Revolution and Nationalism (III)1- Please define the word “nationalism.”2- Who was the leader of Indian NationalCongress, INC?3- What is Satyagraha?4- When was the country named Pakistanfounded? And how was it founded?5- Why was M.K. Gandhi killed?

Revolution and Nationalism (III)6- When was China the 1st time became a republiccountry?7- Who wanted China to become a democraticand socialist country?8- What is Kuomintang or KMT?9- What are the key factors that helped ChineseCommunist party win the struggle?10- What happened to KMT and its leader, afterthe communists won the struggle in 1949?

Revolution and Nationalism (III)11- ?

Revolution and Nationalism (III)Nationalism in India –

Nationalism is patriotic feelings or showingdevotion to the interests of one’s own nation.In India, nationalism appeared in the 19th

century => Educated Indians started to resent(dislike, not accept) British rule in thecountry. They wanted a share in governingtheir own country.

Revolution and Nationalism (III)Nationalism in India –In 1885, they set up a nationalist organizationcalled Indian National Congress (INC).

Actually, at the end of WWI, the British gavesome share in the government to Indianpeople, but that was late and very few thatmade them feel angry and becomeaggressive. The Indians highly respected thenationalist leader , M.K. Gandhi.

Revolution and Nationalism (III)Nationalism in India –Gandhi wanted nothing less than completeindependence for India. To obtain this, he calledon all Indians not to cooperate with the Britishand warned Indians that non-cooperation shouldbe carried out without violence and forces, thiscame to be known as Satyagraha. Satyagrahasucceeded, the British found it difficulty to rulewithout cooperation of Indians, and at the end ofWWII , they decided to leave India.

Revolution and Nationalism (III)Nationalism in India –As Independence approached, theMuslim Indians realized that the newgovernment would be ruled by theHindus, they felt that the Hindus wouldnot treat them fairly, the Muslim,therefore, demanded the separation ofthe country..

Revolution and Nationalism (III)Nationalism in India – As a result, the Britishdecided to divide the country into twoseparate, independent countries – India andPakistan in August 1948.

The division followed by great violencebetween Muslim, Hindus, and Sikhs. Morethan two million people was killed, andGandhi himself was shot dead..

Revolution and Nationalism (III)Revolution in China – The Manchu government ofChina was weak, so the country was divided andcontrolled by Japan Western powers. Chinesepeople were not happy and ready for a revolution.

The leader of the revolution was Dr. Sun Yat-sen;he was a great thinker and planner, he wantedChina to become a democratic and socialistcountry, which meant, based on his idea, allChinese should have an equal share in the wealthof China.

Revolution and Nationalism (III)Revolution in China –The revolution took place in 1911. The Manchuemperor was forced to give up his throne andChina was declared a republic.Dr. Sun became the 1st president.

However, Dr. Sun found it difficulty to introducedemocracy and socialism in China, he thenformed the Kuomintang (KMT) or NationalistParty to carry out his program.

Revolution and Nationalism (III)Revolution in China -Before important changes could take place, Dr.Sun died in 1926. His death caused problem,who was to lead the new republic?There were two possible leaders, the powerfulmember of KMT, Chiang Kai-shek, and the leaderof the Communist Party, Mao Zedung. Chiangdefeated all his opponents, including thecommunist party and became dictator in China.

Revolution and Nationalism (III)Revolution in China –In order to escape Chiang’s troops, Chinesecommunists had to travel mare than 9600kms top aremote places in northwest China. Here they were ableto reorganize their army and plan for a communistrevolution in China.

The Japanese invasion of China in 1937 helped thecommunists. Chiang’s army was terribly battered(injured) by the Japanese. On the other hand, theJapanese found it difficulty to destroy the Communistarmy.

Revolution and Nationalism (III)Revolution in China –Communist army was organized into groupsof guerrilla fighters, the guerrilla seldomattacked enemy openly, instead theyharassed (worried) the enemy by suddenraids (attack) and ambushes (surprisedattack, trap).They plundered or destroyed the enemy’ssupplies, this type of warfare provedsuccessful.

Revolution and Nationalism (III)Revolution in China –Communists received a great deal ofsupports from the Chinese people.In August 1945, Japan surrendered. TheJapanese withdrew from China.The communists won the struggle, and inOctober 1949 Chiang Kai-shek abandonedChina and moved to the island of Taiwan.China then became a communist countryunder the leadership of Mao.

Revolution and Nationalism (III)Nationalism in Southeast Asia –Nationalism had appeared in Southeast Asialong before the WWII. However, during the wartime national feeling became stronger. As wesaw Japan occupied Southeast Asia and ruledthe countries harshly (bitterly).When Japan ended their rule in 1945, Asia didnot wish to return to European rule, theydecided to fight for independence.

Revolution and Nationalism (III)Nationalism in Southeast Asia –The Philippines gained independence fromAmericans in 1946; Burma was grantedindependence from the British in 1948; TheDutch was stubborn (persistent), they keptfighting against nationalists in Indonesia, only in1950 the United Nations persuaded the Dutch togive up the struggle , and gave the countryindependence.

Revolution and Nationalism (III)Nationalism in Southeast Asia –Long fighting took place in Vietnam betweenFrench and Vietnamese nationalists; French lostwar in Vietnam, and in 1954 a conference washeld in Switzerland to decide the future ofFrench Indo-China. As this conference, theFrench agreed to withdraw from Indo-China,which granted independence to Vietnam,Cambodia, and Laos.

Revolution and Nationalism (III)Nationalism in Southeast Asia –

Vietnam, however, was divided into twoindependent states, the North came undera communist government led by Ho ChiMinh, and the South came under a fewweak presidents, supported by theAmericans. The country was reunited againin 1975, after serious attacks and fighting.

Revolution and Nationalism (III)Nationalism in Southeast Asia –Malaya became independent in 1957 after longpunishment, as the Britain did not grantindependence to the country until the communistrebellion was put down. In 1963, Britain withdrewfrom Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak in order toallow these colonies to join with Malaya to form afederation of Malaysia. In 1965, Singapore brokeaway from Malaysia and became an independentrepublic. Thailand was led by series of generals,they ruled Thailand under the name of the Thaiking.

Revolution and Nationalism (III)Nationalism in Southeast Asia –Brief of Malaya and Singapore History.

HomeworkPlease Do

Exercises on page 17; and Exercises on page 20,

focus on B & D.