revolusi kemerdekaan mexico
TRANSCRIPT
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REVOLUSIKEMERDEKAAN
MEXICO
Oleh:
Taat Wulandari
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INTRODUCTION
The independence movement in Mexico took a very different
course from the campaigns in South America.
Concerned about the crisis in Spain, a small group of
peninsulares, rather than Creoles, carried out a coup detat in
1808. The peninsulares desired stability in Mexico and overthrew the
viceregal government when it allowed the Creoles influence. As a
result, the great Viceroyalty of New Spain (Mexico), a huge region
of more than six million people, was governed by some 15,000
peninsulares.
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Lanjutan
Two years after this coup, a widespread rebellion erupted.
Creoles, including a priest named Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, had
been planning an uprising against the peninsulares, but their plot
was discovered before they had organized their forces to take
action. Hidalgo hurriedly launched the revolt on September 16,
1810, ringing the bell of his parish church in the village of Dolores
and summoning the Native American population to fight the
peninsulares in the name of Ferdinand VII.
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Hidalgo.
In his famous Grito de Dolores, Hidalgo called for
independence and reforms to benefit the oppressed
Native Americans.
Hidalgos call set off a massive revolt by tens of
thousands of Native Americans north of Mexico City,
who were suffering the effects of rising food prices and
falling wages.
The Native Americans were joined by mestizos and
mulattoes, who also were hurt by the economy.
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The revolt was extremely destructive, as Hidalgos army vented its
rage over years of oppression. The damage to haciendas and
mines retarded Mexicos economic development for decades after
the revolt ended. Facing such violent rebellion, few of Mexicos
Creoles joined Hidalgo, instead supporting the peninsulares,
whose government offered stability.
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Hidalgo executed.
After initial victories, Hidalgo marched his army of about 80,000 to
Mexico City. Knowing that his army would turn into a mob if it
captured the capital and aware that a royal army was
approaching, Hidalgo withdrew. While retreating, his army was
defeated by the royalists in January 1811. Hidalgo was captured
by the royalists in March and executed on July 30, 1811
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Morelos
Hidalgo was replaced by another parish priest, Jos Mara Morelos y
Pavn. Morelos, a mestizo, was a better military tactician than Hidalgo.
He also had a more specific political agenda, which called for social and
racial equality as well as independence from Spain. Under his leadership
the patriots captured some territory and declared independence in 1813.
But the royalists still controlled the capital and much of the viceroyalty. In1815 Morelos was captured and executed. For the next six years the
rebellion continued on a smaller scale, much of it carried out by provincial
guerrilla bands.
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Iturbide.
In 1820 the royalists chose Agustn de Iturbide, a Creole officer in the
royalist army, to defeat the remaining guerrillas. Iturbide immediately set
out to find the most important rebel leader, Vicente Guerrero, a mestizo.
But instead of defeating Guerrero, Iturbide made a deal with him to
overthrow Spanish authority. In February 1821 they issued their , which
declared the independence of Mexico. The plans three major provisions called for creation of a monarchy with
limited powers, for Catholicism to be the official state religion, and for
racial equality. Iturbide and Guerreros forces joined to form the Army of
the Three Guarantees.
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It won immediate support from royalists, since it kept Mexico a
monarchy, and from patriots, since it created an independent
Mexico. When a new viceroy arrived from Spain in 1821, he and
Iturbide signed the Treaty of Crdoba, based largely on the Plan
of Iguala, and the independent Mexican empire was created.
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The governing junta of Mexico City appointed Iturbide its president
in September 1821. Under the treaty, a member of European
royalty was to be offered the throne of the new empire, but before
arrangements could be made Iturbide himself became Emperor
Agustn I in May 1822.
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Lanjutan.
Agustn had to govern a large empire with a weak and disrupted
economy. Revolts against his government began soon after he
took office. In 1823 the emperor resigned and went into exile, and
a republic was proclaimed, but the country continued to be divided
among political factions. Agustn returned to Mexico the following
year, but was imprisoned and then executed.