running water & groundwater
DESCRIPTION
Running Water & Groundwater. Chapter 6. Mr. Litaker. The Water Cycle. Water constantly moves from the oceans to the atmosphere to the solid Earth and throughout the biosphere. Why? * Because water can change b/w a solid, liquid, and a gas. Look at Figure 1 on page 158 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Running Water & Groundwater
Mr. LitakerChapter 6
![Page 2: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Water CycleWater constantly moves from the oceans to the atmosphere to the solid Earth and throughout the biosphere.Why?
* Because water can change b/w a solid, liquid, and a gas.
Look at Figure 1 on page 158Show slide presentation on Hydrologic
Cycle.
![Page 3: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/tarbuck2/chapter10/labeling1/deluxe-content.html
![Page 4: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Water Cycle
Water Cycle – This cycle of water movement is called the Hydrologic cycle.
![Page 5: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Water Cycle Transpiration – a process by which plants give off water vapor into the atmosphere.
![Page 6: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Water Cycle86% of this water evaporates from the ocean. The remaining 14% evaporates from lakes, streams, rivers and the soil or plants.
![Page 7: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Water Cycle
Evapotranspiration – The processes of evaporation and transpiration.
![Page 8: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Water CycleCondensation – When water vapor rises in the atmosphere, it expands and cools. As the vapor becomes cooler, some of it condenses or changes into tiny liquid water droplets, and forms clouds
![Page 9: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Water Cycle
Precipitation Is the process by which water falls from clouds to the earth’s surface as rain, snow, sleet, hail, and Virga.
![Page 10: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Water 75% of all precipitation falls on the earth’s oceans.25% falls on the land surface and becomes runoff or groundwater.
![Page 11: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Infiltration or Runoff
Is the movement of surface water into rock or soil through cracks and pore spaces in Earth’s surface.
![Page 12: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
WaterWater Budget – The continuous cycle of evapotranspiration, condensation, and precipitation gives the earth its water budget.
![Page 13: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Water2 Approaches to that can be used to ensure that enough fresh water is available today and in the future.
![Page 14: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Water1 Conservation – enacting and strictly enforcing antipollution laws.
2 Desalination – the process of removing salt from ocean water.
![Page 15: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Earth’s Water Balance
This means that the total amount of water on the Earth remains balanced because The total amt. of annual precipitation of the Earth = the total amt. of water that evaporates.Over land more - PRECIP.Over Oceans More - EVAP.
![Page 17: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Streamflow
____________ influences the way water makes it to the oceans.
The ability of a stream to Erode and Transport materials depends largely on its VELOCITY.
What factors affect the Velocity of a stream???
Page 160
![Page 18: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
GR AD IE NT
Gradient – Look at Figure 4 page 160is the slope or steepness of a stream channel. The steeper the gradient the = The more ENERGY the stream has as it flows downhill.
![Page 19: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Channel Characteristics
A Stream Channel – is the course water in a stream follows.
Where does the stream experience friction from?What determines the amount of Friction?
![Page 20: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
DischargeThe Discharge of the stream is the VOLUME of WATER flowing past a certain point in a given amount of time.Amt’s. change with rainfall & snowmelt.
![Page 21: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Discharge
How does Urbanization change the magnitude and frequency of Flooding??? Page 161
![Page 22: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
DischargeLook at Table 1 on page 161
![Page 23: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
What is the Longest River in the U.S.?
The Missouri River is the longest. It begins in Montana and flows to St. Louis Missouri. 4342 km or 2714 miles longThe Mississippi River (Headwaters) starts in Minnesota and flows to the Gulf of Mexico3757 km or 2348 miles long
![Page 24: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
MeandersThe BENDS in a river system are called Meanders.
An Incised Meander is where the bend is cut off from the rest of the stream like the picture In figure 7 on pg. 163.
![Page 26: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Tributaries A river system is made up of a main stream and all the feeder streams.
The land from which water runs off into these streams is called the Drainage Basin or watershed
![Page 28: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
River Systems – Stream Erosion
The path that a stream follow is called its channel
The process of lengthened and branching of a stream is called Headward Erosion.
![Page 29: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Stream Piracy or Headward erosion
04/20/23 29
stream piracy is a phenomenon occurring when a stream or river drainage system or watershed is diverted from its own bed, and flows instead down the bed of a neighbouring stream.
This can happen for several reasons, including:1.Tectonic earth movements, where the slope of the land changes, and the stream is tipped out of its former course. 2. Natural damming, such as by a landslide or ice sheet. 3. Headward erosion of one stream valley upwards into another
![Page 30: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
River Systems – Channel Erosion
The materials carried by a stream are called stream loadUsing a Graphic Organizer Use page 165 to Chart the 3 ways sediment is transported.
![Page 31: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Most streams carry the largest part of their load _________________.
![Page 32: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Stream Capacity
The capacity of a stream is directly related to its
________________.
What is a measure of the largest particles a stream can
carry?
![Page 33: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Water Beneath the surface
Chapter 6.3
![Page 34: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Movement of Water
•When it rains, water can either soak into the ground or become runoff.
•How much seeps into the ground depends on:
Steepness of slopes
Nature of surface materials
Intensity of rainfall
Type of vegetation
![Page 35: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Zone of SaturationZone of Saturation
When it rains, most of the water seeps into the soil until it reaches the _________ ___ _________________. This area of groundwater within this zone is the ______________ _______.
![Page 36: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Zone of AerationZone of Aeration•The area above the water table that is not saturated with water.
•What little water there is in this area clings very tightly to rock and cannot be removed or pumped out.
![Page 38: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
PorosityPorosity The percentage of the total volume of rock or sediment that consists of pore spaces.
Amt. of rainwater that can be stored underground depends on porosity.
![Page 39: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
PermeabilityPermeability
When material can flow freely between rock layers by twisting and turning through interconnected openings the layer is said to be PermeablePermeable..
![Page 40: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Clay is impermeable buthas a high porosity.
Why?Because its pore spaces are so Because its pore spaces are so
small small
WATER can’t move through WATER can’t move through them.them.
![Page 41: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
AquitardsAquitardsAn impermeable layer that will An impermeable layer that will not allow water to pass.not allow water to pass.
AquiferAquiferPermeable rock layers or sediment Permeable rock layers or sediment that allow water to be transmitted that allow water to be transmitted freely.freely.
![Page 42: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
SpringForms whenever the water table intersects the ground surface.
![Page 44: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
HOT SPRINGS
Areas where cooling igneous rock heat water below Earth’s surface to a temperature that is 6 to 9 degrees warmer than the air temperature where the spring occurs.
![Page 45: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Running Water & Groundwater](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020417/568137f8550346895d9fba3e/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
GeyserAn intermittent hot spring or fountain in which a column of water shoots up with great force at various intervals.