ROMANTICISM

ROMANTICISM

1820-19001820-1900

Time LineTime Line

Monroe Doctrine 1823

Hugo: Hunchback of Notre Dame 1831

Dickens: Oliver Twist 1837

Dumas: The Three Musketeers 1844

Poe: The Raven 1845

Darwin: Origin of Species 1859

American Civil War 1861-1865

Twain: Huckleberry Finn 1884

Bell invents telephone 1876

The Spirit of the AgeThe Spirit of the Age

A sense of shared vision

Early support of the French Revolution

Rise of the individual

Affinity with nature

Radical poetics/politics

An obsession with violent change

A sense of shared vision

Early support of the French Revolution

Rise of the individual

Affinity with nature

Radical poetics/politics

An obsession with violent change

Early19c

The Enlightenment Romanticism

The Enlightenment Romanticism

Society is good

Curbing violent impulses!

Society is good

Curbing violent impulses!

Civilization corrupts

Institutions have rippling effects

Civilization corrupts

Institutions have rippling effects

1.Emotions!Passion!

Irrationality!

1.Emotions!Passion!

Irrationality!

Lady Macbeth - Henry Fuseli, 1794Lady Macbeth - Henry Fuseli, 1794

2. The “Rugged” Individual

2. The “Rugged” Individual

Wandering Above the Sea of Fog

Caspar David Friedrich,

1818

Wandering Above the Sea of Fog

Caspar David Friedrich,

1818

The Dreamer Gaspar David Friedrich, 1835

The Dreamer Gaspar David Friedrich, 1835

Solitary Tree Caspar David Friedrich, 1823

Solitary Tree Caspar David Friedrich, 1823

3. The Power and Fury of

Nature

3. The Power and Fury of

Nature

An Avalanche in the AlpsPhilip James de Loutherbourg, 1803

An Avalanche in the AlpsPhilip James de Loutherbourg, 1803

Sunset After a Storm On the Coast of Sicily – Andreas Achenbach, 1853

Sunset After a Storm On the Coast of Sicily – Andreas Achenbach, 1853

The DelugeFrancis Danby, 1840

The DelugeFrancis Danby, 1840

Shipwreck – Joseph Turner, 1805Shipwreck – Joseph Turner, 1805

The Eruption of Vesuvius - John MartinThe Eruption of Vesuvius - John Martin

Lion with the Rabbit - Eugène DelacroixLion with the Rabbit - Eugène Delacroix

4. Science Can Be Dangerous

4. Science Can Be Dangerous

Isaac Newton – William Blake, 1795Isaac Newton – William Blake, 1795

5. The “New” Technology Is Dehumanizing

5. The “New” Technology Is Dehumanizing

Rain, Steam, and SpeedJoseph Mallord William Turner, 1844

Rain, Steam, and SpeedJoseph Mallord William Turner, 1844

6. Romanticizing Country Life

6. Romanticizing Country Life

Flatford Mill – John Constable, 1817Flatford Mill – John Constable, 1817

The Corn Field

John Constable,1826

The Corn Field

John Constable,1826

A Mill at Gillingham in Dorset John Constable, 1826

A Mill at Gillingham in Dorset John Constable, 1826

7. The Gothic: “Romanticizing

” the Middle Ages

7. The Gothic: “Romanticizing

” the Middle Ages

Coming From Evening Church

Samuel Palmer, 1830

Coming From Evening Church

Samuel Palmer, 1830

Salisbury Cathedral from the MeadowsJohn Constable, 1831

Salisbury Cathedral from the MeadowsJohn Constable, 1831

Hadleigh Castle - John Constable, 1829Hadleigh Castle - John Constable, 1829

Eldena RuinGaspar David Friedrich, 1825

Eldena RuinGaspar David Friedrich, 1825

8. The Exotic, the Occult, and

the Macabre

8. The Exotic, the Occult, and

the Macabre

Abbey in an Oak ForestCaspar David Friedrich, 1809-1810

Abbey in an Oak ForestCaspar David Friedrich, 1809-1810

The Great Red Dragon and the Woman Clothed

with the Sun

William Blake, 1808-1810

The Great Red Dragon and the Woman Clothed

with the Sun

William Blake, 1808-1810

Stonehenge - John Constable, 1836Stonehenge - John Constable, 1836

Nightmare (The Incubus)Henry Fuseli, 1781

Nightmare (The Incubus)Henry Fuseli, 1781

Manfred and the Witch of the AlpsJohn Martin - 1837

Manfred and the Witch of the AlpsJohn Martin - 1837

Witches Sabbath

Francisco Goya,1798

Witches Sabbath

Francisco Goya,1798

Saturn DevoursHis Son

Francisco Goya,1819-1823

Saturn DevoursHis Son

Francisco Goya,1819-1823

9. Nationalism9. Nationalism

Greece on the Ruins of

Missolonghi

Eugène Delacroix, 1827

Greece on the Ruins of

Missolonghi

Eugène Delacroix, 1827

Liberty Leading the People Eugène Delacroix, 1830

Liberty Leading the People Eugène Delacroix, 1830

Detail of theMusket Bearer

Delacoix, himself

Detail of theMusket Bearer

Delacoix, himself

The Burning of Parliament (1)Joseph Turner, 1834-1835

The Burning of Parliament (1)Joseph Turner, 1834-1835

His Majesty’s Ship, “Victory”(Trafalgar) - John Constable, 1806

His Majesty’s Ship, “Victory”(Trafalgar) - John Constable, 1806

The Fighting TemeraireJoseph Mallord William Turner, 1838

The Fighting TemeraireJoseph Mallord William Turner, 1838

An Officer of the Imperial Horse

Guard

Théodore Géricault, 1814

An Officer of the Imperial Horse

Guard

Théodore Géricault, 1814

The Shooting of May 3, 1808Francisco Goya, 1815

The Shooting of May 3, 1808Francisco Goya, 1815

Portrait of Frederick ChopinEugène Delacroix, 1838

Portrait of Frederick ChopinEugène Delacroix, 1838

10. Interest in Exotic Foreign

Lands

10. Interest in Exotic Foreign

Lands

Grand Canal, VeniceJoseph Mallord William Turner, 1835

Grand Canal, VeniceJoseph Mallord William Turner, 1835

Massacre of Chios - Eugène Delacroix, 1824Massacre of Chios - Eugène Delacroix, 1824

The Fanatics of TangiersEugène Delacroix, 1837-1838

The Fanatics of TangiersEugène Delacroix, 1837-1838

The Sultan of Morocco and His EntourageEugène Delacroix, 1845

The Sultan of Morocco and His EntourageEugène Delacroix, 1845

Women of Algiers in Their ApartmentEugène Delacroix, 1834

Women of Algiers in Their ApartmentEugène Delacroix, 1834

The Bullfight - Francisco GoyaThe Bullfight - Francisco Goya

Charge of the Mamelukes, May 2nd, 1808Francisco Goya, 1814

Charge of the Mamelukes, May 2nd, 1808Francisco Goya, 1814

11. Return to Christian Mysteries

11. Return to Christian Mysteries

God as the Architect - William Blake, 1794God as the Architect - William Blake, 1794

Elohim Creating AbrahamWilliam Blake, 1805

Elohim Creating AbrahamWilliam Blake, 1805

Body of Abel Found by Adam and EveWilliam Blake, 1825

Body of Abel Found by Adam and EveWilliam Blake, 1825

Faust and MephistophelesEugène Delacroix, 1826-1827

Faust and MephistophelesEugène Delacroix, 1826-1827

The Seventh Plague of EgyptJohn Martin, 1823

The Seventh Plague of EgyptJohn Martin, 1823

The Cathedral

Gaspar DavidFriedrich,

1818

The Cathedral

Gaspar DavidFriedrich,

1818

Romantic LiteratureRomantic LiteratureJane Eyre Charlotte Bronte

Wuthering Heights Emily Bronte

Ivanhoe Sir Walter Scott

Les Miserables Victor Hugo

The Three Musketeers Alexander Dumas

Frankenstein Mary Shelley

Dracula Bramm Stoker

Grimm’s Fairy Tales Jacob & Wilhelm Grimm

Faust Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Jane Eyre Charlotte Bronte

Wuthering Heights Emily Bronte

Ivanhoe Sir Walter Scott

Les Miserables Victor Hugo

The Three Musketeers Alexander Dumas

Frankenstein Mary Shelley

Dracula Bramm Stoker

Grimm’s Fairy Tales Jacob & Wilhelm Grimm

Faust Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

The Romantic PoetsThe Romantic Poets

Percy Byssche Shelley

Lord Byron

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

William Wordsworth

John Keats

William Blake

Percy Byssche Shelley

Lord Byron

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

William Wordsworth

John Keats

William Blake

Music of the

Romantic Era

Music of the

Romantic Era

Aspects of Romanticism in music & art

Aspects of Romanticism in music & art

The artist apart from society

The artist as social critic/revolutionary

The artist as genius/cultural hero

The artist apart from society

The artist as social critic/revolutionary

The artist as genius/cultural hero

BEETHOVEN: “Why bow to social status?”

Franz Schubert Bedrich Smetana

Antonin Dvořák

Peter Tchaikovsky

Johannes Brahms

Giuseppe Verdi

Giacomo Puccini

Richard Wagner

Robert Schumann

Clara Schumann

Frederic Chopin

Franz Liszt

Felix Mendelssohn

Hector Berlioz

Chapter 1

Many important Romantic Composers

Many important Romantic Composers

The misunderstood genius

The misunderstood genius

“To be a genius is to be misunderstood” – Emerson

The artist out in front, ahead of the audience, the advanced guard (a military metaphor) –

the avant garde

The artist out in front, ahead of the audience, the advanced guard (a military metaphor) –

the avant garde

“Music could quickly come to such a point, that everyone who is not precisely familiar with the rules and difficulties of the art would find absolutely no enjoyment in it.”

A critic reviewing the premiere of Beethoven’s 3rd Symphony

Early style: Classical, the language of Mozart and Haydn

Early style: Classical, the language of Mozart and Haydn

Later style: Romantic intense, passionate, virtuosic

Not a servant, but an independent creator

Later style: Romantic intense, passionate, virtuosic

Not a servant, but an independent creator

Beethoventhe transition composer

Beethoventhe transition composer

Austrian

Only 31 years old at his death

Wrote 16 operas, only 3 performed in his lifetime; none performed today

Between 500-600 songs

Died of syphilis

Austrian

Only 31 years old at his death

Wrote 16 operas, only 3 performed in his lifetime; none performed today

Between 500-600 songs

Died of syphilis

Franz Schubert1797-1828

Franz Schubert1797-1828

Schubert, Erlkonig 1815 (Goethe)Schubert, Erlkonig 1815 (Goethe)(Narrator)

Wer reitet so spät durch Nacht und Wind? Es ist der Vater mit seinem Kind; Er hat den Knaben wohl in dem Arm, Er fasst ihn sicher, er hält ihn warm.

(Father) "Mein Sohn, was birgst du so bang dein Gesicht?"

(Son) "Siehst, Vater, du den Erlkönig nicht? Den Erlkönig mit Kron' und Schweif?"

(Father) "Mein Sohn, es ist ein Nebelstreif."

(Erlking) "Du liebes Kind, komm geh mit mir! Gar schöne Spiele spiel' ich mit dir; Manch' bunte Blumen sind an dem Strand; Meine Mutter hat manch' gülden Gewand."

(Narrator) Wer reitet so spät durch Nacht und Wind? Es ist der Vater mit seinem Kind; Er hat den Knaben wohl in dem Arm, Er fasst ihn sicher, er hält ihn warm.

(Father) "Mein Sohn, was birgst du so bang dein Gesicht?"

(Son) "Siehst, Vater, du den Erlkönig nicht? Den Erlkönig mit Kron' und Schweif?"

(Father) "Mein Sohn, es ist ein Nebelstreif."

(Erlking) "Du liebes Kind, komm geh mit mir! Gar schöne Spiele spiel' ich mit dir; Manch' bunte Blumen sind an dem Strand; Meine Mutter hat manch' gülden Gewand."

(Narrator) Who rides so late through the night and wind? It is a father with his child; he has the boy close in his arm, he holds him tight, he keeps him warm.

(Father) "My son, why do you hide your face in fear?"

(Son) "Father, don't you see the Erlking? The Erlking with his crown and train?"

(Father) "My son, it is a streak of mist."

(Erlking) "You dear child, come with me! I'll play very lovely games with you. There are lots of colourful flowers by the shore; my mother has some golden robes."

(Narrator) Who rides so late through the night and wind? It is a father with his child; he has the boy close in his arm, he holds him tight, he keeps him warm.

(Father) "My son, why do you hide your face in fear?"

(Son) "Father, don't you see the Erlking? The Erlking with his crown and train?"

(Father) "My son, it is a streak of mist."

(Erlking) "You dear child, come with me! I'll play very lovely games with you. There are lots of colourful flowers by the shore; my mother has some golden robes."

(Son) "Mein Vater, mein Vater, und hörest du nicht, Was Erlkönig mir leise verspricht?"

(Father) "Sei ruhig, bleibe ruhig, mein Kind; In dürren Blättern säuselt der Wind."

(Erlking) "Willst, feiner Knabe, du mit mir geh'n? Meine Töchter sollen dich warten schön; Meine Töchter führen den nächtlichen Reih'n Und wiegen und tanzen und singen dich ein."

(Son) "Mein Vater, mein Vater, und siehst du nicht dort, Erlkönigs Töchter am düsteren Ort?"

(Son) "Mein Vater, mein Vater, und hörest du nicht, Was Erlkönig mir leise verspricht?"

(Father) "Sei ruhig, bleibe ruhig, mein Kind; In dürren Blättern säuselt der Wind."

(Erlking) "Willst, feiner Knabe, du mit mir geh'n? Meine Töchter sollen dich warten schön; Meine Töchter führen den nächtlichen Reih'n Und wiegen und tanzen und singen dich ein."

(Son) "Mein Vater, mein Vater, und siehst du nicht dort, Erlkönigs Töchter am düsteren Ort?"

(Son) "My father, my father, don't you hear the Erking whispering promises to me?"

(Father) "Be still, stay calm, my child; it's the wind rustling in the dry leaves."

(Erlking) "My find lad, do you want to come with me? My daughters will take care of you; my daughters lead the nightly dance, and they'll rock and dance and sing you to sleep."

(Son) "My father, my father, don't you see the Erlking's daughters over there in the shadows?"

(Son) "My father, my father, don't you hear the Erking whispering promises to me?"

(Father) "Be still, stay calm, my child; it's the wind rustling in the dry leaves."

(Erlking) "My find lad, do you want to come with me? My daughters will take care of you; my daughters lead the nightly dance, and they'll rock and dance and sing you to sleep."

(Son) "My father, my father, don't you see the Erlking's daughters over there in the shadows?"

(Father) "Mein Sohn, mein Sohn, ich seh' es genau, Es scheinen die alten Weiden so grau."

(Erlking) "Ich liebe dich, mich reizt deine schöne Gestalt, Und bist du nicht willig, so brauch ich Gewalt."

(Son) "Mein Vater, mein Vater, jetzt fasst er mich an! Erlkönig hat mir ein Leids getan!"

(Narrator) Dem Vater grauset's, er reitet geschwind, Er hält in Armen das ächzende Kind, Erreicht den Hof mit Müh und Noth;

(Father) "Mein Sohn, mein Sohn, ich seh' es genau, Es scheinen die alten Weiden so grau."

(Erlking) "Ich liebe dich, mich reizt deine schöne Gestalt, Und bist du nicht willig, so brauch ich Gewalt."

(Son) "Mein Vater, mein Vater, jetzt fasst er mich an! Erlkönig hat mir ein Leids getan!"

(Narrator) Dem Vater grauset's, er reitet geschwind, Er hält in Armen das ächzende Kind, Erreicht den Hof mit Müh und Noth;

(Father) "My son, my son, I see it clearly, it's the gray sheen of the old willows."

(Erlking) "I love you, your beautiful form delights me! And if you're not willing, then I'll use force."

(Son) "My father, my father, now he's grasping me! The Erlking has hurt me!"

(Narrator) The father shudders, he rides swiftly, he holds the moaning child in his arms; with effort and urgency he reaches the courtyard:

(Father) "My son, my son, I see it clearly, it's the gray sheen of the old willows."

(Erlking) "I love you, your beautiful form delights me! And if you're not willing, then I'll use force."

(Son) "My father, my father, now he's grasping me! The Erlking has hurt me!"

(Narrator) The father shudders, he rides swiftly, he holds the moaning child in his arms; with effort and urgency he reaches the courtyard:

In seinen Armen das Kind war tot. In seinen Armen das Kind war tot. in his arms the child was dead. in his arms the child was dead.

Emotions?

Balance, repose, clarity?

NO! FEAR &

SUPERNATURAL

EVILIs death tempting & attractive?

Another developmentAnother developmentIn the 1830s, composer/conductor Felix

Mendelssohn conducts a performance of Bach’s Mass in B minor

– so what?

Music of the past begins to take a place on concert programs – it eventually dominates concert programming!

By 1870, seventy-five per cent of works in the Gewandhaus (a famous German orchestra)

repertory were by dead composers.

French

Symphonie Fantastique

Program music

Themes of love, madness, drugs, death, demons

French

Symphonie Fantastique

Program music

Themes of love, madness, drugs, death, demons

Hector Berlioz1803-1869

Hector Berlioz1803-1869

Polish, lived in France

Famous pianist

Only gave 14 public performances in his life

Polish, lived in France

Famous pianist

Only gave 14 public performances in his life

Minute Waltz

Polonaises

Nocturnes

Minute Waltz

Polonaises

Nocturnes

Frédéric Chopin1810-1849

Frédéric Chopin1810-1849

German

Opera innovator

The Ring – over 18 hours of music

German

Opera innovator

The Ring – over 18 hours of music

Richard Wagner1813-1883

Richard Wagner1813-1883

Italian

Composer as national/popular figure

Rigoletto

(“La Donna Mobilé”)

“Folk” Nationalism

Italian

Composer as national/popular figure

Rigoletto

(“La Donna Mobilé”)

“Folk” Nationalism

Giuseppe Verdi1813-1901

Giuseppe Verdi1813-1901

Bedrich Smetana1824-1884

Bedrich Smetana1824-1884

Czech composer

The Moldau 1816

Czech composer

The Moldau 1816

Gioacchino Rossini1792-1868

Gioacchino Rossini1792-1868

Italian

The Barber of Seville 1816

William Tell 1829

Italian

The Barber of Seville 1816

William Tell 1829

Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky1840-1893

Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky1840-1893

Russian

1812 Overture

Swan Lake 1875

Sleeping Beauty 1888

The Nutcracker 1891

Russian

1812 Overture

Swan Lake 1875

Sleeping Beauty 1888

The Nutcracker 1891