roguing for control of peanut bud necrosis virus disease in tomato naidu a. rayapati department of...
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Roguing for control of Peanut bud necrosis virus disease in tomato
Naidu A. RayapatiDepartment of Plant PathologyWashington State University
Irrigated Agriculture Research & Extension CenterProsser, WA 99350, [email protected]
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Topics
Introduction- Peanut bud necrosis virus- ImpactsChallenges in managing the diseaseRoguing as a control tactic
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Peanut bud necrosis virus (PBNV)
Genus: Tospovirus
Type member: Tomato spotted wilt virus
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PBNV
South Asia: India & BangladeshSoutheast Asia: Indonesia
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PBNV
PBNV = Peanut bud necrosis virusCaCV = Capsicum chlorosis virusWBNV = Watermelon bud necrosis virusIYSV = Iris yellow spot virusPYSV = Peanut yellow spot virus
(Kunkalikar et al., 2011 Phytopathology 101:367-376)
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SDS-PAGE ofvirus particle proteinsElectron micrograph of
virus particles
GC
N
GN
Virus Mr
Drawing of virus particle
150
100
75
50
35
25
15
kDa
M S
L
PBNV
Pleomorphic particles = 80-120 nm sizeThree genomic RNA segments, negative sense
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Thrips palmithe principal vector of PBNV
Thrips species % TransmissionThrips palmi 38Frankliniella schultzei 2Scritithrips dorsalis 0
Source: ICRISAT, India
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2nd instar larva
quiescent&
non-feeding
dispersal, inoculation &oviposition
symptom expression,
larval eclosion
Prepupa
Pupa
Adult
Virus acquisition
Interdependency between vector life-stage and virus transmission
1st instar larva
Unique among plant viruses
Circulative & propagative mode of transmission
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PBNV
Peanut
Healthy Infected
InfectedHealthy
• First reported in peanut• Estimated value in peanut in India (1990s)
- US $89 million/year
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PBNV
Current status broad host range - expansion to several
field crops and vegetables
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Crop plants WeedsLeguminosae Bristly stalbur (Acanthospermum hispidum)Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Acalypha indicaSoybean (Glycine max) Ageratum conyzoidesCowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Alysicarpus longifoliaBlack gram (V. mungo) A. rugosusGreen gram (V. radiata) Amaranthus sp.Pea (Pisum sativum) Borreria hispidaSolanaceae Commelina bengalensisTomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) C. jacobiEgg plant (Solanum melongina) Corchorus trilocularisChili pepper (Capsicum annum) Crotalaria sp.Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Euphorbia geniculataCucurbitaceae Lantenna cameraCucumber (Cucumis sativus) Lochnera pusillaMuskmelon (Cucumis pepo) Physalis minimaWatermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) Sesbania rostrataPedaliaceae Vigna trilobaSesame (Sesamum indicum) Cynoptis cuculettaCruciferaeCarrot (Daucus carota)MalvaceaeCotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Broad host range of PBNV
Source: ICRISAT, India
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• polyphagous• shows habitat infidelity• has superior reproductive output• has propensity to ‘overwinter’ on
a broad range of plant species
T. palmi
Source of picture: Zenkoko Noson, Kyoiku Kyoiku Co. Ltd, Japan.
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Devastation caused by PBNV in tomato
A farmer’s field near Coimbatore, India
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PBNV Symptoms
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PBNV Symptoms on fruits
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PBNVa major threat to tomato sustainability in India
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Impacts of PBNV on fruit qualityComponent Healthy PBNV
infected% increase (+) or decrease (-) over healthy
Calcium (mg/100g) 30.19 25.72 -14.81 Iron (mg/100g) 0.80 0.82 2.50 Zinc (mg/100g) 0.26 0.16 -38.46Sodium (mg/100g) 25.86 24.66 -4.64Potassium (mg/100g) 156.18 148.12 -5.16
Vitamin A (IU) 9.61 6.69 -30.39β- Carotene (mg/100g) 5.77 4.02 -30.33
Lycopene (mg/100g) 6.20 3.63 -41.45
Carbohydrate (%) 4.27 3.81 -10.77Protein (%) 0.67 0.66 -1.49Fat (%) 0.09 0.10 11.11Fibre (%) 0.68 0.70 2.94Total Sugars (%) 3.34 2.68 -19.76
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Impacts of PBNV
• Traders discard poor quality fruits
• Farmers incur loses
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• yield losses
• poor nutritional quality
• short shelf life
• loss of income
Impacts of PBNV
A summary
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IPM strategies for management of PBNV in tomato
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Integrated management of PBNV
- Thrips vector management- Manipulating cropping patterns- Deploying tolerant/resistant cultivars- Cultural practices
(clean seedlings, roguing, weed control, etc.)
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Use (or overuse) of
pesticides to
control thrips
Efforts to control vector thrips with insecticides have been mostly unsuccessful
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Indiscriminate use of insecticides is leading to
the development of resistance in thrips
T. palmi
Source of picture: Zenkoko Noson, Kyoiku Kyoiku Co. Ltd, Japan.
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Pesticides are not the
solution
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Host plant resistance
• Sw-5 resistance gene in tomato for TSWV – not effective for PBNV• No source(s) of resistance against PBNV available
Challenges in controlling PBNV
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Manipulating cropping patterns
• Multiple crops grown continuously throughout the year• Imposing host-free period not possible• Synchronizing planting date(s) not possible• Maintaining optimum crop density not feasible • Reservoir hosts survive throughout the year
Challenges in controlling PBNV
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Production of seedlings in nethouses
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Production of seedlings in nethouses
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Are tomato seedlings in nethouses a source of virus inoculum?
Healthy Infected
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Are tomato seedlings in net houses a source of virus inoculum?
Healthy Infected
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Spread of PBNV via infected transplants
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14th July 2008 (7.1%) 25th Sept 2008 (29.9%)
Spatio-temporal spread of PBNV via infected transplants
Aggregation/clustering of infected plants
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Spread of PBNV via infected transplants
Infected transplants - carry the virus & thrips eggs/larvae- a source of initial inoculumClustering of infected plants indicate secondary spread
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Roguing as a management tool ?
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Roguing as a management tactic No roguing
Transplant all seedlings(no removal of
symptomatic seedlings)
RoguingRemove symptomatic
seedlings before transplanting & upto 45 days post-transplanting
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Roguing as a management tacticDisease incidence
Fruit yield
Location
%T
ons/
ha
No roguing
Roguing
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Roguing
Benefit-cost ratioCumulative yield of tomato fruits:With no roguing: 11.1 tons/ha (30.5% decrease)With roguing: 16.45 tons/ha
Revenue gained with roguing= Rs. 21,400/ha (using a low market price of Rs. 4/kg)
Better quality fruits produced
Additional savings from no pesticide sprays
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Roguing as a management tactic for management of PBNV being adopted
by farmers
• Remove symptomatic seedlings before transplanting
• Remove symptomatic transplants in the field up to 45 days post-transplanting
• Remove symptomatic seedlings before transplanting
• Remove symptomatic transplants in the field up to 45 days post-transplanting
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Thanks to:
Dr. Gandhi KarthikeyanDepartment of Plant PathologyTamil Nadu Agricultural UniversityCoimbatore, India
Host Country Collaborator
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Thank You