Positioning Charts

Chest RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

PA ProjectionCR is perpendicular to IR and centered to midsagital place at level of T7 (7 to 8 inches below vertebrae promines/ inferior angle of scapula)IR centered to CRIncluded are both lungs from apices to costophrenic angles and the air-filled trachea from T1 down. Hilum region markings, heart, great vessels, and bony thorax are demonstratedShield btw PT and tube

Left Lateral PositionCR is perpendicular, directed to midthorax at level of T7 (3 to 4 inches below level of jugular notch)Included are the entire lungs from apices to the costophrenic angles and from the sternum anteriorly to the posterior ribs and thorax posteriorlyShield btw PT and tubeMarker goes in front

AP ProjectionCR to level of T7, 3 to 4 inches below jugular notchSame as PA projection except: the heart appears larger as a result of increased magnification from a shorter SID and increased OID of the heart. Possible pleural effusion, and the lungs appear more dense because they are not as fully aeratedNever do because lots of radiation

Left Lateral DecubitisCR is horizontal, directed to center of IR, to level of T7, 3 to 4 inches inferior to level of jugular notch. A horizontal beam must be used to show air-fluid level or pneumothoraxHave to move tubeEntire lungs, including apices, both costophrenic angles, and both lateral borders of ribs should be includedIf PT cant stand

AP LordoticCR perpendicular to IR, centered at midsternum (3 to 4 inches below jugular notch)PT put hands on hips with palms out with shoulders rolled forward14x17 LWEntire lung fields and clavicles should be includedApices FSIAngle pt or tube 20-30

RAO/LAO (Anterior Oblique)CR is perpendicular, directed to level of T7 (7 to 8 inches below vertebra prominens)Both lungs from the apices to the costophrenic angles should be included. Air-filled trachea, great vessels, and heart outlines are best visualized with 60 degree LAO positionRAO- PA with right shoulder against IR

RPO/LPO (Posterior Oblique)CR is perpendicular to level of T7Both lungs from the apices to the costophrenic angles should be included. Air-filled trachea, great vessels, and heart outlines are best visualized with 60 degree LAO position

Lateral Position (Upper Airway)CR is perpendicular to center of IR at level of C6 to C7, midway between the laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage and jugular notchThe larynx and trachea should be filled with air and well visualized

AP Projection (Upper Airway)CR is perpendicular to center of IR at level of T1-2, about 1 inch above the jugular notchThe larynx and trachea from C3 to T4 should be filled with air and visualized through the spine. The area of the proximal cervical vertebrae to the midthoracic region should be included

PA Projection (on a stretcher if the patient can't stand)CR is perpendicular to IR and centered to midsagital place at level of T7 (7 to 8 inches below vertebrae promines/ inferior angle of scapula. Cassette centered to level of CR)Included are both lungs from apices to costophrenic angles and the air-filled trachea from T1 down. Hilum region markings, heart, great vessels, and bony thorax are demonstrated

Abdominal RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

AP Projection (Supine)KUBCR is perpendicular to and directed to center of IR (to level of iliac crest) and MSP14x17 LWBreathe in breathe out hold it outOutline of liver, spleen, kidneys, and air-filled stomach and bowel segments and the arch of the symphysis pubis for the urinary bladder regionShield breast

PA projection (prone)CR is perpendicular to and directed to center of IR (to level of iliac crest)Outline of liver, spleen, kidneys, and air-filled stomach and bowel segments and the arch of the symphysis pubis for the urinary bladder region

Lateral DecubitusCR horizontal, directed to center of IR2 inches above level of iliac crestUse horizontal beam to demonstrate air-filled levels and free intraperitoneal airPT is on left side with both arms up14x17 CWAir-filled stomach and loops of bowel and air-fluid levels where present it should not include bilateral diaphragmUsually do left b/c of gastric bubbleAlternate for erectAir levelsFluid side=downAir side=up

Erect AbdomenCR is horizontal to center of IR2 inches above Iliac crest and MSPinclude diaphragmAir-filled stomach and loops of bowel and air-fluid levels where presentIt should include diaphragm and as much of lower abdomen as possibleShield btw patient and tubeDo PA expect KUB

Dorsal Decubitus (Left lateral)CR is horizontal to center of IR2 inches above iliac crest and to MSPPT is supineFilm on the side on pt on table14x17 CWDiaphragm and as much of lower abdomen as possible should be included. Air-filled loops of bowel in abdomen with soft tissue detail should be visible in anterior abdomen and in prevertebral regionsAlternate for erectFluid side=downAir side=up

Lateral PositionCR is perpendicular to table, centered at level of iliac crest to midcoronal planeIR centered to CRPT is standingDiaphragm and as much as lower abdomen as possible should be included. Air-filled loops of bowel in abdomen with soft tissue detail should be visible in prevertebral regionsAlways do leftShield on Pt side in btw tube and Pt

Acute Abdominal Series (Acute Abdomen)CR to level of illiac crest on supine and approximately 5cm (2inches) above level of crest to include diaphragm on erect or decubitusIleus (non-mechanical small bowel obstruction) or Mechanical ileus (obstruction of bowel from hernia, adhesions, ect.)Ascites (Abnormal fluid accumulation in abdomen)Perforated hollow viscus (such as bowel or stomach, evident by free intraperitoneal air)Intra abdominal mass (neoplasms - benign or malignant)Post-op (abdominal surgery)

Pneumothorax- air in abdomen= that side up Left hemothorax- left side down

Hand RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

PA ProjectionCR is perpendicular to IR, directed to third MCP jointElbow flexedPA projection of entire hand and wrist and about 1 inch of distal forearm are visible. PA projection of hand demonstrates oblique view of the thumbIP and MCP jointsBase of 3-5 metacarpals FSI1st digit seen in PA oblique position

PA Oblique ProjectionCR is perpendicular to IR, directed to third MCP jointHand angled onto pinky sideOblique projection of the entire hand and wrist and about 1 inch of distal forearm are visible1st and 2nd metacarpal FSIUse step wedge so DIP joint isnt closed

"Fan" Lateral ProjectionCR is perpendicular to IR, directed to second MCP jointPT make an okay signSeparate pinky and thumbThumb side upEntire hand and wrist and about 1 inch of the distal forearm are visibleAnterior and posterior phalangesIP and MCP joints open

Lateral in Extension and FlexionCR is perpendicular to IR, directed to the second to fifth MCP jointsThumb rests next to rest of fingersEntire hand and wrist and about 1 inch of the distal forearm are visible. Thumb should appear in slightly oblique position and free of superimposition with joint spaces openSoft tissue foreign bodies

AP Oblique Bilateral Projection(Norgaurd)CR is perpendicular, directed to midpoint between both hands at level of fifth MCP jointsLateral/pinky sides next to eachotherPalms upBoth hands from the carpal area to the tips of digits in 45 degree oblique position are visibleIP joints distortedR/O early arthritic changes and base of proximal phalanges

Full extension lateral- soft tissue FB PA oblique- 1st and 2nd MC FSI Thumb is always on the lateral side

Finger RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

PA ProjectionCR is perpendicular to IR, directed to PIP jointDistal, middle, and proximal phalanges. Distal metacarpal and associated joints

PA Oblique ProjectionCR is perpendicular to IR, directed to PIP jointHand rotated to pinky side45 degree view of distal, middle, and proximal phalanges; distal metacarpal; and associated jointsInterphalangeal and MCP joints open

Lateral projectionCR is perpendicular to IR, directed to PIP jointDigits 3-5 put thumb side upDigits 1-2 put thumb downDistal, middle, and proximal phalanges. Distal metacarpal and associated joints are visibleAnterior/posterior displacement

AP Projection (Thumb)CR is perpendicular to IR, directed to first MCP jointHand is hyperpronatedHave pt pull fingers backNail side of thumb is closer to the IRDistal and proximal phalanges, first metacarpal, trapezium, and associated joints are visible. Interphalangeal and metacarpophalageal joints should appear openAttempt to free the base of the carpometacarpal region of soft tissue superimposition

PA Oblique Projection (Thumb)CR is perpendicular to IR, directed to first MCP joint

Distal and proximal phalanges, first metacarpal, trapezium, and associated joints are visible in a 45 degree oblique positionPlace hand in PA and collimate in

Lateral Position (Thumb)CR is perpendicular to IR, directed to first MCP jointRotate hand toward pinky side until thumb is straightDistal and proximal phalanges, first metacarpal, trapezium (superimposed), and associated joints are visiized in the lateral positionInterphalangeal and MCP joints open

AP Axial Projection (Modifiied Robert's Method: Thumb)CR is directed 15 degrees proximally (toward wrist) entering at the first CMC joint/bottom of thumbExtend fingers and hold back with other handNail side downPalm upAn AP projection of the thumb and first CMC joint are visible without superimposition. Base of first metacarpal and trapezium should be well visualizedBennetts vs Rolando FXBetter demonstrate 1st CMC jointMake sure you remesaure SID

PA Stress thumb projectionCR is perpendicular to IR directed to midway between MCP jointsEntire thumb from first metacarpals to distal phalanges. Demonstrates metacarpophalangeal angles and joint spaces at MCP joints

Wrist RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

PA projectionCR is perpendicular to IR, directed to midcarpal area8x10 LWPT make a fistInclude up to knuckles on handMidmetacarpals and proximal metacarpals, distal radius, ulna, and associated joints and pertinent soft tissues of the wrist joint such as fat pads and fat stripes are visible. All the intercarpal spaces do not appear open because of irregular shapes that result in overlappingHamate, capatate, scaphoid (prox)-Make fist

PA Oblique ProjectionCR is perpendicular to IR, directed to midcarpal area8x10 LWRotate hand and wrist laterally (on pinky)Include up to knuckles on handFingers flexed to support hand

Distal radius, ulna, carpals, and at least to midmetacarpal area are visible. Trapezium and scaphoid should be well visualized, with only slight superimposition of other carpals on their medial aspectsTrapezium and trapezoid

Lateral ProjectionCR is perpendicular to IR, directed to midcarpal area8x10 LWShoulder, forearm, and wrist on same planeHand on pinky sideThumb rests on ride on fingersDistal radius, ulna, carpals, and at least to midmetacarpal area are visibleRotated back a little bitSee anterior vs posterior displacement

PA Ulnar Deviation/ Modified StetchersAngle CR 10 to 15 degrees towards elbowCenter CR to scaphoid/thumb side8x10 LWAngle hand toward pinky sideDistal radius, ulna, carpals, and proximal metacarpals are visible. Scaphoid should be demonstrated clearly without foreshortening with adjacent carpal interspaces openCenter at snuff boxElongates scaphoidAngle tube

PA Hand elevated and ulnar deviation/ True StetcherCenter CR perpendicular to IR, and directed to scaphoid/thumb side8x10 LWAngle hand toward pinky sideDistal radius, ulna, carpals, and proximal metacarpals are visible. Carpals are visible with adjacent interspaces more open on the lateral (radial) side of the wrist. Scaphoid is shown without foreshortening or superimposition of adjoining carpalsUse sponge to elevate hand 200Center at snuff boxScaphoid

PA Projection/ Radial DeviationCR is perpendicular to IR, directed to midcarpal area8x10 LWAngle hand toward thumb sideDistal radius, ulna, carpals, and proximal metacarpals are visible. Carpals are visible with adjacent interspaces more open on the medial (ulnar) side of the wrist.Ulnar side of carpals

Carpal Canal (Tunnel)/ Gaynor Heart ProjectionAngle CR 25-30 degrees to 3rdmetacarpal (center of palm of the hand)8x10 LWHyperextendedHave pt pull fingers backCollimate into carpal regionThe carpals are demonstrated in a tunnel-like arched arrangementR/o carpal tunnel syndromeVisualize pisiform and hamulus FSI

Pressure on median nerveMake sure no calcifications or osificiation

Carpal Bridge/ Tangential ProjectionAngle CR 45 degrees to the long axis of the forearm. Direct CR to a midpoint of the distal forearm about 4 cm proximal to wrist jointTangential view of the dorsal aspect of the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum is visible. Outline of the capitate and trapezium superimposed is visible

AP ClenchedWrist semisupinated and adjusted at 45 degrees obliquity to receptor placeCR directed perp to midcarpusCan either supinate or pronante

Best demonstrates the pisiform and triquetral free of superimpositionR/o ligamentous disruption or carpal instabilityIntercarpal facesStresses tendons

AP ob- pisiform and triquitrum PA ob- trapezium and trapezoid AP clenched- intercarpal faces Coyles- scaphoid view Pinky is always the medial side

Forearm RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

AP Projection(Forearm)CR is perpendicular to IR, directed to mid-forearm14x17 LWHand supinatedSID 40AP projection of the entire radius and ulna is shown, with a minimum of proximal row carpals and distal humerus and pertinent soft tissues such as fat pads and stripes of the wrist and elbow jointsMedial/lateral displacementInclude both joints

Lateral Projection (Forearm)CR is perpendicular to IR, directed to mid-forearm14x17 LWElbow flexed at 900Hand and wrist in true lateral positionSID 40Lateral projection of entire radius and ulna, proximal row of carpal bones, elbow, and distal end of the humerus are visible as well as pertinent soft tissue, such as fat pads and stripes of the wrist and elbow jointsHumeral epicondyles are superimposedHead of radius and ulna superimposed

Elbow RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

AP Projection (Elbow fully extended)CR is perpendicular to IRDirected to mid-elbow jointHand supinated/palm upFist clenched10x12 LWDistal humerus, elbow joint space, and proximal radius and ulna are visibleMedial epicondyleMedial epicondyle FSISee olecronon fossa1/3 to of the proximal radius will still be SI by the ulna

AP Projection (Elbow cannot be fully extended)CR is perpendicular to IR, directed to mid-elbow joint, which is approximately 2 cm distal to midpoint of a line between epicondyles10x12 LWDistal humerus is best visualized on humerus parallel projection and proximal radius and ulna are best visualized on forearm parallel projection

AP Oblique Projection/ Lateral (external rotation)CR is perpendicular to IRDirected to mid-elbow jointStart at the side of the plate and roll themHand supinated/palm upPinky side up/thumb pointing to the ground10x12 LW

Oblique projection of distal humerus and proximal radius and ulna is visibleHead, neck, tubercle of radiusLateral epicondyleCapitulum

AP Oblique Projection/ Medial (internal rotation)CR is perpendicular to IRDirected to mid-elbow jointHand pronated/palm downMake sure epicondyles are rotated medially10x12 LWOblique projection of distal humerus and proximal radius and ulna is visibleRadial head and neck is superimposed over ulnaCoronoid process trochleamedial epicondyle

Lateral ProjectionCR is perpendicular to IRDirected to mid-elbow jointElbow at a 900 angleHumerus and elbow on the same planeHand and wrist in lateral position10x12 LWLateral projection of distal humerus and proximal forearm, olecranon process, and soft tissues and fat pads of the elbow joint are visibleJoint space FSIOlecranon processTrochelar notchFat padsSee Hershey kiss

Acute Flexion ProjectionDistal humerus: CR perpendicular to IR and humerus, directed to a point midway between epicondyles. Proximal forearm: CR perpendicular to forearm (angling CR as needed), directed to a point approx 2 inches proximal or superior to olecranon processProximal humerus: Forearm and humerus should be directly superimposed. Medial and lateral epicondyles and parts of trochlea, capitulum, and olecranon process all should be seen in profile. Optimal exposure should visualize distal humerus and olecranon process through superimposed structures. Soft tissue detail is not readily visible on either projection Distal forearm: proximal ulna and radius, including outline of radial head and neck, should be visible through superimposed distal humerus. Optimal exposure visualizes outlines of proximal ulna and radius superimposed over humerusCut of the olecranonFlex arm as much as possible

Trauma Axial Lateral(Coyle Method)Radial Head: CR angled 45 degrees toward shoulder, centered to radial head1 inch below elbow jointElbow flexed 90 degreesShoot through elbowRadial Head: joint space between radial head and capitulum should be open and clear.Radial head, neck, and tuberosity should be in profile and free of superimposition except for a small part of the coronoid process.Radial head, neck, and capitulum

Axial lateral projections(Coyle Method)Coronoid Process: CR angled 45 degrees away shoulder into midelbow joint1 inch below elbow jointElbow flexed 80 degreesCR near crease in elbowCoronoid Process: Distal portion of the coronoid appears elongated but in profile. Joint space between coronoid process and trochlea should be open and clearCoronoid process and trochlea

Radial Head Laterals/ Lateromedial projectionCR is perpendicular to IR, directed to radial head (approx 2 to 3 cm distal to lateral epicondyle)Radial head and neck should be partially superimposed by ulna but completely visualized in profile in various projections. Radial tuberosity should be visualized.

Medial- coronoid process, trochela, medial epipcondyle Lateral oblique- lateral condyle, capitulum Lateral- trochlear notch

Humerus RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

AP ProjectionCR is perpendicular to IR, directed to midpoint of humerus14x17 LWAP projection shows the entire humerus, including the shoulder and elbow joints shield in frontInclude both elbow and shoulder jointArm abductedHand supinated

Rotational lateral projectionCR is perpendicular to IR, directed to midpoint of humerusWrist and arm rotated/palm back14x17 LWLateral projection of the entire humerus, including the elbow and shoulder jointsis visibleEpicondyles superimposed shield in frontInclude both elbow and shoulder jointInclude glenohumeral joints

Trauma horizontal beam lateral/lateromedial projectionCR is perpendicular to midpoint of distal two-thirds of humerusLateral projection of the midhumerus and distal humerus, including the elbow joint is visible. The distal two-thirds of the humerus should be well visualized

Transthoracic lateral projection (trauma)CR is perpendicular to IR, directed through thorax to mid-diaphysisLateral view of entire humerus and glenohumeral joint should be visualized through the thorax without superimposition of the opposite humerus

Transthoracic lateral projection (proximal humerus)CR is perpendicular to IR, directed through thorax to level of affected surgical neckLateral view of proximal half of the humerus and scapulohumeral joint should be visualized through the thorax without superimposition of the opposite shoulder

Shoulder RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

AP Projection/external rotation (non-trauma)CR is perpendicular to IR, directed to 1 inch inferior to coracoid processTurn hand in10x12 CWAP projection of prox humerus and lateral 2/3 clavicle and upper scapulaRelationship of the humeral head to the glenoid cavityFX/dislocation of proximal humerus/ osteophytes/ bursalGreater tubercle in profileBank heart lesion

AP Projection/internal rotation (non-trauma)CR is perpendicular to IR, directed to 1 inch inferior to coracoid processThumb goes posterior10x12 CW

Lateral view of proximal humerus and lateral 2/3 clavicle and upper scapulaRelationship of the humeral head to the glenoid cavityFX/dislocation of proximal humerus/ osteophytes/ bursalLesser tubercle inferior medial in profileHill sacks

Inferosuperior Axial Projection (non-trauma) or LawrenceDirect CR medially 25 to 30 degrees centered horizontally to axilla and humeral headYou have to move the whole tube10x12 CWLateral view of proximal humerus in relationship to scapulohumeral cavityCoracoid process of scapula and lesser tubercle of humerusOrothopedics choice of a lateralCoracoid process and lesser tubercleFilm against neckHave to build shoulder up

PA transaxillary projection/ Nobbs modification (non-trauma)CR is directed perpendicularly to the axilla and the humeral head to pass through the glenohumeral joint8x10 CWLateral view of proximal humerus in relationship toglenohumeral articulation is visualized. Coracoid process of scapula is not seenPT erect PAHead turned awayAffected arm straight up

Inferosuperior axial projection/Clements modification (non-trauma)Direct horizontal CR perpendicular to IR. If patient cannot abduct the arm 90 degrees, angle the tube 5 to 15 degrees toward the axilla8x10 CWLateral view of proximal humerus in relationship to scapulohumeral cavity is shownPT laying down IR next to neckAffected arm up straight

Posterior oblique position/gelnoid cavity(non-trauma)GrasheyCR is perpendicular to IR, centered to scapulohumeral joint which is approx 2 inches inferior and medial from the superolateral border of shoulder10x12 LWGlenoid cavity should be seen in profile without superimposition of humeral headGlenoid space and greater tuberclePT rotated 450 toward affected side

Tangential projection/intercular (bicipital) groove (non-trauma) FiskCR is perpendicular to IR, directed to groove area at midanterior margin of humeral head8x10 CWAnterior margin of the humeral head is seen in profile. Humeral tubercles and the intertubercular groove are seen in profileHumeral tubercles and intertubercular grooveNo SI of acromin process

AP projection/neutral rotation (trauma)CR is perpendicular to IR, directed to midscapulohumeral joint which is approx 2 cm inferior and slightly lateral to coracoid processThe proximal one-third of the humerus and upper scapula and the lateral two-thirds of the clavicleRelationship of the humeral head to the glenoid cavity

AP Scapulary Y lateral (trauma)CR is perpendicular to IR, directed to scapulohumeral joint 2 to 21/2 inches below the top of the shoulder10x12 LWTrue lateral view of the scapula, proximal humerus, and scapulohumeral jointHumeral head posterior/acromial450 Affected side away

PA Scapulary Y lateral (trauma)CR is perpendicular to IR, directed to scapulohumeral joint 2 to 21/2 inches below the top of the shoulder10x12 LWTrue lateral view of the scapula, anterior humerus, and scapulohumeral jointHumeral head anterior/coracoid process450 toward affected side

Neer Y Scapulary lateral (trauma)CR is perpendicular to IR, directed to scapulohumeral joint 2 to 21/2 inches below the top of the shoulder10-15 degree caudad10x12 LWSupraspinatus outlet region is openSubacromial spaceSupraspinatus outlet450 toward affected side

Tangential projection/ supraspinatus outlet (trauma)Requires 10 to 15 degrees CR caudal angle, centered posteriorly to pass through superior margin of humeral headProximal humerus is superimposed over thin body of the scapula, which should be seen on end without rib superimposition

AP apical oblique axial projection/ Garth (trauma)CR 45 degrees cephalic, centered to scapulohumeral joint10x12 LWHumeral head, glenoid cavity, and neck and head of the scapula are well demonstrated free of superimposition45-450Glenoid, humeral head, subacromial space

AP projection (clavicle)CR perpendicular to midclavical10x12 LWEntire clavicle visualized including both AC and sternoclavicular joints and acromionLong bone so you need to include both jointsCollimate long and skinny

AP axial projection (clavicle)CR 15-30 degrees cephalad to midclavicle10x12 LWEntire clavicle visualized including both AC and sternoclavicular joints and acromionEntire clavicle above the scapula and ribsClavicle looks horizontal

AP projection (AC joints)CR is perpendicular to midpoint between AC joints, 1 inch above jugular notch14x17 CW or 2 8x101st exposure without weights2nd exposure with weightsBoth AC joints, entire clavicles and SC joints are demonstratedRule out FX before with weight projectionWeights need to be tied to wrists

Anytime there is an angle of 15 degrees or more then you see the subacromial space Finger looking bone- coracoid Garth 45-45- glenoid and subacromial space Grayshey- glenoid space PA Y- anterior and coracoid AP Y- posterior and acromion Neer Y- subacromial space and supraspinatus outlet AP external- proximal humerus/ greater tubercle PA external- proximal humerus/ lesser tubercle Inferosuperior axial- orthopedics choice of a lateral AP axial- clavical above ribs

Foot RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

AP Projection (dorsoplantar projection)Angle CR 10 degrees posteriorly (toward heel) with CR perpendicular to metatarsalsDirect CR to base of third metatarsalEntire foot should be demonstrated, including all phalanges and metatarsals and navicular, cuneiforms, and cuboidsA high arch requires a greater angle and a low arch needs 5 degrees to be perpendicular to the metatarsals. For foreign body, CR should be perpendicular to IR with no CR angle

AP Oblique projection (medial rotation)CR is perpendicular to IR, directed to base of third metatarsalEntire foot should be demonstrated from distal phalanges to posterior calcaneus and proximal talus

Lateral/mediolateral or lateromedial projectionCR is perpendicular to IR, directed tomedial cuneiform (at level of base of third metatarsal)Entire foot should be demonstrated, with a minimum of 1 inch of distal tibia-fibula. Metatarsals are nearly superimposed

AP weight-bearing projectionAngle CR 15 degrees posteriorly to midpoint between feet at level of base of metatarsalsFor AP, projection shows bilateral feet from soft tissue surrounding phalanges to distal portion of talus. Distal fibula should be seen superimposed over posterior half of the tibia and plantar surfaces of heads of metatarsals should appear directly superimposed if no rotation is present

Lateral weight-bearing projectionDirect CR horizontally to level of base of third metatarsalFor lateral, entire foot should be demonstrated, along with a minimum of 1 inch of distal tibia-fibula.

Toe RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

AP ProjectionAngle CR 10-15 degrees toward calcaneusCR is perpendicular to phalangesIf a 15 degree wedge is placed under the foot for the parallel part-film alignment the CR is perpendicular to the IRCenter CR to MTP joint in question

Digits of interest and a minimum of the distal half of metatarsals should be includedFractures or dislocation of toes

AP oblique (medial or lateral rotation)CR is perpendicular to IR, directed to MTP joint in questionDigits in question and distal half of metatarsals should be included without overlap (superimposition)Osteoarthritis

Lateral-mediolateralCR is perpendicular to IRCR directed to interphalangeal joint for first digit and to proximal interphalangeal joint for second to fifth digitsPhalanges of digit in question should be seen in lateral position free of superimposition by other digits, if possible. When total separation of toes is impossible esp. third and fourth digits, the distal phalanx at least should be separated and the proximal phalanx should be visualized through superimposed structures

Tangential projection (sesamoids)CR is perpendicular to IR, directed tangentially to posterior aspect of first MTP joint (depending on amount of dorsiflexion of foot, may need to angle CR slightly for a true tangential projection)Seasmoids should be seen in profile free of superimposition. A minimum of the first three distal metatarsals should be included in collimation field for possible seasmoids, with the center of the four-sided collimation field (CR) at the posterior portion of the first MTP joint.

CalcaneusPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

Plantodorsal (axial projection)Direct CR to base of third metatarsal to emerge at a level just distal to lateral malleolousAngle CR 40 degrees cephalad from long axis of foot (which also would be 40 degrees from vertical if long axis of foot is perpendicular to IRCR angulation must be increased if long axis of plantar surface of foot is not perpendicular to IREntire calcaneus should be visualized from tuberosity posteriorly to talocalcaneal joint anteriorly

Lateral- mediolateral projectionCR perpendicular to IR, directed to a point 1 inch inferior to medial malleolusCalcaneous is demonstrated in profile with talus and distal tibia-fibula demonstrated superiorly and navicular and open joint space of the calcaneous and cuboid demonstrated distally

Ankle RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

AP ProjectionCR is perpendicular to IR, directed to a point midway between malleoliDistal one-third of tibia-fibula, lateral and medial malleoli, and talus and proximal half of metatarsals should be demonstrated

AP mortise projection (15-20 degrees medial rotation)CR is perpendicular to IR, directed to a point midway between malleoliDistal one-third of tibia-fibula, tibial plafont involving the epiphysis if present, lateral and medial malleoli, talus, and proximal half of the metatarsals should be demonstrated. Entire

AP oblique projection (45 degree medial rotation)CR is perpendicular to IR, directed to medial malleoliDistal one-third of tibia-fibula with the distal fibula superimposed by the distal tibia, talus, and calcaneus appear lateral profile. Tuberosity of fifth metatarsal, navicular, and cuboid also are visualized

Lateral-mediolateral (or lateromedial) projectionCR is perpendicular to IR, directed to a point midway between malleoliDistal one-third of lower leg, malleoli, talus, and proximal half of metatarsals should be seen

AP stress projections(Inversion and eversion position)CR is perpendicular to IR, directed to a point midway between malleoliAnkle joint for evaluation of joint separation and ligament tear or rupture is shown. Appearanceof joint space may vary greatly depending on the severity of ligament damage. Collimation to area of interest

Tibia- Fibula RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

AP Projection (leg)CR is perpendicular to IR, directed to midpoint of legEntire tibia and fibula must include ankle and knee joints on this projection (or two if needed)The exception is alternative routine on follow-up examinations

Lateral-mediolateral projectionCR is perpendicular to IR, directed to midpoint of legEntire tibia and fibula must include ankle and knee joints on this projection (or two if needed)The exception is alternative routine on follow-up examinations

Knee Radiography General ProjectionsPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

AP projectionAlign CR parallel to articular facets (tibial plateau) for average sized patient, CR is perpendicular to IRDirect CR to a point inch distal to apex of patellaTo see if CR is parallel to articular facets for open joint space is to measure distance from anterior superior iliac spines to tabletop to determine the CR angle as follows:24 cm: 3 to 5 cephalad (thick thighs)Distal femur and proximal tibia and fibula are shownFemorotibial joint space should be open with the articular facets of the tibia seen on end with only minimal surface area visualized

AP ObliqueAngle CR 0 degrees on average patientDirect CR to midpoint of knee at a level inch distal to apex of patellaDistal femur and proximal tibia and fibula with the patella superimposing the medial femoral condyle are shown. Lateral condyles of the femur and tibia are well demonstrated, and the medial and lateral knee joint spaces appear unequal

AP Oblique projection (lateral, external rotation)Angle CR 0 degrees on average patientDirect CR to midpoint of knee at a level inch distal to apex of patellaDistal femur and proximal tibia and fibula with the patella superimposing the lateral femoral condyle are shown. Medial condyles of the femur and tibia are demonstrated in profile

Lateral-mediolateral projectionAngle CR 5 to 7 degreescephalad for lateral recumbent projectionDirect CR to point 1 inch distal to medial epicondyleAngle CR 7 to 10 degrees on a short patient with a wide pelvis and about 5 degrees on a tall, male patient with a narrow pelvis for lateral recumbent projectionDistal femur and proximal tibia and fibula and patellaare shown in lateral profileFemoropatella and knee joints should be open

AP weight bearing bilateral knee projectionCR is perpendicular to IR or 5 to 10 degrees caudad on thin patient directed midpoint between knee joints at a level below apex of patellaeDistal femur and proximal tibia and fibula and femorotibial joint spaces are demonstrated bilaterally

PA Axial weight-bearing bilateral knee projectionCR angled 10 degrees caudad and centered directly to midpoint between knee joints at level inch below apex of patellae when a bilateral study is performed; alternatively, CR centered directly to midpoint of knee joint at level inch below apex of patella when a unilateral study is performedDistal femur and proximal tibia and fibula and femorotibial joint spaces, and intercondylar fossa are demonstrated bilaterallyor unilaterally

PA Axial projection (tunnel view) intercondylar fossaProne: direct CR perpendicular to lower leg (40-50 degrees caudad to match degree of flexion)Kneeling: : direct CR perpendicular to IR and lower leg. Direct CR to midpopliteal creaseIntercondylar fossa, articular facets (tibial plateaus) and knee joint space are demonstrated clearly

AP axial projection (intercondylar fossa)Direct CR perpendicular to lower leg (40-45 cephalad)Direct CR to a point inch distal to apex of patellaCenter of four-sided collimation field should be to midknee joint area. Intercondylar fossa should appear in profile, open without superimpositon by patella. Intercondylar eminence and tibial plateau and distal condyles of femur should be clearly visualzed.

PA projection (patella)CR is perpendicular to IRDirect CR to midpatella area which is usually at approximately the midpoint creaseKnee joint and patella are shown, with optimal recorded detail of patella because of decreased OID if taken as PA projection

Lateral-mediolateral projection (patella)CR is perpendicular to IRDirect CR to midpatella jointProfile images of patella, femoropatellar joint, and femorotibal joint are demonstrated

Knee Radiography Tangential and Axial projectionsPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

Tangential (axial or sunrise/skyline) patellaMerchant bilateral methodAngle CR caudad, 30 degrees from horixontal (CR 30 degrees to femora) adjust CR angle if needed for true tangential projection of femoropatellar joint spacesDirect CR to a point midway between patellaeIntercondylar sulcus (trochlear groove) and patella of each distal femur should be visualized in profile with femoropatellar joint space open

Tangential patellaInferosuperior projectionDirect CR inferosuperiorly, at 10-15 degreesangle from lower legs to be tangential to femoropatellar joint. Palpate borders of patella to determine specific CR angle required to pass through infrapatellar joint spaceIntercondylar sulcus (trochlear groove) and patella of each distal femur should be visualized in profile with femoropatellar joint space openPatient supine, 45 degree knee flexion

Hughston methodAlign CR approximately 15-20 degrees from long axis of lower leg (tangential to femoropatellar joint)Direct CR to midfemoropatellar jointIntercondylar sulcus (trochlear groove) and patella of each distal femur should be visualized in profile with femoropatellar joint space openPatient prone, 55 degree knee flexion

Settegast methodDirect CR tangential to femoropatellar joint space (15 to 20 degrees from lower leg)Minimum SID is 40 inchesIntercondylar sulcus (trochlear groove) and patella of each distal femur should be visualized in profile with femoropatellar joint space openPatient prone, 90 degree knee flexionRule out fracture before acute flexion of knee is done

Hobbs modification superoinferior sitting tangential methodAlign CR to be perpendicular to IR (tangential to femoropatellar joint)Direct CR to midermoropatellar jointMinimum SID is 48 to 50 inches to reduce maginification because of increased OIDIntercondylar sulcus (trochlear groove) and patella of each distal femur should be visualized in profile with femoropatellar joint space openPatient sitting, >90 degree knee flexion

Femur RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

AP Projection (femur-mid and distal)CR is perpendicular to femur and IRDirect CR to midpoint of IRDistal two-thirds of distal femur, including knee joint is shown. Knee joint space will not appear fully open because of divergent x-ray beam

Lateral-mediolateral or lateromedial projection (femur-mid-and distal)CR is perpendicular to femur and IRdirected to midpoint of IRDistal two-thirds of distal femur, including knee joint is shown. Knee joint space will not appear open and distal margins of the femoral condyles will not be superimposed because of divergent x-ray beam

Lateral-mediolateral projection (femur-mid-and proximal)CR is perpendicular to femur and CRdirected to midpoint of IRProximal one-half to two-thirds of the proximal femur, including the hip joint is shown. Proximal femur and hip joint should not be superimposed by opposite limb

Hip RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

AP Pelvis projection (bilateral hips)CR is perpendicular to IR, directed midway between level of ASIS and the symphysis pubis. This is approximately 2 inches inferior level of ASISCenter IR to CRPelvic girdile, L5, sacrum, and coccyx, femoral heads and neck, and greater trochanters are visible

PA axial oblique projection (acetabulum) teufel methodWhen anatomy of interest is downside, direct CR perpendicular and centered to 1 inch superior to the level of the greater trochanter, apporox 2 inches lateral to the midsagittal planeAngle CR 12 degrees cephaladCentered to the downside acetabulum, the superoposterior wall of the acteabulum is demonstrated

AP unilateral hip projection (hip and proximal femur)CR is perpendicular to IR, directed to 1 to 2 inches distal to midfemoral neck (to include all of orthopedic appliance of hip, if present). Femoral neck can be located about 1 to 2 inches medial and 3 to 4 inches distal to ASISThe proximal one-third of the femur should be visualized, along with the acetabulum and adjacent parts of the pubis, ishium, and illium. Any existing orthopedic appliance should be visible in its entry

Axiolateral inferosuperior projection (hip and proximal femur trauma)Danelius- Miller methodCR is perpendicular to femoral neck and to IREntire femoral head and neck, trochanter, and acetabulum should be visualized

Unilateral frog-leg projection- mediolateral (hip and proximal femur)Modified cleaves methodCR is perpendicular to IR, directed to midermoral neck (center of IR)Rotating onto affected side until the femur is in contact with the tabletop and parallel to the IRLateral views of acetabulum and femoral head and neck, trochanteric area, and proximal one-third of femur are visible

Modified axiolateral- possible trauma projection (hip and proximal femur)Angle CR mediolaterally as needed so that it is perpendicular to and centered to femoral neck. It should be angled posteriorly 15-2o degrees from horizontalLateral oblique views of acetabulum, femoral head and neck, and trochanteric area are visible

Pelvis Radiography Judeat and Inlet/Outlet projectionsPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

AP bilateral frog-leg projection (modified cleaves method)CR is perpendicular to IR, directed to a point 3 inches below level of ASIS (1 inch above the symphysis pubis)Femoral heads and necks acetabulum and trochanteric areas are visible on one radiograph

AP axial outlet projection (for anterior-inferior pelvic bones)Angle CR cephalad 20-35 degrees for males and 30-45 degrees for femalesDirect CR to midline point 1 to 2 inches distal to the superior border of the symphysis pubis or greater trochantersSuperior and inferior rami of pubis and body of ramus of ishchium are demonstrated well, with minimal foreshortening or superimpositionDifferent angles caused by difference in the shape of male and female pelvis

AP axial inlet projectionAngle CR caudad 40 degrees (near perpendicular to plane of inlet)Direct CR to a midline point at level of ASISThis is an axial projection that demonstrates pelvic ring or inlet (superior aperture) in its entirety

Posterior oblique pelvis/acetabulum (Judet method)When anatomy of interest is downside, direct CR perpendicular and centered to 2 inches distal and 2 inches medial to downside ASISWhen anatomy of interest is upside, direct perpendicular and centered 2 inches directly distal to upside ASISWhen centered to the downside acetabulum, the anterior rim of the acetabulum and the posterior (ilioischial) column are demonstratedThe iliac wing also well visualizedWhen centered to the upside acetabulum, the posterior rim of the acetabulum and the anterior (iliopubic) column are demonstratedThe obturator foramen also is visualized

Sacro-Illiac Joints RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

AP axial projectionAngle CR 30-35 degrees cephalad (males about 30 and females 35, with an increase in the lumbosacral curve)Direct CR to midline about 2 inches below level of ASISCenter IR to CRSacroiliac joints and L5-S1 intervertebral joint space

Posterior oblique positions (LPO and RPO)CR is perpendicular to IRDirect CR 1 inch medial to upside of ASISCenter IR to CRSacroiliac joints farthest from IRTo demonstrate the interior or distal part of the joint more clearly, the CR may be angled 15-20 degrees cephalad

Bony Thorax RibsPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

AP projection (posterior ribs) above diaphragmCR perpendicular to IR, centered to 3 to 4 inches below jugular notchIR centered to level of CR (top of IR should be about 1 inches above shoulders)65-70 kVp

Above diaphragm: ribs 1 through 10 should be visualized

AP projection (posterior ribs) below diaphragmCR perpendicular, centered to level of xiphoid processIR centered to CR (lower margin of IR at iliac crest)Below diaphragm: ribs 9-12 should be visualized

PA projection (anterior ribs) above diaphragmCR perpendicular to IR, centered toT7 (7 to 8 inches below vertebra prominens as for PA chest)IR centered to level of CR (top of IR 1 inches above shoulders)Ribs 1 through 10 should be visualized above diaphragm

Unilateral rib study (AP-PA position)Above diaphragm: CR perpendicular to IR, centered midway between midsagitial plane and outer margin of thoraxIR centered to level of CR (top of IR should be about 1 inches above shoulders)Below diaphragm: align left or right side of thorax to CR and to midline of grid or table/upright buckyIR centered to CR (bottom of IR at iliac crest)Above diaphragm: ribs 1 through 10 should be visualizedBelow diaphragm: ribs 9-12 should be visualized

Posterior or anterior oblique (Axillary ribs)CR perpendicular to IR, centered midway between lateral margin of ribs and spineAbove diaphragm: CR to level of 3 to 4 inches below jugular notch (T7) top of IR approx 1 inches above shouldersBelow diaphragm: CR to level midway between xiphoid process and lower rib cage (bottom of cassette at about level of iliac crest)

Above diaphragm: ribs 1 through 10 should be included and seen above the diaphragmBelow diaphragm: ribs 9-12 should be included and seen below the diaphragm; the axillary portion of the ribs under examination is projected without self-superimposition

Bony Thorax SternumPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

RAO positionCR perpendicular to IRCR directed to center of sternum (1 inch to left of midline and midway between the jugular notch and xiphoid process)Sternum is visualized, superimposed on heart shadow

Lateral position/ R or L lateralCR perpendicular to IRCR directed to center of sternum(midway between the jugular notch and xiphoid process)SID of 60-72 inches is recommended to reduce magnification of sternum caused by increased object image receptor distanceCenter IR to CREntire Sternum is visualized with minimal overlap of soft tissues

Bony Thorax Sternoclavicular JointsPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

PA projectionCR perpendicular, centered to level of T2-T3, or 3 inches distal to vertebra prominens (spinous process of C7)Lateral aspect of manubrium and medial portion of the clavicals visualized lateral to vertebral column through superimposing ribs and lungs

Anterior oblique position (RAO/LAO)CR perpendicular, centered to level of T2-T3, or 3 inches distal to vertebra prominensand 1 to 2 inches lateral to midsagitial planeThe manubrium, medial portion of clavicals and sternoclavicular joint are best demonstrated on the downsideThe SC joint on the upside will be foreshortened

Sacrum and Coccyx RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

AP axial sacrum projectionAngle CR 15 degrees cephaladDirect CR 2 inches superior to pubic symphysisCenter IR to CRSacrum, SI joints and L5-S1 intervertebral joint space

AP axial coccyx projectionAngle CR 10 degrees caudadDirect CR 2 inches superior to pubic symphysisCenter IR to CR

CoccyxProjection may also be preformed prone (angle 10 degrees cephalad) with CR centered at the coccyx which can be located using the greater trochanter

Lateral Sacrum and Coccyx positionCR perpendicular to IRDirect CR 3-4 inches posterior to ASIS (centering for sacrum)Center IR to CR

Sacrum, Coccyx and L5-S1High scatter so close collimation

Lateral coccyx positionCR perpendicular to IRDirect CR 3-4 inches posterior and 2 inches distal to ASIS (centering for coccyx)Center IR to CR

Coccyx with open segment interspaces, if not fused

Cervical Spine RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

AP open mouth projection (C1 and C2)CR perpendicular to IRDirect CR through center of open mouthCenter IR to CR

Dens (odontoid process) and vertebral body of C2, lateral masses and transverse processes of C1 and atlantoaxial joints demonstrated through open mouth

AP axial projectionAngle CR 15-20 degrees cephaladDirect CR to enter at the level of the lower margin of thyroid cartilage to pass through C4Center IR to CR

C3 to T2 vertebral bodies; space between pedicles and intervertebral disk spaces clearly seenAngle 15 when supineAngle 20 when erect

Anterior oblique positionDirect CR 15 degrees caudad to C4 (level of upper margin of thyroid cartilage)Intervertebralforamina and pedicles on the side of patient closest to the IR

Posterior oblique positionDirect CR 15 degrees caudad to C4Center IR to CR

Intervertebralforamina and pedicles on the side of patient farthest from the IR

Lateral positionCR perpendicular to IRDirect CR horizontally to C4 (level of upper margin of thyroid cartilage)Center IR to CR

Cervical vertebral bodies, intervertebral disk spaces, articular pillars, spinous processes, and zygapophyseal joints72 SID compensates for increased OID and provides for greater spatial resolution

Lateral position, horizontal beam (trauma patient)CR perpendicular to IRDirect CR horizontally to C4 (level of upper margin of thyroid cartilage)Center IR to CR

Cervical vertebral bodies, intervertebral disk spaces, articular pillars, spinous processes, and zygapophyseal jointsLonger SID results in less magnification with increased image sharpness

Swimmers lateral position (C5-T3 region)CR perpendicular to IRDirect CRto T1 which is approx 1 inch above level of jugular notch anteriorly and at level of vertebra prominens posteriorlyCenter IR to CR

Vertebral bodies and intervertebral disk spaces of C5 to T3 are shownThe humeral head and arm farthest from the IR are magnified and appear distal to T4/T5 (if visible)

Lateral position (hyperflexion and hyperextension)CR perpendicular to IRDirect CR horizontally to C4 (level of upper margin of thyroid cartilage)Center IR to CR

C1 through C7 should be included on IR, although C7 may not be completely visualized on some patients

AP projection for C1/C2 (dens)Fuchs methodElevate chin as needed to bring MML (mentometal line) near perpendicular to tabletop (adjust CR angle as needed to be parallel to MML)Ensure that no rotation of head exists (angle of mandible equidistant to tabletop)CR is parallel to MML, directed to inferior tip of mandibleCenter IR to CR

Dens (odontoid process) and other structures of C1 to C2

PA projection for C1/C2 (dens)Reverse position to the supine position. Chin is resting on tabletop and is extended to bring MMI near perpendicular to table top (adjust CR angle as needed to be parallel to MML)Ensure that no rotation of head existsCR is parallel to MML, through midoccipital bone, about 1 inch inferoposterior to mastoid tips and angles of mandibleCenter IR to CR

Dens (odontoid process) and other structures of C1 to C2

AP Wagging jaw projectionCR perpendicular to IRDirect CR horizontally to C4 (level of upper margin of thyroid cartilage)Center IR to CR

C1 through C7 vertebral bodies with overlying blurred mandible

AP axial projection (vertebral arch/pillars)Angle CR 20-30 degrees caudalDirect CR to the lower margin of the thyroid cartilage and pass through C5Center IR to CRPosterior elements of mid and distal cervical and proximal thoracic vertebraeIn particular the articulations (zygapopheal joints) between the lateral masses are open and well demonstrated, along with the laminae and spinous process

Thoracic Spine RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

AP ProjectionCR perpendicular to IRDirect CR to T7 (3 to 4 inches below jugular notch or 1-2 inches below sternal angle)Center IR to CR

Thoracic vertebrae bodies, intervertebral joint spaces, spinous and transverse processes, posterior ribs, and costovertebral articulations

Lateral positionCR perpendicular to long axis of thoracic spineDirect CR to T7 (3 to 4 inches below jugular notch or 7-8 inches below vertebra prominens)Center IR to CR

Thoracic vertebral bodies, intervertebral joint spaces, and intervertebral foramina. T1 to T3 will not be well visualizedObtain a lateral image using a swimmers lateral if the upper thoracic vertebrae are of special interest

Oblique position (anterior/posterior oblique)CR perpendicular to IRDirect CR to T7 (3 to 4 inches below jugular notch or 1-2 inches below sternal angle)Center IR to CR

Zygapophyseal joints: anterior oblique positions (RAO and LAO) demonstrate the downside Zygapophyseal joints, and posterior oblique positions (RPO/LPO) demonstrate the upside joints

Lumbar Spine RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

AP or PA projectionCR perpendicular to IRLarger IR (35x43): direct CR to level of iliac crest (L4-L5 interspace) this larger IR will include lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and possibly coccyxSmaller IR (30x35): direct CR to level of L3, which may be localized by palpation of the lower costal margin (1.5 inches above iliac crest) this smaller IR will include primarily the 4 lumbar vertebraeCenter IR to CR

Lumbar vertebrae bodies, intervertebral joints, spinous and transverse processes, SI joints and sacrum are shown35x43 approx T11 to the distal sacrum included30x35 T12 to S1 included

Obliques posterior or anterior oblique positionCR perpendicular to long axis of thoracic spineDirect CR to L3 at the level of the lower costal margin (1 to 2 inches above iliac crest and 2 inches medial to upside ASIS)Center IR to CR

Visualization of zygapophyseal joints (RPO/LPO shown downside) (RAO and LAO show upside)

Lateral positionCR perpendicular to IRLarger IR (35x43): center to level of iliac crest (L4-L5) this projection includes lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and possibly coccyxSmaller IR (30x35): center to level of L2-L3, at lower costal margin (1.5 inches above iliac crest) this smaller IR will include the 5 lumbar vertebraeCenter IR to CR

Intervertebral foramina L1-L4, vertebral bodies, intervertebral joints, spinous processes, and L5-S1 junction. Depending on the IR size used, the entire sacrum also may be included

Lateral L5-S1 positionCR perpendicular to IR with sufficient waist support, or angle 5-8 degrees caudad with less supportDirect CR to 1.5 inches inferior to iliac crest and 2 inches posterior to ASISCenter IR to CR

L5 vertebral body, first and second sacral segments and L5-S1 joint space

AP Axial L5-S1 projectionAngle CR cephalad, 30 males/35 femalesDirect CR to level of the ASIS at the midline of the bodyCenter IR to CRand L5-S1 joint space and sacroiliac joints

Cholangiogram RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

Intravenous Urography RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

Esophagus RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

Upper Gastrointestinal System RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

Small Bowel Series RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

Lower Gastrointestinal RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

Sinus RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

Facial Bones RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

Orbits RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

Nasal Bone RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

Zygomatic Arch RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

Mandible RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

Tempro-mandibular Joint RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

Mastoid Air Cell RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

Mastoid Tip RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*

Skull RadiographyPositionCRDemonstrates*Extras*