road salt tmdls and road salt reduction strategies in new ......road salt tmdls and road salt...
TRANSCRIPT
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Road Salt TMDLs and Road Salt Reduction Strategies in New
Hampshire
OR: Chloride Impairments and The
5 Stages of Grief
EPA Webinar, January 31, 2013
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History of US road salt sales and chloride concentrations in New England
Source :Robinson et al. 2003 USGS WRI Report 03-4012
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Scope of Chloride Problem in NH
• The first state to use salt for regular winter road maintenance (1941-42)
• Salt use has nearly doubled in the past 40 years (to about 190,000 tons/year, or 21.5 tons/lane mile)
• Chloride impairments are on the rise (18 in 2008, 40 in 2010)
• Background levels have increased 100x in some areas
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Road Salt Pollution – Toxic to fish, invertebrates and other species
• EPA Acute toxicity (kills fish quickly) = 860 mg Cl/L
• EPA Chronic toxicity (kills fish slowly) = 230 mg Cl/L
– Contaminates drinking water
• EPA Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) based on taste - 250 mg/L of Na or Cl
• Associated with high blood pressure - EPA advisory limit 20 mg Na/L
– Destroys vegetation and corrodes vehicles
– No way to remove NaCl once applied
• Not removed by plants and does not stick to soils
• Desalinization is EXPEN$IVE and impractical (high energy)
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I-93 Expansion
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Water Quality Timeline
• In 2002-2006, monitoring by DES, DOT, and EPA detected violations of the water quality standard for chlorides in 4 watersheds
• In 2006-2007, DES collected data on and prepared TMDLs for road salt for each watershed
• In 2008-2012, DES monitored chlorides to track effects of salt reductions
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I-93 TMDL Watersheds
Town Population
Derry 34,318
Salem 29,640
Londonderry 24,729
Windham 12,993
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Policy Brook
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Water Temperature at I93-POL-01V
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Chloride Concentration at I93-POL-01V
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Date
mg
Cl/L
Acute Standard (860 mg/L)Chronic Standard (230 mg/L)
The blue line is from specific conductance measurements. The red dots are chloride measurements
made by the DES Laboratory
Flow at I93-POL-01V
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Chloride Export at I93-POL-01V
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ton
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Chloride Concentration at I93-POL-01V
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mg
Cl/
L
Acute Standard (860 mg/L)Chronic Standard (230 mg/L)
The blue line is from specif ic conductance measurements. The red dots are chloride
measurements made by the DES Laboratory
Water Quality Data from FY07 Key Facts
Average chloride conc. = 163 mg/L Days of WQS violation = 87.7
Percent of year in violation=24% Total Cl exported =1,563 tons/yr
Total salt exported = 2,576 tons/yr
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Salty in All Seasons
Daily Average Chloride Concentrations
0
50
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400
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Percent of Flows Exceeding
Ch
lori
de
(m
g/L
) SUMMER
FALL
WINTER
SPRING
WQ Stds
90% of WQS
High Moist Mid-Range Dry Low
Key Fact
WQS violations
occur during
periods of low
stream flow
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Sources of Salt
STATE ROADS
9%
MUNICIPAL ROADS
27%
PRIVATE ROADS
3%
PARKING LOTS
50%
FOOD WASTE
1%
ATMOSPHERIC
DEPOSITION
1%
SALT PILES
7%
WATER
SOFTENERS
2%
Key Facts
Total imports:
4,814 tons/yr
Imports divided by
drainage area:
473 tons/sq.mi.
Deicing accounts
for 89% of total
Salt piles account
for 7% of total
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Allocation of Loads
• Combine salt imports with percent reduction goal to estimate total allocation
• Calculate DRAFT allocations by sector
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I-93 Chloride TMDL Implementation Monitoring Plan
• Dataloggers deployed in watersheds year round
• Chloride measured every 15 minutes
• Calibration checks every 6 weeks
• Yearly updates to Winter Severity Index
• Follows an approved QA Project Plan
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FY07-FY12 Trend Results
• Annual average chloride concentrations at each station
• Winter Severity Index
Winter Severity Index
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12
WS
I
Less Severe
More Severe
Annual Average Chloride Concentration from Dataloggers
0
50
100
150
200
250
FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12
Ch
lori
de (
mg
/L)
Beaver Bk
Dinsmore Bk
Policy Bk
Average concentrations
greater than 100 mg/L
are a good predictor of
vio lations of the water
quality standard during the
year.
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FY07-FY12 Trend Results
• Number of days per year with violations of the 4-day water quality standard at each station
• Winter Severity Index
Winter Severity Index
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12
WS
I
Less Severe
More Severe
Violations of the 4-Day WQ Standard for Chloride
0
50
100
150
200
250
FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12
Days p
er
Year
Beaver Bk
Dinsmore Bk
Policy Bk
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FY07-FY12 Trend Results
• Continued sampling supports the hypothesis from Trowbridge et al. (2010) that annual average chloride concentrations greater than 100 mg/L are a good predictor of violations of the 4-day average water quality standard.
Relationship between Annual Average Chloride Concentration
and Violations of the 4-Day Average Water Quality Standard
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 50 100 150 200 250
Chloride (mg/L)
Vio
lati
on
s p
er
Year
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FY07-FY12 Trend Results
• Continued sampling supports the hypothesis that monthly grab samples can reasonably predict annual average chloride concentrations.
Relationship between Average Chloride
Concentration from Grab Samples and Datasondes
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 50 100 150 200 250
Ave Chloride from Grab Samples (mg/L)
Ave C
hlo
rid
e f
rom
Data
so
nd
es
(mg
/L)
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Salt Reduction Strategies
How do you break through?
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Chloride Impairments and the Five
Stages of Grief
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Denial
There’s no salt problem! We’re saving lives here.
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Anger
I’m not putting drivers in danger
just to save a fish!
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Bargaining
Please God, if you make these tree huggers go away I’ll never take out another mail box/
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Depression
It’s too much. I can’t control the weather /and the voters
/ and the guy in the penny loafers doing 75 in his Porsche during a
blizzard/
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Acceptance
I have to use less salt.
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Acceptance +
I CAN use less salt and still keep the roads safe.
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Audiences DOT
Towns
Parking Lots
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BMPs
Anti-icing (mostly DOT) Pre-wetting salt
Calibration Training
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Early BMPs
Underbody Plow
Calibrated Spreader
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Classroom Training
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Hands-on Training
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MS4 Permit Requirements Draft EPA permit requires towns to manage private salt application
Proposed NH Legislation HB 523 would create a voluntary certification program for salt applicators and provide limited liability
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Messaging
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More Messaging
Doug Heath, USEPA, Boston, MADoug Heath, USEPA, Boston, MA
Drive Slow
or Die
Concept: Barbara McMillan
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TMDLs that have been approved and the underlying data reports: http://des.nh.gov/organization/divisions/wat er/wmb/tmdl/categories/publications.htm