A Mission to Measure Global Plant Physiology and Functional Types for Terrestrial and Coastal Aquatic Ecosystems Using a Wide Swath Earth

Imaging Spectrometer

NASA Decadal Survey HyspIRI Mission

Robert O. Green, Greg Asner*, Stephen Ungar**, Robert L. Knox**

Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109 , 818-354-9136, rog@jpl.nasa.gov, * Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA

94305, **NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt MD 20771

Http://HyspIRI.jpl.nasa.gov

rog@jpl.nasa.gov1

NRC Decadal Survey HyspIRI Visible ShortWave InfraRed (VSWIR) Imaging Spectrometer

+

Multispectral Thermal InfraRed (TIR) Scanner

VSWIR: Plant Physiology and

Function Types (PPFT)Multispectral TIR Scanner

Red tide algal bloom in Monterey Bay, CA

Map of dominant tree species, Bartlett Forest, NH

Overview

• The Decadal Survey Call for HyspIRI

• Mission Concept Study

• Organization and 2008 Science Study Group

• PPFT-VSWIR Science Questions

• PPFT-VSWIR Science Measurements

• TIR Science Questions and Measurements• TIR Science Questions and Measurements

• Current Activities

– Website

– Workshop

– White Paper

• Summary

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The Decadal Survey Call for HyspIRIThe Decadal Survey Call for HyspIRI

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HyspIRI Decadal Survey Mission

In its Decadal Survey Earth Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond, the National Research Council of the National Academies recommended a satellite mission to produce global observations of multiple Earth surface attributes for a variety of terrestrial and aquatic studies, the management of terrestrial and coastal natural resources, and forecasting ecological changes and natural hazards.changes and natural hazards.

Currently known as HyspIRI, this mission is in the conceptual design phase at NASA. It consists of an imaging spectrometer in the visible to shortwave infrared (VSWIR) regions of the electromagnetic spectrum and a multispectral imager in the thermal infrared (TIR) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

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Mission Concept Study FocusMission Concept Study Focus

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HyspIRI Mission Overview

In 2007 two mission concept studies where completed. One focused on plant physiology and functional type (PPFT) the required the science measurements of the VSWIR imaging spectrometer. The other focused on surface temperature and emissivity and atmospheric science traced to multispectral measurements of the thermal infrared (TIR).

Urgency and Focus

Three fundamental components required for understanding ecosystems are: function, composition, and structure. This mission for the first time provides global measurements of ecosystem function with vastly improved measures of composition including biodiversity.

This mission provides the surface temperature and emissivity of the Earth at high spatial and high temporal resolution that will be used to address key science questions in five research areas: volcanoes, wildfires, water use and availability, urbanization, land surface composition and change.

A 2008 Instrument and Mission update and refinement activity is underway.

Organization and Organization and

2008 Science Study Group

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HyspIRI Execution Structure

The HyspIRI Working Group (HWG) will be managed by the HyspIRI Steering

Committee that representatives of the principal HyspIRI science disciplines. The

HWG will coordinate the activities of the Science Study Group, the Partnership

Coordination Group and the Mission Design Group

HyspIRI Steering Committee

W. Turner, J. LaBrecque (Co-Leads)

Terrestrial Ecosystems, Biodiversity, Solid Earth, Coastal

HyspIRI Working Group

Terrestrial Ecosystems, Biodiversity, Solid Earth, Coastal

Ocean, Carbon Cycle

HyspIRI Science Study Group

Co-Chairs R. Green, S. Hook, S. Ungar

31 member scientists

Science oversights, Mission Dev. and Sci. Outreach

HyspIRI Partnership Coordination Group

Co-Chairs R. Green, S. Hook, S. Ungar

Ensure potential partner ships are assessed and

appropriately documented

HyspIRI Mission Design Group

Co-Chairs F. Rogez, T. Pagano, B. Knox

Supported by Team X, ISAL, External Capabilities

Mission, Instrument, Launch, Operations, Data Systems, Technology

HyspIRI Science Study GroupMike Abrams JPL michael.j.abrams@jpl.nasa.gov 818-354-0937

Rick Allen UID rallen@kimberly.uidaho.edu 208-423-6601

Martha Anderson USDA Martha.Anderson@ars.usda.gov 301-504-6616

Greg Asner Stanford gpa@stanford.edu 650-462-1047

Bryan Bailey USGS EROS gbbailey@usgs.gov 605-594-6001

Paul Bissett FERI pbissett@flenvironmental.org 813-866-3374 x102

Alex Chekalyuk Lamont-Doherty chekaluk@ldeo.columbia.edu 845-365-8552

James Crowley USGS jcrowley@usgs.gov 703-648-6356

Ivan Csiszar UMD icsiszar@hermes.geog.umd.edu 301-405-8696

Heidi Dierssen U Conn. heidi.dierssen@uconn.edu

Friedmann Freund Ames friedemann.t.freund@nasa.gov

John Gamon U A gamon@gmail.com

Louis Giglio UMD louis_giglio@ssaihq.com 301 867-2030

Greg Glass JHU gglass@jhsph.edu410-955-3708

Robert Green JPL rog@jpl.nasa.gov

Simon Hook JPL simon.j.hook@jpl.nasa.gov 818-354-0974Simon Hook JPL simon.j.hook@jpl.nasa.gov 818-354-0974

James Irons GSFC James.R.Irons@nasa.gov 301-614-6657

Bob Knox GSFC Robert.G.Knox@nasa.gov 301-614-6656

John Mars USGS jmars@usgs.gov 703-648-6302

Betsy Middleton GSFC elizabeth.m.middleton@nasa.gov 301-614-6670

Peter Minnett U. Miami pminnett@rsmas.miami.edu 305-361-4104

Frank Muller Karger U. MA Dartmouth fmullerkarger@umassd.edu 508 999 8193

Scott Ollinger UNH scott.ollinger@unh.edu

Anupma Prakash UAF prakash@gi.alaska.edu 907-474-1897

Dale Quattrochi MSFC dale.quattrochi@nasa.gov 256-961-7887

Vince Realmuto JPL Vincent.J.Realmuto@jpl.nasa.gov 818-354-1824

Dar Roberts UCSB dar@geog.ucsb.edu

Dave Siegel UCSB davey@icess.ucsb.edu 805-893-4547

Phil Townsend U of Wisconsin ptownsend@wisc.edu 608-262-1669

Kevin Turpie GSFC kevin.r.turpie@nasa.gov 301-286-9996

Steve Ungar GSFC stephen.g.ungar@nasa.gov

Susan Ustin UC Davis susan@cstars.ucdavis.edu

Rob Wright UHI wright@higp.hawaii.edu 808-956 9194

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HyspIRI VSWIR - PPFT HyspIRI VSWIR - PPFT

Science Questions

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VSWIR Overarching Science Questions

• VQ1. Pattern and Spatial Distribution of Ecosystems and their Components, (EM,JG)– What is the pattern of ecosystem distribution and how do ecosystems differ in their composition or biodiversity? [DS 195]

• VQ2. Ecosystem Function, Physiology and Seasonal Activity, (EM,JG) – What are the seasonal expressions and cycles for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, functional groups and diagnostic

species? How are these being altered by changes in climate, land use, and disturbances? [DS 191, 195, 203]

• VQ3. Biogeochemical Cycles (SO, SU)– How are biogeochemical cycles for carbon, water and nutrients being altered by natural and human-induced

environmental changes?environmental changes?

• VQ4. Changes in Disturbance Activity (RK,GA)– How are disturbance regimes changing and how do these changes affect the ecosystem processes that support life on

Earth?

• VQ5. Ecosystem and Human Health, (PT,GG)– How do changes in ecosystem composition and function affect human health, resource use, and resource management?

• VQ6. Earth Surface and Shallow Water Bottom Composition (RG, HD)– What is the land surface soil/rock and shallow water bottom composition?

ScienceSpectroscopy and Photosynthesis

10

12

14

16

Rad

ian

ce

(µW

/cm

2/n

m/s

r)

Atm

osp

her

ic O

xy

gen

Lea

f W

ater

Photosynthesis

6H2O + 6CO2 + photon => C6O6H12 + 6O2

13

0

2

4

6

8

400 700 1000 1300 1600 1900 2200 2500

Wavelength (nm)

Rad

ian

ce

(µW

/cm

Atm

osp

her

ic O

xy

gen

Lea

f W

ater

Atm

osp

her

ic

Car

bon

Dio

xid

eLea

f C

hlo

rop

hy

ll

Leaf Sugar

and Cellulose

Science

Terrestrial Vegetation Signature

0.6

0.7

0.8

Conifer Grass

Broad Leaf Sage_Brush

NPV

Chlo

rophyll

and

import

ant

pig

men

ts

Leaf Water

Cellular Scattering

Vegetation presents different spectral signatures as a function species-type,

biogeochemistry, phenology and health. The full available spectrum is required given the

diversity of vegetation composition and status across the globe

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0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

400.0 700.0 1000.0 1300.0 1600.0 1900.0 2200.0 2500.0

Wavelength (nm)

Ref

lect

ance

NPV

Chlo

rophyll

and

import

ant

pig

men

ts

Cellulose, Lignin and Chemistry

Vegetation Functional Type Analysis, Santa Barbara, CAMESMA Species Type 90% accurateDar Roberts, et al, UCSB

Species Fractional Cover

Science Questions

Ecosystem Function and Diversity

Phytoplankton groups have different pigment suites that give them unique spectral

“fingerprints” that can be used to measure their presence and to understand their roles in

aquatic ecosystems.

AChlorophyceae

Proclorococcus

D

Spectr

al re

flecta

nce (

sr-

1)

Phytoplankton Groups Perceived water color

16Dierssen et al. 2006

2 5 10 15 20 30 40 50

Proclorococcus

Cryptophyceae

Dinophyceae

Raphidophyceae

Haptophyceae

Bacillariophyceae

Synechococcus

Rhodophyceae

Wavelength (nm)

400 500 600 7000

0.005

0.01

rs

Chlorophyll a (mg m-3)

Spectr

al re

flecta

nce (

sr

Wavelength (nm)

Leaf nitrogen concentration

Invasive species and nitrogen-fixing PFT

RadiativeTransfer

Invasive Species in the Hawaiian Rainforest Invasive Species in the Hawaiian Rainforest from Airborne Imaging Spectrometer data: from Airborne Imaging Spectrometer data: Patterns of Invasion and Biogeochemical Patterns of Invasion and Biogeochemical ConsequencesConsequences

Fractional material cover

CanopyModeling

The Complete PPFT Data Stream for Ecosystem Composition, Function and Health

Myrica infestations

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Canopy water contentSoil nitrogen trace gas emissions

Bio

ch

em

ica

l

Fin

ge

rpri

nti

ng

BiogeochemicalAnalysis

Asner and Vitousek, PNASHall and Asner, GCB

Science QuestionsResponse to Disturbance

Imaging spectroscopy is used to measure the functional types and fractions in a coastal coral

ecosystem in order to ascertain the impacts of nutrients on habitat composition.

Sand

AlgaeCoral

Natural Color Image Habitat Composition

18James Goodman, UPRMAirborne imaging spectroscopy measurements of coral reef ecosystem, Hawaii.

• Plant and phytoplankton functional types and species have biochemical and biophysical properties that are expressed as reflectance and absorption features spanning the spectral region from 380 to 2500 nm.

• Individual bands do not capture the diversity of biochemical and biophysical signatures of plant functional types or species.

• Changes in the chemical and physical configuration of ecosystems are often expressed as changes in the contiguous spectral signatures that relate directly to plant functional types, vegetation health, and species distribution.

HyspIRI VSWIR Science Questons

The Need for Continuous Spectral Measurements

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vegetation health, and species distribution.

• Important atmospheric correction information and calibration feedback is contained within the spectral measurement.

HyspIRI Science Measurements

- VSWIR (aka PPFT)- VSWIR (aka PPFT)

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HyspIRI Imaging Spectroscopy Science Measurements

Science Questions:

• What is the composition, function, and health of land and water ecosystems?

• How are these ecosystems being altered by human activities and natural causes?

• How do these changes affect fundamental ecosystem processes upon which life on Earth depends?

Imaging spectrometer: 87kg / 38W

Schedule: 4 year phase A-D, 3 years operations

All components have flown in space

21Red tide algal bloom in Monterey Bay, CA

Map of dominant tree species, Bartlett Forest, NHMeasurement:

• 380 to 2500 nm in 10nm bands

• Accurate 60 m resolution

• 19 days revisit

• Global land and shallow water

Aquatic Terrestrial

HyspIRI VSWIR Science Measurements

• Measure the global land and coastal/shallow

water (> -50m).

• 19 day equatorial revisit to generate

seasonal and annual products.

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Spatial 1000 m

• Measure the molecular

absorption and

constituent scattering

signatures in the spectral

range from 380 to 2500

nm at 10 nm, and at 60 m

spatial sampling.

PPFT at 60 m

Spectral

Range 380 to 2500 nm in the solar reflected spectrum

Sampling <= 10 nm {uniform over range}

Response <= 10 nm (full-width-at-half-maximum) {uniform over range}

Accuracy <0.5 nm

Radiometric

Range & Sampling 0 to 1.5 X max benchmark radiance, 14 bits measured

Accuracy >95% absolute radiometric, 98% on-orbit reflectance, 99.5% stability

HyspIRI VSWIRScience Measurement Characteristics

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stability

Precision (SNR) See spectral plots at benchmark radiances

Linearity >99% characterized to 0.1 %

Polarization <2% sensitivity, characterized to 0.5 %

Scattered Light <1:200 characterized to 0.1%

Spatial

Range >150 km (12 degrees at 700 km altitude)

Cross-Track Samples >2500

Sampling <=60 m

Response <=60 m sampling (FWHM)

Uniformity

Spectral Cross-Track >95% cross-track uniformity {<0.5 nm min-max over swath}

Spectral-IFOV-Variation >95% spectral IFOV uniformity {<5% variation over spectral range}

Temporal

Orbit Crossing 11 am sun synchronous descending

Global Land Coast Repeat 19 days at equator

Rapid Response Revisit 3 days (cross-track pointing)

Sunglint Avoidance

Cross Track Pointing 4 degrees in backscatter direction

OnOrbit Calibration

Lunar View 1 per month {radiometric}

HyspIRI VSWIR Science Measurements Characteristics

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Lunar View 1 per month {radiometric}

Solar Cover Views 1 per week {radiometric}

Surface Cal Experiments 3 per year {spectral & radiometric}

Data Collection

Land Coverage Land surface above sea level excluding ice sheets

Water Coverage Coastal zone -50 m and shallower

Solar Elevation 20 degrees or greater

Open Ocean Averaged to 1km spatial sampling

Compression >=3.0 lossless

HyspIRI VSWIR Science MeasurementsKey SNR and Uniformity Requirements

Benchmark Radiances Required SNR

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Wavele

ngth

Cross Track Sample

Depiction-Grids are the detectors-dots are the IFOV centers

-Colors are the wavelengths

RequirementSpectral Cross-Track >95% cross-track uniformity {<0.5 nm min-max over swath}

Spectral-IFOV-Variation >95% spectral IFOV uniformity {<5% variation over spectral range}

Uniformity Requirement

Mission Concept

Heritage: NASA Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3)Called for in the NRC Decadal Survey

Passed Preship review 3 May 2007- Mouroulis Offner Design (PPFT)- Convex e-beam grating (PPFT)- 6604a MCT full range detector array, multiplexor & signal chain (PPFT)- Uniform slit (PPFT)- 0.5 micron adjustment mounts lockable for flight- Aligned to 95% cross-track uniformity (PPFT)- Aligned to 95% spectral IFOV uniformity (PPFT)- Meets high SNR requirements (PPFT)- Passive radiator (PPFT)

M3 Spectrometer

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- Passive radiator (PPFT)

Mass 8 kg, Power 15 Watts

First spectrum 18 Months from funding start

Cross-track uniformity > 95%

TIR Science Questions and TIR Science Questions and Measurements

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•TQ1. Volcanoes/Earthquakes (MA,FF)– How can we help predict and mitigate earthquake and volcanic hazards through detection of transient thermal phenomena?

• TQ2. Wildfires (LG,DR)– What is the impact of global biomass burning on the terrestrial biosphere and atmosphere, and how is this impact changing over time?

• TQ3. Water Use and Availability, (MA,RA)

TIR Overarching Science Questions

• TQ3. Water Use and Availability, (MA,RA)– As global freshwater supplies become increasingly limited, how can we better characterize trends in local and regional water use and moisture availability to help conserve this critical resource?

• TQ4. Urbanization/Human Health, (DQ,GG)– How does urbanization affect the local, regional and global environment? Can we characterize this effect to help mitigate its impact on human health and welfare?

• TQ5. Earth surface composition and change, (AP,JC)– What is the composition and temperature of the exposed surface of the Earth? How do these factors change over time and affect land use and habitability?

HyspIRI Thermal Infrared Science Measurements

• Measure the land surface temperature and emissivity

• 5 day equatorial revisit to generate monthly, seasonal and annual products.

• 60 m spatial resolution

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0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00

Wavelength (um)

Re

lati

ve S

pe

ctr

al R

es

po

nse

H1 (m21)

H2 (m28)

H3 (a10)

H4 (a11)

H5 (a12)

H6

H7

H8 (m32)

• 7 bands between 7.5-12

µm and 1 band between

3-5 µm

• 3-5 µm band saturates at

1400K

• 7.5-12 µm bands saturate

at 400K

TIR at 60 m

1000 m

HyspIRI TIR Science MeasurementsSummary Measurement Characteristics

Spectral

Bands (8) 3.98, 7.35, 8.28, 8.63, 9.07, 10.53, 11.33, 12.05 (µm)

Bandwidth 0.084, 0.32, 0.34, 0.35, 0.36, 0.54, 0.54, 0.52 (µm)

Accuracy <0.01 µm

Radiometric

Range Bands 2-8= 200K – 400K; Band 1= 1400K

Resolution < 0.05 K, Linear Quantization to 14 bits

30

Resolution < 0.05 K, Linear Quantization to 14 bits

Accuracy < 0.5 K 3-sigma at 250K

Precision (NEdT) < 0.2K

Linearity >99% characterized to 0.1 %

Spatial

IFOV 60 m

MTF >0.2 at FNy

Scan Type Whiskbroom

Swath Width 600 km (±25.5°at 623 km altitude)

Temporal

Orbit Crossing 11 am sun synchronous descending

Global Land Repeat 5 days at equator

OnOrbit Calibration

Lunar View 1 per month {radiometric}

Blackbody Views 1 per scan {radiometric}

Surface Cal Experiments 1 per month {radiometric}

TIR Science Measurements Characteristics Continued

31

Surface Cal Experiments 1 per month {radiometric}

Spectral Surface Cal Experiments 1 per year

Data Collection

Land Coverage Land surface above sea level Day/NightAlways-on

Downlink Stations Svalbard and Fairbanks

2007 HyspIRI Mission Concept 2007 Launch Vehicle HyspIRI

Taurus 3210

Capability to 626 km sun-sync

(per KSC website): 790 kg

16% margin does not meet JPL design principles

-Minotaur IV class capabilities needed for now

- Find mass saving alternatives

-Lighter spacecraft configuration

-Flash based SSR saves on mass and power

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1.5 m

Current ActivitiesWorkshop

White Paper

Website

http://hyspIRI.jpl.nasa.gov

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SummarySummary

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Summary - HyspIRI

This mission provides the measurement to answer the PPFT (VSWIR imaging spectrometer) and Multispectral TIR NASA Mission Concept Studies.

The science, measurements, and algorithms enabling this mission have been consistently demonstrated with antecedent airborne and ground measurements and experiments.

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This HyspIRI mission addresses a set of compelling science questions that have been repeatedly identified as critical to science and society by independent assessments and scientific panels. Recent examples include: the NRC Decadal Survey, the 4th assessment of the IPCC and the U.S. Climate Change Science Program

The HyspIRI instruments and mission have high relevant heritage, and correspondingly low risk, in conjunction with a modest cost.

FPR2

Slide 35

FPR2 Why would HQ want to invest in technology?

List arguments for getting IIP money (without mentionning IIP - competition ) without being inconsistent with high TRL for elements.

IIP would propose to increase maturity at the system level ( and provide science benefits as a bonus)Francois Rogez, 29/07/2007

HyspIRI Imaging Spectroscopy Science Measurements

Science Questions:

• What is the composition, function, and health of land and water ecosystems?

• How are these ecosystems being altered by human activities and natural causes?

• How do these changes affect fundamental ecosystem processes upon which life on Earth depends?

Imaging spectrometer: 87kg / 38W

Schedule: 4 year phase A-D, 3 years operations

All components have flown in space

36Red tide algal bloom in Monterey Bay, CA

Map of dominant tree species, Bartlett Forest, NHMeasurement:

• 380 to 2500 nm in 10nm bands

• Accurate 60 m resolution

• 19 days revisit

• Global land and shallow water

Aquatic Terrestrial

NRC Decadal Survey HyspIRI Visible ShortWave InfraRed (VSWIR) Imaging Spectrometer

+

Multispectral Thermal InfraRed (TIR) Scanner

VSWIR: Plant Physiology and

Function Types (PPFT)Multispectral TIR Scanner

Red tide algal bloom in Monterey Bay, CA

Map of dominant tree species, Bartlett Forest, NH