Rise of England, 16th-17th c.

Military conflicts

Reformation in England

Economic/mercantile growth

Decline of Spain

Quelling internal revolts

Subduing Welsh during reign of Henry VIII(r. 1509-47)

Nine Years’ War (1594-1603)

Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603)

1603 James VI Stuart of Scotland becomes kingof England (James I, r. 1603-25)

Map Link: The British Isles, 1603-1688:

<http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/british_isles_1603_1688.jpg>

Spanish Armada, 1588

Philip II of Spain (r. 1556-98)

1554 Philip II marries Mary I (r. 1553-58)

1570s Philip loses patience with Elizabeth

1585 English support Dutch rebellion. Englishalso supporting French Huguenots

7th Feb 1587 Elizabeth executes Mary, Queenof Scots

Apr 1587 Sir Francis Drake (c. 1540-96) burnsSpanish ships at Cadiz

“Singeing of the King of Spain’s Beard”

May 1588 Armada sets out for England

“I know I have the body of a weak, feeblewoman; but I have the heart and stomachof a king, and of a king of England too.”

Map Link: Routes of the Spanish Armada:

<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Routes_of_the_Spanish_Armada.gif/329px-Routes_of_the_Spanish_Armada.gif>

Edward VI (r. 1547-53)

English Bible of William Tyndale (1494-1536)and Miles Coverdale (1488-1568)

Book of Common Prayer, by Thomas Cranmer(d. 1556)

Mary I (“Bloody Mary”, r. 1553-58)

17th Nov 1558 Death of Mary

Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603): “Supreme governorof the realm in all things ecclesiastical andtemporal” (Act of Supremacy, 1559)

Act of Uniformity, 1559

Sacraments: Eucharist and Baptism

Marriage for clergy

System of bishops, and elaborate church ritual

Salvation by faith over works

Calvinist Protestants (Puritans)

1570 Pope Pius V (p. 1566-72) excommunicatesElizabeth, with no significant effect

Nationalism trumping religion?

1603 Accession of James I

King James Bible

“The wisest fool in Christendom”

Economic and Mercantile Growth:

Improved agriculture and use of naturalresources

Developing exports, especially textiles

Exploring new markets: Sir Francis Drake,Sir Walter Raleigh (1554-1618)

1584-87 Establishment of colony at Roanoke

1620 Puritans settle at Plymouth, Mass.

Displacing First Nations

1560s Dutch resistance to Spanish rulers

1572 Dutch rebel against Spanish

1579 Formation of Dutch United Provinces

1585 English support Dutch

Map Link: The Netherlands, 1559-1609:

<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Northern_Netherlands_map_002.jpg>.

1609 Peace between Dutch and Spain

1621 War breaks out again

1648 Spanish recognise Dutch independenceat Peace of Westphalia

Decline of Spain in late 16th/early 17th c.

Expenses outweighing income

Neglect of agricultural development

Lack of development of colonies

Rebellions against taxes in Portugal and Catalonia

Losing territories: Dutch United Provinces (1648),Portugal (1668), Franche-Comté (Burgundy,1678), others