ritual use of tobacco in the andes institute of regional science and technology (icter), jujuy...
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Ritual Use of Tobacco in the Andes
Institute of Regional Science and Technology(ICTER), Jujuy Argentina
Funded by Research on International Tobacco Control(RITC/IDRC) Canada
Ethel Alderete1, Omar Jerez1, Ana Heras 3
1 Universidad Nacional de Jujuy , 2 CONICET
Jujuy, Argentina
Developing Youth Leadership In Tobacco Control Through Action Research
Strategic Tobacco Control Plan
� Prevention � Policy� Health Promotion
Cultural Factors
To understand the meaning of ritual use of tobacco
To asses relationship between ritual use of tobacco and youth smoking initiation
Ritual Tobacco Use Purpose
Research site: Province of Jujuy, Argentina Demographics: Kolla and Guarani Natives, and
European descent Data: 69 qualitative interviews, 6 focus groups, youth
13 -17 years old Ethnogaphic and content analysis
Methods
Precede/Proceed Model (Green Richard and Potvin 1996)
Theoretical framework
Traditional ceremony:
Pachamama
Offerings to Mother Earth
PREDISPOSING FACTORSBeliefs, Attitudes
ENABLINGFACTORSMedia, Policy
REINFORCING FACTORSFamily, Peers
Individual andOrganizational
behavior
EnvironmentCondition of
living
Health
Place of origin: N.W. Region of Argentina/S. Bolivia
Gender Nicotiana: more than 45 species Wild species: N. sylvestris, N.otophora Domestic species: N. tabacum N. rustica Psychothropic species: N. glauca N. glutinosa Medicinal properties: stimulant, analgesic
Evidence of psychothropic substances consumption in the Andes: 2,000 BC
Tobacco species
“Pachamama is Mother Earth, we show our gratefulness in August when we begin to seed the earth” (Male 14 yrs.)
The Ceremony“The hosts give each guest a cigarette, the cigarette you do not smoke, you have to light it with the embers of “coa” and set it on the earth for the earth to smoke, if you smoke it, it is an offence” (Male 14 yrs.)
Ritual use of tobacco (Pachamama-Mother Earth)
All participants, light a cigarette and lay it on the ground to be consumed by Mother Earth
Adults may smoke one cigarette
Children may offer cigarette but do not smoke
Ritual use of tobacco (Pachamama-Mother Earth)
Communication with the spiritual world
Reciprocity and appreciation
Reinforces ethnic identity Reinforces social
relationships Transmision of culture
Meaning
Pleasure Socializing with friends Appearing grown-up Popularity with girls Relief for problems and
stress
Western style of smoking
To harm themselves/ suicidal ideationTo warm up in cold weatherTo relieve physical painTo ease hard work
Ritual
Within household Among family members Three or more
generations participate
Ritual Western style of smoking
In public places, school In parties With friends
Context
Elders lead the ceremony
Youth not allowed to smoke
Traditional Western style of smoking
Rules
Absence of norms or regulations for
purchase advertisement smoking in public places
Smoking initiation was not found to be related to the ritual
Results in agreement with findings among North American Indian Youth
Intiation occurs while socializing with friends, for curiosity or peer pressure
Findings
Knowledge and information
The “power” of tobacco, positive/ritual (bridge with the spiritual world) and negative (health consequences)
Impact of colonization, manipulating ritual elements (coca, alcohol, tobacco)
Implications for prevention
Social Functioning/Policy
Compliance of government legislation with ancestral norms that restrict and regulate tobacco use
Are ritual celebrations associated to adult smoking behavior?
Future research questions