RHIC polarized source upgrade. A.Zelenski, BNL Workshop on highenergy spin physics, IHEP, Protvino, September 1983 Workshop on highenergy spin physics, IHEP, Protvino, September 1983 Yaroslav Derbenev Siberian snakes Anatoli Zelenski A new polarization technique. Equal intensity for polarized and unpolarized proton beams. RHIC: the Polarized Collider STAR PHENIX AGS, 24GeV LINAC BOOSTER, 2.5 GeV Pol. H - ion source Spin Rotators 20% Snake Siberian Snakes 200 MeV polarimeter RHIC pC CNI polarimeters RHIC Absolute H-jet polarimeter Design goal - L max = 1.6 s -1 cm < s < 500 GeV AGS pC CNI polarimeter 5% Snake Polarization facilities at RHIC. Operational Polarized H - Source at RHIC. RHIC OPPIS produces reliably mA polarized H - ion current. Polarization at 200 MeV: P = 80%. Beam intensity (ion/pulse) routine operation: Source H - /pulse Linac - 510 11 AGS RHIC - 1.510 11 (protons/bunch). A 29.2 GHz ECR-type source is used for primary proton beam generation. The source was originally developed for dc operation. A ten-fold intensity increase was demonstrated in a pulsed operation by using a very high-brightness Fast Atomic Beam Source instead of the ECR proton source. SPIN -TRANSFER POLARIZATION IN PROTON-Rb COLLISIONS. Rb + H+H+ H+H+ Proton source Proton source Laser-795 nm Optical pumping Rb: NL(Rb) ~10 14 cm -2 Sona transition Sona transition Ionizer cell Ionizer cell H-H- Laser beam is a primary source of angular momentum: 10 W (795 nm) h /sec 2 A, H 0 equivalent intensity. Supperconducting solenoid 25 1.5 kG field Charge-exchange collisions: ~ cm 2 Na-jet ionizer cell: NL(Na)~ cm -2 Electron to proton polarization transfer ECR-29 GHz + source Rb + Schematic layout of the RHIC OPPIS GHz ECR proton source 29.2 GHz ECR proton source SCS solenoid Probe laser Na-jet Ionizer cell Na-jet Ionizer cell Pumping laser Cryopumps Sona-transition Rb-cell SCS -solenoid Pulsed OPPIS with the atomic hydrogen injector at INR, Moscow, First generation. Atomic H injector Helium ionizer cell ~80% ionization efficiency. Lamb-shift polarimeter H - current 0.4mA, P=65% Pulsed OPPIS at TRIUMF, Second generation. A pulsed H - ion current of a 10 mA was obtained in Atomic H Injector. OPPIS with atomic H injector layout. RHIC The third generation. OPPIS with atomic H injector layout. Atomic H injector Neutralizer cell He-ionizer cell Rb-cell Na-jet cell H+H+ H0H0 H+H+ H0H0 H-H- H2 HeRbNa TMP1 CP1 Hydrogen atomic beam ionization efficiency in the He- cell. 10 keV 80% H 0 + He H + + He + e H - yield vs beam energy ~ 8.4 % at 3.0 keV beam energy A result of this upgrade is practically a new source. A new superconducting solenoid. A new atomic hydrogen injector. A new vacuum system. A new H-ionizer cell, energy separation system and pulsed PS system. A new control and interlock system. Major upgrades of laser system. Major modifications of the Low Energy Beam Transport system. Major upgrades in 200 MeV polarimeter. A new test-bench for atomic injector studies. Many other upgrades Fast Atomic Beam Source, BINP 2011 Plasmatron 4-grid proton extraction system H2 Neutralization cell ~ 3.5 A equivalent H 0 beam FABS produces mA equivalent H0 beam intensity Within the Na-jet ionizer acceptance. FABS and neutralizer cell. FABS 4-grid spherical Ion Optical System (IOS). Superconducting Solenoid Sona transition Ionizer solenoid Large Correction Coil OPPIS magnetic field, Sona-transition field shape control. Internal Correction Coils Atomic Beam Mode, flattop. 65 cm flattop 30 kG He-ionizer cell and three-grid energy separation system. He-pulsed valve 3-grid beam deceleration system Sodium-jet ionizer cell Reservoir operational temperature. Tres. ~500 . Nozzle Tn ~500 . Collector- Na-vapor condensation: Tcoll.~120 Trap- return line. T ~ 120 180 . Transversal vapor flow in the N-jet cell. Reduces sodium vapor losses for 3-4 orders of magnitude, which allow the cell aperture increase up to 3.0 cm. Transversal vapor flow in the N-jet cell. Reduces sodium vapor losses for 3-4 orders of magnitude, which allow the cell aperture increase up to 3.0 cm. Nozzle 500deg.C Collector ~150 deg.C Reservoir ~500 deg.C NL ~210 15 atoms/cm 2 L ~ 2-3 cm H - beam acceleration to 35 keV at the exit of Na-jet ionizer cell Na-jet cell is isolated and biased to 32 keV. The H - beam is accelerated in a two-stage acceleration system. -32 kV H - 35 keV -28 keV-15 keV H - beam acceleration to 35 keV at the exit of Na-jet ionizer cell Na-jet cell is isolated and biased to 32 keV. The H - beam is accelerated in a two-stage acceleration system. -32 kV H - 35 keV -28 keV-15 keV New PLC interlock and monitoring system. Graphics by Yuri Bezpalko H - ion beam current pulse -560 uA at 200 MeV, Rb-96 deg, May 3, 2013 H- ion beam current-700 uA at injection to RFQ Polarized injector, 200 MeV linac and injection lines. OPPIS 200 MeV polarimeter Polarization direction is adjusted vertically in the 750 keV beamline by the solenoidal spin - rotator. Source intensity and polarization. Rb-cell, Temp., deg. C Linac Current, A Booster Input Pol. %, at 200 MeV Reliable long-term operation of the source was demonstrated. Very high suppression of un-polarized beam component was demonstrated. Small beam emittance (after collimation for energy separation) and high transmission to 200 MeV. H - beam current and polarization at 200 MeV vs. Rb vapor thickness Rb-vapor thickness nL ( atoms/cm 2 ) H - current (uA) Polarization in 200 MeV polarimeter Magnetic field in Rb-cell, kG Polarization (at 200 MeV) vs. Superconducting Solenoid magnetic field in He and Rb-cells. Depolarization caused by spin-orbital (LS) interaction in excited 2P states. ~92% at 20 kG low limit Most of the H aoms are produced in excited n=2 states. A high magnetic field has to be Applied in the optically-pumped vapor cell to avoid depolarization due to spin-orbital interaction. Polarization measurements at 255 GeV in H-jet polarimeter, Run-2013, April-25-30 Rb-81, T9-current-295 uA, (Booster input-4.910 11 ) 83.9+/0.9% 84.2+/-0.5% 9/12/2013G.Atoian Total: P = E H2 P Rb S B RG E LS E ES E Sona E ion ~ 85-90% Depolarization factors Depol. factorProcessEstimate 1E H2 Dilution due H 2 + in the new source (LEBT) P Rb Rb-optical pumping (Laser system) SRb polarization spatial distribution (Collimators) B RG Proton neutralization in residual gas (Vacuum) E LS Depolarization due to spin-orbital interaction E ES Dilution due to incomplete energy separation not polarized component of the beam (LEBT) E Sona Sona-transition efficiency (Adjustment) E ion Incomplete hyperfine interaction breaking in the ionizer magnetic field /12/2013G.Atoian 32 OPPIS LINAC Booster AGS RHIC ( ) 10 11 p/bunch 0.6mA x 300us1110 11 polarized H - /pulse. ( ) 10 11 polarized H - /pulse at 200 MeV ( ) 10 11 protons /pulse at 2.3 GeV ~1.810 11 p/bunch, P~60-65% at 100 GeV P ~ 56% at 250 GeV RHIC Polarized beam in Run 2012 Summary The new source is working. Reliable long-term operation at steady current and polarization. The maintenance time is significantly reduced. Polarization is 80-84%, which is 3-5% higher then ECR-based source. It is expected that polarization can be further improved to over 85%. The source intensity is about 3-5 mA. Due to strong space- charge effects only fraction of this current is transported and accelerated in RFQ and Linac. These losses can be reduced. Optical pumping of Rb-85 (72.7%), Rb-87(27.8%) natural mixture.. Effective width of Rb natural mixture including hyperfine Splitting and Doppler broadening is ~ 3.2 GHz ~ 8 GHz Beam intensity and polarization vs. He-valve setpoint Reference polarization measurements in AGS for RHIC fills. Beam intensity ~ 2*10^11 RHIC fill # 200 MeV polarization illNumber = 17417, sourcePol_run_fy13 = fillNumber = 17417, agsPolT1_run_fy13 = Fixed target measurements: P f. = P f / (1 +R) ~ P f (1- R h ) Pf-fixed target measurement 70%