 'n t 'n s , r t ia l an t l

pol i t ical (()nt(-nts r 'r ,hich art practiccs cntai lc<l ncrt ' intcrtuincrl not r>r 'r lv uith

thc anti u ar movcm('nts, but also u' i th thc l i 'nr inist anrl minoritv( 'r-nl)()\ \ :crmcnl m()\ 'cmcnts. In Francc, i t is in thc tonlcxt ol thc Mav 6[ ' l( ' \ 'cnts, f i>r uhich tht Intcrnotiontt lc Situtt t ionnisrc an<l i ts lc.r<lt ' r Guv l) t ' l ror<l

pr<x i t lc<l an i t lcologir:al [) 'amcvr,ork, that i ] l lc\\ ' pol i t ical anrl social

t 'onsc ' iousncss cmcrg t ' r l , in t ' l u< l i r rg am()ng v isua l a r t i s ts . ' * Ih is po l i t i ca l an< lsocial art ist i t ' <lr ivc cngcn<lcrct l in Franct ' a spt ' t i l ic tcrn'r ort sotiolot1i,ytc

wh ich sornchou < l i< l no t makc i t in to th t ' nar ra t i r r ' o l 'a r t h is to r r ' , l ru t w . rs i r r

voguc i t-r Franc'c in thc 1970s, as (()nt( 'ml)() l 'arv art iclcs att(.st.

In tht 'carl ,v 1970s, I)ane r 'r ,as consi<lt ' rr '<l a rt 'prcst 'nta1i\ ' ( ' () l (rrr st ' . io/orl i , /uc. In

1977, Fre<l Forcst, thc inst igalor ol '1his art ist i( mo\'( .nr(.nt in th( ' l . i tc 1960s,

t t t t ' n r l r t ' r o l '1h t ' ( i r l / cc r i l l ' o r t soc io loq i t l t rc as o l l974 u i th I I t ' r v t ' F ischcr . r r r r l

Jcan l 'au l Thcr ro t , pub l i shc< l a book t 'n1 i t l c t l , .1 r t ro t io /ogr ,1 t rc , r l t ' l i n ing i t . rs 'an

.rqt 'nt ol contt 'stal ion an(l a(t i()n' an<l thcrt ' lort ' as ' .r l r t 'har iour' <l ir t ' t t l t ' l i rrkt ' r l

t o l h t t r J l t s l i , r t t ) . l t i ( ) n o l s o r ' i r ' 1 r ' . ' ' L , l t i . , , r r t t . t r t i s t i r l ) r ' . 1 ( l i ( 1 , I - ' ) t i ' s t

r t ' j t ' t t t '< l th t ' t ra< l i t iona l a r t i s t i c rnc< l i i r uh ich h t . rons i< l t . r ' t .< l t l i t i s t . l l i s r ro rks

l i 'onr tht ' lc)70s (r 'r ,hich, l ikc I 'anc, ht ' <lt 'scri l r t '<l b,r ' tht gcrrt ' r i t t t ' rrrr tzt irr l)s)

rvt 'r t ' c l tar.rt ' t t ' r isc<l by .rn attcml)t (o lrr ing to tht ' au<licn< t"s .rt t t 'nt ion r 'r ' t t . t i t t

socio t ' trr t ' rorrt ic rt 'al i l i t 's trv rnr ' .rns ol <1trt 'st ionrrairt 's, srn'rt ' r ,s, r l t ' l ratcs, t ' l r ' . ,

lhus t ' r rcourag inq ar - r r l i cn r ' ( ' l ) . r r t i ( ' i l )n t io r r . ' " Acr ' , r l r l i r rg l r ' , I i> r ' r ' s t r l t ' l j n t ' t l th t '

l i rnc t ion o l 'h is uork as cxc lus iv t ' l y t locunr t 'n ta r r . S i rn i l . r r l r , l ' . rnc occas iona l l \ '

tuscrl r loc'urrrcnts provir l ing socio r:rrrnonrir ' l . r i1s t l trr inq ht 'r ' pt 'r l i rrmant t 's.

S<lt ' t t ' r ' r i t ics w,ho rssociatcrl l 'anr"s r 'r 'ork with dtt sociolot l i t l rrc nt ' t ' t 'Fr ' ;rntr, is

I) lut hart, u'r i t ing not onlv l<>r t lr t i tut lcs but .r lso lor (,rnrAot, arrr l I) icrrt '

I l cs tan l ' . In 197 1 , I ) luchar t c la i rn r :< l in an t ' ssay t l c ro tc t l to I tan t ' ' s ( r r r rdnJ :" l 'hc intr:nt ion ol ' bo<li lv dct ion is t() ()r)ur thc in<l ir i r l r .r .r l rrrnsciousrrt 'ss 1o

nraj()r soci() logical lhcts' . I t

Similrr lr , I l t istanr r lcscri lr t ' r l hcr art isl i t practiccfrorn 1970 otr as socio/r17i,1uc.

l ' ) Mort '<)\ 'or, ,4rr i tu( le.r, thc nrl in Frt 'nch journal

r le<l icatcrf t<r l l<r<lv Art, sin'rr,r l tancously l>ecame a plat l i rrm l<>r ort sociolooit l trc,

which in(l icatcs hovl ' ctrt sociolooit luc an<l [ ]<xlv Art n,t ' rr ' pertt ivct l as rclate<l

art isl ic tr , ,ua,rna,ntr. )"

Tht ' t t :rm drt sociolooiqLLc may apl)car, at f i rst, unspr:ci l ic. For any art ist

clrmmcnting <ir.r social issucs which rcprcsentct l a vcry lar.qe , intcrnational

sl)cctruln of art ist ic pro<lucl ion in thc 1970s coul i l l>c lx)tcntial l_\, cal lcr l a

Socriological Art ist. Hou'cvt:r, i t is crucial to notc that cr i t ics lookin{ at .rrr

sotiologit l t te argucrl that art ists'sociokrgical intcntions \^crc historical ly

<lctcrmincrl , the-rcl irrc ncccssari ly l inkccl to thc pol i t ical (ontext ol ' the t irne.

In his art ickr 'L'art sociologicluc' f r<im 197.5, tht: art historian l lcrrrar<l

Ti'\'sst\<lre- (a subscqucnt crrntributor to Forcst's lxrokl wrotc:

Lart sociologique arises at a specific time in history: the time when many artists,whose artistic endeavours were quite different at first, became conscious of theircommon goals ( is i t by chance i f , in France, this t ime arises after May 68?).. . . Instead

252 ()xt joRl) \ t tT J()LtI{NAl t4.2 201 l

I i . 1 , R r z \ ' , , i i n c l u < l r ' < l . r t r . r g r r r c n t , , l e r i t r .

p . r r i l r e v o k i r r , l \ ' i c t r r r r r , r . r r j o u . r l i r r r n r r n 1 s

I , , r l , r I i l t r : , t , ' r ' r . i . r r r , l r r t ) ( ' i t r \ t ' i l r r r , l r r r ' l l r L

r r , , r , l / t r z . i l r , ' , . , ' r r , l . , , 1 r r , r r L , , , 1

\ r , r r r r i t r r r r l ( t r / ( r / i t f r t . l l l r i i l c \ / r r r t r r n s i s t L r l r r l I ) , r n L

u . r 1 t l r i i g I \ ' D ( \ \ s 1 1 l ) ( ) r l i D { { ) n t h r ' \ i r l D a D r \ \ . r r ' .

u i t h a l r r i g l r t l i g l r l ( l i r e ( 1 ( ( l 1 < r r a r r l s l r e r l . r r t .

l , l . I I o n t r t , r , ( i L n l ) c l r o r < l s l l r c ( ) r i c \ n r . i t l i n r e \

r l l f \ n n l 1 ( r t h e \ n r e r i r n n p o l i t i t . r l t o n t e r t o l t l r c

1 . i l ( , I ( ) 6 0 s a r r < l c r r l r 1 9 7 0 s . I i ) r i n \ 1 . u r ( 1 , t h c

\ \ i . l t 1 s ' r i ( ) t s r r I r t i n t e r P r t t r r l i n t l r t , i s s u c o i

I ) r r t r r l r e r I 9 ( r 5 o l / r r t c r n , a r o n u / L r r r u u r r r , n n r i r L r r r

l c r , , r t l l n t t r i t h t h e S i t u a t i < r n i s t t h c r r r i e s t h . r t

I ) e l x r r < l l r t e r s v t t t h e s i s g l i n . 1 o . \ r r r i l r . l , / u S / , r , r , r / c .

I 5 . ' t l r r c

r o n r l t r i t c r l i r r r l e n r c n t l i i r ' . \ l . r

t r r n s l i r l r r r a l i o r r r l t l . r s t x i c t t . A g c r t r l e

( r ) n t e s l . r t i ( ) r r ( 1 ( 1 . ( 1 i ( ) n ' . I r e r l I o r e s l , . l r t

r r r r r , / r , g r , 1 r r c ( t l r r i r n ( i i r r r : r r l e r l ' l : r l i t i o n s : l ' . r r i s ,

l ' ) 7 7 ) . l ) . + i . l ) r i o r l o l r r r c s l ' s p r r l r l i t . r l i r n , t l r t '

( o l I c L r i I J ' a r t v r r , , / r r / i g r r r p u l r l i s l r , " l ' i \ ' l l r i l i s t r , I r k

l ' . r r t s < x i o l o g i r l t r r " i n / r l / r r r J r , l 0 ( ) r t o l x r 1 9 7 - 1 .

I n . r r L l i t i o n , I i r r t s t < r r r r r l r r t l t r l . r r r i n l r ' r n . r l i o u . r l

s r r r r t r . i n . r r r . l 1 l ( n r l ) l t ( ) i n t ( , r l r . l t i ( ) | . l l i s e , r / r

' , u , , / , 1 / r . / r r r . I r i g l r t r r r l i s l s . r n r l c r i l i t s o r r l o l l l r t

- ) 0 9 t h . r t ] r c r o r t . r t t c r l i n l i u r o P t , , A r r e r i < 1 , . r r r r l

. \ s i r a r r s u e r t < l l r i s l h r c t r l r r t s l i r n s ; ( i ) | ) o c s r r r r

r , , r , , / , r 7 r , 1 u c ( \ i \ 1 / ( i i ) l ) o r o r r l i e l r o t t l x l o t t { ( r ,

l l r i s r r r r r t D r . o l i ' ( i i i ) \ \ ' l r . r l i s r o r r r o $ r r < l t l i r r i t i o r r

0 l r r r v r r , , / , r l r V r r c ?

I t ' l l r c r . r r r r p l t , i n / r r t c r r , r 7 , l r , , r r r ) 9 ( l 9 ( r 9 ) ,

r r l r i , l r i r r r , r l r , r l r l i s , r r . ' i , , r r . u i t l r t l r r ' . r r r r l j l r r r r ' .

l I r L . t . ' , t r " l r t l , ' l l h , l . t r ( , ' t . t l r , , j r . r D r ' . I ' , r r r , r r 1 , ' l

l r u l r l i t r t r s t i l L r t i o n s r r r l p r i r a l t l i r r r s l i , ' n r r r r l l r r r ' . r l

i r ) i t i . r t i \ ( \ .

I 7 . I l r i s r r r s l l r t r s e , l i r - t x a r r r p l t , i n

\r){ / rrr l r l rc . l . r1d/tr i r t i l l ( i r \ r i 'J / rrr , rr l tert tDagazirrs

r r , r , < l i s p l a l . l r r u . r t . r l r l r ' p l l c l n t x l l o r I \ 1

l r r r n r k . r s t i r r g t h r e r r s . l h r r r a g r z i r t r i r r l r r l , r l

p L r l r l i t i r t i r r r s l i o r r t h l l , J S I r l r 1 L r s t i t u t N . r t i o n a l r l e l a

S t r t i r t i r l u c c l r l t s I t r r l e s I r r r r r r r r i t l L r s ) . r r r l

t r r r r r r n i c j r l r r n . r l s , r l i s r u s s i r r g p r o b l t r r s o l n u t r i l i o l

i t t t l r t u o r l r l . I ) r x u r r t r r l s n e r , r l s o i n r l r r l r r l i n

r r r r l i c r i n s l r l l a t i r n s , s r r c h . r s / c / t t l \ , , . / .

l f l . ' 1 . ' i n t e n t i r r n

r l c I ' l t i o n t o r ; x r r c l l t t s t

r l ' o u r l i r l r c r r n s c i r . r r t c i r r r l i r i r l u c l l e i r l e s l r i t s

s r x i o l o g i r l L r t s r r . r j c u r s ' . I ' l r r r ' l r r l t , ' N o t c s s u r l c s

r t t i o r r s r l e ( i i r t a I ' r r t t ' , ( l ' , t r t : r t n , r r r , p . 2 ) 1 1 .

l ' l u c h a r t r r r o t r ' . r l s o a h r u t t l t t r r r r r k o l N l i t l r c l

J o u r t t i a t , t l r c o 1 l ) ( r r f l ) r ( s ( r r 1 . t 1 i v e o l l l t x l t A l t i n

l : r a n c e r t t h c 1 i t l c , r ' r n p h a s i s i r t g t r r o r , , t r r r l t r r o r ,

t l r t r t l . r t i t r r l r e t u r t n l J < x l r A r t . r n t l u r t r o r i o / r r T i g r r c

i n J o u r n i . r r " s l o r k -

1 9 . S e e l ' i t r r c l { c s t r r r r , ' l . r

r i l l i t i s o r i o l o g i c l u e

< l c ( i i t r a l ' a t t c ' , ( o n l l u t , l c ) 7 0 , a n . r r l i c l t

r r r c n t i o n u l i n l i r n c h e ' s l r i b l i , r g r a p h r . I n J u l r

I c)70, I lestanv \ \cnt t () l i r r in sPct i l ical l r 1{) . r t t ( ,n( l

t h e o 1 r ' n i n g o l l ' a n c ' s s h o u . ( ) n l l e s l a r r , r ' s < . r r e t . r

i s n r r . r r l ( r i l i ( , s c e I I c n r v l ) i ' r i e r , & c r r c / l c r r u l r :

I ' a l , h t n u r t J r / ' a r r ( E r l i l i o r r s ( i r c k r l ' A r t : l ) a r i s ,

Rer iving the Collcctivc Boclv

of wonder ing about ' the nature of Art , ' about i ts 'essence' , the issue is to re s i tuate theart is t ic pract ice in the context of a socia l Praxis. The 'quest ioning' has been al tered:from the realm of Art as an ldea it reached back to history.21

1 9 9 8 ) . l h i s b r , , r k . r l s o n ) ( n 1 i r ) n s ( h n t l { ( s t i n \ ' .

i ( t i l r { . r s t h e ( u f a l ( ) r r ) l

\ i r r r . , . l t i , r r r r . r l r 1 1 , 1 . t ; l , . , , 1 . . . 1 1 1 1 . , , 1 . r , 1 , l r . r r r , , r r . r i r

'1 , r r r ' , r , , , / r ,v iv ,c pr() ( 'css <lc<l i t . r1r . r l 1o tht ' r l t 'nun<' iat ion ol ' a l l tvpcs () l ' . r l i ( ' I rat i ( r )s ' , h ints at thc

1 h c I : r c n t l r p r r l r l i r t h a t l i x l r ' , \ r t s r s . r r r r r j o r

( 1 ) r l ( r r ] x ) r ' . l r \ t ) t ( ) \ e l l t ( , t ) 1 . I ' . l r t r o r y , r l ,

r o t r s i r l t r r r l l r r i t s o r g . r n i s c ' r s . r s r n t . r r r i l i s t o

t r i r i l r i t i o n . i t t t l u , l e r l l , r r k s l r r A t r , , r t i , l l r u s ,

) ) . ' L l 0 | r , , , , . . s r r s r l . r . t i o n r l r . s l i n t , t r i i , r r , r r r c ! r l r , s

a l i r ' r r r l i o r r s r l t l o t r l r ' s r r r l r r r r ' s ' ( l r o r I s t , l r t

v r r r , l , a r , 1 r r r , 1 r . i - 1 1

) I ' l ' . r r l r ' t s l l r l t t s t r r r , r l r j t t , [ ( \ ) n l ( n ] l ) ] . l l i ( ) D

o t t r I l t t i s l r i s r r r r ' . n r . r i r L r r r r ' l t o i r 1 t , ' r r r l , r r r e i l l c r r r

L r s r g , , l , l . t \ i ( ( l ' l u ( l r . r r t , ' l c r l r r P , k l o r r l r r i . t t ' .

I t r t : L t u , r r , , p l 7 - 1 1 . ( ) r i . q i r . r l l r p r r l , l r s l r , r l i r r

( , u r r l , , a , l O N l r r r l r l ' ) ( " )

' l r

' , , l r l , . r t t . r r r t . l , r ' , ' r ' . . " " , I t l l . r ' 1 , , . l . l r . l r l

, i , ) ) ) l ) , ) 1 ( r ) r ) l | ! l r ' s r l r ' 1 r ' r r r r i n i s r r l s . l ' l r r , l r . r r t ,' \ r r t l s

s r r r l c s . r t l i o n s , l L ( i i n , r l ' , r r , . / , r r r : r r r , r r r ,

1 , . ) : l - l

1 5 . ' l l l l o t t r t a t t r r ' o l ( o r r t e r r r . ( i i n r l ' , r r r ,

I ) i s t t r s s t s I l l r \ \ i r r k u i t h I r l l i t , 5 1 r , y , l r , r r r , r ' , l r t , r r , /

l r r r v ' , r o l . S , r r o . 1 , 1 9 7 1 , p . 1 . 1 . l u t h i '

i n t e r r i c r r , p r r l r l i s h e r l i n I n g l i s h , l ) . r r r l r l i l r ' r r l t r l

p r r l r l i r l r s o n r e \ i ( \ \ s s h ( l r . l l p r c r i o r r s l r , x p n s s e , l

i r l r c r r r o l r ' s : l h e r r l i s t , u h i l h l o r r g i r r g l o . r

g r r r u p o l i n r l i r i r l u . r l s . t n r o n g u h o n t t r i : t o r { . r t t i z t r l

r c l r l i o n s , e s t . r b l i s h t r l l r r i n s l i t L r t i o r r : . r r r < l

{ u i r i n t ( o ( l l r r s a n t t i t r r s , ( i l i l l r ( . / : l r ( . s , ' r r i s l r . s

t r t r r t t h i n r s c l l / h c r s c l l l i r r r r r r r r i , r l , r g i r . r l i : r u e s

o l l { ) n l l ) ( ( r ) D l f n f \ ' ' l x ( ( , n l ( . \ ( . n s l l l \ ( , l r ' .

fct ishisati<xr ol ' thc r>lr jcct an(l thc l)()\ \ ' ( .r ol thc rnass nrc(l ia as t l ' rc csscntial

l i rrces against uhich urt so(ioloqiqLrc stoo<1. Likcnist ' , in 1969, I) luchart $'r()tc

tha t l i r r Journ i i rc 'a r ( rvas n( ) long( ' r an ( ) l ) j c ( t ( ) l ' ( ' ( ) r ) tenr l ) la t ion or fc t i sh isnr ,

j l " " ' . ) t ' ] " ' " ] l ' ' \ lu t h l . N' r rnr ' r r t . Ni t : ' h, as an rr t is t

' l ight ing, < lc 'nouncir rg an( l ( 'nqaging in a bat t lc against

l , . r r r , . r r r r l i o r r r n i . r t ' s s r , 1 L ; 1 1 r [ r ( . ( ( , n r ( . \ l ( , l 1 l r ( . ' r C l r l S t ' t t l F o f t ' S t ' S \ i ( ' \ 1 1 ) ( l i t l t . '

l r , , r ' . 1 r , . i , , , , . , ' t t l . ' , l ' . , ' . , l t t t t t t . r t t , , .

. , l l l l ' l l \ , , r 1 \ i r , r ' , ,

, 1 , l , r r r \ t \ , , ! , , 1 1 1 1 1 r , r ! : l , , 1 : . . . _ . . _ | . : I

l \ r l , s r r r s , r n ' r ' s s c r r r " , i l : . r g i t , l , . r , , r r t r , r l . r ( ( ) t ) t ( ' x t 6 l t h t ' i l t t r r t . < l i . r t t ' . r l t t ' r ' r r r a l l r < l l M a f 6 8 .

l ) r ' . r l i ( l l r ( . u t i s l i ( l u ( r l . t r r s l ( r , r r r l I r 1 r ' r l i r r r , l ' r - . t r i r

. ' , r . ' 1 , I , l i , r r , l l r ' , l r r . . t r , , l n . r r , r t . r ! t ,

. r r l ' , r r r , l r r r " r . ' r r l r , , 1 , | \ r t , , ' n ' r ' , l ' 1 , , . ' l ' . r

, r , . , i , , r1 . t . r . s r ' r , i s r , i rL . r r t , . , , , . , , , r r i . . , , , r , , . The Body in Ac t ion , o r May 68 a t work. l . . r r t s r x i r l | r l g i t 1 r r t ' , , ( ) y t l s I t l t e t n . l t ' , t l . l l ' r l . , i > . I t l a I r i t i t t ' r r ' i t ' r r | i . r l t t l ] 9 7 ] l l ' i t h I ] l | ' i c S t c r l h a r l

l ' ) . ' . r ' l r , r

l f the ar t is t has a socia l conscience, he feels h is responsibi l i ty in the society in whichhe l ives. I bel ieve he can become a catalyst of socia l and moral change because hehas complete l iber ty of expression. He can, of course, delve into autobiographicanarciss ism or shut h imsel f up in h is tower, but he does have the choice of beingresoonsible on a socral level .2

K t ' t hc r t ' i s l ) a r r t " s ( ' n r l ) h . r s i s ( ) n t hc J r ' 1 i s t ' s r ( ' s l ) ( ) ns i l ) i l i t t ' , \ ' ( ) i ( c ( l t h r ( ) ugh J

c r i t i ( p l ( ' o l ' r no< l t ' r n i s rn . l s i l ( l ( ' n i . r l ( ) l s ( ) ( i ( ) l ) ( ) l i t i ( a l r ( ' a l i t \ ' . I l o r r . t ' r ' . ' r , sh t ' r ' r ' a s

n. ' i tht ' r Jn i l ( t i \ is t t ror l l t ' lonq( ' ( l t ( ) . rn! pol i t i ( r l l ) l l t \ ' . At thc sarnt ' 1 inr t , i r r

. r languagt ' r ( 'n) in is(( 'nt o l l ) r ' l rorr l , shc cxl r rcsst ' r l ht ' r r lcs i r t ' to t hrr l lcngc,

t l ' r r ough I r c r n , r l k , ' 1hc i n t t ' r n . r l r l e t t ' r n r i n i s r r . r ' l ) r ( ) l ) l x ' ( l u l ) l ) \ ' ' t h c r c {u l a t ( ) r \ '

s vs t ( ' n r s ' . ' ' As . r r t ' s t r l t , I ' an r ' ' s l ) r ( ) \ ' ( ) ( a t i \ ' ( ' l ) c r l i ) r n ra r ) ( cs cJn l x ' i n t t ' r p r c t c< l

as m( ' t a l ) h ( ) r i t a l a l i l r n ra t i r ) ns o f i nsu l ) ( ) r ( l i na t i ( ) n t o l r ' a r r l s . r u l h ( ) r i t v . l l u t t hc

art is t ar t i ( 'u la1c<l in nrrre s l )cc i f i ( ' tcrn ' rs thc rc lat ionship bctut ' r 'n hcr l l<x l r

A r t p rac t i c t ' an ( l t hc ( ( ) l ) t c rnJX ) ra r y l ) ( ) l i t i ca l s t a t c o l ' a { l a i r s . I n hc r t t ' x t

' l l c f < r r c Ma 'n 6 l J ' , \ \ r i t t c r t i n 1977 , shc r cca l l c< l :

Before May 68, a l l l iv ing forces in Par is were working intensely to be able to get beyondthe'Socia l Cr i t ic ism Theory ' in order to be at peace wi th ' real l i fe ' . ln th is broken, upsetenvironment, creat iv i ty was emerging everywhere. The confrontat ion of mine wi th thepost 1968 publ ic benef i ted f rom a re lat ionship that I could def ine as 'Act ive ' and mywork was not only looked at, but lived.28

( ) x r ( ) l i l ) . 1R1 . J ( ) L | t \A t ) 1 . ) ) 011 25 ]

Frtlclcricluc Baurngartner

I'anc's emphasis on thc $'ord 'Activcr' is critical. If rxrc agrt-t-s rvith hcr thatsubjcr:tivitv in Mav 68 \\'as inscparable firrm concrctcr action, thcnI 'crfbrmanc'c Art, bascrl on thc art ist 's bodi lv cngagcmcnt, logical l l cmcrgcclas a highlv rclcvant art ist ic morlt : . In oth.r ' st;r '<ls, t t t t ion, thtJlrasis o1'I 'ant: 'sr r , , r k ( l n , l . i n t i r l l n t . r l l r , t h t ' t i l l t , , l l j , , u r r r t l t h l n r a r r l ) \ s t t - l ( l ( . n t \ ) , \ \ J s i nsvml>iosis lr i th a ccntral aspcct o1' thc Mar 68 rhctori t .

' ln fact, thc

principlc of ' act ion kept cxlran<ling in the. pol i t ical r l iscourst ' as (. \ 'cnts

unl ir l<lc<l in rcaction to govcrnmcntal rcsistanc'c to sturlcnts'r lc 'manrls.

Jt 'an I 'aul Sartrc r lcclarc<l in March 1969: 'Explanation <locs not intcrcst thcsttt<lt 'nts Jnvrn()rc. . Thcv halc cornc to a l toint n hcrc onlv act iorrnrattcrs' .

l" - Si,r ' r i lar lr , , ;r g,. ,u1, r, t \ \ ' ( ,nr(. lr ,n,, .k"r. , al ie r rnorrths ot

tuttpr<>rluct ivc t ' tcgotial iotts with thcir c 'nrplovcr, t ' r 'cntual lv <lt 'c ' i<lct l 1() ()c(Ll l) \ ' ,

< lav an< l n igh t , thc la t tc r ' s o f l i cc , r l cc la r l lg 'now, \ \ ' c i l re in thc 'ac t ion ' , a \ r 'avt o s i g n a l t h c i r s t c p i n 1 ( ) l r u c r c s i s t a n c ' t ' . ' ' - l ' n , , , ' a l s o r i c w c < l t l i c b < x l r , i n . r . t i , , n

as t lc nr()st p,, ."cr l i r l l l ( 'ans through n l ' r i . Ir lo ( \ l )n ss Ir. . 'soc ial

t 'o t tsc i t ' r t t t " . A t ln r i t t t ' t l l r ' , sh t 'p ro r luc t '< l non pcr l i r rn ra l i r t ' , r ' e1 po l i t i c . r l norks

pr io r to h t ' r , rc t ions , such as thc ins ta l la t ions 1 . , r / t chc cn , lcu i l l i c ( l96 l l 1969;

rn< l l inczro , l c r lu r t r t l t r t P . r / i (1969 19701. \ ' I lu t : rs thc l ro< lv *as in t ' rc ; rs ing lvl r t ' i ng t ' xP lo i tc i l l r l a r t i s ts to a tk l rcss soc ia l anr l Pr , l i t i t . r l i r .u , r , l ' . rn . ' . sh i l t tolJor lv Ar t in< l i ca tcs tha t Mar '6 l i o r i t ' n t t ' r l hc r a r t i s t i c < l i rcc t ion . I t i s in th iss t ' n s t ' t h a t h t ' r s t a t t ' n r t ' n t ' , , , r 1 . , ' g , , . , g t . i s t h . r t , r l t h c b o < l t s i n c t ' 1 9 6 | i , n h i c h

is to s . rv th . r t . r l l o l ' r r l uork i s n r r l t ' r ia l i z t ' r l < l i rc t t l r b_v nrv l ro r lv l s l l r c rnar r rr r r t ' r l i L rn r . rn t l loo l l i r r n rv cont r 'p ts ' 1 lk t ' s o r r i t s l i r l l n rc . rn ing . "

' l ' hough sh t ' tons i<k ' r t ' t l h t ' rs t ' l l a t t t c tn l r t ' r o l th t ' I Jo< lv Ar t r r ro r t ' rn tn t in

t h c c . r r l r l c ) 7 0 s , l ) . r n t ' s i n i u l l . r r r c o u s l y c r r r P h . r s i r . , l t h t i n r P . r ' l r n t c o l ' t h t '' soc io log i r i i l l ro r l r ' ' i n h t ' r x r>rk . As sh t ' t ' xp l . r inc t l i r r h t ' r t ' ss . l , ' ' fhc

I . l t t r ' t t . t r ' t r , l th t 13 , r , l r ' ' :. \ -

The systematic study of the body never isolated from others bodies allows not only tolocate but to deduce that the body is the pr imary and natural instrument of socio logy.For these reasons, for my own commitment ga/7O: ecological body,77/74:socio logical body), I wish a good journey to companions who are involved in asocio logical pract ice, accompanying them from t ime to t ime but remainingfundamental ly involved in my art is t ic pract ice which is cal led: Body Language/Body Art lSocio logical Body.3a

' l l r t ' n ' l i r r t ' , l ' a r r t ' l i ' l t a k i n s h i p u i t h t h t ' S o t i o l o g i r ' . r l A r t i s t s , . i l l t h c * h i l c

t l i l l i ' r t ' n t i . r t i ng hc r sc l l . S I r t ' t l r t ' u . r n cxp l i c i t l i n t ' l r t ' t n t ' t ' n ( r r l r ( ) ( i ( ) 1 ( r y i ( / r r c . n ( l

t l r t ' so t i o l og i ca l l r o r l _ r ' : i l h t ' r u o r k r t ' son l t t ' < l u i t l i a l i r r n i o l r t ' s i s t r r r t

s t rb jct ' t i i i t r 1hal t 'n tcrqcr l corr t ' la l iv t ' lv to M.rr ' 68, sht ' sour. 'how r t ' j t ' r ' t t ' t l thc

k i r r t l o l a r t i s t i t ' p r . r t l i t t ' 1h ; r l l i r r t ' s t r l t ' l i ' n t l t ' <1 . I n t h i s t on t t ' x t , i 1 s t ' r ' r r s t ha l

tht ' r t ' l t ' r lnct ' o l ' th. ' l ror lv to soc io logv is u hat I t '< l I ' . rnt ' t ( ) ( 'n{ . lg( ' n) . l

< l i a l oqu t ' u i t h t h t 'Soc io l og i ca l A r t i s t s i n t hc l i r s t p l ; r c r ' . I n< l t ' t ' r l , l i r r l r t , r , t l r t '

l r o< l l uas i r r t ' s s t ' ncc soc io l oq i ca l , i n so lh r as i 1 ( l i ( l no t t ' r i s1 b , v i t s t . l l l r u l

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co l l t ' c t i v t ' p l an t ' . h r t h i s s t ' n s t ' , i t r t r t l r t ' a rguc r l t h . r t [ ) an t " s t ho i t t ' t o uoL rn t l

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h , ' r uor.urr ls on . r l ; r rqcr socia l group.

Communicat ing Through the Col lect ive Body

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t i r r t t l a l c r l < l r r r i n g 1 \ 1 . 1 ( r S I n r l t t r l . ( l u L l ) t n t < n ' t , t n , t l

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n u r l L r r i n { s l L r r l t n l s r l i s r r r r r r s t i r r . r r k l i t i o n t r r

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o l / r \ o r r r c / ( ) / , r r r n l c r r r . u i l l r t l r c r l P l i o n ' l ' i r l o l e

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U n i r c r s i t r l r r c l i l r r i < 1 r r c r . r l ) l u \ ( l c s l r ( ) r ) r r r ( s

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p o s i t i o u : S . r r t r L , r s , r r r i r l l ) ( ) r - l . r r 1 l i u l i l x t r r , , n

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l r " l h e , , r ' i , r l e l . r ( r i t i r l t r c S r x i . r l t " a l i r r r l ' r ' r r

, l s s l r l { r \ ( ) l " r i , L r " . l ) . r n s t t r l i n r . r t i r l . r t r ' .

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p , r s s L L r l t r r r ' r l n g . r r r l i r r . r i s r t l r r r " ' ( l ' . r n r ' , ' \ r r n 1

\ 1 . r i ( ' S , 1 r r t r r , p . - 1 5 1 . \ \ ' r i t t t r r o u l l l ) t t l r r l r c r

t e ] ] .

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o t r c t r r ' l c t t c r l i t t l r t r r r o l t s , t n a r r l s o l t r r e l r t r i . r t r

i r r l x ) r 1 . r r r 1 l i g r r r c l i r r l h r ' . l r l i s t ' ! ( { ) n ( ( l ) l u i l i s i l i r ) n

o l t l t c u r t i r r r . I L i r r l u r , i r t t l r e 1 9 5 0 s , r ' l . r l r o r . l t t l . r

p l r i l o s o p l r r o l u i l l u h i r h l r c t . r r r r e . i n t l r c t . r r l r

l ' ) ; - 0 s , . r P l r i l o s o P l n o l l r l i o r r . r ' x r n r i n i r g

( l u ( s l i ( ) n \ o l c t h i c s , l ) i \ \ i \ i 1 \ . i D ( l r i l ( ) r i l

( r ) n s ( i ( ) u s r l ( s \ . S e c I ) a n r , ' N o 1 t s ' ,

l c t t r c , p . 1 . 1 9 ,

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l i l r i , n . / : " . r r ' r r r / / c r n r c n c r r r i r : r 1 / , t r u n s . K . r t h l e c n

l l l a u r e r . r r r r l J r ' l r n l i - l

l r o n r p s o n ( L I n i \ e r s i 1 \ I ' r ( , s \ :

I \ i n : t o l t , I t . l ( X ) 7 ) . f i r r . r < l i s c r r s s i o n o l l { i r r l u r ' s

t l r t o r r o l . r r l i o r r , . . . I r . r t r t r r i s I ) o s s r ' , ' . \

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l f , r r r r r n a i l r r I l r t n t t n t t t t n n , , / r / , r 5 , , r r , r / . \ r r c n , c r ,

t r r n . . I l . r . : . r t r N l r ' l . l r r i L l r r i r . r . i t r . l \ l i n n c s o l . r

l ' r . . : \ ' l i n n , . r l r , l i . . r r r ( l I ( ) n ( l ( ) n . | 9 9 ' ) t . 1 r 1 r . I t 9

. l t .

( ( , j , r l , l r , , r l i , r ' . , r r r l " r ' , 1 . r , l , \ r r l , t i . . ,

p l r r r . . . l l . ( r ) \ , ) r ) l . r ' t i \ ( l \ . l u l ) l n ) l l l ( ) l r s ( r r l (

l , r r t i , r r L o r r r l r l r ' , r I r l r ' \ \ ( l r \ ' { J t . r n l ' a r r l S . r r t r r ' ,' I

. r j , L r n , s r , l r i r 1 , , , / r \ , ' r r r r / ( ) 1 , , r ' r r , r r l r r 4 1 7 . l j

\ 1 , U ( l r l L ) ( ) ' ) , l ) S ) .

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( , \ l i r l r l l r ' \ l r r r , , . r r r r . ' l ) r ' s t r t t p l o r t l c s r r r r x l i l t s ' , 1 r

\ , , r r r r / ( ) l ' . , r , , r r , r r r , I 7 . ) i \ 1 , r r r l r 1 9 7 0 , | . . 1 1 t .' I

l r r ' p r t ' , n , , o l t l t c r r o r k c r s . 1 l l r o s l u ( l ( n l s s i ( l (

N . r s k ( \ l { ) t l r t r r r r l i r l r l i r g o l t l r t l \ 1 . u ( r l i c r r , r r t s .

l r l l r , s , l s o u o r k : l c s l i l r l o l ' j . t r t ' s c t o l o g i t . r l

, i , t r , t t , l l ' , l i r . t , , r r , r , l . ' r , , 1 r , . l l . r l ' , l r i ,

t r l r l r ^ i . r r r r r l l r , l ' . r i l i t ( ) r r ' . r r i n \ ' l . r r r l r 1 9 5 - | .

u l r i r l r . 1 , r , , r , 1 r . r r l i o r r t i r r . r : l r l s t l r . r t a l l i r t l r l t l r r '

l r , . r l t l r , , 1 ' , , r r r , I r . l r , r ' r r r c n . l l r c s , r r r r , l l r r , l t , , , 1 , ,

r r L t l r t l r , r , , , . ' i , , r r o l \ i r r i r t , l r r r t i r l l r r l L r c t , ,

i r r r l r u t r r . r l 1 r ' l l L r l i , ' n

1 1 ' \ 1 , r r r l , r t r , , . r , , 1 ( . t . r r t , , l r r r , l r r , , ' r - n s r l , r r r r i s

l ( l ( ' S . ( r ' . 1 . t ( l 1 n t 1 ) r l l ( r [ . r ( r ( . r l r d n ( \ l

r i l . r l ( r L , l l r \ ( ( , l i r r ' , t , r r r , r r t l ) . r I r l l o | ( r ) r ' l ) \ ( n t r r t

' 1 ' r ' I ' r r r . , r ; ' , , 1 r , , , , t , r . , r ' t , ' r r r r l , l , r r ' , . , ' r , { , 1 . 1 .

t l ' . r r r t . / , r t r , . 1 r . 7 ) . l ) , r t l r r r r l . r r , r r t , l .

i . l l L t r r r l r \ \ \ 1 , r r r i \ l r r l r ) ( r l r r l r r ' p s j . r r r r , t i s i s o l i

( l l r ( ( ) r l ) \ r l r ' \ , r r r 1 1 1 \ l n r ' r ) r ' l [ r ) r r \ ( r r l ( r l r ( r r l ( l (

r i t t r l r t r r . r i . r l , , l , , l r r r n , 1 r r , l t r o r ' P s t s t

l r n r l r i l n r r i r l l ) r ' r r r i , r ' ( I r . ) t L 1 1 l r l t l . r s , x i , , l , r g i |

l ' o L r r l , , r r 1 r ' s , , \ r ' . t i \ , , r r s , l x ) l [ r r i ( ) t ] ( t ) t i t ( n l ( I 1

1 r , r ' ' r r r r r r , I q t ' s , 7 { ) : l c r , , r p s l r , , l r , 1 i t l L r r ' , 7 l / 1 + : l t

t o r l r s s o r i , ' J , ' , 1 i r 1 r r . ) , j ( \ , ) L r l r . r i l ( l r , n t r r o r r l t . i i I s

( ( ) [ r l ) . r 1 ] n ( ) | \ r l I i s ( n { , l t ( n l r l , r r r s r r r , r L r r . r r r ' l r t ,

s o r i o l o l i r l r r r ' ( I r l ( \ i ( ( ( ) r l r l r i t r l . i r l t l ) . l r n l ( ) n l ( n l s

I r . l i r | ( \ l . l r r l l i ) r l ( l . l r l l ( r 1 1 , ] l r ' r l l ( r l l ( r r { . l g ( 1 ( l i r l \ r ) l i

l ) r ' . r t i ( l t r ( i r l r \ l i ( l L r ( { l L l i s ( r l { ) r l l r l l ( : l . r r r g . r g , r l L t

( r , r ' 1 r s ' l t , r l r \ r t ( o r 1 r r \ o t i o l o g i r l r r t ' 1 l ' , r r r t . I l

l r r g . r g , , l r r ( ( , r l ) \ ' . / ( 1 / r . . 1 r l t ) ( ) r ' i l i r r . r l l r

l r r r l r l i . l r , r l i t r t l ' , t ' l u t t n t , t t t " n , r / . r r o . 5 5 . . \ 1 r r i l

l ' ) 7 5 . | . * ' r .

\ , l ' , , ' r , . . , , . , . 1 r ' . . , r r . 1 , - 1 .

J 6 ( ' r r r l ) i l r , , r l . / / r r \ , n r , r r , y ' r | . \ 1 u r , r L , .

t t . r t r s l ) r r r r . r l r l \ i , 1 r , , 1 . , ' r r \ r r r i t l r t / , r r r i l i , r r l s :

\ r u ) , r r [ . l ( ) e 1 r . l ) ] e

i 7 I ) , l x , r , l . \ , , , r , . n , l ) 1 , ) O I

Rcl iv ing the Co l lcc t i r t - l i r c l_ r

raiserl thc qucsti(xr ()f' communi('ation, \\'hicrh shc continuc(l to cxltlore in hcr

in stuclio and public pcrfi)rmanccs. He-r clesirc lirr communication \\'as

alrcaclr tangiblc in her ocr ion (- .ont inuat ion t l 'un chemin dc hois pour a l lcr < l 'un

liau i un Llutre (lans lt lrut ,l 'unc quclconquc (ommunication (E.rrcnsion ol' a llittt,lcn

Path t .o Go.f ront Onc Pla,e to . , lnother. fbr thc Purpose , l ) ry Commrrnic(r . i ( )n) ,

l )cr fbrmc( l ( )n l6 No\ ' ( 'n ibcr 1970 (Fig. 2) . Thc fact that Panc pcrf i r r rnccl th is

Ltct ion in a rcrn() t ( ' cnvi l ' ( ) l l tncr) t \ \ ' i th()ut an aLl( l icncc, s h i lc ' c la i rn ing

(()rn lnuni(at i ( )n as i ts l )ur l ) ( )s(- , l r lJkcs i t an i lnportant antc(( ' ( l ( 'n t to E|ccr / . r .1c

non (rncsahlJ i lc . I )anc c()r r r r r r ( ' t i t ( ' ( l ( )n ( i )nt inrrc la ion t l 'un thcntn r /c f lo is:

This act ion took me a day to complete. In th is isolated sand and rock landscapefound the beginning of a road formed by pieces of wood, but i t had no cont inuat ion.There were Drany logs laying around in haphazard format ions and I had the impulse. interms of nry conrmunicat ion research, to jo in th is broken road wi th a real road. So, oneby one. I carr ied and la id down the logs unt i l the connect ion was made.3r '

' l ' h i s < l csc r iP t i on r r ' l r t t ' s t ( ) ( ' ( ) n ( ' c l ) t s t l c vc l oPc t l l r v l ) ebo r r l i n 1 . , r . \ r ' c l , l t , l , / r r

s lc( tLt( lc . This l rook \ \ ' rs l l rs t an<l l i r rcrnost a v i ru l ( 'nt ( r i t i ( luc o l ' t 'api ta l is t

( onsurnl) t i ( ) t ) , w ht ' r t ' thc t t ' rnr .yrcclac/c st( ) ( ) ( l l i r r a l l soc ia l r t ' la t ions . r r r r l

m()( l ( 's o l crp lo i ta l ion gcn( ' ratc( l l r ) ' m(xlcrn s(x ' i ( ' t i ( 's : " fhc s lx ' ( t . r ( lc

( ( ) r r cs l x )n ( l s t o t h t ' h i s t o r i ( a l m ( )n r ( ' n1 . r t w l r i c l r t hc con . t n r<x l i t l t on rp l t ' t c s i t s

( ( ) l ( ) n i z l t i ( ) n o l soc i . r l l i l i ' . I t i s n ( )1 t us t t ha t t hc r t ' l r t i onsh ip t o co r r r r no r l i t i t ' s

is t rou l ) la in to s( ' ( ' ( ' ( ) rnrn(x l i1 i ( 's i l r ( ' n() \ \ ' o/ / that tht ' r t ' is to st ' r ' ; t l t t '

\ \ ' ( ) r l ( l \ \ ' c s ( ' ( ' i s t h ( ' \ \ ( ) r l ( l ( ) l 1 l r t ' r ' on r r r r o r l i t r ' . t " { . t , , r , l i n { l r ' . [ ) t ' l r o r r l

a r l v o c a l t ' < l t h t ' r l t ' s t r t r t t i ( ) n ( ) l l ) o t h t h c S t . r t c a n ( l 1 h ( ' ( ' ( ( ) n ( ) n l \ ' . 1 n ( l t h ( '

a l ) ( ) l i t i ( ) n ( ) l t l l ( ' ( ( ) r ) r r n ( x l i t \ ' . I l u l b c t , o n < l t h i s t ' t . r r . r r r i r ' r l i s t o r r r s t , I ) . l , , r r ' < 1 , i r r

. r l i { nn l cn ( x i t l r . r I r t r r r r . r n i s t l \ ' { . i r r i sn r scck i ng t ( ) ( ( ) L l n l ( ' r a (1 . i l i t ' r r a t i o r r , t l t ' < r i t t l

s ( ) ( i ( ' t \ l i ) r ' i t s s t ' p . r r ' . r t i o r r l r t ' t u c t ' n i n< l i r i r l ua l s i n ( l i t s n ( ' { i l t i o r l o l . i u t l r t ' r r t i t '

( ' ( ) n rn l un i ( . r ( i ( ) n . ' I

l r i s as l l t ' t t o l [ ) t ' l r o r r l ' s t h i nk i ng h t ' l p s t o un ( l ( ' r - s t . u l ( l t l l ( '

( ( ) n t ( ' x t i r r u h i t h l ' r r r t ' t o t t t t ' i r t r l l r r ' r s o r k . l r r l l r t ' t i r a p l c r - t i t l c r l ' S r ' 1 > a r a t i r , n

l \ ' r ' l i ' t l t ' r l ' , u l t i c l t r h a r l t t c r i s c r l t h c s ( x i ( 1 \ ' ( ) l ' t l l ( ' : i l ) ( ' ( 1 . r c l t ' , t s l l r t ' u l l i r ) r n 1 (

l i r r n r o l i so l . r l i o t t l r c t u t ' r ' n \ r r , t ' 111 1 ' 1 , I ) t l r , ' t ' r i r r t ' o t r ' :

Separat ion is the alpha and omega of the spectacle. . . . And i t makes no secret ofwhat i t is , nanrely. h ierarchical power evolv ing on i ts own, in i ts separateness, thanks toan increasing product iv i ty based on an ever more ref ined div is ion of labor, an evergreater comminut ion of machine governed gestures, and an ever-widening market . . . .The general ized separat ion of worker and product has spel led the end of anycomprehensive v iew of the job done, as wel l as the end of d i rect personal

communicat ion between producers.3T

l ) t ' l r o r< l l ) r i n ra r i l v b l an r . ' , 1 l h t ' o rg i r t t i s . r t i ( ) l l ( ) l l a l ) ( ) r l r l i r r t hc s ( ' l ) . r r r t i ( ) n l r t ' 1u t ' t ' n

i n t l i v i r l t n l s . ' l ' l r t '

t ' cono rn i ( s l s t ( ' u l , l r t ' ; r r g r . r c r l , \ \ i i s r c s l x )ns i l ) l c l i r r t h t ' s ( ' ( l u s i ( ) n

ol l l r t ' *orkt ' r 's , in t l r t ' s( l ls( ' thal thr ' 1t ' r 'hnical l ) r ( ) ( ( 'ss o l la l rour, in st 'p. r r ' . r t ing

th t ' uo r k t ' r s l i r r r r r t h< ' l i n . i l p r - o< l t r c t , \ \ ' a s i t s ( ' l l i nh t ' r cn t l v i r r su l a l i r r q l r cn r t '

l l r e cnunc i . r t i ( ) n ( ) { S i t u . i t i ( ) n i s t s l ( ) { l r ) s sL I ( h as 'A l r o l i t i on < l u t r ' . u . r i l . r l i i ' r r t ' '

( ' A l r o l i sh A l i cn . r t t ' < l \ \ i r r k ' ; . N ' l o r t o r t ' t ' , t l t c o rgan i sa t i ( ) n o l l a l x )u t ' a l l i ' t t t < l t l r r '

n ' l a l i on l r t ' t u t ' t ' n \ \ ' ( ) l ' k ( ' l ' s , . r s i t l ) u r l ) ( ) s ( ' l r ' l l r evcn t c r l t h t ' n r I i o rn i n t t ' r ' l t t i ng

\ \ i t l l ( ) n ( i l f l ( ) t l l ( ' r - . l ' an t . ' s p t ' t ' s i s t ( ' n t l . r l ) ( ) u r ' ' L l n t i l t h ( ' ( \ ) nn ( ' ( t i ( ) n \ \ J s n r i ( l ( ' i n

(on t t n r t a t i t t n , / ' r r n chc rn i r r , 1c Ao i t can bc i n t t ' rP r c t c t l as n r . r t t ' r i . r l i s i nq t hc f i r r n r

o l ' pnx l r r c t i on t h . r t l ) t ' l r o r ' < l r l c l i ' n t l t ' r l . I n< l ce<1 , t h t ' t ' n t i n ' . r . I i ( ) , r \ \ ( t s r . r r r i r ' r l

( ) u t l ) \ ' t h r ' . r r t i s t \ \ i t h t h ( ' o b j c t t i r t o l ' c r c n t u a l l v c s t a l ) l i s h i n g . r l i r r n r o l

(o lnnrLln i ( 'at ion th|Ouqlr t l r t construct ion of a n( ' \ \ ' l )assag( ' .l )ant ' invt 's t ig. r1t ' r l l i r r '1 l r t ' r tht 'c l t tcst ion of c() lnnrLur icat ion ()n thc oc 'casir>rr r> l '

h c r l r t r l r l i c l ) ( ' r t i ) n r . u r ( ( ' l l o l n i ndqc ( ' t un j cunc J roqu i ( 1c )711 , i n uh i t ' h shc h . r r l ; r

( ) x l , o l { l ) . \ l { 1 J ( ) U t t \ A I l + . . ) - t 0 t I 2 5 5

Frtrrk'rique l laumgartni 'r

Fig. 2. Gina Pane, Continuation d'un chemin de bois pour aller d'un l ieu e un autre dans le but ci 'une quelconque communication,1970, black and

white photographs on plywood. Photographs: Herve Gloaguen. (Photo: ( Adagp, Paris 2011.)

256 OXFOI{ I ) r \ l lT l ( ) l l l tNAL l+ .2 20 l l

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l S l c t , , r , , / , r c , ) / ( , , , r . r , r , l ) . l l .

l ( ) . \ n t r r i n t r L l l . r t t r l u r ' , l h t l l , , J r 1 1 , l i r t .

( , ' r y r r u l l l t t q l n r r r ) / { i , r ( , / r / l i ( ) D ( r r i l r t n , t , l 7 7 l )

/ t t ) l ) . 1 ' , r " r . ( l r r r l o t t e N ' l . r n r k l l l S t . r r l i r r r l

l l r r i r l n i t r l ' r c s s : S l . r n l o r r l , 1 9 9 7 1 I h l i r l L , r o l' l l r t

g r r ' , r l l r r i r , r l t l r t i l i z t n s ' r v . t r i r r r n r L r l , t t r r l l r r

t l r l I h i r r l l : : 1 . r 1 r ' s l r o k L s l r ' r s r ) , r l r ) ) r ) ) , 1 ) u ( t \ r r ' \ r ' \

i t r 1 . i ' , r r , r r r / . ' / , r r / / ( ( i ( ! , l T S S

{ ( ) l t s l r o t r l r l l t n o t e r l , l r r r v e r c r , l h , r l i r r \ i c l t s '

r r r i r r l , t l r r ' \ , l r l r r r r t n n t t l r c I l t i r r l l : s t r t e o r r l r .

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. r r r l r i l i o n s , t h e p r r l r l i c s p h c . r ' c . r l u r i l g t l r c l r r t n t l r

l { t r o l u l i o r u r s l i r r r r l . r r t n t . r l l t r r i t ( n r x l

n 1 1 ( n r l ) t e ( l t o s t , t i t s t l l u p r v i t l r o t r l , . u r l t r c n

J { r i r l s l , \ \ r ) l r ( n , , r s . l r r l r I r r t r l e s r r g r r u l i n l l i r n r c n

otJ rhL l 'u l , ln Sl, i r rrc in r /rr . lqt ol t lN I n\ t l t

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k r r , , r r n a s l l r r ' S , r i . i r . l J c r . l r r r r J e l o ( L t n t i r r t i o n ) .

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c l r t t g r g e , l u t r r r p s ' , / c r t r c , p . l t i l .

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Fig. 3. Jacques Louis David. Le Serment du Jeu de Paume, I79t, pen, wash and chalk, 66 x 101 cm.Chateaux de Versarlles et de Tnanon. Versailles. (Photo: ( RIMN (Chateau de Versailles)/Gerard Blot.)

vc rba l t ' x thanto \ \ ' i th t l r t ' aur l i cnc t ' . l l hc r o thcr c lc t ions r l i r l no t in \ , ( ) l \ ' ( ' su (h an( 'x (ha l ) { ( ' , l ' an t ' s t i l l l i , r ' us t ' r l ( )n ( ( )n )n)u l l i (a t ion u i thout th t ' v i t ' r . r ' t ' r s 'a ( ' t i \ ' ( '

l )a r t i ( i l ) r t i ( )n : 'A l i t ' r v r ' . r l r l s

l i . t ' . , a l i c r l lon t t t1c to a \bunq l ) ruq t l JJ i t ' r l Iost i l ) l ish( '( l a c()nrnrLu)i(. l t i t>n lr l r ,rsing r))\ 's( ' l l as a "rncrl iurn" Iht. tr>r. Thc

l )u l ) l i r l )a r t i ( ' i pa tc r l u i th th t ' i l l r t> t l i t ' s l ru t l c rn r i r r t ' t l i rn rno l r i l c . Th t ' i r o rgans

l)arl ici l )al( ' ( l \r i th lr) \ : orgru)s; t l r t ' rr ' \ \ ' is n()t . l ncc(l l i rr l thvsi<'alt l t . l l t i l i ' s t . r t i ( )n ' . ' " T l t i , r ( ' l r ) i l k l ) in lx ) in ts iu ( ) th ( ' r l i rn t lan tcn ta l l ) r in ( ' i l ) l c i l )l ' . rn t "s s ' r l rk tha l o l t l r t .<o l l t .< t i r t . l x r< lv a ( ( )n (c r ) t w i th h is to r i r , . r ll . l l n i l i ( , r t i o n s . o , r i n q l r . r r k t , r l l r r . ( . n ( l ( ) l t l r . . I r , l r r t h A r r t i t . n l t , : q i r n . . .

I t t F ra t rc t ' , thc no t ion r r l th t . t r r l l cc t i v r .b<x lv <k ' rc lopcr l < lu r ing t l ' r c l r r t 'n r ,hl {cvo lu t io t t . As An lo in r .< l t . l l a t . t<1ut .p , r in t r . r l , ru t in h is b<xrk a l rou t th t 'bo< l i l vt ) r ( ' t . r l )h ( ) rs th . r t in r ' . r< l t .< l th . .p , , l i t i ca i sph t . rc . t lu r ing thc Fr r :nch l le r r r l t r t ion ,thc Ja to l r i r rs l ) r ' ( ) rn ( ) t ( . ( l thc i<k .a ( ) l ' the

{ rca t l xx ly o l ' thc c i t i z t 'ns ' . ' - 'Th isrcgcn( ' r . r l c ( l l xx l t ' t r r t rs is t r :< l o l on t ' la rgc , c :ohcrcn t , o rgrn i ( ' cn t i t l , l i r rmc: t l b ,vthe mult ipl i t ' i t_r ' ol thc t i t izc'ns' sr)ral ler lr txl i r :s, n()\ \ , rcsl)()nsiblc l i rr thc

lx) l i t ical l )()\ \ 'cr. At thr ' < <rrt. oI the Jacrrbins' argumr:nt r.r ,as thc n()t i()n () l

Llnivcrsal ism, .rn i<lcal attainablt ' sincc al l ( ' i t izcns n()r 'r ' , sharc(l a c()mm()nintt ' r t :st in the Nclr ion, (atalyst l i rr c<lual i tv.+t '

- l 'hcrcl i ,rc, r ,r 'hcn Jacqut:s Louis

l)avi<l trn<lerto()k 1.c Scrncnt , lu lctt t lc Paumc (17911, a rk:pict ion ol thc oathtakcn bv ()v( 'r 600 [)eputi t :s t() givc Francc a nc\\ 'C()nsti tut ion on 20 Juncl7l l9, hunran l>o<lics an<l p() l i t ics wcru) thc tu,o l i rrccs he ha<l to takc intoa( ' ( ( )un t l i r r h is c ( )n r l ) ( )s i t i ( )n (F ig . l ) . - 'As t l c l laccquc cmphas isc( I , l )av i< l ' srr'()rk sh()$'s a <lcr.rsc an(l c()mpact cr()w(l 1)h)sicallv unificd through aLr()mrnon pol i t ic al ( ' ()mmitmcnt, visual lrv (.()n\,cving thc rcal i tv of thcc() l lcct ivc bo<ly at onc ( lrr icf ) m()m('nt o1'thc Frcnch l{cvolut ion; indir. i<lualsc()nncrctc(l with (nrc , tDotl lcr an(l coming toge-thcr tO consti tutc, l i tcral ly, a

pol i t ical bo(l) ' .

Ther notion ()f"thc great bo(ly of ' the. ci t izcns'rcs()natcs r,r ' i th l)anc'sun(lcrstan(l in{ ol t l rc bt>rlv as sociologicral, that is, as inst:parablc. lrom thc

grca tc r cn t i t \ ' o f s<>t ie ty : 'Thr - " i so la tc< I " man is in_concc ivab lc ; a l l h isman i l i s ta t ions arc l )a r t o f ' s r>c ia l l i l ' c ' shc asser ted .+ / Fur thcrmorc , thc

( )xF() f t f ) ARt J()URNAL l+.) )O11 257

Frcclcrigue Baumgartner

col le( t ive b<>dv as r( ' l ) rcsentc( l in Davic l 's Serment Ju Jm t lc &rr intc is cch()c( l i r l

Panc's pcr l i>r l r . rnccs, insofar as thcsc: r ' , . - l icd on an nn<lcrstanding t> l thc

human l:roclr, as a sharc'cl e-ntitr', p<>inting up tht' 1;olitical imp,rtt o1- hcr u,tr.ras,

u 'h ich involvcd cf l i r r t , cxhaust ion, an<l uouncls. I 'ar- re 's sc l f in l l ic tcc l uoun<ls,

lrirr>tal to EscolclJc non dncsthisilc ancl nurnt'r'ous otltcr (r.lion.s, not ottlv

f i r< t rscr l thc v icnt ' r 's ( 'onsc' i ( )usncss l rv p lacinq hi rn, /hcr in . r posi t i , ,n , , t

c lnpal l - r r , but a lso c hal le 'ngc<l thc aur l icncc 1o lacc i ts part i t ipal ion in tht '

col l t -c t ivc l>ot lv th l rugh thc r l iscomfi r r t that lhc v isual isat ion ol ' thc (on{rdr . t

involr tc l . Exl ; lo i t ing t l ' rc l> io logic i r l lact that cac 'h i r r r l iv i t lual is ; r l r rx l r ' , l ' . rnt '

r c l l c c t c< l o r r t hc co l l t ' t t i l c i n rp l i ca t i < l n o l ' ou r ( o r l ) r ) r - . l l . , , n , l i t i , ' t r t r i r l t t . t c r ' < l i t r

h t ' r < 1 r . r . ' t ' r ' ' i s r o t t r - l r t x l v n r i n c ? ' i r ) ( l h c r t l t ' t l . r r . r t i o t r ' l l n r t h t o t h t r s ' . * ' 1 . t . , , t

L i 1 r l r " r , l ' , c , r " ' pha r i , r >n t he l hc t t l r r t l ' r n t " usc r l hc r l r o r l r as a " t on< lu t l r , t ' ' i '

u as, in th is scnsc, ins ight l i r l .++ Mort 'ovt ' r , i t r r . ts r r r r r : is t t t r t u i t l t I 'ant"s

c ' onc t . p t i on o l ' a uo t rnc l as ' an

cs tab l i sh t l t ' r ' r t o l . r r t ' l a t i onsh ip w i t h t h t ' o l l r c t ' ' ,

l i r r i t i r r r l icatcs thc l ink I )ane cr t ' ; r t t '< l l rv tht ' at t <,1 ' uor. rnr l ing h, ' rs t . l l ' in I r . ' r -

a t t ( ' r ) r l ) 1 1o co r -n r r r u r r i t a l c w i t h r>1h t ' r s . l ;

l n t h i s r ( ' s l ) ( ' ( 1 , 1 , . r , . , / , , J . n { ) n ( t n { r f l / l c l { r ( l c

< l t ' ; r . r r 1 t ' r l 1 i - o rn 1 . c . \ c rn r cn t Ju l cu Jc P , r r r n r c : nh i l t ' i n l ) a r i r l ' s t o t npos i t i o t i , l l t t '

c i l i z t . ns \ \ ' o r ( ' L l n i 1 ( ' ( l t h rough . l L l n . l r ) i r ) r ( ) us po l i t i t a l s t . r n t c r r ' h i t h t r . r r spo l t t ' r l

tht 'nr t ( ) . l n( ' i r t ' t s t . r t ic st i l t ( ' , l ) . tnt ' shart '< l pair r r r i t l r l r t ' r . rur l ic t t , . ,

s i r n u l t l n . ' o u s l r t c s t i r r q h , ' r , , s n l r , r , l i l v l i r r r i t s ; r n t l s _ r ' n r l r r > l i t . r l l r ' , x t ' r ' s t , ' ; r p i r r q

th t ' r i c r r t ' r ' s .

Anaesthesia as a lv letaphor for Al ienat ion

I ' . r n t " s t ' l l i r r ' 1 s l o r l c s l l l r i l i s t ' t h c t o l l t c l i v c l r o r l r , r t l r i t h s l r t i r r r l i n ' r ' t l v u , l t n , l , r l

t h rough 1h t ' p . r i r r shc i n l l i c t t ' r l , r t t I r t ' r ' s t ' 11 , i n rp l i c t l I r t ' r I i gh t aga ins l l l r t '

ancs l l r t ' l i s t ' < l s t . r t t ' o l i n< l i r ; , l r r . i l s i r r t no< l t ' r ' n s r> t i t ' 1 r ' . I : rPos i r r g t l r t ' r u l n t ' r ' . t l r i l i t v

o l t h t . p l r v s i r ' . r l l r o< l r ' l r t ' r ' r n r c i l l i l l l ) ( ) s t ( ( ) n rn ( )n { ( ' s l u r f i t r p . ' t ' l i r r n r . r n t c s o l '

t l i t ' 1970s . As r r t . su l t , l ' t ' r ' l i , r ' r n . r r r t , ' , \ r 1 l i r >n r t l r i s P t ' r ' i o r l l r . r s o l i t t t l x ' t t t

l a l r . ' l l , ' , 1 i s n r . r s o t l r i s l i t , t r r t . t l r l l l r _ v K a t l r r ( ) ' l ) t ' l l I i r l n h o t n . r t ' l i : l : '

r r r . r so t h i s t i c g ( ' s1u r ( ' s t ' r i < l t ' n t , ' r l t l r t ' l r r t ' , r k< l on r r o l 1 l r , ' soc i a l o r< l t ' r . I i r r

r r r . r s o t l t i s t r p n ' r ' i s c l . r ' i n r o l r t ' s : r t r t t t l r , t t l t t ; r l a s p t ' t 1 u h i t l r p l . t t t ' s t h t ' a t t o l '

noun< l i ng on t ' s t ' l l u ' i t l r i n t hc so t i . t l r t ' . i l n r . ' " N1 , , ' ' r . ' g ( ' n ( ' r ' . l l l \ ' . Ma r t i n J . li r r t c r p r t ' l t ' r l a r l i s l s ' t t ' n t l t ' n t i c s 1 o l r , t r t t t t l r r ' r r r s c l r t ' s . r s , r , l r a l l c r r g t ' 1 o t l r t

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cnrpl rasis ing tht ' ht tcrogt 'nt ' i1r o l tht ' u orks t 'ng.rqt '< l in th is onlo logir ' . i l

l r a t 1 l t . , . l a r t l r a ra t l t r - i s t ' < l t h i s . r r r t i n ro r l t ' r ' r r i s t i n rp t ' t us as , r ' n ro l r i l i z . r t i o r r

o l '

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l r s t i l / . r , / c r ) ( ) / r 11 / . ) cJ l / ) r i f i L j r ' , ( . l n l ) ( ' ; : l l . t t t ' r l l r i s t o r i . l l l r ' , i n r c ] , r 1 i o t r 1o l ) t ' l r o r t l ' s

1h t ' o r r o r r . r l i t ' na t i on :

The spectator 's a l ienat ion f rom and submission to the contemplated object (which is

the outconre of h is unthinking act iv i ty) works l ike thrs: the lnore he contemplates. the

less he l ives; the nrore readi ly he recognizes his own need in the images of needproposed by the dorninant system, the less he understands his own existence and his

own clesires.as

' l ' h c p r i nc i p l t ' o f . r l i t r r . r ( i o r r i l i s t uss t ' < l l r r l ) r ' l x r r< l . ' r n i r has i sc r l h r> r l t l r . ' i n r l i r i r l u : r l ,

t l i sposs , ' s s t ' < l o1 ' l r i n r se l l ' l h c r s t ' 11 , s l r v h i s / l r c r ex i s t t ' n t ' c s t r b r r i l l t ' r l t o an o r t k ' r ' i n

*h i t h hc , / sh t 'Pa r l i c iPa te< l l r u t uh i t ' h u l l i r r r a t t l v t k r r n i na t c t l h i r - n /hc r . l ' , r nc

a<k l r css . ' < l t l ' r i s i n he r sen r i na l . ' s sav l t ' on r 1974 , ' [ . e t t c r

t o . u i L l t t k t t oun [ ) t ' r so t t ' :

Civ i l izat ion . . . is taking back the body's language. . . in order to t ransform the threat i t

contains into an enler ta in ing, ostentat ious, perverted, lust fu l game, g iv ing the

258 ( ) x l ( ) t t l ) . \ l { T Jou l { \ , \ r l + . 1 - ) 0 i l

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' J c s u i s l e s

r u l r c s ( l , a r r r ' , / c t t r c , p . S i . l ) . r l t ' u t r k r o u t t ) .

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l l l r i r t l r : \ \ i r r r e n . ) n x h , \ r t , l r r r r ; . l r r r , r , , , r . r , , l

( r - 1 , n , i . j . \ l . n j L t n c l ' t 7 ( , . p . t { )

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l c , r / ; c l r , / , / r r , , l r , , r r . r o l . i t - , r r r , . + , \ \ i n t ( r . ) ( ) { ) 1 .

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(r)r l )s J)our tr iD\ l i r_nrer l . r mtnacc <1u' i l

c o n t i e D l e n u l l j c o ( l i \ c r l i \ s n n t , ( ) s t c n t a t ( ) i r c !

p c r r c r s , l u l r r i q u c , r L r r n , r n t I ' i l l t r s i o n i I ' i n r l i r i r l u

r l t l e l i l r c r c r a l o r s q u ' e r r r i r l i t i l . r S o i i c t e l ' a l i i ' n c ,

tranl i rrnranl s.r l )s lch()motr j ( i1a t 'n trnc l rrr issancer l c r c n r l e n r e n l : ' c o r - P s < r l r t r n i ' l i c l u c / c r r r p s

( r ) n r l ) c t i l i l ' . | ' u n t l i < < , u l . r D t < l t s s r x i i l c s

i n < l u s t r i c l l e r , l ' a u t r t . < k . s r l r r r t i r e s , o l l i c i n e s r l u

I r t u s t l r ' , < l r r r n c c r n i < 1 u e , ( l ( l ' . l l i ( n i r t i ( ) n c t ( l a

l ' < l r p r c s s i l ' ( l ) . r r r , , I r . t l r r ' . 1 u n ( r ' i i n ( { ) r ) r ) u ( c ) !

/ r t n , p p . 1 4 I i . ( ) r i g i r r r l l r p L r l r l i s h t r l i n

. l r l ; 1 r / J c \ / r r . r n ( l r ( , r ( r / , n i ) - I 5 I 7 , ( ) , t r r l r r '

| ) r ' r c n r l r r I 9 7 - 1 . p . 1 - l - 1 .

i O ' l . r r l , , r r l c r r r ( ( n t l r ( 1 r ) u 1 ( r s l x r r r l ' a n t , s l l t i s i c

r l r ) f . r l ( ( l ) , r r ) ( , / , r r r i . P . I 5 5 . l ) . r t t r n r k r r r r r n l .

i I I ) i s r t r s r i o n s , ) n . r l i ( r ) , r l i { ) r ) l ) r ( , l i l ( , r i l ( a l i n

l n t t n t , t r i o n , t l c . \ r f r l ( x , r , r r r v r ' . \ r ' r ' l r r r t r . r r r r I l e ' l

) r '

l ' a l i c n a t i o t t . l : x r r r , r , l , l r l t t r i l t t r s . r s 1 r t t 1 s

( i ) r r r ' r ( l s , l n t r , r n o t n n , r l t \ r t r l , r i l r ) , ) 7 l i \ t . , r r ( ) . 1 0 ,

N l r r t l r l ( ) ( r 9 . p p . 5 6 S J .

5 ) . \ t i l S I r e e h . u r , ' S h r r r l r l \ \ t l l a r t \ \ ' . r r ( r i n r c

I i i a l s l ' , , \ c r r ) i ' r & / r n r r r , l S M r r i h 1 9 7 1 , s t r .

I l l l I . S l r e c l r . u r ' s r r t i r ' l c u . r : t r . t n s l . t l t r l i r r l o I r c n c l r

, r r r r l r t p r o r l r r t r r l i n i t s l i r l l l , n ! 1 h i r r / r \ o r r r t /

( ) l r v n , / r . r / ' ' , l ( ) - ) 5 , \ l ) r ' i l 1 ' ) 7 1 . P l r . ( - 7 S l .

r I ( ) r r o l r r l i n \ l r c c l r . r u ' , r r t i , l t -

r - 1 . l l r i s . t o r r ( i r r l r r r l i r r l l r l r . t , r g r . r 1 r l r s 1 r r . r s

t i l , " t I . . l r r r l r , I r , r r . l r 1 ' r r ' . r , . I r r r r l ,

( i r r i k r r . r ( r . ' l \ t r r , r r < l r r r ' . . r r L r r r " . / / r l ' r i ' , ,

\ l J I r L . . . r r r l . r l . ' r J r . l , l ,

Rt'r i l ing thc (ol lect ivc l l<xlr

individual the i l lusion that i t gives him/her some freedom, whereas, in truth, Societyal ienates individuals, transforms their psychomotrici ty into production power: 'cybernetic

body/competitive body'. One results from industrial Societies, the other fromsport oriented societ ies, with the muscle, the mechanical, the al ienation and theoooression.4e

ln agrccmcnt rvi th l)cbord, Panc associalerr l man's statc of al icnation with thc

functioning ()1' latc int lustr ial socict ics. Civi l isat i<xr, although potcntial lval lolr ' ing pcoplc's l ibcrat ion l iom the. t i rrcc ()1' pro(lu(t i()n, actual lv

manipulatcxl tht ' i r nr in<ls to thc point of nl lml)ncss, thtrs sccuring thcr

l)crpctuati()n ()[ s()( ict_\ ' 's <lorninati<>n an(l I)()\ ,cr. Thcrc[ irru., [)anr. 's c r i t ic isrn

r 'r ,as a l i r l los-ul) t() hcr st i l tclncnt lrom 1972 about <kttcrminism, as \\ 'el l .rs J

s ign o f hcr ra l l l i nq to th r 'Soc io l ( )g i ( 'a l Ar t i s ts ' p ( ) l i t i ca l ag( -n ( la v is a v is thc

s( )c ic t \ ' ( ) l ' thc s l )c ( t . r t l c . Wl i i l c ( ( ) l r t r rs t i r lg th t 'h r , rman l ro r l r cn tanat inq f rom

cnt( 'r l r inrrr( 'nt uith tht ' hutnan l . lor lv rcsult ing fr-onr l . i l rour, I 'anc onphasiscrl

thc i r s iu r i l . r r l \ i l i cn . r lo ( l ( ( )n ( l i t i ( )n . In th is contcx t , l re r t l t ' l i l r c ra tc cho ic t i l r

E.sculot la non (rn( ' \ IAl.si( lc to t l i rnb lcct an<l han<ls unrtrote(1e(l . l l ; r tLlcr strr<l<lc<l

\ \ ' i th shar t l s , in t l i c . r t t ' r l h . ' r c l l i r r t to ' rc - . ' , , rp , , ra l i r . ' th t r l rs t rac t t '< l

b<xlv as irrrage , as i ts ar.rt l ' rcnt ic ' i tv u as annihi lat( ' ( l bv thc s()( ' ict\ ' of thc

s l ) ( ' ( ta ( ' l c uh ich conf l r r t ' ( l i t t ( ) t l - rc ' ro lc o l an ob jc t ' t ( ) l ' r c l ) rcscn ta t i ( )n .

Anrotrg l)ant"s gt 'strtr t 's () l rcsistanc(' to so(' ict\ ' 's () l) l )rcssi()n, c.r&,1d(1c, in thc

s( 'ns ( ' ( ) l c l i rnb ing , \ \ ' as l )a r t i ( 'u la r lv cnrb lc rna t i r ' , as i t s ign i l i c< l l>o th . rn t ' f lo l t to()\ 'cr(()nrc an ol)sta(l( ' .rn(l at) al l i rmation ol ' l rcc r 'r ' i l l . I)anc's l i rst .rsccnt took

p la t ' c in 1 970, u hcn sh . ' r ' l i rn l r r '< l a san( l ( luar rv n ( 'a r l ) : r r i s . - f

h is phvs ic a l l v

<lt ' rnan<ling ocrion, t i t l t ' r l l )crrr i inrc projct Ju .r i /cncc, involrt '<l <langt 'r as thc( luar rv \ \ ' J l l rn igh t harc to l l . rps t '< l a t anv momcnt (h r r ing l )anr "s . rsc tns io r r

( l - i { .4 ) . Th is p t ' r l i r r r r r . ln ( ( ' ( l ( ' r ) ( )1 ( ' ( l . rn a ( '1 ( ) l in< l i v i< l r ra l r ( ' s is t rn ( ( ' , r ' t ' i t t ' r . r t t ' t l

in / ;st ir / ,r , /c r lon rrncrthcl.r l t lc, \ \ 'hi(h, . i<l<l i t ional lr , (aus('( l ht 'r ' to lr l t ' t ' r l . l ) .r t t t"s

t l in r l r ing o l th t ' la r l , l , ' r \ \ i s in l r 'n r l c r l to r l rk t ' h t ' r ph ls i r ' . r l sc l l an t l ,( ons('( lu( 'nt l_\ ' , tht ' r i t 'u t r , l l 'onr an art i l ic ial slr. t '1r: ' l 'ain r{. l i l tst r l)_\ ' kirrr l ol '

rn ( ) ra l an . r ( ' s th t ' s i . r ' , as rh l . u r ' , r t . . ' " I ' l n t ' s in t ro r lu ( t i ( ) l t ( ) l ' t l r t ' r ro l io r r r> l

n()n .rna('st l i ( 's i i l r( 's()nat( '( l in a l)ar1i(ular \ \ 'a\ ' \ \ ' i th tht ' t l ist Ourst ' ()r1

, r l i c t t , t l i o t t . ' l l r t , l . , , l , , l r ' r , ) ( \ l l l ( ' s i . t . r s s u r h , r . t r . r ; , , , r r , r ' l i r l i r r , r l , l i r l l r p t l s s r r r q

thc 1;rr1 t lr .r t inr l ivi t luals r lcrt ' l i rnr lanrcntal lv c()n(l i t i ()n( '(1.' l ' l i t ' c r r t t s t ' t l r t c l t t ' t ' s

o l r l i t t t . t t i , r t t , . , , . . , t1 , ' .1 to t [1 ' 11r . ' , , . . t t1 )a t i ( )ns t> l l ' an t 'an< l

h t ' r pc t ' rs , rc ( ( ' i \ ' ( ' ( l < l ranra t ic i l l us t ra t ion a t th ( ' t im( 'o l hc r pcr l i r rn ran( ( ' , \ \ ' i th

th t 'ac tounts o l thc t r i . r l o l l . i cu lcnant Wi l l ia rn ( ' ; r l l c ' r 'on h is invo lv t ' rncn t in

t l ' r t ' Mv La i n r . l ssa( r ( ' in Marc l r 1968. Ca l l t r ' s , l . l i l r . l . ' , - , p l t . r . l . '< l t l ' r c

L i c t r t c n a n l ' s ' r o l r o t p t ' r ' s o n . l l i t v ' i n ( ) r ( l c r t ( ) ( \ ( u l l ) J t ( h i , , - r . t t T h . r r ' t o r t ' ,

instt 'a<l of '

rclL'rr ing to t l tc . l /r inu cl t l t l l i l i tart (oml>cti<ln \ \ hich st.rt( ' ( l th.rt

so l r l i c rs u ' r ' r t ' ' no t ( x l )c ( t ( ' ( l to t ' r ' a lua1c , in thc contcx t o f th t . < l i sc i l t l i nc o l

thc w'.rr, tht ' lcgal r aluc ol a rt ' t ' t ' ivc<l ()r( l( ' r ' , Clal lc,v's <lcf i 'n<lt ' rs ( ' lnl)hasise(l

thc i r c l i cn t ' s rn ( 'n ta l i11 . r l ) i l i t r ' 1o <pr t ' s t ion h is ( 'ap ta in 's o r< l t ' r s , r ' ( ' ga l - ( l l css o f

uhat thcv cn t . r i l t ' (1 .5 ] In , r th . r \ \ ' ( ) r ( l s , thc r '< l i snr isscr l thc l . r t t tha t ( la l l c r r . r 'as' l cga l l t " r ro t l l l onc< l to cxcrc ' i s t 'a ln ( ) ra l cho icc n 'hen h . ' * , rs . rss iqnc( l thc

Mv La i miss i ( )n , l x ) in t ing ou t ins toa( l h is au tomat<)n l r . l tu r ' ( 'an( l rnc l r ta l

c'atalcpsv. A countt 'r inragc also camc ()ut ol ' thc rcport ing on Ml Lai thc:

st()rv o1' a sol<l icr x ho urrun<lccl himsclf ' r lcl ibr:ratclv in t>rr lcr not to

p l r '1 i t i ; l . r l t in th t ' r r r , rs .a , , ' , . ' ' l ' h i . t ( \ lu r ( n r , , , , - , i , , s r r .n r i r r i s t r 'n l o l '

Panc's trcr ion, \ \ 'hich ha(l a mil i tary <l imcnsiorr, although thc contcxts in

vvhich tht- sol<l icr an(l thc art ist u ounrlccl thcmst: lvcs \\ 'crc otrvior.rslv vcrv

t l i l l i r t n t 1 o n t l r r . , , n , . h l r r , l . a s , , l , l i c r ( J u { h t i n l h r . r r r g c n t r o l t h t . r r . r r " n , 1 , , , t

oxt ;oRt) Al{T Jol t t { \ , \ l l+. - l t0 l I 259

l - r ' t , l i r iqu . l launr -qa l t r rc r

"? -**

T' 1 , - , ' ,

, - . .

s:rqmmi

l" ..i

,;l".r"r' [

f.

;1t;'

,1,iiI.i':r:r

t hc ' o t l r t ' r han t l , an a r t i s t r c l l t ' t ' l i ng i n h t ' r s t u< l i o o r r t " r ' t ' n1s un l i r l t l i ng . r l . r

r l i s t a r r t t ' ) .

( 'orrs i t l t ' r ing thc pol i t i t 'a l s igni l i r ' ; rnc t ' o l ' l 'ant"s u ounr ls in l l .sc,r1at1c nr ; r r

t t nc th t . s i i c , t hc pc r l i r r n ran t ' t ' a l so r a i s t ' t l t h t ' r ; u t ' s t i on o l an i n t l i v i < l u . r l ' s

r t ' spons i l r i l i l r ' . I n t h i s r ( ' s l x ' ( ' 1 , i t r c l a l r ' < l t o s t r c l r uo r ks as M ichc l Jou rn i . r t " sPi i t lc l rour unc cr tcut ion copi tu lc ( ' t ruy. l i t r o (opi to l Punishnrcnt) , nhi th consistct l

o l . r u l r i t c l i r l l s ca l t ' gu i l l o t i n t ' < l i sp l avc< l i n t hc ga r r l cn o l ' t l ' r c An r t ' r i t t n ( l . r r t r . r

in l )ar is in Jturc 197 l . As l : .s to lor lc non oncsthl .s i lc , Journiar ' 's uork nas l t 'a t t r rcr l

i n t h t ' ( ) t ' t o l r t ' r 1971 i s suc o l , l r t i t u l c s . F ran t ' o i s I ) l u t ' ha r t n ro t r ' . r l r o t r t i t :

Art. . . is a critical exercise and its efficacy is even greater when it confronts moreovert ly the defects of society. Death penal ty. . . is an into lerable phenomenon foranyone who has not g iven up being human. One needed Journiac 's courage to dareshow publ ic ly to any being who accepts capi ta l punishment not to be immediatelysentenced to death, that at every moment that goes by, he/she is the accomplice in apotent ia l assassinat ion.55

Pii51c pour Ltnc cxttution capitalc an<l Escrr/rir1c non ttncsthisiic both sought to

chal lcngc passiv i tv , rv i th _thc l )ur l ) ( )s( ' o l ' s topping the 'scgregat i<>n

ol

inr l iv i r lual qrnsciousncsscs' . " - In both c 'ascs, thc v icr , r 'cr u 'as confrontcr l n i th

cth i t 'a l c lucst ions in rvhich his/hcr rcsponsibi l i tv provc<l to bc inr '<>lvcr l . At

thc samc timc, PiJgc pour Ltnc cxlcution capitttlc anil [sc.r/o.1c non oncsthisiie

of lcrcd a n-ra jor c l i f lcrcncc: unl ikc Jouniac 's purc lv sculptural uork, I 'anc 's

.on.r / . r t \ \ 'as thc rcsul t o l a painfu l pcr l i r r rnancc that shc subjc:ctcc l hcrscl l ' to ,

cl'cn though no au<licncc u'itnr:sscrl it <lircctlv.

260 ( ) xK ) t { t ) . \ t {T l ( )Uu . \A r . 1 . 1 .2 2011

Fig. 4. Gina Pane, Deux/eme projet du siience, 1970, black and white photographs on plywood, 106.8 x 180.5 cm. Photographs: Herve Gloaguen. Musee

c jepar tementa l d 'a r t anc ien e t con ternporarn . Eprna l . (Photo : r Adagp. Par is 2011. )

5 5 . ' l

r r l . . . ( s l L r r r ' \ ( r ( i ( \ ' ( r i l i ( l u ( ( 1 s ( ) n

l l l i t . t i t i c s t r i . t t t l . t t t 1 l r l t t s q r a r r r L r l r r ' i l s a l l i , , r r t e

l ) l l r s ( ) ! l \ ( r 1 { n l c n l a L r x l a r r ' s r L l r s r x i t t i . I r p , i n c

r l c n r o t t . . . r ' : 1 u n l r l r c r o t t r i t r e i r t o l c r . r l r l t . i r l r r i

n ' . r p . r s r c r r r n t i i i l r , l r , , r r r r r t - l l l r l l . r i t l e t , , u r a g e

< L J o t t r n i . t l ) ( ) u r ( r s ( r r r r r n l r r ' r p L r l r l i r l r r ' n r e r t i

1 ( ) u t i l f ( ( l u i . r ( c l ) 1 e ( l u e I r l r c i n e r . r l r i t . r l c n t s o i t

p . r s i n r n r r r l i , r l t r r c r l r o n r l . r n t n i t i r t r o r l r l r r ' i l r t

l i s s t . r r I r . t < l t t t i r s t . r r r l ( l u i p . r s s t l c t r r n r p l i r r ' < l r r n

r l r c n l r r c l l s s l s s i r r l l ( l n n q o i s l ' l u c l r a r t , ' l

r l t r r r e

h p l u s l x l l , ' , l r t j t r r , / r ' , r r r r . l , ( ) t t o l r e r 1 9 7 1 . n o

l l g c r r r r n r l r t r . l . l h e r l e a t h p c n r l t r s t i l l c r i s t c r l i n

I : r a n r t i r I 9 7 I l t u , r s , r l x r l i s l r t r l i n I 9 i l L

l ( r . ' I . r s t l g r i g r t i o n r l t : t r r n s t i c r r t c s i n r l i r i r l r r t l l c s '

( l ) . r n r ' , ' l l l c s s u r t / \ , 1 o r t : ( ' o r p s ( i r l l e t l i l ' , 1 c r t n ,

p . 2 5 1 . ( ) r i g i r r . r l l r p r r l r l i s h e t l i r I 1 . r l i . r r i n

( o n t r o , r t l t u n t , t r o . 1 , S t l r t t r t t l r t r 1 5 , l c ) 7 6 , p . 1 2 .

57. I ca \r t r-gine, ' l l<xh I artgrrage. Lea Vergine

I r x r k s . r t t h c i l s c o l t h c l l r x l l i n A r t ' , . l r r u n J

r r r , . r . . r , , l ' r . n , , h . l e 7 l . I ) 1 r

i \ r l r r l l r , r 1 r r , r r i , , r r , , l , , , I r i . . , r r . , i r r

l ) ( r l i ) n ) r . r l ( \ ' , s c c a l s o l ) t g g r ' l ) h t l a n , l , l n n r o r i r , / :

I h c l \ , l t t L ' o l P c r l o r n t o n . c ( l { o u l l r r l g r ' : N r r r ) i r r k ,

l 9 9 l ) .

5 r ) l , o / , r n , l c . n o 1 , h l l 1 9 7 0 , p . 2 . 1

6 { ) . ' l . c

t o r p s r l r r i t s t . r l a l i r i s : p r o j t , t / t r r r t r l r i r t r /

t r t i r u t l t ' t < l ' t t t r r ' p r r l i < l t t t i r l i s l i ( l u ( t r ( ) u \ ( s ( ) n

s L t p p o r t l o g i < 1 r r c r l . r n s l ' i n r . r g t l ) i r l e r ) r ( ) \ ( r l

p h o t o g r a p l r i < 1 u r " ( l ' . r n r ' , ' l r ' ( o r - l ) \ . 1 s ( r l s u l ) l r ) r t

r r r ) i 1 ] ( l ) ( ) U I t r r l ( ( l r l r r r l ) t l n i ( . r 1 i ( ) n r r ( ) r r l i r r { u i s t i ( l u c ,

/ r r r r r , p . I I I ( ) r i g i n r l l r p u l r l i s h t , , l i n . l r r i r r , / r r

l r t t L n t t n o n t l , n o . i , I r ' l r l t r . r r r l l , r r r l r I 9 7 i , P . S

( r l . . , \ r r r o r g I ) . t r r " s r n i r r i n t a l i s t n o r k s . t r e l / r , 1 r

I \ r l : ( ) t z o n { I 9 ( ) 6 ) . l r ( l l n t t l l u t , , n 1 r , r / r r r r , ( i , r / , r

I unttn T:ni rul , lc ( 1()66).

Rrriring thc Collec:tix' I lodv

Return to Consciousness: Reading Escalade Non Anesth6siee's Constat

l .ea Vcrginc n()tc( l about thc prcscncc ()f 'an au(l icncc at a perf irrmancc: 'Thc

public is ncc(lc( l to complctc thc uvcnt; i t must bc inxrlvc<l in a col lcct ivt-cxpcricncc that lca<ls i t t<>,rcconsiclcr i ts quoti<l ian cxistcncc an(l thc rulcs ol 'i ts or<l inarv bcl 'raviour' . " Ve.rginc's rcrnark rclatcs to the- c'onvcntional

un(lcrstan(l ing of pcrf irrrnan( ( ' Js J l)r 'JLt iLL rcrquir ing thc inclusion ol ' thcrvic\\ ,cr \ \ ' i thin i ts sl)at ial an(l termporal sl)hcrc, thus ()\ 'cr lo()king t\"importancr- l 'anc placc<l on l)h()t() <loc umcntation in hcr art ist ic stratcg\ ' .

'n' l ' l -rc

tcrm photo-<lot:umcntati()n shoult l actual lv not bc un(lcrst()(xl as l)urcl\ 'r locumcntarv. I lathcr, i t is inr l icat ir t o[ [ 'anr"s ( '()n( 'cl) t i ()r) ol 'pcrt irrmancc asa non st ' l l 'sul l ic icnt l)ract icc, r,r ' l ' r ic l ' r onlv lrhoto t locumcntation ( '()ul( l makc( ( )mr ) le tc .

TI 'rc rclat ionship betuccn l)crf i)rman('c an(l ( l()( 'ulnclt tat i()n gavc r is( ' toc() lr trovcrsv in thc I970s as lnanv art ists cxl)rcssc(l s(cl)t i ( isl l touar<ls

photo ' t lo tu rn( .n ta1 i ( )n . As t ' r l l A , r , l , ' " l . r , r r , ,us l t pu t i1 :

The photograph is a lie. I'm afraid we get a great deal of our exposure to art throughmagazines and through sl ides and I think this is dreadful, this is anti art because art isa direct experience with something in the world and photography is just a rumor, a kindof pornography of art.se

I l so tn t ' a r l i s ls ( ( )ns i ( l ( ' r ( ' ( l l )h ( ) to r locur r r t 'n t . r t ion a l ) (x ) r ( ' \ ' ( ) (a1 i ( )n ( ) l ' a un i ( lL r ( .( ' \ ' ( 'nt, ()1h('rs, inclurl i rrq I 'anc, intt 'gra1c<l photograplrv into thcir pcrl i rrntant 'c

l ) r a c t i ( ( ' , h t ' n t t ' t h t ' s ( ' ( ' ( ) r x l a r y i n t l r o r t a n c c o l ' t h t ' p r c s e n t ' t ' o l a n a u ( l i ( ' r ) ( ( ' .I )an t 'w ' ro tc i r l rou t thc r ( ) l ( ' ( ) l pho to < lo t 'u rn ( 'n ta l i ( )n : ' l ' hc l r t x lv , wh ic 'h i s a tth t ' sa tn t '1 in r t ' : p ro j t ' r ' t /n ra t t t ' r / t ' x r '< 'u t ion o l 'an ar t i s t i c l ) ra ( ' t i ( ( ' , { in r l s i t s

logit 'al nrc<l ium in lh( ' i rnage, lrv \ \ 'ay () l t l ' r t 'pl ' rotogrirpl ' r ' . ( ' ( ' l ' l rus, l)ane an<ll ; ra t rgo is t 'Masson < lc t t ' r rn in t '< l th t ' sc r i t ' s o l sho ls to l r t ' l ak t 'n r l r r r ing thc

l)( ' r l i )r l l r .rn(( ' ( l ; ig 51, i l l t ( l th( ' rrakinl l <>l ' tht ' const,rt tht 'n inrrr lvc' t l thoughtl ir l

c< l i1 inq , r ( ' su l t i ru in a v isu ; r l l r , t r r r r rp t ' l l i ng photograph i t ' a ( ( ' ( )un t .

A signi l i tant ( 'xanrl) l( ' ol l 'att t"s r,r ' ish to l t 'avt ' a last ing tracc ol 'an t 'plrt ' rnc'ral

t t t ' t ion, I ' .staloLlc non oncsthisi lc 's crrn. i trr l Irol ort lv ir tclurlcs a carcl ir l lv st ' l t ' r ' t t '<l st ' t, , 1 I , l . r t k r t t , l u h i t , P l r , r l o l r ' . r P h s , l r u t t l r t l . r r l r l t . r i t s , ' l l , . r t l t l i n q , l s ( l r l l ) l l r r ' , l l

r l i rncns ion to thc w,ork . Th t ' la< l< l t ' r aga ins t a u 'a l l p lacc< l n t ' x t to th t '

pl-rotographic l)ancl, l i )r( ' ing ir l i 'ontal vi t ' r ,r , ing, is a r lcpartun' l i 'orn the tvpt.ol '

phenornt 'noloqical cxpcricn( '( ' l )r()ml)tc( l by I 'ane 's ( 'ar l i ( ' r minimalist r ' r ,orks. '- 'At thc samc t in'rc, this 1r 'ontal prescntation, r( ' l )ro(lLlcing tht ' posit ion ol ' the

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l )c r l i ) rmancc t r iqgcrc r l bv thc c< l i t in { o1 ' thc photographs .Thc pcr f i r rn ran( ( ' i s re t 'nac tc t l th rough th t ' con . r /o t b r , rncans o l ' thc la rgc

nLlml)cr ol ' pr i t t ls, a total ol ' sixtv ninc i l isplavc<l on a sizeable l tant ' l ; as arcsult, thc vi( ' \ \ 'cr (anr)()1 lakc in tht ' u'holc l)ancl at once, but lnust ' rca(l '

tht 'succcssivc s( '( lLlcn( '( 's ol shots. Thc progrcssion ol thc vicw't ' r 's r( 'a( l ing

thcrcl irrc in'rpl ics a tcr lporal unl ir l r l ing u,hich intt 'nsif ics his,/hcr cxl)cr icnce.Fur thcr rnorc , the pr in ts a r ( 'a r ran{c ( l in g rou l ts ( ) l ' th rc rc , n ine , ( ) r tu r : l vc ,m()st gr()ups c()nrl)()sc(l ol '<l i l lcrcnt l iarnings () l ' thc samc n'rot i l ' . l ' l ' r is visual

rhvthrn infuscs thc pancl w,i th a i lynamisn'r cf l i .c ' t ivclv cvoking thc physicalcl l i rr t ol ' thc Pcrl irrn'rancc i tsol l ' . Final lv, though no Print is thr: samc, thcirrcpcti t ivc (ontcnt strcsscs ther lcngth of thc pcrl irrnrancc in t imc ancl, morc

irnportantlv, thc art ist 's phvsical suflcr ing. Thus, thcr con.vat lunctions as a' l i r ,c ' narrat ivc ol ' thc Dcrf i)rmanccr.

As cliscussc<l .,o.li"r, Panc's oction.s, inclurling hcr sclllinllictcrl r'r,ouncls, lr'cre-

moti\,atc(l bv l'rcr ambition to l)r()motLr an i(lcra <>f thc bodl' as a communal

( )x l . ( ) l { l ) AKI JoLI I { \AI_ t+.) )O11 261

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Fig. 5. Gina Pane. Escaiade irolr anest/lesiee, 1971, black and whrte contact prints. Photographs: Francoise Masson. (Plroto: ' Adagp, Paris 2011.)

r ' r ) t i t \ ' . In ( l c ( ' (1 , f i r r hc r , th is n . rs th t '< 'onr l i t io r r l i r r a co l l c t ' t i r t ' t l t lncs thc t isa t io r r .

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uirh thc r l i"nr". ' , so that thc vit 'u,t ' r 's rcturn to consc' ionsncss coulr l oc'r 'ur. l 'an.< lcscr ibcr l th is p roccss as l i r l l ons : ' ( ' on l ra rv to thc I ' rappcn ing nh ich tcn< lc< l " t< r

nr.rkt 'ot ' tc l)art icipatc", pt 'r [ i r l t t t .r t tcc tcnrls to t l ' rc assirni lat ion ot ' thc othe.r

th rough opcra t ions <>f i< lcn t i l i ca t ions bo th bv pro jcc l ion o f th t ' t<x r junc t iva l

t issut-: t l rc mcmbranr' , ancl b,v t 'ncr{\ ' ' ." 'A psvchr>anal_\ ' t ic sul)t( ' \ t is t . tnqiblchcrc anrl crrnsistcnt n i th l) .rnc's ust ' of ' usvclroanalt t i ( t( ' r 'nrs to r lcf int ' thc

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i t l :nt ical <l imcnsions n hclsc visual structurcs, rcscmbling gri( lr i , arc' similar: t l r t :rungs ol thc laddcr, Irlacrc(l irrcgularlv bctu.ccn thr: r.crtical posts, ccho thcasscnrl) lagc of thc prints. As a rcsult , thc lrounclarv bctu,ct-n thc actual ladclcran(l thc prints is s()mL'l l () \ \ 'blurrt :cl , as thor-rgh thc printr \ \( ' r-(- ins\ 'r- i lx.r l ui thinthc lat l t lcr strutturc. This al lou's thc r i t-ut-r to visual ist ' himscl l ' /ht 'rsclfcl inrbing tht- la<l<le r, thus t 'stal>l ishing .r kincl of ' f lui t l i t r ' () f subi((t ivi t ics l)ct\ \ ' rcnthc pt 'r l i rrmcr an(l t l l ( . \ ' ic\ \ 'cr. Ac.r.or<l inglr, , Panc, u.ho ass(-rtc-( l that hcr'att i tur lc '

\ \ 'as 'atrsolrrtclv n()t aut() l) i ()graphical ' , carclul lv (.()nc'calc(l hcr

i t lcrnt i tv in Estcr/oc/c nL)n dnc$hi.\ i ic in r>r<lcr to thci l i tatc thc iclcnti l lcat ionbt ' tr lcr ' tr hcr bo<lv an(l thc vicwer's.( ' l

' fhe re lat ivclv r)( 'utr. l l ()ut l i1 \ \ ' ()r lr in

1:sca/,r, /c ,r()r) dncfrAcri lc _ black l)rnts rn(l .r s{) l)r .r . . i re..k. ' t l shir-t is a l l rsli t t< l i r 'a t i r>n o l ' th is , ' l i i r r t . ' " Mor t 'o r '< ' r ' , ln ( )s t sho ts .1 \ ( ) i ( l sh( ) \ \ ' i ng hcr ' l . rc , ia ll i ' . r turt 's bc1.n<l thc Prcf i lc. Similarlr , t l rc sh.ts sh.*i .q thc la<l<lcr i . i ts( ' l t t i r( ' tv Jn(l ( l(x 'Llrnclrt ing r l i f l i ' rcnt nrorncnls ol ' l )ant"s as( '( .nsi()n arc tak( ' l ll ronr a ( l is lan(c, l)r( ' \ 'cnt ing a ( lcar insigl ' r t into Ir. ' . 1r. ' rr ,r , . , . . . t '5 ()pcral ing asinraqcs ol r g( ' l lcr i( , ul) i \ ' ( ' rsr l sul i i ' r ing lrorh, thc l)h()t()err l)hs arc Incalrt t()t rJ l l s t t t i t t t r t l r c r i t ' r r t ' r ' s ph ls i ta l s t ' l l th t ' s ( 'nsJ t i ( )ns o l thc t l in rb . Thus , lhnr ' ' s

l x ' r l i ) t ' r1 ran( ( ' \ \ ' i I s r l ( ) t s ( ) lnu(h a l rou t Acr l ro< lv l r r . r1 ra thcr th t ' i rn . rgc o l a l ro< l_ r .

. l cnn i l i ' r l l l css ing < l t ' l i n t , l l ' . r r r t . rs 'a g t 'n t l i t JC l r r ' ' , r ' t ' r rgn is in ! thc a r t i s t ' sres is ta l t ( ( ' to pcr l i r rn r i r tg in a t ra rc iss is t i t ' n ranncr . " " ln th is r t ' sp t . r '1 , Ih r r t 'a { r ( ' ( ' ( l\ \ ' i th F()r( 'st 's slan(( ' Jl l i l inst an art ist i t l )r .r(.1i(( ' ( .( ' r) tr( ' ( l l )r i ln.rr i lv irr()un(l t l t ( ,p ro t r t r> t io t r ( ) l ' t l t ( ' a r t i s t ' s i t l t ' n t i t r ' . For t ' s l uarn t ' ( l tha t ' th rogg l t l r i s /h t ' r( { ) l )s l ) i tu ( )us l ) r ( ' s ( ' t ) ( ( ' , t l r t ' ; r r t i s t (J l ) l ) ( ' ( ( )n r ( ' thc " th inq" ins lc . r r l ( ) l J l ) i t ) l . t l i t ) l lthe " th ing" (sub j t ' t t i v i t v i r rs t r .a< l o l in t t ' r -su l r j t ' c t i v i t1 , ) ' . " ' l J ) suggcs t in ! .u r. t l l i r r i t , v f r t ' t r v t ' t ' n d r t soL io loq i ( t rc an( l l ) ( ' r l i ) rn lan( ' ( 'A r t , th is r t 'n ra rk i< lcn t i l i cs t l r r .t 'onttt ' t ' t i r t t t l l t ' twt ' t ' t r art ist .u(l vic 'r .r ' t ' r as an t. l t ' r tr t 'nt t ' rucial to t l tc art ol thc 1970s.

Epi logue- [ ' he

po l i t i t a l ( ( ) l l ( ( r r t o l l ; r r i r / ac / c r ] ( ) r ] ( l r L ' f l h . i . \ i L i c a un i ( l u ( . t on t r i l r u l i on t o r r r tsot io logi t l t tc , an . l ' t is t i ( rn() \ ' ( ' l ) t ( ' l t t in l lut .nr ,ct l l rv thc r l is t ,<>urs( ' ( ) l M;rr , 6f ir ' . l i s ( ' s t l r , ' ( l u ( \ l i ( , l r r , l i t s s i g n i l i t . r r r r . l , , . , , r r , l i t s , u - l l r i s t , , r ' i t . r l r a l t r . . .

A t l r r r i t t c< l l v , t hc pc r l i r r r r r an (c un l ( ) l ( l ( ' ( l i n a p r t ' s t ' n t t ha t c rnno t bc r t ' co r c r t ' r l ,

r r h ich \ \ 'as rn i r rkr ' t l l r ) thc Vi t ' ln . r r r War. I Iout ' r . t . r , thr . (unradi , a lsO

t ( ) l l l l l l ( ' l ) l { ) r J l t ' s l h t ' t ' . t t . t g t ' s ( ) 1 t h ( \ \ t t ' i r ) l l t c t r a l l t ' o l t r r l l c r ' 1 i r t ' n ) t , t r ) r r r \ ' . " *

Th i s sh ' * s a ( ( ) r ' r ( ' l . r 1 i ( ) . l r t ' t r ' t ' r ' r r I t r . t . a r r t l [ ) cb . r r l ' s t h i nk i n { . I n<1 . . . ' , l , . i s

Jon.r th.ur ( l l l rv * r .1t ' , ' l )c lxrr<l s( ' ( 's th( . (or( ' o l tht . sPt ' t . lac. lc as th( .

ann ih i l a t i on o1 ' l r i s t o r i ca l knov r l t ' < l gc i n Pa r t i t u l a r t h t . < l cs1 r ' u t t i ( ) n o l t h ( '

r t ' ( ( ' n t l ) as t . l n i t s 1 r l ; r t t ' , t h t ' r t ' i s t l r t ' n ' i g r r o l a l x ' r l x ' t ua l p r cs r . n t ' . ( " )Th i s( ) l ) s ( ' r \ . I 1 i o t t t l n ( l ( ' r s ( ( ) r ( ' s I t an t " s l i t ' n l l r a t a pc r l i r r n r Jn ( ( ' i s i n r r u t r . r ' i vab l c

\ l i th() t t t . l . ( )nf t r r r , l i r r r ro othor 1( ' l ) ) l ) ( ) r .1 l i t i ( 's thJn thr ' l t l t 's t .nt u ouir l( )1h( ' r ' \ \ is( ' bc at p lav in ht ' r nork.

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l l r ings alx>ut a ( lL l rat i l ) l r r>t t ' r>r t" - t io l ls t tcss ()n the v icnt ' r 's 1)ar t that fo lL ' . r ls l l r ( '

r t ' l t ' r 'ancc ol ' th is xork f i r r currcnt an<l luturc a l l ( l icn( .cs.

This urticle orillinutcJ.r.s .rn c.s.ig' writtcn in 2l)0; lbr d [ltd(lLr(1te scrninor rduqht b)'(arrie Ldnbcrt Bcattv at Ilartartl Ilniversitl,. I thank hcr.fitr hcr cxtensivc.lbctlback anJ

gcncrous Llhice.

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