US Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center

River and Reservoir Systems Water Quality Modeling Capabilities April 1982 Approved for Public Release. Distribution Unlimited. TP-83

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4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE River and Reservoir Systems Water Quality Modeling Capabilities

5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER

5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER

6. AUTHOR(S) R.G. Willey

5F. WORK UNIT NUMBER

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) US Army Corps of Engineers Institute for Water Resources Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) 609 Second Street Davis, CA 95616-4687

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12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Presented at the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers Seminar on "Attaining Water Quality Goals through Water Management Procedures", Dallas, Texas, February 1982. 14. ABSTRACT The capability exists within the Corps to evaluate the water quality impacts of alternative proposals for river and/or reservoir projects. The capability and example applications of the various water quality models available from the Hydrologic Engineering Center are described. 15. SUBJECT TERMS water quality, modeling, river and reservoir systems 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON a. REPORT U

b. ABSTRACT U

c. THIS PAGE U

17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT UU

18. NUMBER OF PAGES 22 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER

River and Reservoir Systems Water Quality Modeling Capabilities

April 1982 US Army Corps of Engineers Institute for Water Resources Hydrologic Engineering Center 609 Second Street Davis, CA 95616 (530) 756-1104 (530) 756-8250 FAX www.hec.usace.army.mil TP-83

Papers in this series have resulted from technical activities of the Hydrologic Engineering Center. Versions of some of these have been published in technical journals or in conference proceedings. The purpose of this series is to make the information available for use in the Center's training program and for distribution with the Corps of Engineers. The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products.

R'IVER AND RESERVOIR SYSTEMS WATER QUALITY MODELING CAPABILTTYL/

R. G. WTLLEYY INTRODUCT TON

Background -----

Durfng t h e l a t e 1960's and e a r l y 1970Ts , water q u a l i t y mathematical modeling consisted of r e s e r v o i r temperature and s t ream tempera ture , d i s s o l v e d oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand a n a l y s i s . The U.S. Army Corps o f Engineers w a s extremely a c t i v e i n t h e a r e a of r e s e r v o i r tempera ture a n a l y s i s dur ing t h i s per iod .

Several. r e s e r v o i r temperature models were developed e i t h e r by o r f o r t h e Corps 11, 2 , 3 and 41. These same models a r e not on ly s t i l l ava i . lab le today , hut a l s o a r e widely used f o r water temperature s t u d i e s w i t h i n t h e Corps and by consu l t i ng engineer ing f i r m s worldwide.

rharg ing Ob jec t ives - -- -_ _.--.__-- - .

By the mid-1970Ts, t h e Corps became involved i n Urban S t u d i e s (f0rmerl.y c a l l e d gas t ewa te r Management S tud ie s ) . A need was apparent f o r a water q u a l i t y model capable of ana lyz ing more water q u a l i t y parameters both w i t h i n t h e r e s e r v o i r and i n t h e s t ream system. The s t ream a n a l y s i s requi rements suggested a need f o r nonsteady, nonuniform hydrau l i c s .

These needs were met by c o n t r a c t i n g w i t h a c o n s u l t i n g f i r m t o develop a comprehensive package of computer programs c a l l e d W a t e r Q u a l i t y f o r River--Keservoir Systems," (WQRRS) [5] . The e v o l u t i o n of t h e WQRRS package of programs i s d i scussed elsewhere by t h e a u t h o r [ 6 ] .

I n gene ra l , t h e WQRRS programs perform one dimensional. ana1ysi.s of r i v e r s o r r e s e r v o i r s f o r a v a r i e t y of water q u a l i t y parameters . The hydraul . ics and hydrodynamics of t h e system a r e f i r s t calculatec! ar,d t hen t h e water q u a l i t y parameters a r e modeled. The water q u a l i t y parameters a r e i n t e r r e l a t e d t o approximately model a n a q u a t i c e c o l o g i c a l system.

A l e s s complex r i v e r water q u a l i t y model has a l s o been developed f o r s tudy ing long p e r i o d s ( i . e . , many y e a r s ) of wa te r q u a l i t y conditi .ons. Th i s nodcl , c a l l e d "Receiving Water Qual.i tyW (RWQM) [ 7 ] h a s been used very l i t t l e and must be cons idered a s rel .atl .vely un te s t ed .

--.----. -.----. 1/ Presented a t t h e U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , Committee on Water Qua l i t y -. Seminar, "At t a in ing Water Qua l i t y Goals through Water Management Procedures ," Da l l a s , Texas, February 1982. 2/ Hydraul ic Engineer , U.S. Amy Corps of Engineers , The Hydrologic - Engineertng Center , Davis, C a l i f o r n i a .

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By t h e l a t e 19701s , t h e Corps i n t e r e s t i n modeling hydropower and r e a l - t i m e o p e r a t i o n s problems inf luenced t h e expanded development of a n e x i s t i n g computer model which was capable of s imu la t ing r e s e r v o i r system o p e r a t i o n s f o r f l o o d c o n t r o l [ 8 ] . The expanded v e r s i o n was c a l l e d "Simulat ion of Flood Cont ro l and Conservation Systems - HEC-5" [ 9 ] .

I n gene ra l , t h e HEC-5 program i s capable of s i m u l a t i n g mul.t ipurpose r e s e r v o i r systems havi.ng up t o 3.5 impoundments. A system o p e r a t i o n method i s used which ma in t a ins a ba lance of s t o r a g e I.n t h e v a r i o u s impoundments. The balance i s achieved by u s e r i n g u t s p e c i f i c a t i o n of r e s e r v o i r s t o r a g e l e v e l s .

I n 1979, c o n t r a c t i n g was i n i t i a t e d t o develop and i n t e r f a c e water q u a l i t y r o u t i n e s w i t h t h e HEC-5 program. The program v e r s i o n which i n c l u d e s water q u a l i t y i s c a l l e d HEC-5Q [ l o ] . It w a s decided t o have t h e c a p a b i l i t y t o ana lyze up t o e i g h t wa te r q u a l i t y parameters a t t e n r e s e r v o i r s and t h i r t y c o n t r o l po in t s . The water q u a l i t y r o u t i n e s begin t h e a n a l y s i s w i t h a "bes t " s e t of simulated f lows from HEC-5 f o r t h e r e s e r v o i r system. Determina t ion i s t h e n made of t h e b e s t l e v e l of o u t l e t s t o u s e a t each r e s e r v o i r t o take advantage of water q u a l i t y s t r a t i f i c a t i o n i n t h e r e s e r v o i r , i f a m u l t i l e v e l o u t l e t s t r u c t u r e e x i s t s f o r provid ing water q u a l i t y c o n t r o l . If t h i s set of f lows can ' t meet t h e user-specif i e d t a r g e t water q u a l i t y c o n d i t i o n s a t each cor l t ro l p o i n t , a modif ied p a t t e r n of impoundment r e l e a s e s i s determined. T h i s c a l c u b a t i o n u s e s a non l inea r o p t i m i z a t i o n which w i l l r e l e a s e d e s l r e d f lows but a i s o meet ( i f p r a c t i c a l ) t h e d e s i r e d water q u a l i t y cond i t i ons .

RESERVOIR TEMPEPATURE ANALYSIS

The s tate--of- the-ar t i n r e s e r v o i r temperature models h a s changed v e r y l i t t l e s i n c e t h e mid-1970's. The models p rev ious ly r e f e renced a r e a l l r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e w i t h i n t h e Corps. These models have va ry ing deg rees of documentation a v a i l a b l e and u s e r support .

The "Thermal S imula t ion of Lakes" program (THERM) [ 4 ] i s probably t h e most popular , and has good documentation and use r - a s s i s t ance a v a i l a b i l i t y . Thi s program can s a t i s f a c t o r i l y be used f o r most des ign-or ien ted eng inee r ing s t u d i e s without program modif ica t ion . THERM e v a l u a t e s t h e thermal v e r t i c a l s t r a t i f i c a t i o n of t h e impoundmene inc lud ing t h e e f f e c t s of t h e in f low and d i scha rge a s shown i n F igure 1. The h e a t exchange a t t h e s u r f a c e l a y e r due t o atmospheric c o n d i t i o n s i s eva lua ted and a r e s u l t a n t wa te r tempera ture p r o f t l e i s determined. The THERM program i s r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n w i t h documentation o r i s a v a i l a b l e a t t h e Corps' Boeing Computer System (BCS) l i b r a r y which i s a c c e s s i b l e by v i r t u a l l y a l l Corps o f f i c e s . T h i s program h a s been s u c c e s s f u l l y a p p l i e d t o numerous p r o j e c t s f o r many yea r s .

RIVER--.RESERVOIR ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

The development of t h e WQRRS package [5] h a s evolved ove r a t e n y e a r pe r iod i n t o a s e t of complex, comprehensive water q u a l i t y models. The WQRRS u s e r s manual documents t h r e e s e p a r a t e but i n t e g r a b l e computer programs as shown i n F igure 2 : r e s e r v o i r .water q u a l i t y , s t ream h y d r a u l i c s and s t ream water q u a l i t y .

The s t ream h y d r a u l i c s progzam has two s t eady f low computat ion methods and f o u r hydro logic and hydrau l i c rou t ing techniques f o r t h e u s e r s s e l e c t i o n .

The water q u a l i t y programs a r e one dimensional a q u a t i c eco log ic type models. The u s e r s e l e c t s the model s t r u c t u r e f o r any of t h e more than 23 warer q u a l i t y parameters depending on t h e choice of r i v e r o r r e s e r v o i r programs. River and r e s e r v o i r systems l i k e those shown i n Figure 3 can be e a s i l y eva lua ted w i t h WQRRS. The r e s e r v o i r mode1 e v a l u a t e s i s o q u a l i t y h o r i z o n t a l l a y e r s and t h e r i v e r model u ses i s o q u a l i t y l o n g i t u d i n a l e lements as shown is Figurzs 4 and 5 r e spe r t ive iy .

The model s t r u c t u r e can be anything from a water temperature oxlly c a l c u l a t i o n t o a chemical-bi.ologica1 model. The b i o l o g i c a n a l y s i s i s a n engineer ing approximation approach t o a l l ow s a t i s f a c t o r y i n t e r f a c e wi th t h e comprehensive chemical i n t e r a c t i o n s i n t h e model.

Addi t iona l programs [ I11 f o r summarizing t h e s t ream water q u a l i t y program ou tpu t s i nc lude a s t a t i s t i c s program and a g r a p h i c s program f o r t ime s e r i e s a n a l y s i s and a second g raph ic s program f o r s t ream p r o f i l e p l o t s a s shown i n F igures 7 and 8 r e spec t ive ly . The t ime s e r i e s s t a t i s t i c s program shows minimum and maximum simulated r e s u l t s , e r r o r s of reproducing observed d a t a and pe rcen t of t ime the s imulated d a t a exceeded t h e minimum and maximum stream standards.

These programs a r e r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e f o r i n d i v i d u a l d i s t r i b u t i o n w i t h documentation o r a r e a v a i l a b l e a t t h e Corps' BCS l i b r a r y . These programs have been s u c c e s s f u l l y appl ied on s e v e r a l p r o j e c t s .

RESERVOIR SYSTEM WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS

The development of t h e HEC-5Q program has evolved over a t h r e e y e a r pe r iod wi th ' a n u l t i m a t e o b j e c t i v e of e v a l u a t i n g up t o t e n r e s e r v o i r s , 30 c ont ro 1 p o i n t s and e i g h t water q u a l i t y parameters. The e i g h t parameters i nc lude water tempera ture , t h r e e corlservat ive and t h r e e nonconservat i v e (two of which can be oxygen demanding c o n s t i t u e n t s ) parameters , and d i s so lved oxygen. The mode 1 i s capable of s imula t ing a comprehensive mul t ipurpose r e s e r v o i r system f o r e v a l u a t i o n of a "best opera t ion" f o r each i n d i v i d u a l r e s e r v o i r d i scha rge t o meet d e s i r e d water q u a n t i t y and q u a l i t y t a r g e t o b j e c t i v e s a t u s e r s p e c i f i e d con t ro 1 p o i n t s throughout t h e dra inage b a s i n [12].

The c u r r e n t l y a v a i l a b l e model w i l l p e r f o m a s descr ibed above f o r two r e s e r v o i r s only. The complete c a p a b i l i t y d iscussed above w i l l be a v a i l a b l e ' i n 1983. The HEC-5Q model i s p r e s e n t l y a r e s e a r c h t o o l undergoing ex tens ive t e s t i n g and t h e u s e r should c a r e f u l l y e v a l u a t e t h e model ou tput .

APPLICATIONS

The Hydrologic Engineering Center and o t h e r s have used t h e models desc r ibed above on numerous app l i ca t ions . These models have been used f o r r i v e r and/or r e s e r v o i r water q u a l i t y a n a l y s i s a t t h e v a r i o u s l o c a t i o n s and types of jobs descr ibed i n Table 1.

SUMMARY

A l l of the models descr ibed above a r e a v a i l a b l e from t h e HEC. These models a r e maintai.ned a t s ta te -of - the-ar t s t a t u s . Users should be i n c o n t a c t wi th HEC a t t h e i n i t i a t i o n of any new p r o j e c t and r o u t i n e l y dur ing the

Figure 5

DISCWETiZED STREAM SYSTEM

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WRTER TEMPERFITURE M I L E 19.5

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p r o j e c t t o i d e n t i f y t h e l a t e s t v e r s i o n of t h e model and t o be aware of any r ecen t updates planned o r i n progress . The models l i m i t a t i o n s a r e documented i n t h e u s e r s manuals and should be f u l l y understood a s t o t h e i r e f f e c t on the s p e c i f i c p r o j e c t . I he HEC i s always w i l l i n g t o provide t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e i n t he use of any of t h e s e models.

The node l s discussed abcve provide aii s x c e l l e n t package of programs t o meet many of t h e normal needs f o r one dimensional modeling c a p a b i l i t y . Models of more dimensions a r e a v a i l a b l e and a r e d i scussed by o t h e r p a r t i c i p a n t s i n t h i s seminar bu t t h e u s e r must remember t h a t they r e q u i r e a more ex tens ive d a t a base and involve more complexity. When two-dimensional models a r e a b s o l u t e l y necessary , u s e t h e more complex model bu t always t r y t o u se the s imp les t model a v a i l a b l e t o meet your ob jec t ives .

REFERENCES

"WRE Reservoi r Temperature S imula t ion Model," Users Manual, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , North P a c i f i c Div is ion , May 1973.

'WESTEX - A Reservoi r Heat Budget Model," Users Manual, U.S. Army Corps ef Ezgineers , wzterways Experiment Station.

"Reservoir Temperature S t r a t i f i c a t i o n , " Users Manual, U.S* Army Corps of Engineers , The Hydrologic Engineering Center , January 1972.

:Thermal S imula t ion of Lakes," Users Manual, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , Bal t imore D i s t r i c t , d i s t r i b u t e d by t h e Hydrologic Engineering Center , November 1977.

"Water Q u a l i t y f o r River-Reservoir Systems," Computer Program Manual, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , The Hydrologic Engineering Center , October 1978.

Wi l ley , R. G. , "Water Qua l i t y Eval.uation of Aquat ic Systems," Tech. Paper No. 38, The Hydrologic Engineering Center , April . 1975.

"Receiving Water Q u a l i t y Model," Computer Program Manual, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , The Hydrologic Engineering Center , March 1979.

"Reservoir System Opera t ion f o r Flood Cont ro l , " Users Manual, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers , The Hydrologic Engineering Center , May 1973.

"Simulat ion of Flood Cont ro l and Conservat ion Systems, HEC-5," Users Manual, U.S . Army Corps of Engineers , The Hydrologic Engineering Center , June 1979.

"Simulat ion of Flood Con t ro l and Conservat ion Systems ( inc lud ing Water Qua l i t y Ana lys i s ) , HEC-5Q," Users Manual (two volumes), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , The Hydrologic Engineering Center , November 1980, E r r a t a Shee ts , August 1981.

" S t a t i s t i c a l and Graphica l Analys is of Stream Water Qua l i t y Data," Computer Program Manual, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , The Hydrologic Engineering Center , October 1980.

Duke, J. H., D. J. Smith, and R. G. Wi l ley , "Reservoir System Analysis f o r Water Qual i ty ," Draf t Tech. Paper , U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , The Hydrologic Engineering Center , December 1981.

Technical Paper Series TP-1 Use of Interrelated Records to Simulate Streamflow TP-2 Optimization Techniques for Hydrologic

Engineering TP-3 Methods of Determination of Safe Yield and

Compensation Water from Storage Reservoirs TP-4 Functional Evaluation of a Water Resources System TP-5 Streamflow Synthesis for Ungaged Rivers TP-6 Simulation of Daily Streamflow TP-7 Pilot Study for Storage Requirements for Low Flow

Augmentation TP-8 Worth of Streamflow Data for Project Design - A

Pilot Study TP-9 Economic Evaluation of Reservoir System

Accomplishments TP-10 Hydrologic Simulation in Water-Yield Analysis TP-11 Survey of Programs for Water Surface Profiles TP-12 Hypothetical Flood Computation for a Stream

System TP-13 Maximum Utilization of Scarce Data in Hydrologic

Design TP-14 Techniques for Evaluating Long-Tem Reservoir

Yields TP-15 Hydrostatistics - Principles of Application TP-16 A Hydrologic Water Resource System Modeling

Techniques TP-17 Hydrologic Engineering Techniques for Regional

Water Resources Planning TP-18 Estimating Monthly Streamflows Within a Region TP-19 Suspended Sediment Discharge in Streams TP-20 Computer Determination of Flow Through Bridges TP-21 An Approach to Reservoir Temperature Analysis TP-22 A Finite Difference Methods of Analyzing Liquid

Flow in Variably Saturated Porous Media TP-23 Uses of Simulation in River Basin Planning TP-24 Hydroelectric Power Analysis in Reservoir Systems TP-25 Status of Water Resource System Analysis TP-26 System Relationships for Panama Canal Water

Supply TP-27 System Analysis of the Panama Canal Water

Supply TP-28 Digital Simulation of an Existing Water Resources

System TP-29 Computer Application in Continuing Education TP-30 Drought Severity and Water Supply Dependability TP-31 Development of System Operation Rules for an

Existing System by Simulation TP-32 Alternative Approaches to Water Resources System

Simulation TP-33 System Simulation of Integrated Use of

Hydroelectric and Thermal Power Generation TP-34 Optimizing flood Control Allocation for a

Multipurpose Reservoir TP-35 Computer Models for Rainfall-Runoff and River

Hydraulic Analysis TP-36 Evaluation of Drought Effects at Lake Atitlan TP-37 Downstream Effects of the Levee Overtopping at

Wilkes-Barre, PA, During Tropical Storm Agnes TP-38 Water Quality Evaluation of Aquatic Systems

TP-39 A Method for Analyzing Effects of Dam Failures in Design Studies

TP-40 Storm Drainage and Urban Region Flood Control Planning

TP-41 HEC-5C, A Simulation Model for System Formulation and Evaluation

TP-42 Optimal Sizing of Urban Flood Control Systems TP-43 Hydrologic and Economic Simulation of Flood

Control Aspects of Water Resources Systems TP-44 Sizing Flood Control Reservoir Systems by System

Analysis TP-45 Techniques for Real-Time Operation of Flood

Control Reservoirs in the Merrimack River Basin TP-46 Spatial Data Analysis of Nonstructural Measures TP-47 Comprehensive Flood Plain Studies Using Spatial

Data Management Techniques TP-48 Direct Runoff Hydrograph Parameters Versus

Urbanization TP-49 Experience of HEC in Disseminating Information

on Hydrological Models TP-50 Effects of Dam Removal: An Approach to

Sedimentation TP-51 Design of Flood Control Improvements by Systems

Analysis: A Case Study TP-52 Potential Use of Digital Computer Ground Water

Models TP-53 Development of Generalized Free Surface Flow

Models Using Finite Element Techniques TP-54 Adjustment of Peak Discharge Rates for

Urbanization TP-55 The Development and Servicing of Spatial Data

Management Techniques in the Corps of Engineers TP-56 Experiences of the Hydrologic Engineering Center

in Maintaining Widely Used Hydrologic and Water Resource Computer Models

TP-57 Flood Damage Assessments Using Spatial Data Management Techniques

TP-58 A Model for Evaluating Runoff-Quality in Metropolitan Master Planning

TP-59 Testing of Several Runoff Models on an Urban Watershed

TP-60 Operational Simulation of a Reservoir System with Pumped Storage

TP-61 Technical Factors in Small Hydropower Planning TP-62 Flood Hydrograph and Peak Flow Frequency

Analysis TP-63 HEC Contribution to Reservoir System Operation TP-64 Determining Peak-Discharge Frequencies in an

Urbanizing Watershed: A Case Study TP-65 Feasibility Analysis in Small Hydropower Planning TP-66 Reservoir Storage Determination by Computer

Simulation of Flood Control and Conservation Systems

TP-67 Hydrologic Land Use Classification Using LANDSAT

TP-68 Interactive Nonstructural Flood-Control Planning TP-69 Critical Water Surface by Minimum Specific

Energy Using the Parabolic Method

TP-70 Corps of Engineers Experience with Automatic Calibration of a Precipitation-Runoff Model

TP-71 Determination of Land Use from Satellite Imagery for Input to Hydrologic Models

TP-72 Application of the Finite Element Method to Vertically Stratified Hydrodynamic Flow and Water Quality

TP-73 Flood Mitigation Planning Using HEC-SAM TP-74 Hydrographs by Single Linear Reservoir Model TP-75 HEC Activities in Reservoir Analysis TP-76 Institutional Support of Water Resource Models TP-77 Investigation of Soil Conservation Service Urban

Hydrology Techniques TP-78 Potential for Increasing the Output of Existing

Hydroelectric Plants TP-79 Potential Energy and Capacity Gains from Flood

Control Storage Reallocation at Existing U.S. Hydropower Reservoirs

TP-80 Use of Non-Sequential Techniques in the Analysis of Power Potential at Storage Projects

TP-81 Data Management Systems of Water Resources Planning

TP-82 The New HEC-1 Flood Hydrograph Package TP-83 River and Reservoir Systems Water Quality

Modeling Capability TP-84 Generalized Real-Time Flood Control System

Model TP-85 Operation Policy Analysis: Sam Rayburn

Reservoir TP-86 Training the Practitioner: The Hydrologic

Engineering Center Program TP-87 Documentation Needs for Water Resources Models TP-88 Reservoir System Regulation for Water Quality

Control TP-89 A Software System to Aid in Making Real-Time

Water Control Decisions TP-90 Calibration, Verification and Application of a Two-

Dimensional Flow Model TP-91 HEC Software Development and Support TP-92 Hydrologic Engineering Center Planning Models TP-93 Flood Routing Through a Flat, Complex Flood

Plain Using a One-Dimensional Unsteady Flow Computer Program

TP-94 Dredged-Material Disposal Management Model TP-95 Infiltration and Soil Moisture Redistribution in

HEC-1 TP-96 The Hydrologic Engineering Center Experience in

Nonstructural Planning TP-97 Prediction of the Effects of a Flood Control Project

on a Meandering Stream TP-98 Evolution in Computer Programs Causes Evolution

in Training Needs: The Hydrologic Engineering Center Experience

TP-99 Reservoir System Analysis for Water Quality TP-100 Probable Maximum Flood Estimation - Eastern

United States TP-101 Use of Computer Program HEC-5 for Water Supply

Analysis TP-102 Role of Calibration in the Application of HEC-6 TP-103 Engineering and Economic Considerations in

Formulating TP-104 Modeling Water Resources Systems for Water

Quality

TP-105 Use of a Two-Dimensional Flow Model to Quantify Aquatic Habitat

TP-106 Flood-Runoff Forecasting with HEC-1F TP-107 Dredged-Material Disposal System Capacity

Expansion TP-108 Role of Small Computers in Two-Dimensional

Flow Modeling TP-109 One-Dimensional Model for Mud Flows TP-110 Subdivision Froude Number TP-111 HEC-5Q: System Water Quality Modeling TP-112 New Developments in HEC Programs for Flood

Control TP-113 Modeling and Managing Water Resource Systems

for Water Quality TP-114 Accuracy of Computer Water Surface Profiles -

Executive Summary TP-115 Application of Spatial-Data Management

Techniques in Corps Planning TP-116 The HEC's Activities in Watershed Modeling TP-117 HEC-1 and HEC-2 Applications on the

Microcomputer TP-118 Real-Time Snow Simulation Model for the

Monongahela River Basin TP-119 Multi-Purpose, Multi-Reservoir Simulation on a PC TP-120 Technology Transfer of Corps' Hydrologic Models TP-121 Development, Calibration and Application of

Runoff Forecasting Models for the Allegheny River Basin

TP-122 The Estimation of Rainfall for Flood Forecasting Using Radar and Rain Gage Data

TP-123 Developing and Managing a Comprehensive Reservoir Analysis Model

TP-124 Review of U.S. Army corps of Engineering Involvement With Alluvial Fan Flooding Problems

TP-125 An Integrated Software Package for Flood Damage Analysis

TP-126 The Value and Depreciation of Existing Facilities: The Case of Reservoirs

TP-127 Floodplain-Management Plan Enumeration TP-128 Two-Dimensional Floodplain Modeling TP-129 Status and New Capabilities of Computer Program

HEC-6: "Scour and Deposition in Rivers and Reservoirs"

TP-130 Estimating Sediment Delivery and Yield on Alluvial Fans

TP-131 Hydrologic Aspects of Flood Warning - Preparedness Programs

TP-132 Twenty-five Years of Developing, Distributing, and Supporting Hydrologic Engineering Computer Programs

TP-133 Predicting Deposition Patterns in Small Basins TP-134 Annual Extreme Lake Elevations by Total

Probability Theorem TP-135 A Muskingum-Cunge Channel Flow Routing

Method for Drainage Networks TP-136 Prescriptive Reservoir System Analysis Model -

Missouri River System Application TP-137 A Generalized Simulation Model for Reservoir

System Analysis TP-138 The HEC NexGen Software Development Project TP-139 Issues for Applications Developers TP-140 HEC-2 Water Surface Profiles Program TP-141 HEC Models for Urban Hydrologic Analysis

TP-142 Systems Analysis Applications at the Hydrologic Engineering Center

TP-143 Runoff Prediction Uncertainty for Ungauged Agricultural Watersheds

TP-144 Review of GIS Applications in Hydrologic Modeling

TP-145 Application of Rainfall-Runoff Simulation for Flood Forecasting

TP-146 Application of the HEC Prescriptive Reservoir Model in the Columbia River Systems

TP-147 HEC River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) TP-148 HEC-6: Reservoir Sediment Control Applications TP-149 The Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS):

Design and Development Issues TP-150 The HEC Hydrologic Modeling System TP-151 Bridge Hydraulic Analysis with HEC-RAS TP-152 Use of Land Surface Erosion Techniques with

Stream Channel Sediment Models

TP-153 Risk-Based Analysis for Corps Flood Project Studies - A Status Report

TP-154 Modeling Water-Resource Systems for Water Quality Management

TP-155 Runoff simulation Using Radar Rainfall Data TP-156 Status of HEC Next Generation Software

Development TP-157 Unsteady Flow Model for Forecasting Missouri and

Mississippi Rivers TP-158 Corps Water Management System (CWMS) TP-159 Some History and Hydrology of the Panama Canal TP-160 Application of Risk-Based Analysis to Planning

Reservoir and Levee Flood Damage Reduction Systems

TP-161 Corps Water Management System - Capabilities and Implementation Status