rules of َّلا ْماُكَحْأَmadd د

RULES OF MADDد)

ام ال

حك

(أ

Chapter 1

Wings of wisdom - Level ThreeTAJWID 1

RULES OF MADDد)

ام ال

حك

(أ

Pronounce the words “cup”, “fish”, “give” and “cow”. Now, let’s pronounce the words: “hope”, “shop”, “song” and “job”. Do you feel any difference between these two pair of words?

In the first group of words, “cup” has the vowel “U”, “fish” and “give” have the vowel “i” and “cow” has the vowel “O”. However, we didn’t stretch the sound of the vowel in these words. But, in the second group of words, we stretched the sound of vowels a little bit.

However, usually we don’t stretch the sounds of vowels in English language more. But, in the Qur’an (which is revealed in Arabic language) there are many places where the sounds of vowels (harkath) are stretched more than its



normal length (about which we will study in this chapter).

Now, let’s come to the point. In Tajwid, the term madd is used to denote this stretching. The letter Alif (ا) is used to stretch the vowel fathah, و is used to stretch the vowel dhammah, and ي is used to stretch the vowel kasrah. The letters which are used to stretch the sounds of vowels are called the Letters of Madd.

Just like we stretched the sounds of vowels in the words “shop”, “hope” etc., we would stretch the sounds of vowels in the following Qur’anic words.

رميهمآمنوا بحجارة ت

Here, one of the madd letters has come in each example and there is no hamza (ء) or a saakin letter (letter with no vowel) letter after them. In such cases, the stretching is called صلــي

أ It is also .(the basic madd or stretching) مــد

called as “Natural Madd”.

The natural madd is stretched two vowel counts. It means that we should stretch the natural madd for a duration needed to pronounce two voweled letters (letters with harkath). Increase or decrease in this duration is not allowed.

Wings of wisdom - Level ThreeTAJWID

Causes of derived Madd

Hamzah Sukoon

4

We have discussed about the basic madd and its rules. Now, let’s know the second type of madd. When a madd letter is followed by a hamza or saakin letter then we should stretch the sound of vowels more than its normal length. And the madd applied there is called رعــي

the derived) مــد ف

madd).

It is of five types. They are:

صل1 مد مت

مد منفصل

زم مد لا

مد عارض

مد لين

2

3

4

5

ACTIVITIES


Which are the letters used to stretch the sound of the

vowels: fathah, kasrah, dhammah?

What is meant by the basic Madd?

Which is the Madd where we should stretch the sound of

vowels more than its normal length?

LET’S ANSWER1.

2.

3.


LET’S COLOUR

Colour the Madd letters in the following words.

آء

رام الذين

ال

ون

ل

يت

كصونفي ين

يش

يدري عظيم يل سج

MADD MUTTASWIL AND MUNFASWILصل)

ف

ن صل وال

ت د ال

(ال

Chapter 2


MADD MUTTASWIL AND MUNFASWIL

صل)

فن صل وال

ت د ال

(ال


صل

فن د ال

ال صل

ت د ال

ال

كرة

ذها ت إن

لا

ك ون

سآءل

عم يت

م

يك عل

اف

خ

ي أ

إن ك

ن ي بريء م

إن

افرونك

ها ال ي

ل يآأ

ق هاء

ف ول الس

سيق

Look at the Qur’anic verses given above. Can you see any difference between the two columns?

In the right-side column, the letters of Madd are followed by a hamzah (ء) in the same word. This Madd is called مــد

ـــــصل It is compulsory to stretch the Madd muttaswil 4-5 .مـتvowel counts. It means that we should stretch the vowel sound for a duration needed to pronounce 4-5 voweled letters (letters having harkath).

In the left-side column, the letters of Madd are followed


by a hamzah (ء) not in the same word, but in the next word. Here, the letters of madd occurred as the last letters of a word and hamzah came as the first letter of the following word. This madd is called مد منفصل. It is an optional Madd. It means that if you want you can stretch it for duration of 4-5 vowel counts as you did in Madd muttaswil. You can also be satisfied with the minimum Madd (which is two vowel counts-the basic Madd).

However, we should keep uniformity in this case. Thus, if you stretched مد منفصل for duration of 4 vowels in a place, you should stretch it for duration of 4 vowels in all the rest of it. And, if you made only basic madd in one place, then you should make it in all the rest of it.

ACTIVITIES


1) When the Madd is called صل ? مد مت

2) When the Madd is called مد منفصل ?

3) Which Madd is an optional Madd?

Let’s distinguish between the following Qu’ranic words

by mentioning the types of Madd applied to them (whether

it is صــل ?( مــد منفصــل or مــد مت

ك 1( وجاء رب

افرونك

ها ال ي

ل يآأ

2( ق

روث

ك

يناك ال

عط

ا أ 3( إن

فهاء 4( سيقول الس

ونسآءل

5( عم يت

وم ي

قحي ال

هو ال

ه إلا

إل

6( الله لا

وح فيها والرة

لئك

ل ال ز

ن7( ت

LET’S DISTINGUISH

LET’S ANSWER

MADD LAAZIMزم)

د اللا

(ال

Chapter 3


MADD LAAZIMزم)

د اللا

(ال


We have learnt the madd that is caused by hamzah in the previous chapter. Now, let’s learn the madd caused by sukoon. They are three categories

زمد اللا

1( ال

د العارض 2( ال

ين 3( مد الل

Here, we discuss about the compulsory madd (زمــد الــا

(ال

in this chapter. Some examples are given below:

ف

ف

لمي مخزم ك

ل لا

ق

لمي مث

زم ك

لا

ن

آل ومه

ه ق وحاج

ي مرون

أ

ير الله ت

غ

ف

ل أ

ق

ة حآق

ما ال

ة

حآق

ل

ا


ف

ف

زم حرفي مخل لا

ق

زم حرفي مث

لا

ص الم

ق طسم

ن الــــــــــــمـــــــص

From the above given examples, we understood that the Madd Laazim can be divided into four. Stretching all kinds of Madd Laazim for duration of 6 vowel counts is compulsory. Now, let’s know about these four types of Madd Laazim.

Compulsory Madd occurs within a word or in letters. Also, compulsory Madd may be in light form or in weighted form.

If the Madd letter occurred within a word, and is followed by an original sukoon (letter with no vowel) then the Madd is called ــف ف

لمــي مخ

زم ك

.مــد لا

ءالآن

Here, the letter laam, which has an original sukoon, occurred after the letter of madd within a word.

Eg :


If the madd letter occurred within a word, and is followed by a letter that has shadd, then the madd is called زم

مــد لا

ــل قلمــي مث

.ك

ةحاق

ل

ا

Here, the letter qaaf, which has shadd, occurred after the letter of madd within a word.

Now, if the madd letter occurred in a letter, which has an original sukoon, then the madd is called ــف ف

زم حرفــي مخ

.مــد لا

ص

It would be pronounced as swaaaaaad.

If the madd letter occurred in a letter, which has shadd, then the madd is called ــل ق

زم حرفــي مث

.مــد لا

Eg : الم

Eg :

Eg :

ACTIVITIES


LET’S ANSWER

1) Which are the four types of Madd Laazim?

2) When would the Madd Laazim is called ف ف

لمي مخ? ك

3) When would the Madd Laazim is called ل ق? حرفي مث

4) How long does the Madd Laazim should be stretched?

MADD AARIDH AND LEEN

Chapter 4


ين( عارض ومد الل

د ال

)ال

MADD AARIDH AND LEENين)

عارض ومد الل

د ال

(ال


Look at the following Qur’anic verses.

Let’s notice the right-side column of the above given table. The cause of this madd is sukoon. However, there is no sign of madd (~) on the letter. Because, this madd is not an original (i.e., written) or permanent sukoon and does not occur except in case of a stop. Let’s take a Qur’anic verse from the given examples.

اعون

ال

عون

ويمن

In this Qur’anic verse, the vowel dhammah of the letter اعــون(

It is .و is stretched more by the madd letter (ال

ين عارض مد الل

د ال

ل

ا

يعبدوا رب هذا البيتل

ف حيم حمن الر لر

ا

وف

ن خ وآمنهم م

ـــــــــاعـــــــــــــــــــــــون ال

عون

ويمن

ير

م فيها خ

كل ول

ك

أ عصف م

هم ك

جعل

ف

ع


because the madd letter is followed by a sukoon. However, this sukoon is not permanent. It is the reader who gives sukoon by stopping on that word. If you look at the word

اعون you can see that the letter following the madd letter ,ال

has no sukoon in fact, instead, it has the vowel fathah. When the verse ended on this word a temporary sukoon was given. And on the basis of this temporary sukoon the vowel was stretched more. This madd is called عــارض

ــد ال

ال

. The duration of stretching is 6 vowels counts. However, this stretching is optional.

Now, let’s notice the left-side column of the above given table. This madd is also caused by the sukoon. Here, the letters are of leen, not of the madd. So, it is called يــن

.مــد الل

Though, it is permissible to stretch the madd leen 6 vowel counts, stretching two vowel counts is better.

There is difference between the letters of leen and the letters of madd. The letters of madd are ا, و, and ي, whereas the letters of leen are wow and yaa’ having sukoon, when they are preceded by the letters having the vowel fathah.

ACTIVITIES


LET’S ANSWER

1) When عارضد ال

?is applied ال

2) Which are the letters of leen?

3) There is no sign of madd in madd aaridh and leen. Why?

ACTIVITY

Find out five examples for both madd aaridh and leen and put

them on the leaves of madd aaridh and madd leen.

THE MOON LETTTERS

Chapter 5


ة( مري

ق ال

حروف

)ال

THE MOON LETTTERSة) مري

ق

ال

حروف

(ال


الق

خ

لرض خ ا

ء ما في الأ

احت

ف

ل

بارئ ف ا

ل

ب ا

عليمل

ور ع ا

ف

غ

ل

غ ا

اهر

قل

حمد ق ا

ل

ح ا

يقين

ل

جبال ي ا

ج وال

كل ل

ريم م ا

ك

ل

ك ا

هاديل

ودود هــــــ ا

ل

و ا


Did you wonder seeing the headline of the chapter- the

moon letters? Let’s turn this wonder into a new knowledge.

Look at the examples given above. How many examples

are there? There are 14 examples for 14 letters. All of these

examples begin with ل which is used as the definite article ا

in Arabic language. And the letter laam is saakin (has no

vowel). If one of these 14 letters came after the definite

article laam, then the laam should be pronounced clearly

from its articulation point. There is no merging, ghunnah or

any other conditions.

We can put together these letters into simple sentence,

عقيمــه

ــك وخــف .These letters are called moon letters .ابــغ حج

ACTIVITIES


LET’S ANSWER

1) Which are the moon letters?

2) If one of the moon letters came after the laam of definite

article, then what should be done?

LET’S DISTINGUISH

Let’s distinguish between the following Qur’anic verses by

excluding the examples which have no moon letters.

حمد لله

ل1( ا

حمن لر2( ا

قيمست

ل

3( ا

ين

آل الض

4( ولا

راث

ك

م الت

هاك

ل

5( أ

اهاماء وما بن 6( والس

ىث

ن7( والأ

THE SUNLETTERS

Chapter 6


ة( مسي

الش

حروف

ل)ا

THE SUN LETTERSة) مسي

الش

حروف

ل

(ا


مس

لشاب ش ا و

لت

ت ا

ابرون لص

واب ص ا

لث

ث ا

ون

ال لض

ين ض ا لد

د ا

ب يلط

ط ا

اكرون

لذ

ذ ا

اهرلظ

حمن ظ ا لر

ر ا

طيف

لل

ل ا

اة

ك لز

ز ا

بيلن

م ن ا

لا لس

س ا

Look at the following examples.


In the previous chapter we have learnt what moon letters

are. They were 14 letters. Here, we will discuss about the

rest. They are 14 letters also.

You can see some difference between the examples of

this chapter and the examples of previous chapter.

In the previous chapter, the letter laam was pronounced

clearly when it followed by the moon letters. But, in this

chapter we see that the letter laam isn’t pronounced

clearly, instead it was merged into the following letters and

a shadd is given to each letter. These 14 letters are called

the Sun letters.

So, whenever you see one of these 14 letters followed

by the laam of the definite article, then you shouldn’t

pronounce the laam, instead you should merge it into the

following letter, which is the sun letter.

Let’s put together these 14 letters into a poetic line,

رم

كا لل

ريف

ن زر ش

ا نعم * دع سوء ظ

ذ

ز ضف

ف

م صل رحما ت

طب ث

The first letters of each word in the line together form the

Sun letters.

ACTIVITIES


LET’S ANSWER

Which are the Sun letters?

If one of the Sun letters came after the laam of definite article,

then what should be done?

ACTIVITY

Find out 5 examples of the Sun letters from the holy Qur’an

and write down them in your notebook.

2)

1)

SIFAATUL HUROOF

Chapter 7


حروف(

ال

ات

)صف

SIFAATUL HUROOFحروف)

ال

ات

(صف


We have learnt the articulation points of the letters. It

was the first study connected with pronunciation of the

letters. Now, we enter into the second study connected

with pronunciation- Sifaat-ul-Huroof. Here, the word Sifaat

refers to the special characteristics or qualities found

in each letter. Sifaat can be defined as the qualities of

the letter when it occurs at its articulation point, which

differentiates it from others.

It is compulsory to make the sifaat accurate while reading

the holy Qur’an. A change in the sifaat of a letter will cause

the change of the letter itself. It is because we differentiate

between the letters coming from same articulation point

with the help of sifaat which are unique.

A single letter would have a number of sifaat (qualities).

Every letter must have at least five qualities. It may increase,

But, it don’t exceed seven. It is the maximum sifaat of a

letter.


Look at the chart given below.

In the chart given above, you can see that the qualities

of a letter would be divided into two: Permanent qualities

without opposites and Permanent qualities with opposites.

There are 17 permanent qualities in total, ten opposite

to each other (i.e., five pairs) and seven singles (with no

opposites).

From among these 17 qualities, here we learn only five

qualities which seem more important.


The meaning

حروف

لفات ا لص

ا

1) همس ف ح ث هـــ ش خ

ص س ك ت

The continuation of the breath when pronouncing the

letter due to weakness in its origin, causing weakness in

its reliance on articulation point.

و خ ذ غ ث ح ظ ف ا هــــــ

2( رخ

ض ش و ص ز ي س

The continuation of the sound while pronouncing the

letter due to weakness in its reliance in articulation point.

ء خ ص ض غ ط ق ظ3( استعا

The elevation of the back tongue towards the roof of the

mouth when pronouncing a letter.


باق ص ض ط ظ4( إط

Touching of the tongue to the roof of the mouth while

pronouncing a letter.

ة ق ط ب ج دل

ق

ل

5( ق

It is a permanent quality that creates an echoing sound or

a slight vibration in the articulation point.

ACTIVITIES


LET’S ANSWER

1) What is meant by the term Sifaat?

2) What is the minimum sifaat of a letter?

3) What is the maximum sifaat of a letter?

4) What is the meaning of ةل

ق

ل

?ق

ACTIVITY

In the following Qur’anic verses there are examples of ،همــس

لــة

قل

ق بــاق،

إط ء،

اســتعا ــو،

Find out them with the help of your .رخ

teacher and practice the accurate recitation.

THAFKHEEM AND THARQEEQ

Chapter 8


رقيق(خيم والت

ف

)الت

THAFKHEEM AND THARQEEQرقيق)

خيم والت

ف

(الت


Arabic letters have two conditions: Thafkeem (heaviness)

and Tharqeeq (thinness). Thafkheem occurs by raising the

posterior tongue to the roof of the mouth (soft palate).

Tharqeeq occurs by lowering it.

When we pronounce the letters having Thafkheem the

mouth would be filled with its echo. In the case of letters

having Tharqeeq it wouldn’t occur.

The Arabic letters are divided into three groups as to

Thafkheem and Tharqeeq.

1) Letters that always have Thafkheem. These are the

seven letters in the group of ءاســتعا

2) Letters which have Thafkheem sometimes and

Tharqeeq other times.

a) The alif of madd.

b)The laam in the name of الله.

.)خص ضغط قظ)


c) The letter ر

3) Letters that always have Tharqeeq. This group

consists of the rest of the Arabic alphabet.

What we learn about is the second category, the letters

which have thafkheem sometimes and tharqeeq other

times.

ACTIVITIES


LET’S ANSWER

Arabic letters have two conditions. Which are they?

How would we pronounce Thafkheem and Tharqeeq?

Which are the letters that have Thafkheem sometimes and

Tharqeeq other times?

1)

2)

3)

THAFKHEEM OF RAA’

Chapter 9


اء( خيم الر

ف)ت

THAFKHEEM OF RAA’اء) خيم الر

ف

(ت


We have learnt in the previous chapter that the letter Raa’

has either Thafkheem or Tharqeeq. There are five places

where the letter Raa’ has Thafkheem. Let’s look at the table

given below.

هله مسروراى أ

لب إل

ق

وعـــة وين

رف ـــــرش م

ا وف

ل من ب

ق

ا ت

ن 1( رب

ــــــابـــــــر

ق

ــــــــــــــم الرت

ى ز هيم حـترب ال

ش

اربون

ش

عا ف

ق

به ن

ـــرن

ث

أ

2( ف

ـــــــــــال رب ارجــــعــــــــــــــــــــونة ق رضي م

ك راضية ى رب

3( ارجعي إل

ة

ائف

نهم ط ة م

ل فـــرق

ر من ك

ف

ن

ولا

ل

رصاد ف

بال

ك ل 4( إن رب

دور ل ما في الص سر وحص

في خ ل

سان

عصر إن الإن

5( وال

Look at the red coloured letters (raa’) in the above given

Qur’anic words of each row. We could see that the letter

raa’ has Thafkheem in the following five cases.

1) If it has a fathah or dhammah, such as in the first

row.

2) If it is saakinah and the letter before that is a fathah or


dhammah, such as in the second row.

3) If it is a saakinah and preceded by a conditional

(incidental) kasrah (this is in وصــلال

’The letter raa .(همــزة

is said with thafkheem when preceded by hamza al-wasl;

if we start on the hamzah al-wasl with a kasrah as in the

example: ــك رب ــى إل or if continuing from the previous , ارجعــي

word as in the example: ارجــــعــــــــــــــــــــــون .رب

4) If it is saakinah and before is a permanent kasrah, and

after it (after the letter raa’) a letter of ء that does not استعا

have a kasrah as in the example: رصاد

بالك ل .إن رب

5) If it is saakinah in the time of stopping )

فوق

ل

preceded ,)ا

by a letter with no vowel, preceded by a dhammah as in the

example: سر

عصر :or fathah as in the example خ.وال

In these five places the letter raa’ should be pronounced

with thafkheem.

NOTE: If the raa’ is saakinah, and it is preceded by a

kasrah, and followed by a letter of the ء group, and اســتعا

this letter of ء has a kasrah, then both thafkheem and استعا

tharqeeq are allowed.

There is only one example of this in the holy Qur’an, and


that is the word فــرق in verse number 63 of ــعراء الش In .ســورة

this case, both are allowed because the letter ق which is a

letter of ء .has kasrah اســتعا

ACTIVITIES


LET’S ANSWER

How many cases are there where the letter raa’ would be

pronounced with thafkheem?

Why both thafkheem and tharqeeq are allowed in the word فرق ?

GIVE EXAMPLES

Give an example where the letter raa’ has dhammah.

Give an example where the letter raa’ has sukoon and the letter

before it has fathah.

1)

2)

1)

2)

THARQEEQ OF RAA’

Chapter 10


اء( رقيق الر)ت

THARQEEQ OF RAA’اء) رقيق الر

(ت


Tharqeeq of raa’ means to lighten the sound of raa’ in the

pronunciation. There are four cases in which the raa’ has

tharqeeq.

يهمضوب عل

غ

ر ال

يـ

ق غ

ل

ر ما خ

1( من ش

هبل

ومن ق

ر وجاء فرعون

ك

مذ

ت

ن

ما أ

ر إن

ك

ذ

2( ف

يـــر

خ

ى ال

علة شح

ير أ

لك خ

وى ذ

ق

3( ولباس الت

حر اس الس الن

مون

سم لذي حجر يعل

لك ق

4( هل في ذ

Let’s understand the general rules of tharqeeq of raa’ on

the basis of the Qur’anic verses given above.

1) If the vowel of raa’ is kasrah, as in the example:

ــر

ش .Also, the raa’ has tarqeeq in the case of Imaala .مــن

Imaala means to pronounce a letter between alif and yaa’.

It occurred only once in the Qur’an, in verse 41 of Surah-Al-

Hood. ومرســاها مجريهــا بســم الله فيهــا بــوا

ارك ــال وق

2) If it is saakinah, and a kasrah precedes it and the


letter following it is not a letter of ء :as in the example استعلا

.فرعــون

3) If it is a saakinah, and the letter yaa’ with no vowel

precedes it as in the example: يــر

خ لــك .ذ

4) If it is a saakinah, and the letter before it is saakin

and it is not yaa’, and the letter before that has a kasrah as

in the example: حجــر.

ACTIVITIES


LET’S ANSWER

What is meant by tharqeeq of raa’?

How many places are there where the letter raa’ has tharqeeq?

What is meant by Imaalah?

LET’S DISTINGUISH

Distinguish between the words that have thafkheem and those

which have tharqeeqin the letter raa’.

1)

2)

3)

رية

1( ق

2( شرعة

3( مريمك عل رب

4( ف

يهمرسل عل

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8( فرعونكير

ان ن

ك

يف

ك

9( ف

rules of َّلا ْماُكَحْأَmadd د

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