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How to Track Flies. Equipment you will need: 1. Mac computer – contact Robert Huber (lobsterman.bgsu.gmail.edu) for instructions on PC use. 2. USB extension cord 3. Webcam 4. Red lights 5. White lights 6. Light timer 7. Incubator or someplace with a controllable environment 8. Tubes or some enclosure for flies 9. Fly food 10. Parafilm 11. A pin or needle 12. Clip board or some hard surface 13. White office paper 14. Scotch tape Software you will need: 1. xCode – Free from Apple. Found in the Developer section. 2. Matlab 3. QuickTime 4. Text Wrangler 5. ImageJ 6. Image editing software (Photoshop or something alike) 7. Tracker Application Package 8. Matlab script for accessing Tracker data and analysis 9. Matlab script for Sleep/Circadian/Deprivation analysis *Some of the software is optional or can be switched for others. I have found that these are the most effective.* STEP 1 – Tube setup I’ll assume that initially, you’ll be setting up a sleep experiment using traditional methods and materials. Most longterm experiments are done with the flies in 65mm glass tubes with a reservoir of sucrose/agarose food at one end and a cap at the other. Use parafilm to cover the end with the food, making sure not to go too high on the tube. Parafilm is essential because it will adhere to the glass if pressed hard. We don’t want to use plastic caps or yarn because of possible visual obstruction. Also, we want to minimize the ‘dark’ places in the visual field. We don’t want anything to compete contrastwise with the fly.

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Page 1: Run Tracker Web Instructions - Brandeis Life SciSTEP1$ Makesureyourjavasettingsaresetto32 _bitconfigurationinthe*Utilitiesfolder. Java*hasissueswith64_bit*and*the*current*Quicktime*architecture.*

How  to  Track  Flies.  

Equipment  you  will  need:  

1. Mac  computer  –  contact  Robert  Huber  (lobsterman.bgsu.gmail.edu)  for  instructions  on  PC  use.  

2. USB  extension  cord  3. Webcam  4. Red  lights  5. White  lights  6. Light  timer  7. Incubator  or  someplace  with  a  controllable  environment  8. Tubes  or  some  enclosure  for  flies  9. Fly  food  10. Parafilm  11. A  pin  or  needle  12. Clip  board  or  some  hard  surface  13. White  office  paper  14. Scotch  tape  

Software  you  will  need:  

1. xCode  –  Free  from  Apple.  Found  in  the  Developer  section.  2. Matlab  3. QuickTime    4. Text  Wrangler  5. ImageJ  6. Image  editing  software  (Photoshop  or  something  alike)  

 7. Tracker  Application  Package  8. Matlab  script  for  accessing  Tracker  data  and  analysis  9. Matlab  script  for  Sleep/Circadian/Deprivation  analysis    

*Some  of  the  software  is  optional  or  can  be  switched  for  others.  I  have  found  that  these  are  the  most  effective.*  

STEP  1  –  Tube  setup  

I’ll  assume  that  initially,  you’ll  be  setting  up  a  sleep  experiment  using  traditional  methods  and  materials.  Most  long-­‐term  experiments  are  done  with  the  flies  in  65mm  glass  tubes  with  a  reservoir  of  sucrose/agarose  food  at  one  end  and  a  cap  at  the  other.  

Use  parafilm  to  cover  the  end  with  the  food,  making  sure  not  to  go  too  high  on  the  tube.  Parafilm  is  essential  because  it  will  adhere  to  the  glass  if  pressed  hard.  We  don’t  want  to  use  plastic  caps  or  yarn  because  of  possible  visual  obstruction.  Also,  we  want  to  minimize  the  ‘dark’  places  in  the  visual  field.  We  don’t  want  anything  to  compete  contrast-­‐wise  with  the  fly.    

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STEP  2  –  load  the  fly  

Place  one  fly  into  each  of  the  tubes  by  either  using  a  mouth  aspirator  or  CO2  anesthesia.  Close  the  tubes  with  parafilm  and  use  the  pin  to  poke  a  single  hole  through  the  center  of  the  film.  Make  sure  that  the  parafilm  only  covers  the  end  of  the  tube.  It  will  look  like  this  when  you’re  done.  

 

 

STEP  3  –  Position  the  tubes  

I  use  an  8x11  sheet  of  white  paper  as  a  background  for  the  tracker.  Using  strips  of  clear  scotch  tape,  place  the  tubes  in  lanes  on  the  paper.  Have  the  tape  sticky-­‐side-­‐up  so  that  the  tubes  adhere  without  the  tape  getting  in  the  way.  Make  sure  to  keep  the  tubes  parallel  to  each  other  without  touching.  

STEP  4  –  Position  the  camera  

Attach  the  camera  to  a  permanent  mount  of  some  kind.  Make  sure  none  of  the  mount  is  in  frame.  The  camera  should  be  high  enough  so  that  an  entire  8x11  sheet  of  paper,  with  some  boarder,  is  visible.  Make  sure  the  camera  is  level  in  the  X  and  Y-­‐axes  and  adjust  the  yaw  so  the  camera  is  straight.    

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The  Tracker  uses  QuickTime  video  drivers  to  capture  individual  frames.  It  can  only  do  this  via  one  camera.  However,  a  signal  splitter  could  be  used  to  have  multiple  cameras  feed  into  a  single  video  input.  The  number  of  cameras  in  use  will  limit  the  size  of  each  video  image  going  into  the  Tracker.  There  will  be  less  tracking  ‘real  estate’  for  each  camera.  

 

STEP  5  –  Position  the  paper  

Put  the  paper  onto  a  rigid  background,  like  a  clipboard,  and  place  it  in  the  incubator  under  the  webcam.  

 

STEP  5  –  Lighting  

There  has  to  be  some  kind  of  light  on  all  the  time  to  allow  the  video  camera  to  track  the  flies.  But,  the  flies  also  have  to  be  able  to  sleep.  We  use  an  LED  array  of  red  lights  to  give  enough  light  for  the  camera,  yet  also  allow  for  the  flies  to  sleep  when  the  white  lights  are  turned  off.  

The  white  lights  can’t  be  too  overpowering  compared  to  red  light.  The  camera  has  to  see  roughly  the  same  image  with  red  and  white  light.  I’ll  go  into  this  more  later.  

Position  the  board  and  lights  so  as  to  prevent  ANY  light  reflections  off  of  the  tubes.  Reflections  can  cause  the  tracker  to  lose  the  fly  the  same  way  an  obstruction  would  block  the  view  on  the  tube.  Make  the  lighting  as  indirect  as  you  can.  Bounce  it  off  of  the  walls  and  door  to  disperse  the  light.  

An  alternative  to  red  light  is  Infrared.  You  will  need  a  camera  that  can  see  that  wavelength.  Most  webcams  have  a  filter  for  infrared.  You  can  easily  remove  the  filter  on  some  models.  

When  all  is  set,  it  should  look  something  like  this.  

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TRACKER  SETUP  

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STEP  1    

Make  sure  your  java  settings  are  set  to  32-­‐bit  configuration  in  the  Utilities  folder.  Java  has  issues  with  64-­‐bit  and  the  current  Quicktime  architecture.  

Open  the  file  “ObjectTracker.xcodeproj”  

Xcode  will  open.  I  use  Xcode  3.2.6  to  do  all  of  this.  There  are  more  recent  versions  of  Xcode  available,  but  this  one  works  very  well  for  me.  Xcode  4  changed  some  things  in  an  annoying  way.    

Let  me  say  explicitly  that  YOU  DO  NOT  HAVE  TO  KNOW  HOW  TO  CODE.  Just  be  prepared  to  tweak  some  values  that  are  already  there.  

STEP  2    

The  folder  ‘src’  will  have  a  file  called  ObjectTracker.java.  Open  this  file  if  it  isn’t  already  being  displayed.  It  will  look  something  like  this:  

 

This  is  the  only  file  that  you  will  have  to  edit.  

Look  through  this  file.  You’ll  notice  text  in  different  colors.  Anything  that  is  GREEN  is  blocked  out  from  being  read  as  code.  This  means  that  green  text  is  either  non-­‐

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functional  or  notes.  You  can  make  something  blocked  out  by  putting  //  at  the  beginning  of  the  part  you  don’t  want  to  be  read.  You  can  block  many  lines  by  using  /*  at  the  start  and  closing  with  */.  

STEP  3  –  This  is  the  important  bit!  

Scroll  down  until  you  get  to  the  pink  words  ‘public  class’.  This  is  the  start  of  where  you  can  alter  how  the  Tracker  works.  

The  BLUE  numbers  are  what  you  change.  You  can  change  the  values  of  these  numbers  to  best  suit  your  experiment.  I’ve  found  that  the  current  settings  are  most  effective  for  me.    

pixelThreshold  tells  how  different  from  the  background  color  the  fly  has  to  be  in  order  to  be  detected.  

objectSize  tells  how  big  an  object  can  be  to  be  tracked.  The  flies  are  small,  make  the  number  small  so  the  tracker  knows  to  look  for  small  things.  

darkObject    =  true  means  that  the  tracker  will  look  for  a  dark  colored  object  to  track.  If  you  make  this  false,  it  will  look  for  a  light  colored  object.  

fps  is  Frames  Per  Second.  This  is  the  data  capture  rate.  1  fps  is  good  for  long-­‐term  experiments.  10  frames  per  second  is  good  for  short  duration  experiments.  You  could  make  it  whatever  you  want.  Many  computers  are  not  fast  enough  to  record  much  more  than  10fps.  This  can  be  limiting  according  to  how  many  flies  are  being  followed.    

The  tracker  data  will  not  drift  over  time.  For  example:  If  you  start  the  tracker  at  8:00:00  AM  and  have  a  fps  setting  of  1,  the  7,200th  data  point  will  be  recorded  exactly  at  10:00:00  AM.  A  file  that  is  86400  rows  is  absolutely  1  day.  

secsToRun  is  how  long  you  want  the  tracker  to  run  for.  If  you  want  the  tracker  to  run  for  an  undetermined  amount  of  time,  make  this  -­‐1.  The  tracker  will  run  until  you  stop  it.  For  example:  If  you  want  the  tracker  to  run  for  5  minutes,  with  an  fps  of  10,  you  will  make  secsToRun  300.  You  will  end  with  3000  data  points,  but  for  only  300  seconds.  

That’s  all  you  have  to  change  here.  You  probably  won’t  be  altering  these  numbers  a  whole  lot.  

STEP  4  

Scroll  down  a  bit  further  to  the  int  nTrackingJobs.  This  is  where  you  tell  the  tracker  how  many  flies  you  have  to  track.  Change  the  number  accordingly  for  each  experiment.  

STEP  5  

Scroll  down  further  to  where  is  says  tJobs[0]  =  new  TrackingJobSetting…..  

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Each  fly  has  to  be  in  it’s  own  unique  tJob.  This  is  where  you  tell  the  tracker  where  to  look  for  the  fly.  If  the  fly  were  to  ever  leave  that  area  defined  in  the  tJob,  the  tracker  would  get  confused  and  search  for  anything  that  it  thought  was  the  fly.  

tJobs[0]  is  the  number  of  the  first  track  job.  In  Java,  ‘0’  is  actually  ‘1’.  So  tJobs[1]  is  the  second  track  job  and  so  on.  

Look  further  in  that  line  of  code  and  it  will  say  ‘new  Rectangle(10,0,200,163)’  followed  by  the  parameters  from  up  above.  The  numbers  in  parentheses  are  the  dimensions  of  the  track  job.  If  you  have  a  camera  with  640  x  480  resolution,  and  want  to  take  up  the  whole  screen,  you  would  use  the  coordinates  (0,0,640,480).    

The  first  number  is  the  Start  location  in  the  X  dimension.  The  second  number  is  the  Start  location  of  the  Y  dimension.  The  third  number  is  how  many  pixels  to  go  in  the  X  dimension.  The  fourth  number  is  how  many  pixels  to  go  in  the  Y  dimension.    

Suppose  you  want  a  track  job  that  takes  up  the  bottom  right  quadrant  of  the  screen.  You  would  use  coordinates  (320,240,320,240).  

You  can  have  as  many  unique  track  jobs  as  you  want.  Just  be  sure  that  the  coordinates  don’t  ever  overlap.  

For  each  tJobs,  you  need  to  use  a  sequentially  higher  number.  Don’t  skip  any  numbers  and  make  sure  that  your  total  number  of  tJobs  equals  the  number  you  put  in  for  “int  nTrackingJobs  =”.  

For  now,  just  make  1  track  job  of  some  arbitrary  dimensions.  We  don’t  know  where  the  flies  are  yet,  so  we  just  need  some  place  to  start.  

Delete  or  block  out  all  unused  tJobs.  

Save  the  file.  Just  overwrite  the  old  one.  Don’t  use  Save  As.  Creating  a  new  file  will  make  things  too  complicated  because  of  dependencies.  

STEP  6  

Press  the  green  arrow  button  marked  “Build  and  Run”  at  the  top  of  the  Xcode  window.  This  will  launch  the  Tracker  script.  Xcode  4  won’t  run  the  script  within  the  native  environment.  If  you’re  using  Xcode  4,  you’ll  have  to  open  the  file  within  the  folder.  It’s  annoying.  

A  prompt  screen  will  open  asking  for  you  to  create  a  “Save  As:”  file  name.  This  file  is  where  the  coordinates  will  be  saved  during  the  experiment.  Make  sure  to  use  a  unique  name  for  each  experiment.  You  can  also  select  where  you  want  the  file  to  be  saved.  

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Click  OK  and  a  new  screen  will  open.    

Click  on  “Source”  to  select  the  correct  camera.  

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Click  on  “Adjustments”  to  change  Saturation/Brightness/Contrast/Sharpness  of  the  camera.  I  use  these  settings:  0,  65,  18,  29  for  my  camera  settings.  Depending  on  the  camera,  you  may  also  have  hue.  Essentially,  you  want  a  black  and  white  image  with  decent  contrast  between  the  fly  and  the  white  paper  background.  

You  may  need  to  fiddle  these  values  until  you  find  an  optimum.  I  do  this  with  the  white  lights  off  and  just  the  red  light.  It’s  harder  the  see  the  flies  in  the  red  light,  so  it’s  a  better  place  to  start.  

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Click  OK.  

Now  you  are  in  the  actual  Tracker  run  screen.  On  the  left,  you’ll  see  the  live  image  that  the  camera  sees.  The  right  half  of  the  screen  is  the  location  of  the  track  jobs.  Right  now,  you  should  only  have  1  track  job.  

Press  the  “Reference”  button  one  time.  Now  you  can  see  in  the  right  half  of  the  screen  where  the  track  jobs  are  in  relation  to  the  live  image.  Go  up  to  the  top  and  click  on  “Tracking”  and  select  “Save  Reference  to  image”.    

Save  the  image  to  the  desktop.  This  will  create  a  PICT  file  of  the  reference  image.    

Convert  the  image  to  a  JPG.  Much  of  the  newest  image  software  no  longer  supports  PICT  files.  QuickTime  saves  as  PICT,  so  that’s  what  we  have  to  go  with.  After  you  convert  it  to  JPG,  open  it  in  ImageJ.  

ImageJ  can  tell  you  the  exact  coordinates  for  any  pixel  in  the  image.  Use  these  coordinate  numbers  to  record  where  you  want  your  track  jobs  to  start  and  end.  Remember,  the  right  side  and  bottom  side  of  the  track  jobs  are  not  the  same  as  adding  on  to  the  left  and  top  side  values.  For  example,  suppose  you  want  a  square  shaped  track  job  that  is  50  x  50  pixels.  If  the  track  job  starts  at  10  in  the  X  dimension  and  30  in  the  Y  dimension,  the  track  job  coordinates  would  not  be  (10,30,60,80).  Rather,  the  coordinates  for  the  track  job  would  be  (10,30,50,50).  If  you  want  a  

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second  track  job  to  start  directly  to  the  right  of  that  track  job,  you  would  make  the  coordinates  for  the  second  track  job  (60,30,50,50).  

Make  sure  you  select  coordinates  that  will  cover  the  entire  possible  range  for  where  you  fly  can  be.  I  try  to  make  them  just  big  enough.  You  don’t  need  to  waste  space.  

Once  you  have  gotten  all  of  the  coordinates  for  your  track  jobs,  put  them  into  the  ObjectTracker.java  file.  Add  or  subtract  track  jobs  for  however  many  flies  you  have.  Don’t  forget  to  change  the  number  for  “int  nTrackingJobs  =”.  

Save  and  click  “Build  and  Run”  again.  The  Tracker  has  now  been  updated  with  your  new  coordinates.  KEEP  Xcode  OPEN.  It  has  a  very  useful  function  for  watching  the  data  as  it’s  being  recorded.  

Create  the  “Save  As”  file  name  and  adjust  the  camera  settings  as  before.  You’ll  see  that  the  coordinates  you  put  in  Xcode  now  surround  each  of  your  flies.  If  your  coordinates  are  off  a  bit,  repeat  the  process  until  everything  lines  up.  

Now  that  you  have  your  track  job  boxes  set,  don’t  move  anything!  

You’re  now  going  to  capture  the  Reference  image  that  you’ll  use  for  the  experiment.    

I’ve  found  that  the  Tracker  works  best  when  started  in  the  red  light.  Therefore,  the  reference  image  should  be  saved  in  the  red  light  too.    

Save  the  Reference  to  a  file  on  the  desktop.  Convert  it  to  JPG  first  if  you’re  using  the  newest  version  of  Photoshop.  I  use  PhotoShop  because  of  the  Clone  Stamp  tool.  Use  this  to  airbrush  out  all  of  the  flies.  

This  step  saves  you  a  lot  of  trouble.  Without  it,  you  would  have  had  to  load  the  tubes  onto  the  board  first  without  flies,  get  the  coordinates  of  the  tubes,  save  the  reference,  then  load  the  flies,  all  while  putting  the  tubes  and  board  back  into  the  EXACT  same  location.  This  is  very  hard  to  do.  By  airbrushing  out  the  flies,  you  don’t  have  to  change  anything  to  the  flies  once  their  loaded.  The  Reference  image  will  be  exactly  the  same  as  the  live  image.  Remember,  the  Tracker  is  looking  for  differences  between  Reference  and  Live  image.  The  fly  should  be  the  ONLY  thing  that  is  different.  

Once  you  have  the  flies  airbrushed  out,  Save  the  image  and  covert  it  to  a  PICT.  The  Tracker  reference  image  HAS  to  be  a  PICT.  Load  the  new  reference  into  the  Tracker  and  you’re  ready  to  go.  

With  the  white  lights  still  off,  click  on  “Setup”.  This  will  locate  the  position  of  each  fly.  They  will  show  up  on  the  right  side  of  the  screen  as  red  circles  within  the  track  job  bounding  boxes.  Actually,  the  biggest  difference  between  Live  and  Reference  will  be  identified.  At  this  point,  it  will  be  the  fly.  

 

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STEP  7  –  Running  the  Tracker  

With  Xcode  still  running,  open  the  “Console”  window.  Go  to  the  “Run”  dropdown  menu  and  click  “Console”.  This  will  allow  you  to  watch  the  data  as  it  records  live.  When  you’re  ready  to  start  collecting  data,  Click  “Analyze”  in  the  tracker  window  and  the  Tracker  will  start.  If  you  notice  a  lot  of  -­‐1  values  being  recorded,  you  may  need  to  adjust  your  lighting.  The  red  light  may  be  too  dark,  so  you  might  have  to  change  the  camera  setting  values  or  the  light  intensity.  

If  everything  is  running  well,  turn  on  the  white  lights.  The  data  should  continue  to  record  without  going  into  a  bunch  of  -­‐1  values.  Try  turning  the  lights  on  and  off  a  couple  of  times  to  make  sure  it’s  stable.  

IF  the  track  is  bad,  i.e.  it’s  full  of  -­‐1  values  or  data  points  appear  to  be  showing  up  randomly  in  space,  it  means  that  the  difference  between  red  and  white  light  is  too  great  and  the  Tracker  can’t  locate  the  fly.  You  will  have  to  adjust  the  brightness  of  the  lights  or  how  the  camera  sees  the  lights.  Ideally,  the  visible  difference  between  red  and  white  is  very  small.  That  is  why  we  use  a  black  and  white  video  image.  The  hue  difference  between  red  and  white  should  be  as  close  as  can  be.  

When  you  want  to  stop  the  Tracker,  Press  “Stop”.  Or,  if  you  have  a  predefined  fps,  the  Tracker  will  stop  itself  when  it  gets  to  the  end.  

The  text  file  that  was  created  will  have  all  of  the  data  for  the  run.  Either  save  it  as  a  different  name  IMMEDIATELY  or  CLOSE  THE  TRACKER.  This  is  to  prevent  you  from  accidently  pressing  “Analyze”  again.  If  you  press  analyze  a  second  time,  without  changing  the  file  name,  the  tracker  will  overwrite  the  file  and  you  would  lose  everything  that  had  been  previously  written.  

Add  “.txt”  to  the  end  of  the  file  to  designate  it  as  a  text  file.    

The  experiment  is  now  complete.    

STEP  8  –  Analysis  Preparation  

I  usually  start  the  tracker  several  hours  before  I  want  my  experiment  to  begin.  That  ensures  me  that  my  data  is  being  recorded  properly  well  before  it  has  to.  However,  It  also  gives  a  bunch  of  useless  data  before  the  stuff  that  I’m  actually  interested  in.  

I  stop  the  tracker  at  a  VERY  specific  time.  For  example,  if  I  have  an  experiment  that  I  want  to  run  for  24  hours,  and  the  lights  turn  on  at  9:00:00  AM,  I  will  start  the  Tracker  some  hours  before  9:00  AM,  when  the  white  lights  are  off.  I  will  always  stop  the  Tracker  at  exactly  9:00:00AM  or  at  a  time  that  I  know  exactly  to  the  second.  

I  can  now  delete  any  data  in  excess  of  my  24  hours  that  is  at  the  beginning  (or  end)  of  the  file,  leaving  me  with  exactly  the  data  window  that  I  want.  

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I’ve  found  that  TextWrangler  works  well  for  this  because  it  can  handle  large  text  files  and  gives  row  numbers  that  I  can  jump  to  easily.  Excel  is  not  advised,  as  the  data  files  can  be  very  large.  

When  you’ve  cropped  the  data  file  to  the  size  you  want,  make  sure  there  aren’t  any  -­‐1  values  in  the  first  line  of  data.  If  there  are,  substitute  the  value  for  those  columns  with  the  values  from  the  first  row  that  has  data.  

The  Matlab  analyzer  needs  there  to  be  a  real  number  at  the  start  for  each  fly.  We  make  the  assumption  that  the  first  line  is  always  clean.  

Save  the  edited  text  file  as  a  date.  For  example,  if  my  experiment  ends  on  April  9th  2012,  I  would  name  the  file  20120409.  This  naming  format  is  important.  The  Matlab  analyzers  need  it  to  be  in  this  format.  

Now  you  are  free  to  do  whatever  you  want  with  the  data  from  the  tracker.    

We  provide  several  very  useful  Matlab  scripts  for  analyzing  the  data.  You  can  use  them  if  you  want!