T.JOHN COLLEGE OF NURSING

GOTTIGERE

BENNARGHATTA ROAD

BANGALORE-83

SYNOPSIS

REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR DISSERTATION

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,

KARNATAKA

PREPARED BY

ANITHA .K

1ST YEAR MSC NURSING

T. JOHN COLLEGE OF NURSING

GUIDED BY,

MRS MONIKA PAUL

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING

T.JOHN COLLEGE OF NURSING

0

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,

KARNATAKA, BANGALORE

ANNEXURE – II

PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR DESSERTATION

1. NAME OF THE CANDIDATE AND ADDRESS (IN BLOCK LETTERS)

ANITHA.K

I YEAR M Sc NURSING

T JOHN COLLEGE OF NURSING

GOTTIGERE, BENNARGHATTA ROAD,

BANGALORE-83

2. NAME OF THE INSTITUTIONT JOHN COLLEGE OF NURSING

GOTTIGERE ,BENNARGHATTA ROAD,

BANGALORE-83

3. COURSE OF STUDY AND SUBJECT

M. Sc. NURSING

COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING

4. DATE OF ADMISSION TO THE COURSE

13-06-2011

5. TITLE OF THE TOPIC: EFFECTIVENESS OF PLANNED TEACHING

PROGRAM ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING HAZARDS OF NON-

BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS AMONG WOMEN IN SELECTED URBAN

AREA, BANGALORE.

1

6 BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK

6. Introduction:

“I know of no safe depository of the ultimate powers of the society but the

people themselves; and if we think them not enlightened enough to exercise their

control with a wholesome discretion, the remedy is not to take it from them but to

inform their discretion.1” -Thomas Jefferson

The community has been described as one of the most fruitful areas for improving the

health of the people. It is a fact that social, physical and cultural aspects of the

community have a major influence on an individual’s health status.2

The environmental problems in India are growing rapidly. Plastic bags, plastic thin

sheets and plastic waste are a major source of pollution. In our day to day life plastic

become inevitable. But most of them are not aware about the hazards of plastics.

The word plastic is derived from the Greek word, plastikos meaning capable of being

shaped or molded and from plastos meaning molded. Plastics are typically polymers of

high molecular mass and may contain other substances to improve performance and

reduce production costs. Monomers of plastic are either natural or synthetic organic

compounds.3

Plastics are generally classified into two based on the nature. They are biodegradable

and non-biodegradable. Biodegradable plastics are plastics that will decompose in natural

aerobic or composting and anaerobic or landfill environments. Biodegradation of plastics

can be achieved by enabling less microorganisms in the environment to metabolize the

molecular structure of plastic films to produce an inert humus-like material that is

harmful to the environment.3 Non-biodegradable plastics are any plastics that either do

2

not break down at all or plastics that require mechanical or chemical breakdown4.The

decomposition of these types of plastics takes 1000 of years.5

The plastics are highly toxic and pose serious threat to living being of all species on

earth5.Some of the constituents of plastic cause leukemia and other cancers. Plastic

grinding generates polymer dust results in interstitial pneumonia, bronchitis, eye

irritation and accumulates in fatty tissues resulting in carcinogenic effects6. Many

animals ingest plastic bags mistaking them for food and therefor die. The ingested plastic

remains intact even after the death and decomposition of the animal. Thus, it lies around

in the landscape where another victim may ingest it5.

The hazards of plastics are numerous. The land get littered by plastic bag, garbage,

presenting an ugly and unhygienic seen. The “THROW AWAY CULTURE” results

blockage in drainage system, health hazards, spreading of water borne disease. This

littering also reduces rate of rain water percolating. The soil fertility deteriorates as the

plastic form part of a manure remain in the soil for years.7

6.1 Need for the study:

“Which one do you prefer - earth in pieces or peace in earth?” 8

The explosion of technology, though makes our lives smooth and comfortable, also

bring with it certain disaster. The disaster is made by the users of the technology-the

human beings. It is our behavior which affects the environment. It may be global

warming, depletion of natural resources, seasonal uncertainties or serious health

problems, we are responsible in some or the other way to make it happen.9

Plastics have become a critical material in the modern economy; the annual volume

of plastics produced exceeds that volume of steel. The world's annual consumption of

plastic materials has increased from around 5 million tons in the 1950s to nearly 100

million tones today. The magnitude of society's burden of plastic waste is only beginning

3

to be fully appreciated.10 In the US; the average person produces a half-pound of plastic

waste every day. Around the world, some 300 million tons of the material are produced

each year a figure poised to expand, as new forms of plastics are devised to serve a

voracious global appetite. As Halden points out, this annual production alone would fill a

series of train cars encircling the globe. "We're doomed to live with yesterday's plastic

pollution and we are exacerbating the situation with each day of unchanged behavior."13

Plastic waste is a major environmental and public health problem in India, particularly

in the urban areas. India is the fourth highest Asian importer of plastic waste behind

Honk Kong, Philippines, and Indonesia.11 20% of solid municipal wastes in India is

plastic12. Average Indian uses one kilogram of plastics per year, the world annual average

is an alarming 18 kg. But too many do it as our cities have huge population. The country

yet to take a serious view of the issue and have a uniform nation-wide law for indiscreet

disposals of plastics. People should be educated on the proper ways of plastic usage and

the disposal 7.

Urbanization has added to the plastic pollution in concentrated form in cities. Plastic

thrown on land can enter into drainage lines and chokes them resulting into floods in

local areas in cities as experienced in Mumbai, India in 1998. It was claimed in one of the

program on TV Channel that eating plastic bags results in death of 100 cattle per day in

U.P in India. In stomach of one dead cow, as much as 35 kg of plastic was found.

Because plastic does not decompose, and requires high energy ultra-violet light to break

down, the amount of plastic waste in our oceans is steadily increasing. More than 90% of

the articles found on the sea beaches contained plastic. The plastic rubbish found on

beaches near urban areas tends to originate from use on land, such as packaging material

used to wrap around other goods12.

People are exposed to chemicals from plastic multiple times per day through the air,

4

dust, water, food and use of consumer products. Phthalates are used as plasticizers in the

manufacture of vinyl flooring and wall coverings, food packaging and medical devices.

Eight out of every ten babies, and nearly all women, have measurable levels of phthalates

in their bodies. In addition, bisphenol A (BPA), found in polycarbonate bottles and the

linings of food and beverage cans, can leach into food and drinks. The U.S. Centers for

Disease Control and Prevention reported that 93 % of people had detectable levels of

BPA in their urine. Also, people with the highest exposure to BPA have an increased rate

of heart disease and diabetes.14

An article reported that micro waving foods in plastic containers releases cancer

causing agents in to the foods .Di-ethyl hexyl-adepate was migrating in to the oil at

between 200 parts and 500 parts per million. The food and drug association is 0.05 parts

per billion.15

A study was conducted on Phthalates and other additives in plastics. Study had taken

242 mothers and examined during and after pregnancy. Result shows Phthalates

metabolite concentration in urine significantly correlated between pre and post-test

sample.16

A study to find mortality patterns among workers exposed to styrene in the reinforced

plastic boat building industry revealed overall, 860deaths (standardized mortality ration

1-09, confidence interval 1.02-1.17). The excess mortality was accounted for esophageal

cancer (n=12, SMR=2.30, cl=1.19-4.02) and prostate cancer (n=24, SMR=1.71,

cl=1.092.54). Accidents (n=6, SMR=3.44, cl=1.31-4.44) rates were elevated and urinary

tract cancer SMR increased with duration of employment.17

This plastic can affect marine wildlife in two important ways: by entangling creatures,

and by being eaten. Aquatic animals mistake floating transparent plastic bags for jellyfish

and eat them. A recent US report concluded that more than 100000 marine mammals die

5

each year in the world’s oceans by eating or becoming entangled in plastic rubbish, and

the position is worsening worldwide, 75 marine bird species are known to eat plastic

articles.12

One of the most ubiquitous and long-lasting recent changes to the surface of our

planet is the accumulation and fragmentation of plastics,” wrote David Barnes, a leading

author and researcher for the British Antarctic Survey. Floating plastic waste, which can

survive for thousands of years in water, serves as mini transportation devices for invasive

species, disrupting habitats. Plastic buried deep in landfills can leach harmful chemicals

that spread into groundwater.14

Strange as it may seem, the family roles have not changed much in today's society.

While girls and women have more opportunities in home based employment, the

traditional roles of women are still quite evident, and the feminine presence of the

household. Women play an important role in community affairs particularly in

contributing to the achievement of security, development and progress.16

As per the above studies and observation, investigator feels that there is a need to

assess the knowledge of women and create awareness about the damage non-

biodegradable plastics do to living being and environment. Keeping in mind the potential

hazards of non-biodegradable plastics, it is important for them to know what way they

can help to make sure that less non-biodegradable material is left on the planet, become

eco- friendly consumer, for what people do today affects everyone tomorrow.

“Realize the importance of using less plastic. Make it a habit and a rule”.

“One person can save at least 15 plastics in a week”. 13

6.2 Review of literature:

Review of literature refers to an extensive, exhaustive and systematic examination of

6

publications relevant to the project.18

A Literature review early in the reports provides readers with a background for current

knowledge on a topic and illuminates the significance of the new study. 19

The literature can be reviewed under following headings.

1. Literature related to non- biodegradable plastics.

2. Literature related to hazards of non-biodegradable plastics on living beings.

3. Literature related to hazards of non-biodegradable plastics on environment.

4. Literature related to planned teaching program.

1. Literature related to non- biodegradable plastics:

A study was conducted in Guwahati city on Plastic and other non-biodegradable solid

waste and its management for the sustainable urban poor development. The study was

conducted in 12 different localities of Guwahati city covering more than 0.21 million

population. The results show that only 10% of plastic is being collected for recycling

whereas glass and metal is 50% and 70% respectively. It was also found that among the

plastic waste generated from household, 60% is recyclable plastics and 40% is non-

recyclable. Analysis of samples collected from drain reveals that the proportion of the

NRP was found highly significant(p=0.0008<0.05)as compared to that if

RP(p=0.29>0.05).20

A study was conducted in Tianjin, China to explore people’s attitudes regarding the

substitution of plastic bags with bags made from alternative materials, and their

willingness to pay for such substitutes. This study used a conjoint choice experiment to

measure Tianjin residents’ preferences for degradable and non-degradable plastic

materials bags. The results show that most people do not like non-degradable plastic bags

and would use bags made of other materials if they were sold at a reasonable price.21

2. Literature related to non- biodegradable plastics on living beings:

7

A study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of respiratory protective equipment

based on the biological monitoring of styrene a content of plastic .Five factories

including 39 workers were investigated. Three types of respiratory protective equipment

were tested. The 20ppm which is the occupational health. The result showed a significant

disparity in the efficiency of the respirator p<0.05.The site concentration exceeded

20ppm at 10 of the 82 sampling points 12.2% and 22 of the 39 workers 56.4%,depending

on the frequency of cartridge exchange(p<0.05).22

A study was conducted in Gondar city of Ethiopia to observe the impact of plastic

bags usage on cattle health. During study period, out of 711 rumenotomies done, in 111

(15.61%) and 600 (84.39%) animals, emergency rumenotomy and elective rumenotomy

was performed, respectively. Result shows that the quantity of the foreign bodies

collected from the rumen was ranging from 0.75 to 2.0 kg in 28 animals (3.94%); 2.0 to

5.0 kg in 116 animals (16.32%); 5.0 to 9.0 kg in 217 animals (30.52%) and above 9.0 kg

in 350 animals (49.23%). Awareness may be created on careless disposal of plastic bags

and as well as the periodical cleaning of these wastes in the grazing area.23

A study was conducted in Finland on plastic wall material in the home and respiratory

health in young children. The method used in the study is cross sectional involved 2568

children aged 1-7 years. The result shows that 95% of confidence interval, cough and

phlegm were strongly related to the presence of plastic wall materials.24

3. Literature related to hazards of non-biodegradable plastics on environment:

A study was conducted in Thane, Creek on accumulation of major non bio degradable

solid waste .In this study they selected four stations representing east and west banks of

Thane. The result shows enormous quantity of solid waste accumulation in the

mangroves of the creek. It is observed that 12 channels on the east bank and 10 on the

8

west bank, coming from residential as well as industrial zones, are the major sources of

pollution. These channels, especially the domestic sewage channels, often bring a lot of

solid waste in the form of plastic bottles; carry bags, into the creek.25

A study was conducted in Jimma city of Ethiopia regarding plastic bag wastes pose

serious environmental pollutions and health problems in humans and animals. In this

study 230 samples had taken. The results indicated that the larger proportion (176,

76.52%) of the respondents used plastic bags more frequently than any other plastic

products regardless of their age, occupation, and economic and educational status. Low

price (159, 69.13%) and easy availability (152, 66.08%) were the main reasons for the

widespread utilization of these products. Among the practices used for disposal of plastic

bag wastes, open dumping to surrounding areas (137, 59.56%) was a practice widely

used by almost all the residents of the city. Some of the major problems were animal

death (167, 72.60%), blockage of sewage lines (162, 70.43%), deterioration of natural

beauty of an environment (144, 62.60%) and human health problems (119, 51.73%). 26

The study was conducted to find heavy metals contamination in surface and ground

water supply of an urbanity. The final water supply of four treatment plants and lighty

tube wells at Delhi were surveyed for cadminn, chromium, copper, iron, lead ,

manganese, hickel and zinc-on this most of them are plasticizers. The sample stored at

room temperature and inductively. Results showed high level of lead, manganese,

cadmium ,copper and iron compared to the Indian standard specification of 5mgL-1.27

4. Literature related to planned teaching program:

A study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of a planned teaching program on

personal hygiene for children between 10-12 years in a school of Tamil Nadu. Using

stratified random sampling she selected 100 children as sample. Design was pre-

experimental. Pre-test was given by a structured questionnaire and observation checklist.

9

Planned teaching program was given and post-test was conducted using the same tool.

Post-test knowledge scores showed significant increase (t=5.72, p<o.o5). 28

A study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching program on

postnatal care for antenatal mothers attending a selected hospital in Kerala. The sample

consisted at 30 antenatal mothers, admitted for delivery, who were selected using the

purposive sampling technique. The data were collected using interview method. After

conducted the pre-test, planned teaching program on postnatal care was administered to

the respondents. Post-test was very effective (t=30.56, p<0.01) increasing the knowledge

of antenatal mothers on postnatal care. 29

6.3 Statement of the problem:

A study to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching program on knowledge

regarding hazards of non-biodegradable plastics among women in selected urban area,

Bangalore.

6.4 Objectives of the study:

1. To assess the pre-test knowledge of women regarding the hazards of non-

biodegradable plastics.

2. To develop and administer planned teaching program regarding the hazards of non-

biodegradable plastics.

3. To evaluate the effectiveness of planned teaching program regarding hazards of non-

biodegradable plastics among women.

4. To associate the pre-test knowledge score of women with their selected demographic

variables.

6.5 Operational definition:

1. Assess: It is an act to measure the knowledge among women before and after

giving the Planned Teaching program with the help of questionnaire.

10

2. Effectiveness: It is the outcome of Planned Teaching Program measured by

comparing the pretest and post test scores in terms of numerical scores.

3. Planned Teaching program: It refers to systematically organized and designed

instructions and teaching aids which are designed to increase the knowledge

regarding hazards of non-biodegradable plastics.

4. Knowledge: It refers to the process of acquiring information regarding non-

biodegradable plastics.

5. Hazards: A chance of being injured or harmed.

6. Non-biodegradable plastics: It refers to those plastics which will not breakdown

at all or plastics that require mechanical or chemical breakdown.

7. Women: It refers to females between the age group of 20-50years.

6.6 Assumptions:

1. Women in the urban area will have some knowledge regarding the hazards of non-

biodegradable plastics.

2. Planned Teaching program is an acceptable method to improve the knowledge of

women regarding the hazards of non-biodegradable plastics.

6.7 Delimitations:

1. The study is limited to women who are living in selected urban area at Bangalore.

2. The study is limited to women between the age group of 20 -50 years.

3. The study is limited to the tool prepared by the investigator.

Conceptual Framework:

Open system model

6.8 Hypothesis:

H1: There will be significant difference between the mean pre-test and post-test score of

women on knowledge regarding hazards of non-biodegradable plastics.

11

7

H2: There will be significant association between the post-test level of knowledge and

selected demographic variables of women regarding hazards of non-biodegradable

plastics.

6.9Variables

Dependent variable: Knowledge of women regarding the hazards of non-biodegradable

plastics.

Independent variable: Planned teaching program.

Material and methods:

7.1 Source of data:

Data will be collected from women between the age group of 20-50 years who are

residing in selected urban area at Bangalore.

7.1.1. Research Design:

The research design used in this study will be pre- experimental study with one group

pretest and post test design.

The symbolic representation of the design is :

O1 X O2

Key

O1: Pre-test assessment of knowledge.

X: Planned Teaching Program on hazards of non-biodegradable plastics.

O2: Post-test assessment of knowledge.

7.1.2. Setting:

The study will be conducted in selected urban area at Bangalore.

7.1.3. Population:

The population of the study comprises of women between the age group 20-50 years.

7.2 Method of data collection:

12

7.2.1 Sampling procedure:

In this study the sampling procedure will be multi-stage random sampling.

7.2.2 Sample size:

Sample size of the study consists of 100 women living in selected urban area at

Bangalore.

7.2.3 Inclusion criteria of sampling :

1. women between the age group of 20-50 years

2.Women who are living in selected urban area

3. Women who are able to read and write Kannada

7.2.4 Exclusion criteria of sampling:

1. Women who are not willing to participate in the study.

2. Women who are not present during the time of planned Teaching program.

7.2.5 Description of tool:

A structured questionnaire will be prepared in such a way that it will consist of 2 parts.

Section A: It includes the socio-demographic variables.

Section B: It includes the multiple choice questions regarding the knowledge on hazards

of non-biodegradable plastics.

7.2.6 Data collection method:

Prior to the data collection, written permission will be obtained from the primary health

center authority to conduct the study. Subjects will be selected according to the selection

criteria of the study. Informed consent will be obtained from the subjects before

collecting data. Data will be collected by using closed ended questionnaire.

7.2.7 Plan for data analysis:

Collected data will be analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics.

1 Descriptive analysis:

13

Frequency and percentage analysis will be used to describe demographic

characteristics of women.

Range, Mean and standard deviation will be used to assess the knowledge of

women.

2 Inferential analysis:

Paired t-test will be used to test to compare the pre-test and post- test knowledge.

Chi-square analysis will be used to find out the association between the pre-test

knowledge scores and demographic variables.

Ethical consideration:

7.3. Does the study require any investigation or intervention to be conducted on

humans? If so, Please describe briefly.

No.

7.4 Has ethical clearance been obtained from your institution in case of 7.3?

Yes.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. http://www.brainyquate.com/quates/t/thomasjeff136404.htm/

2. Basavanthappa. B.T. Community health nursing. 1st edition. New Delhi.

14

Jay pee publication; 1998.

3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/plastic

4. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What-is-non-biodegradable-plastics

1. 5. http://www.slideshare.net/Nishyu.pollution.ppt

2. 6. http://parisara.kar.nic.in/PDF/HEALTH.pdf

3. 7. http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/comcom/plasticbags.htm.

4. 8.http://oipcc/write/away.blogspot.com

5. 9.http://www.freepatents.online.com/abhigyan.htp

10 http://coe.mse.ac.in/dp/paper%2012.pdf.

11 Newsletter on solid waste management. The daily new Indian express.2006

september11:8

12 www.chiranjeeb.com/plastic/pollution-problems-precautions.

13 http://karmayog.org/plasticpollution-27644.htm.

14 Jordan Lite. BPA study plastic chemical is unhealthy for children and other living

things. Scientificamerican. 2008 September16:9.

15 Susan N. Environmental health hazards and children. The Hindu.1996

february5:11

16 John D Meeker. Phthalates and other additives in plastics. Royal society of

biological studies. 2009; 364(1526):2097-2113.

17 Ruder AM, Ward EM. Mortality patterns among workers exposed to styrene in

the reinforced plastic boat building industry.AmjIndMed.2004february;

45(2):165-176.

18 Basavanthappa B.T. Nursing research.2nd edition. New Delhi, Jay-pee

Publication; 2008.

15

19 Polit F.D, Beck T.C. Nursing research principles and methods .7th edition.

Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer publications; 2003.

20 Amarjyoti kashyap, Jatin kalita, Sarbeswar kalita, Kripaljyoti mazumdar. Present

scenario of solid waste with special reference to plastic and other non-

biodegradable solid waste and its management for the sustainable urban poor

development in Guwahati city. Research article. 2010; 1(1):18-26.

21 Catherine chan, Di fang, Fang yang. Tradeoffs between shopping bags made of

non-biodegradable plastics and other materials using latent class analysis.

International food and agribusiness management association.2009; 12(4):271-292

22 Nakayam S, Nishide T. Evaluation of the efficiency of respiratory protective

equipment based on the biological monitoring of styrene in fiber glass reinforced

plastic industries. Journal of occupational health.2004 march; 46(2):132-140.

23 Velappa Gounder Ramaswamy, Hardeep Raj.Special issue on environmental

management for sustainable development. The IIOAB JOURNAL.2011;

2(1):132-140.

24 Jakkola J.J, Vercasalo P.C. Study in Finland on adverse respiratory effect of

children by the use of indoor plastic material. AMJ Public Health.2000may; 90

(5):797-799.

25 Mahesh Shindikar, Sandeep Jadhav. Qualification studies on the accumulation of

non-biodegradable solid waste material in the mangroves of Thane Creek.

Ecological and biodiversity of Indian mangroves.1998; 1(4):356-360.

26 Lagesee Adane, Diriba Muleta. Survey on the usage of plastic bags their disposal

and adverse impact on environment. Journal of toxicology and environmental

health sciences.2011august; 3(8):234-248.

27 Dixit R C,Verma S R. Heavy metals contamination in surface and ground water

16

supply of an urban city. Indian journal of environmental health.2003; 45(2):107-

112.

28 Emerensia X. Effectiveness of a planned teaching program on personal hygiene

for children between 10-12 years in a school of Tamilnadu. Nursing dissertation.

Rajiv Gandhi University; 2002.

29 Daniel M. Effectiveness of planned teaching program on postnatal mothers

attending a selected hospital in Kerala. Nursing dissertation. Rajiv Gandhi

University; 2001.

17

8. SIGNATURE OF THE

CANDIDATE

9. REMARKS OF THE GUIDE

10. NAME AND DESIGNATION OF (IN BLOCK LETTERS)

10.1 GUIDE MRS.MONIKA PAUL

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING

10.2 SIGNATURE

10.3 CO-GUIDE (IF ANY) MS. YAGA JAYANTHI

LECTURER

COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING

10.4 SIGNATURE

11 11.1 HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

MRS.MONIKA PAUL

11.2 SIGNATURE

12. 12.1 REMARKS OF THE CHAIRMAN AND PRINCIPAL

12.2 SIGNATURE