PACIFIC I OCEAN

Rl6 ATLAS

COUNTRY

1 Antigua and Barbuda 2 St. Kitts and Nevis 3 Dominica 4 St. Lucia 5 St. Vincent and

the Grenadines Barbados Grenada

CAPITAL

St. Johns Basseterre Roseau Castries Kingstown

Bridgetown St. George's

(

~ ~

~ I l ~

ANTARCTICA

COUNTRY CAPITAL

1 Czech Republic Prague 2 Slovakia Bratislava 3 Slovenia Ljubljana 4 Croatia Zagreb 5 Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo 6 Macedonia Skopje 7 Serbia and Montenegro Belgrade 8 Lithuania Vilnius 9 Latvia Riga

10 Estonia Tallinn

ATLAS R27

ELEVATION Feet _ _ Meters

13,120 6,560 1,640

656 (Sea level) 0

4,000 2,000

500 \ 200 O(Sealevel) Below

sea level sea level

m Icecap

300 600 Miles

---. 300 600 Kilometers

5ou1~ 11-tJ\E.~,cll-

National capitals

• Other cities

300 600 Miles ---,

300 600 Kilometers

ARCTIC

+ North Pole

N

0"N-W* E r s

3: 0 0

so\.rt\\

ATLAS R29

pACIFIC

ocEAN

13,120 4,000 6,560 2,000 1,640 500

656 200

F-~ M~ern

(Sea level) 0 0 (Sea level) Below Below

sea level sea level

0 250 500 Miles

250 500 Kilometers

c:::::;:; ,. . .. ~ ll 't\ I)

0

~ 0 tr>

~ \!)

N

---W* E -------+---5

I Devil's Island

ATLANTIC

OCEAN Orange

- ~- Tropic of Capricorn-_

PACIFIC

ocEAN

--------

c::;;? . <>

~ \'1 'U D

0

I 0

~ g

~ 0 <0

3: 0 ll)

N

W* E s

orgetown I - maribo

Cayenne

ATLANTIC

OCEAN

BRAZIL

Falkland Islands (U.K.)

~ 0 It)

Brasilia ®

~ if 0

. ~ ~ ~

<t..~ c;'bo

-- Rio de Janeiro - Tropic of-_ Capricorn

ATLANTIC I

OCEAN

AT~~~

Feet Meters

13,120 ~ 4,000 6,560 2,000 1,640 500

656 200 (Sea level) 0 0 (Sea level)

Below Below sea level sea level

02] Ice cap

0 150 300 Miles

0 150 300 Kilometers Projection: Azimuthal Equal Area

4}'(.4

Oc~ !V'"/c 4Jt,t

<::>'~ ~

c. ':$) "'V ~9~ ~

~ 0 ~

\ ~,..)..

~

0 -q.\)ss\t-

~

I \1\

~ ~

~

~ ~0 ~

Feet __ Meters

4,000 2,000 500 200 0 (Sea level) Below sea level

~ Icecap 0 250 500 750 Miles

0 250 500 750 Kilometers

I I

I I

I I

N

w*• s ~scension

ATLANTIC

OCEAN

ELEVATION

Feet ~ Meters 13.120 . . " 4,000

··~

6,560 2,000

1,640 500

656 200

0 (Sea level)

Below - Below sea level sea level

0 250 500 Miles t==;::::::; I

0 250 500 Kilometers

N 0 n1

SOUTHWEST ASIA

~0r, .• c~e.

?.0"'

·~·

N

W*' s

ATLANTIC

OCEAN

St. Helena .. (U .K.)

National capitals

• Other cities

250 500 Miles ........._____, ----,

250 500 Kilometers

~

I'J

~ m

SOUTHWEST ASIA

Aegean Sea (ee-JEE-uhn) a sea east of Greece; the sea provided Greeks with a source of food and a means of trading with other peoples (p. 255)

Africa the second-largest continent (p. R36) Akkad (A-kad) (33°N, 44°E) a city along the

Euphrates River near modern Baghdad; started by Akkadian emperor Sargon in 2300s BC (p. 63)

Aksum (AHK-soom) an ancient state in south­east Nubia on the Red Sea, in what are now Ethiopia and Eritrea; through trade, Aksum became the most powerful state in the region (p. 131)

Alexandria (31 °N, 30°£) a city in Egypt, named after Alexander the Great (p. 300)

Alps a mountain range extending across south-central Europe (p. R32)

Amazon River a river east of the Andes in South America; it flows through a rain forest and into the Atlantic Ocean (p. R30)

Americas the two continents of North America and South America (p. 429)

Andes Mountains a mountain range along the west coast of South America (p. R30)

Antarctica the ice-covered continent at the South Pole (p. R26-27)

Asia the world's largest continent, bounded by the Arctic, Pacific, and Indian oceans (p. R34)

Asia Minor a large peninsula in west Asia, between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, forming modern Turkey (p. 258)

Athens (38°N, 24°E) an ancient city and modern capital of Greece; the world's first democracy developed in Athens around 500 BC (p. 258)

Australia an island continent between the South Pacific and Indian oceans (p. R27)

R38 GAZETTEER

Babylon (32°N, 45°E) an ancient city on the lower Euphrates River in modern central Iraq (p. 63)

Bering Strait a 55-mile-wide body of water between Alaska and Siberia; location of possible land bridge connecting Asia and the Americas during the Ice Ages (p. R28)

Bethlehem (BETH-li-hem) (32°N, 35°E) a town in Judea; traditionally regarded as the birth­place of Jesus (p. 385)

Black Sea a sea between southeast Europe and Asia, north of Asia Minor (p. R32)

Byzantine Empire the eastern part of the Roman Empire that developed non-Roman influences (p. 415)

Calakmul (kah-lahk-MOOL) an ancient Maya city; fought battles against its rival city, Tikal (p. 435)

Canaan (KAY-nuhn) a region in what is now Israel near the coast of the Mediterranean Sea; according to the Bible, Abraham settled in Canaan and his Hebrew descendants lived there for many years (p. 227)

Carthage (KAHR-thij) (37°N, 10°E) a key trade center built by the Phoenicians on the northern coast of Africa; it became one of the most powerful cities in the Mediterra­nean (p. 79)

Central America the part of North America between Mexico and South America; parts of the northern countries of Central Ameri­ca make up the area known as Mesoamerica (p. R28)

Chang Jiang (or Yangzi River) a river that cuts through central China, flowing from the mountains of Tibet to the Pacific Ocean (p. 183)

,

China

China a country located east of India and the Ganges River; a series of dynasties built China into a world power (p. 183)

Constantinople (KAHN-stant-uhn-oh-puhl) (42°N, 76°E) the capital of the Byzantine Empire, located in modern Turkey between the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea (p. 415)

Crete an island in the Mediterranean Sea, south of Greece; a civilization formed there around 2000 BC (p. 255)

Damascus (34°N, 36°E) an ancient city and the modern capital of Syria; important in the spread of Christianity (p. 388)

Dead Sea a salty lake on the boundary between Israel and jordan; 2,000-year-old scrolls discovered near there help scholars learn about the history of the Jews (p. 230)

Delhi (29°N, 77°E) historic city and capi­tal of modern India; it was ruled by the Gupta dynasty (p. 170)

Delphi an ancient city in central Greece; Greeks traveled here to get advice from an oracle of Apollo (p. 270)

Egypt a country in northeast Africa and loca­tion of the mouth of the Nile River; ancient Egypt was famous for its temples, pyramids, art, and cultural achievements, such as an early writing system (p. R3 7)

Euphrates River a river that flows mainly through Iraq and empties into the Persian Gulf; silt from the Euphrates helped form the Fertile Crescent in Mesopotamia (p. 57)

Europe a continent of many peninsulas located between Asia and the Atlantic Ocean (p. R32)

Fertile Crescent a large arc of rich farmland between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea (p. 57)

Indus Valley

Gaul an ancient region in Western Europe, consisting mainly of parts of modern France and Belgium; the Frankish king, Clovis, built a kingdom in Gaul (p. 410)

Gaya (25°N, 85°E) a town in India; accord­ing to legend, Siddhartha Gautama found enlightenment in Gaya (p. 160)

Gibraltar, Strait of (ji-BRAHL-ter) a strait, or nar­row sea passage, between Spain and Moroc­co, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean (p. R32)

Giza (30°N, 31 °E) an Egyptian city and the site of large pyramids, including the Great Pyramid of Khufu (p. 98)

Gobi (GoH-bee) a desert covering much of northern China; the Gobi helped isolate China from its neighbors (p. R34)

Greece a country in southern Europe with mountains, rugged coastlines and scenic islands; the country is called the birthplace of democracy(p. R33)

Harappa (huh-RA-puh) a city that thrived between 2300 and 1700 BC in the Indus Valley, in what is now Pakistan (p. 147)

Himalayas a mountain range on the northern Indian border; they are the highest moun­tains in the world (p. R34)

Huang He (Yellow River) a river that stretches nearly 3,000 miles across China; it is some­times called "China's Sorrow" (p. 183)

India a country and subcontinent in south Asia; India was home to one of the world's oldest civilizations (p. R35)

Indus Valley a river valley in modem Pakistan where one of the earliest civilizations began (p. 145)

GAZETTEER R39

Ionian Sea

Ionian Sea ( eye-oH-nee-uhn) a sea west of Greece (p. 255)

Israel a country between the Mediterranean Sea and jordan; it was the kingdom of the ancient Hebrews (p. 230)

Italy a country in southern Europe located on a peninsula in the Mediterranean; it was the center of the Roman Empire (p. R33)

Jerusalem (32°N, 35°E) a city established as the capital of Israel around 960--1000 BC (p. 230)

Judah (Joo-duh) one of the two kingdoms created when Israel was divided; the people in Judah came to be called jews (p. 230)

Kerma (KAR-muh) a city on the Nile in the kingdom of Kush; it was captured by Egypt, forcing the Kushites to move their capital to Napata (p. 89)

Kish a city-state in Sumer that became power­ful around 3500 BC (p. 63)

Kush the first great kingdom in Africa's inte­rior; at times Kush ruled Egypt and at other times was ruled by Egypt (p. 123)

Macedonia a small kingdom located west of the Black Sea and north of the Aegean Sea; Macedonians conquered Greece in the 300s BC (p. 296)

Marathon an ancient city in Greece; it was the site of a battle in which the Greeks defeated the Persians (p. 290)

Mediterranean Sea a large sea surrounded by Europe, Africa, and Asia; it played a vital role in the development of civilizations and trade in the region (p. R32, R34)

Memphis (30°N, 31 °E) an ancient Egyptian capital city at the southern tip of the Nile Delta; built around 3100 BC, it was the political and cultural center of Egypt for centuries (p. 89)

R40 GAZETTEER

Palen que

Meroe (MER-oh-wee) an ancient capital of Kush, located on the east bank of the Nile (p. 123)

Mesoamerica a region that includes the south­ern part of modem Mexico and part of northern Central America; the first perma­nent farming settlements in the Americas developed in Mesoamerica (p. 429)

Mesopotamia (mes-uh-puh-TAY-mee-uh) the region in southwest Asia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; it was the site of some of the world's earliest civilizations (p. 57)

Mohenjo Daro (mo-HEN-joh DAR-oh) (27°N, 68°E) an ancient city of the Harappan civili­zation, located in modern Pakistan (p. 14 7)

Mount Sinai according to the Bible, the moun­tain in Egypt where God gave Moses the stone tablets containing the Ten Com­mandments (p. 227)

Mycenae (my-sEE-nee) an ancient Greek city; the site of a strong fortress built by the Mycenaeans (p. 257)

Napata an ancient city on the Nile in Egypt; it was the capital of Kush in the 700s and 600s BC (p. 123)

Nile the longest river in the world; it flows from central Africa to the Mediterranean Sea and was vital to the development of civilizations in Egypt and Kush (p. R36)

Nineveh (3 7°N, 43°E) an ancient capital of Assyria, located on the Tigris River (p. 7 6)

North America a large continent in the north­ern and western hemispheres, bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the east by the Atlantic Ocean (p. R28)

Nubia a region in northeast Africa on the Nile, south of Egypt; the kingdom of Kush developed in Nubia (p. 123)

Palenque (pah-LENG-kay) (18°N, 92°W) an ancient Maya city in what is now southern Mexico (p. 435)

• '

Persepolis

Persepolis (30°N, 53°E) the ancient capital of Persia, located in modem Iran (p. 287)

Persia an ancient empire in Southwest Asia in what is now Iran; it was one of the most powerful empires of the ancient world (p. 287)

Persian Gulf (PER-suhn) a body of water located between the Arabian Peninsula and the Zagros Mountains in Iran; the Tigris and Euphrates rivers empty into the gulf, (p. R34)

Phoenicia (fi-NI-shuh) an ancient country that was a strip of land at the western end of the Fertile Crescent, along the Mediterranean Sea; Phoenicians were some of the leading traders of the ancient world (p. 79)

Plateau ofTibet a high plateau in central Asia, mostly in Tibet and China (p. R34)

Pompeii (porn-PAY) (41°N, 14°E) an ancient city in the Roman Empire; the city was bur­ied in a volcanic eruption in AD 79 (p. 361)

Qinling Shandi (CHIN-LING shahn-DEE) a moun­tain range that extends east from the Plateau of Tibet; it separates northern and southern China (p. 183)

Rome (42°N, 13°E) a city in Italy near the Mediterranean Sea; it became the center of the Roman Empire, which controlled most of the lands around the Mediterranean (p. 325)

Silk Road an ancient trade route from China through Central Asia to the Mediterranean (p. 210)

South America a large continent in the south­ern and western hemispheres, bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the East by the Atlantic Ocean (p. R30)

Sparta (3 7°N, 22°E) an ancient city in Greece; its society was dominated by the military (p. 290)

Sumer (soo-muhr) the region in southern Mesopotamia where the world's first civili­zation developed (p. 63)

Yucatan Peninsula

Tanzania a country in East Africa; fossils from the earliest humans were discovered there (p. R37)

Thebes (38°N, 23°E) an ancient Greek city destroyed by Alexander (p. 89)

Tiber River a river that flows out of Italy's mountains; Rome was built on the Tiber (p. 325)

Tigris River a river that flows mainly through modern Iraq; silt from the Tigris and Euphrates formed the Fertile Crescent, where the world's first farming civilizations developed (p. 57)

Tikal (tee-KAHL) (17°N, 90°W) a major Maya city in modern Guatemala (p. 435)

Troy ( 40°N, 26°E) an ancient city in what is now Turkey; according to Greek legend and literature, it was the site of the Trojan War (p. 257)

Turkey a country occupying Asia Minor and a southeast portion of the Balkan Peninsula (p. R35)

Ur a city in ancient Sumer, located on the Euphrates River near the Persian Gulf; it was one of the largest cities of ancient Mesopotamia (p. 63)

Uruk a city in ancient Sumer, located on the Euphrates River; Uruk and Ur fought for dominance around 3500--2500 BC (p. 63)

Xi'an (34°N, 109°E) a city in western China; Emperor Shi Huangdi built a capital city in Xianyang (now Xi' an) and it remained the capital for hundreds of years (p. R35)

Yucatan Peninsula a peninsula in southeast Mexico; many Maya cities were located on the Yucatan Peninsula (p. R28)

GAZETIEER R41