rio llc district cooling
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The name on top of
District Cooling and all MEP works
We Provide Comfort In
Life
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The New ChallengeThe New Challenge InIn Cooling Cooling World World
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Why Air Condition :Th
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Which of the appliances in your Life would be the hardest to live without?
The most frequent answer to that question in a recent survey was
Air ConditionAir Condition
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Keeping cool has been a human preoccupation for millennia, but until the 20th century most efforts were
ineffective. People tried everything from draping saturated mats in doorways to the installation of water-powered fans. Even Leonardo Vinci designed and built
a mechanical ventilating fan, the first of its kind. The modern system—involving the exchange of hot, moist air for cool, dry air by way of a circulating refrigerant—was first used in industrial settings. Indeed, a North
Carolina textile engineer named Stuart Cramer, impressed with how the latest system of controlling the
heat and humidity in his plant improved the cloth fibers, coined the term "air conditioning" in 1906.
Since then comfort of cool is no longer considered a luxury but a fact of modern existence.
History of Air ConditionTh
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• 1902 Comfort Cooling System Installed at the New York Stock Exchange.
• 1902 First Office Building with an Air-conditioning system Installed.
• 1904 A self-contained mechanical refrigerator is displayed at the St. Louis World’s Fair.
• 1906 First office building specifically designed for air conditioning.• 1906 Patent Filed for “Dew Point Control” System.• 1906 First Air conditioned hospital.• 1907 Air-conditioning equipment installed in dining and meeting
rooms at Congress Hotel in Chicago.• 1914 Air cooled; electric, self-contained household refrigerating
unit is marketed.• 1916 Flash-freezing system for preserving food products developed.
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• 1923 electrically refrigerated ice cream dipping cabinet is marketed.• 1927 Gas Fired household absorption refrigerators become popular.• 1927 First refrigerator to be mass produced with a completely
sealed refrigerating system.• 1928 Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants are synthesized.• 1929 First Room cooler goes on the market.• 1930 Smaller air-conditioning units appear on trains.• 1931 ‘Hot-Kold” year round central air-conditioning system for
homes on the market.• 1931 A heat pump air-conditioning system in Los Angeles office
Building • 1932 First overnight train with air conditioning.• 1936 Albert henne Synthesizes refrigerant R-135a
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• 1938 A window air conditioner using Freon is marketed• 1939 Air conditioning offered as an option in a Packard
automobile.• 1947 Mass-produced, low cost window air conditioners
become possible.• 1969 More than half of new automobiles are equipped with air
conditioning.• 1987 Minimum Energy Efficiency requirements set.• 1987 The Montreal Protocol• 1992 Minimum Energy efficiency standards set for
commercial buildings.
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•Nowadays
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•Answer will be later ……...
History of Air ConditionTh
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Methods to Produce Cooled Air
• Methods of producing cooling effect• 1) Vapour Compression Refrigeration
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• Methods of producing cooling effect• 2) Absorption Refrigeration
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• Methods of producing cooling effect• 3) Solid Absorption System
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• Methods of producing cooling effect• 4) Thermoelectric Cooling
• 5) Others
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Heat Absorption and Rejection
Classification on Heat Absorption at Evaporatora) Direct heat absorption by the refrigerantb) Heat absorbed by the water which is subsequently cooled by the refrigerant
Classification on Heat Rejection at the Condensera) Direct heat rejection by air cooling of the Condenserb) Heat is absorbed by water at the condenser and then water to the ambient air
Vapour Compression System
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Six types of heat rejection system as follows: - Air cooled condensers
Evaporative condensers
Direct sea water
Indirect sea water
cooling towersclosed-circuit cooling tower
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Types of Common Air Conditioning Systema) Individual Room Air Conditioning Systemb) Package Air Conditioning Systemsc) Central Hydraulic Air Conditioning System
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Common Air Conditioning Systema) Individual Room Air Conditioning System
Window AC Units
• Window air conditioning unit or through-the-wall unit.
• Operating (on/off), temperature by the occupant.
• Overtime work at night of one room.
• Supply fan, cooling cool, air filter, compressor,
condenser…
• Cooling capacity usually in kW or Btu/hr.
• Timer for the automatic shutting off of the unit
• Some can provide warm air during heating season
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• Single, self-contained package units or split systems.
• It may be a split ac system with indoor unit with fan, filter, and DX-coils
and the outdoor condensing unit
• It may be a central system with supply air duct with diffuser and DX-coil
for cooling
Types of Common Air Conditioning System
b) Unitary Package Air Conditioning Systems
Common Air Conditioning Systemb) Unitary Package Air Conditioning Systems
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Indoor Unit – Split AC system
Outdoor Unit – Split AC system
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Common Air Conditioning Systemb) Unitary Package Air Conditioning Systems
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Split AC Units
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Common Air Conditioning Systemb) Unitary Package Air Conditioning Systems
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VRV System
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Common Air Conditioning Systemb) Unitary Package Air Conditioning Systems
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Common Air Conditioning Systemb) Unitary Package Air Conditioning Systems
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Common Air Conditioning Systemb) Unitary Package Air Conditioning Systems
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Air is cooled by coils filled with chilled and hot water.
•Water specific heat capacity is much larger than air
•Complicated and expensive equipment
• `Direct digital control’: Electronic sensors send signals
to microprocessor operated and control modules which
actuates dampers, valves and relays.
c) Central Hydraulic Air Conditioning SystemCommon Air Conditioning System
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• To understand better, air conditioning system can be divided into five subsystems or loops:• Air-side• Chilled water• Refrigeration equipment• Heat rejection• Controls
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c) Central Hydraulic Air Conditioning SystemCommon Air Conditioning System
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45 oC, 28 oC
27 oC45 oC
25 oC
Conditioned space
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13 oC 13 oC
45 oC, 28 oC
27 oC45 oC
25 oC
Air side system
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13 oC 13 oC
12 oC
7 oC
45 oC, 28 oC
7 oC
12 oC
27 oC45 oC
25 oC
Chilled watersystem
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13 oC 13 oC
12 oC
7 oC 3 oC38 oC
49 oC10 oC
45 oC, 28 oC
7 oC
12 oC
27 oC45 oC
25 oC
Refrigerationequipment
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13 oC 13 oC
12 oC
7 oC 3 oC38 oC
49 oC10 oC
35 oC
29 oC
45 oC, 28 oC
7 oC
12 oC
29 oC
35 oC
27 oC45 oC
25 oC
Heat rejection
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13 oC 13 oC
12 oC
7 oC 3 oC38 oC
49 oC10 oC
35 oC
29 oC
45 oC, 28 oC
7 oC
12 oC
29 oC
35 oC
27 oC45 oC
25 oC
Control Loop
Hea
t rej
ectio
n
Ref
riger
atio
nSy
stem
Chi
lled
Wat
erSy
stem
Airs
ide
Syst
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c) Central Hydraulic Air Conditioning SystemCommon Air Conditioning System
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District Cooling System (DCS)
•It distributes chilled water from a central chiller plant to a number of buildings, whose building owners / operators have subscribed the DCS service.
•After connection with DCS, these service purchasers would no longer require to keep or use their own existing chiller plants.
•The absorbed heat from the user buildings is rejected by either sea water cooling or evaporative cooling towers.
c) Central Hydraulic Air Conditioning SystemCommon Air Conditioning System
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Centralized Piped Supply System for Condenser Cooling (CPSSCC)
•The centralized piped supply system for condenser cooling (CPSSCC) is a large scale central sea water pumping system
•It supplies sea water via the distribution piping network to a number of potential users within the district for heat rejection of their air conditioning systems.
c) Central Hydraulic Air Conditioning SystemCommon Air Conditioning System
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Control Motor, Ancilliary ,Compressor ofinput Power Effect ion Refrigerat ePerformanc oft Coefficien
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Cooling Statistics
• 80% of commercial and institutional buildings in USA and Japan have Comfort Cooling
• <50% in EU, but rapidly expanding• Around 50% of the total cooling demand relates to process
cooling in commercial and institutional buildings, computer cooling etc
• 10% of the global electricity production is user for cooling• Chillers create summer power peaks • Average temperature is raised with 1-4 degrees in city
areas partly due to rejected condenser heat from local AC
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• Produces a commodity: chilled water at a nearby or onsite chiller plant
• Local “air conditioning utility”• Circulates chilled water through Buildings• facilities to provide cooling• Used in institutional systems serving several
buildings owned by one entity• Also used in downtown areas and other high-
density urban locations
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WHAT IS DISTRICT COOLING?
District Cooling is a utility which provides chilled water to customer buildings via
a metered and controlled process.
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• Basically, a district cooling system (DCS) distributes thermal energy in the form of chilled water or other media from a central source to multiple buildings through a network of underground pipes for use in space and process cooling. The cooling or heat rejection is usually provided from a central cooling plant, thus eliminating the need for separate systems in individual buildings.
• A DCS consists of three primary components: the central plant, the distribution network and the consumer system. The central plant may include the cooling equipment, power generation and thermal storage. The distribution or piping network is often the most expensive portion of the DCS and warrants careful design to optimize its use. The consumer system would usually comprise of air handling units and chilled water piping in the building.
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What is required for DC?
• District Cooling has Three or Four Major Components:• Central Cooling Plant.• Optional Thermal Energy Storage Tank• Buried Distribution Piping in Well Defined
Service Corridor• Customer Connection or Energy Transfer Station
“ETS”
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District Cooling Components:
• Centralized cooling production• Distribution grid• Different customers• Energy service
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District Cooling Components:Th
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• Large campuses – universities,• colleges, hospitals, high rise buildings• Theme parks, industrial complexes• Office buildings, shopping malls, hotels• New commercial facilities in high density
areas with third-party owned cooling systems
• Newly constructed cities.
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Applications of DCTh
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FCU / AHU T:8.9 C
ETS
4.5 C5.5 C
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Reasons for District Cooling
• No hassle and expense of operating and maintaining chiller plant
• More available facility space (no on-site chillers, pumps, etc.) for occupation
• No capital to repair and/or expand existing plant or to build new plant
• Has capital to repair and/or expand, but wants to spend money on something else
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• Split system condenser and roof top equipment placed in separate building and hidden from view (aesthetics)
• Noise reduction• Better humidity control• District cooling is much more energy
efficient and environmental friendly cooling solution compared to building specific systems.
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Reasons for District Cooling
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• District cooling is best solution for customer:• Harmless• Does not need maintenance or other activities• Less space demand compared to building specific
cooling• Does not spoil the facade of building• Price is competitive• Adds the value of building• Outsourced cooling solution
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• Fewer customers is better!• One system customer is
optimum• More customers served, more
complex the sales effort becomes
• Administrative costs are higher with multiple customers
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Reasons for District Cooling
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Centralizedrefrigeration
plant
Individual buildings
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Does not spoil the facade of buildingTh
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Without DC With DC
A Dubai Hotel Parking roof topThe view from the Suites & Rooms
Shangri-la Parking Roof TopThe view from Shangri-la’s Suites &
Rooms
VALUABLE SPACE SAVINGTh
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Before After
ELIMINATE NOISE & VIBRATION Th
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WHY DISTRICT COOLING ?
• Load diversity enhances project economics• Multi-building campuses with day and
night operations (e.g., classroom, administration, dorms)
• Multi-use buildings (e.g., retail entertainment complexes, theaters, restaurants, bars)
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• Large Air Conditioning (A/C) Demand • 70% of Power Generated Used for A/C• Largest Producer of CO2 per Capita in the World
• Industry & Economy Growth • High Density of New Buildings
• New Developments• Existing Problems
• CO2 Generation• Noise, Vibration, Poor Control, High Operating Costs
• UAE is Located in One of the Best Regions in the World for District Cooling Usage & Benefits
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• Better Building Design• A Step Towards More Efficient Green Buildings• Improves City’s Overall Look
• Better environment• Less CO2 Production• Less Refrigerant Leakage• Less Noise
• Lower Government spending• Reduced Electrical Infrastructure
• World Leaders• District Cooling is for the Benefit of Urbanization & Green Buildings
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• Better quality of cooling • Maximum cost effectiveness • Capital cost elimination • Space saving • Decrease in sound pollution • Environmentally friendly
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• People are also increasingly emitting more and more heat into buildings through all types of electronic equipment that generate extra heat such as computers and various other gadgets. All this has led to a growing demand for comfort in homes and offices, a need that is directly addressed by District Cooling.
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• The economic benefits can be experienced by both the owner and the tenant, where the capital costs of control panels, internal power distribution, annual maintenance and power consumption inside the building are reduced and the cost of chillers are eliminated
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• District cooling systems provide a variety of benefits, both qualitative and economic. The qualitative advantages are perceived in terms of better comfort, better reliability, and maximized convenience. Mechanical cooling and air conditioning requirements are growing rapidly throughout the world, partly because there are many new buildings being built and partly because those buildings are being built in warm climates. However, no matter where those buildings are built, they tend to be tighter and more densely packed than they used to be. This creates a need for air conditioning even in very cold climates.
BENEFITS OF DC..Th
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Environment
EconomyEnergy
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Energy-Environment-Economic Synergy with District Cooling
DC*
* DC = District Cooling
Energy Economy
Environment
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Economic Benefits of DC
• Reduces upfront capital costs because the equipment necessary to tie into DESnetwork costs less than stand-alone systems
• Lower overall building operating, maintenance, and labor costs
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Environmental Benefits of DC
• A central plant is more efficient than many small plants, reducing energy consumption.
• Central plants employ stringent emission controls - more so than individual buildings - providing air quality benefits.
• Reduces peak electric power demand for air conditioning
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Energy Efficiency
• Industrial equipment are by far more efficient than commercial equipment.
• District cooling systems consume far less energy than air-cooled and water cooled systems.
• Using different techniques that help reduce the annual energy consumption by 55%.
• Flexibility of using different energy sources such as natural gas, electricity etc...
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System Reliability
• Units used are high-tech and industrial which dramatically decreases the failure frequency compared to commercial equipment. District cooling reliability is in excess of 99.94%.
• Standby units always available at every cooling facility. • The average lifespan of industrial equipment is 30 years
compared to 15 years for commercial equipment. • Round the clock operation and maintenance at the
Central plant room ensuring preventive maintenance and a swift response in case of malfunctions.
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Tenant User Comfort
• Individual space or room temperature control using multiple indoor fan-coil units.
• Better indoor humidity control. • Elimination of noise and freeing space, by eliminating
the need for chillers on every roof. • Minimum maintenance requirements, giving tenants
more privacy and security. • Higher system reliability due to a high-tech plant room
design. • Better building aesthetics - no bulky outdoor equipment. • More outdoor space made available. • An overall high comfort factor means happy tenants
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End User Benefits
• Higher Value Building• Energy efficient
• Healthier (more productive workforce)
• Reduced equipment first cost
• Reduced O&M costs
• Higher level of reliability
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Reduce Electric Power Requirement Distribution
• Air conditioning equipment consume around 70% of total building energy and constitutes 70% of the peak electric demand. By shifting that load from individual houses to a central plant, the housing electric load is reduced substantially and along with it the number of electric substations and length and sizes of electric cables.
• District cooling requires far less electric power than multiple plant rooms or ducted splits. Furthermore the plant room can house the electric substation, enormously reducing the electric works.
• Electric demand and peak shaving are easily controlled when district cooling is applied. This especially important in the case of on-site continuous or standby power generation.
• Gas engine chiller can be used for standby or peak shaving operation in parallel with electric chillers.
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Reduce Maintenance
• A small maintenance team can maintain the central plant, as compared to the large number of maintenance team required to maintain many smaller plants or hundreds of condensing units. Fan coil units and air handling units require minimal maintenance and rear breakdown occurrence.
• Reduced frequency of equipment replacement due to longer equipment lifetime compared to commercial equipment.
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Environmental Friendliness
• Improved efficiency reduces CO2 emission. Each 1 KW-Hr used from Electric utility network produces 1.05 Kg of CO2.
• Central plant room uses ozone friendly refrigerant such as HFC-134a. Leakage from one central plant is much lower than from many scattered plants or units.
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Utility Benefits
• Providing Higher Value Product • Energy services v. kWh• Reduced Load on Distribution System• Reduced Load on Central Power Plants• Reduced First Cost Due to Energy
Efficiency• Large Customer Under Long Term Contract
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Central Chilled Water Plant Sustainable Design
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Free energy Market / Competition
• DC is an innovative solution • DC competes freely with alternatives• DC is established without subsidies• Customers choose their own tailored solution• New energy service in
a competing market
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Security of supply
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MW
Original Demand
With DC
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What is necessary?
• Create a level-playing field for competition between individual and collective systems (green certificates, CO2-trading, subsidies and taxes)
• Take District Cooling into consideration in:• Energy Efficiency of Buildings Directive• Energy End-use Efficiency and Service
Directive • Security of Supply & Infrastructure
Directive
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-Main Line completion by 28th September
-Branches, testing & commissioning by 15th November
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8282
Thank You
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Q & A