rodents continued: rats dr. n. matthew ellinwood, d.v.m., ph.d. february 22, 2012 i owa s tate u...
TRANSCRIPT
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Rodents Continued:Rats
Dr. N. Matthew Ellinwood, D.V.M., Ph.D.
February 22, 2012
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND LIFE SCIENCES
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Taxonomy•Kingdom: Animalia
•Phylum: Chordata
•Class: Mammalia
•Order: Rodentia
•Superfamily: Muroidea
•Family: Muridae
•Subfamily: Murinae
•Genus: Rattus
•Species: norvegicus (brown rat)
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Non-domestic “Brown Rat”• Rattus desiginates “true” rats or old world rats• Rattus norvegicus (city rat, sewer rat – also
the black rat Rattus rattus): a domesticated opportunist
• Other species of rats may act as opportunists in cities but are usually competitively replaced by the brown or black rat
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Rats in Popular Culture
• Important figures in Indian and Chinese mythology• In western culture, almost uniformly a negative image• Perhaps associated with the Black Death
– Yersinia Pestis
– 30-60% of Europe's inhabitance
– 1348-1350
– Mongols catapulting infected corpses
– Caffa, Crimea in 1347
– Genoese traders took the plague to Sicily
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Origins
• Originated in China
• Spread to Europe
• New world in 1700s
• Now world wide
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Natural History• Life span: up to 3 years (extreme cases to 2-5 yr)
• Sexual maturity: 65-110 days
• Estrous; 4-5 days
• Gestation is 21 days
• Weaning; 3-4 weeks
• Pups; 6-12 per litter
• Tolerate group housing better than mice– Males assist with/tolerate nursing young
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Housing• Ease of housing/cleaning critical• Rodent chow, less than 6 months since milling• Slotted cage top feeder• Drip bottle water
– Draining/drowning
• Bedding changes– More frequent than mice
• 30-70% Humidity• 65-85 oF
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Feeding
• Rodent Chow
• Coprophagic
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Anatomy
• Rats lack a gall bladder
• Harderian gland– Pigmented tears – Porphyrin staining
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Communication• Ultrasonic vocalization
– Young• Elicits and directs maternal search behavior• Diminishes after 14 days old, especially around males
– Adult• Response to predators or danger• frequency and duration of vary by sex/repro status• Females during mating
• Chirping: short, high frequency, and ultrasonic– socially induced “laughing” at play, mating, and when tickled
• Bruxing, or teeth-grinding– Triggered by well being and 'self-comforting' during stress– Clicking or 'burring' sound
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Fancy Variants
• Rat and Mouse Club of America
• American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association
• Sendai virus and rat mortality
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Origin of Rat Fancy and Research
• Rat baiting• Popular in Britain
– Cruelty to Animals Act 1835
– 70 gambling rat pits
• Suppliers began breeding and supplying as pets
• Color variants started• Show placement in 1901
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Variants
• Siamese rat
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Hooded Rat
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American Blue
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Laboratory• Common Laboratory Rat Strains
– Wistar rat: Albino white• Wistar Institute, Henry Donaldson, 1906, first rat biomed strain
– Sprague Dawley rat: outcrossed albino, WI, 1925– Long-Evans rat
• Wistar and wild cross – outbred, behavior and obesity
– Zucker rat• Lois M. and Theodore F. Zucker, obesity reseasrchers
• Resecessive pbesity trait (leptin receptor polymorphism)
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Knockouts
• Knockout rats exist but are far less common
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Diseases• Mammary tumors• Obesity• Ulcers over salivary gland• Malocculusions• Chronic respiratory disease
– Multifactorial (m. pulmonis)
• Bacterial pneumonia– S pneumoniae
• Red eye
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GUINEA PIG MANAGEMENT
Cavia porcellus
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Origin
• Cavia porcellus – domesticated
• Cavia aperia – wild
• wild – Peru, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay
• also known as Cavies
• domesticated 16th century – England
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Varieties of Guinea Pigs
• TraditionalAmerican or English – short hairAbyssinian – whorls of short rough hairPeruvian – long hair
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Varieties of Guinea Pigs
• New varietiesSilky – medium length soft hairTeddy – short, coarse hairAmerican Crested – short hair with
contrasting whorl on foreheadRex – very short, soft hairHairless
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Traditional varieties of guinea pigs
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American – short hair
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Abyssinian – whorls of short hair
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Peruvian – long hair
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New varieties of guinea pigs
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Silky – soft, medium hair
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Teddy – short, coarse hair
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American crested – contrasting whorl on head
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Rex – very short, soft hair
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Hairless – (well, almost)
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Basic Guinea Pig
• compact stocky body
• tailless• diurnal – actually
short naps night and day
• sebaceous marking glands - rump
• open rooted teeth
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Additional characteristics
• vocalize – at least 11 sounds
• good swimmers
• seldom jump
• rarely intentionally bite or scratch
• need frequent handling
• lifespan – 5 yr average, ~8 yr max.
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Uses of Guinea Pigs
• Pets
• Scientific research
• Food
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Home Sweet Home
• Temperature: 70, 65 – 79
• Space< 350 gm 60 sq. in.> 350 gm 101 sq. in.max size 1.2 x 3.8 cm mesh or solid
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Home Sweet Home
• Beddingwood shavings – not cedar, pineshredded paper
not dustytimothy hay overlay optional
clean weekly
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Home Sweet Home
• Humidity 50%; 40 – 70
• Light cycle 12:12
• Air changes 10 – 15 per hour
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Digestive System
• Strict herbivores
• Hind gut fermenters – cecumLactobacilli sp.primary fatty acid – propionic acid
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NUTRITION
• require vitamin C
• have higher folic acid requirement
• sensitive to excess Ca, Vit. A, Vit. Dleads to metastatic calcificationmineralization of soft tissues
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Feeding
• Additional Requirements~ 6 gm feed/100 gm body weight18-20 % protein10-16 % crude fiber
• Use guinea pig feed!!!
• NOT RABBIT FEEDno vit. C and high in vit. D
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Feeding Management
• Messy feeders
• Use J-feeders not bowl
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Water Management
• Glass/clear bottles preferred• Like to play with waterers
will empty water bottle and/orstop up the openingcheck frequently
• Change & Clean water bottle daily• Automatic waterers
check daily; acidify water at sourcereduces pseudomonas
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Water Management
• Glass/clear bottles preferred• Like to play with waterers
will empty water bottle and/orstop up the openingcheck frequently
• Change & Clean water bottle daily• Automatic waterers
check daily; acidify water at sourcereduces pseudomonas
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REPRODUCTION
• age to sexual maturity 68-70
• estrous cycle 15-17 days
• gestation 59-72 days
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SEXING
male: straight slit female: Y-shaped
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SEXING male: straight slit
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SEXING female: Y-shaped
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BREEDING
• females pair at 400gm; 2-3 months
• males pair at 600 gm; 3-4 months
• breed females before 6 monthsotherwise pubic symphysis fusesmust relax at parturition
Response to the hormone relaxinGuinea pig once used in bioassays for relaxin
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Care of Young
• precocial – bornfurred, eyes open, teeth eruptedwalking within 2 hours
• two nipples – inguinal regioncan care for four younglitters 3-4 (range 1-6)
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Care of Young
• milk3.9% fat8.1% protein3.0% lactose
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DISEASES
• genetic
• infectious
• environmental
• nutritional
• others
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DISEASES
• malocclusion – over growth of teeth• causes
environmental inadequate opportunity wear down teeth
genetic teeth do not meet properly
• in guinea pigslower premolars may be tilted inwardeventually tongue is trapped
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INFECTIOUS DISEASES
• Bordetella bronchiseptica - pneumoniado not house with subclinical carriersrabbits, cats, dogs
• other infectious diseases are much less common
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OTHER DISEASES
• vitamin C deficiency – scurvy
• metastatic calcificationmineralization of soft tissues
• heat stroke85º F+, high humidity, lack of ventilation
• barberingsmall bald patches
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Public Health Risks
• minimal
• diseases guinea pigs may carryBordetella, Salmonella, Yersinia
pseudotuberculosis, Streptococcus
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CHINCHILLA MANAGEMENT
Chinchilla lanigera
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Origin
• Two species in the wild– Chinchilla brevicaudata
• Shorter, stockier, and facing extinction
• A previously extant species is already extict
– Chinchilla lanigera
• Chinchilla lanigera – domesticated
• wild – Peru, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile
• Spanish discovered them in 16th century
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• Crespuscular– Active – require wheels
• Names after the Chincha people of the Andes: “Little Chincha”
• Hunting in the 19th century– Fur trade led to rarity in the wild
• Rock crevices in the wild
• Can jump up to 6 feet high
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• In the wild, groups called herds• Nonseasonally polyestrous• Gestation is 111 days
– Usually two offsping– Precocial
• Prey species defense– Fur release– Urine spraying
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• Dust baths– Fine volcanic dust (pumice)
• Diet– Pelleted chinchilla with timothy hay
• Raisin supplement 1-2 per day
• Do not over supplement on fruits and vegetables
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Research Importance
• Hearing– Range and anatomy
• Chagas disease– Parasitic diseae causing American
trypanosomiasis
• Gastrointestinal disease
• Listeriosis
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Colors of Chinchilla
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Standard Grey
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Ebony
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Homozygous beige
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Heterozygous beige
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Brown Velvet
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Black velvet
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Golden mosaic
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Sapphire
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Silver
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Silver white
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Albino white
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Pure white
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Degus
South American rodent Related to Guinea pigs Smaller, social rodents