ruski 2

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-prevod sa ruskog na srpski i obrnuto. -povratni glagoli, lice, vrijeme. -modali. -glagoli kretanja.

Russian Reflexive VerbsReflexive verbs in Russian are used to indicate the concept of ‘self’.

For example ‘I dressed myself’. Notice in this sentence that the subject and the object are actuallythe same person.

When this happens in English we use the word ‘-self’, or simply omit the object. In Russian yousimply add “ся” or “сь” to the verb. You can think of this as being a short way to write “себя” (self).

The reflexive form is also used for intransitive verbs. Intransitive verbs are those verbs which have asubject, but no object.

A short discussion of the reflexive pronouns (себя and свой) is also included below. They areincluded in this section so that you can compare them to reflexive verbs.

Forming Reflexive VerbsReflexive verbs are formed almost the same as all other Russian

verbs. The only difference is that you add “ся” or “сь”.

Conjugate the verb in the normal way then.. Add “сь” when the verb ends in a vowel. Add “ся” when it does not end in a vowel.

For example...

Одевать - To dress.Одеваться - To dress oneself.

Я одеваюсь - I dress myself.

Ты одеваешься - You dress yourself.Она одевается - She dresses herself.

Simple Reflexive VerbsThe first group of reflexive verbs are those which are clearly reflexive.

The subject and the object refer to the same thing and you would use ‘-self’ in English. In Russianthe reflexive form is always used, unlike English it is not possible to omit it.

Compare the normal and reflexive forms below.

Я одеваю Анну - I am dressing Anna.Я одеваюсь - I am dressing myself.

Here are some other words commonly used in the reflexive form.

Мыть (ся) - To wash.Брить (ся) - To shave.Раздевать (ся) - To undress, to take your coat off.Готовить (ся) - To prepare, get ready.

Reciprocal - Each Other Quite similar to the use above is the reciprocal meaning. In Englishthis use is normally translated as ‘each other’.Мы встретились в кафе - We met (each other) at the café.Мы поцеловались - We kissed (each other).

Intransitive Verbs

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A lot of verbs by their very nature have no object, simply a subject. These are known as intransitiveverbs. In Russian these verbs normally use the reflexive form. Here are some examples.

Улыбаться - To smile.Смеяться - To laugh.Надеяться - To hope, to wish.

Even when these verbs form sentences there will not be an accusative case. Depending on the verb,a different case or preposition will generally be used. This can sometimes be hard to predict, sowhen you see or hear these words being used, try to remember the sentence structure.

For example in the following sentence the dative case is used to indicate ‘to/at’.

Она мне улыбается - She is smiling at me.

Sometimes a preposition is used.

Она смеётся над вами - She is laughing at you.

Reflexive Verbs meaning ‘to be’

In Russian reflexive verbs are used to indicate the idea of ‘to be’, or express the state of something.These verbs are generally intransitive, like the verbs detailed above there is no object. Again, it is agood idea to try and remember how these words are used when you see them, although theinstrumental case is common.

Here are some examples (common case usage is included in brackets)....

Гордиться (+inst) - To be proud.

Сердиться (на +acc)- To be angry.Интересоваться (+inst) - To be interested in.Заниматься (+inst) - To be engaged in.Пользоваться (+inst) - To use, to be using.Увлекаться (+inst) - To be keen on.Ошибаться (в +inst) - To be mistaken.

Verbs used in an intransitive manner.

When normal verbs are used in an intransitive manner the reflexive form is used. Verbs like ‘open’,‘close’, ‘begin’, ‘finish’, ‘continue’ can be used in such a manner. They can be used without an objectof the sentence. Compare the following sentences...

Иван открыл дверь - Ivan opened the door. Дверь открылась - The door opened (itself).

Иван начинает фильм - Ivan starts the film.Фильм начинается - The film begins.

Notice that the thing which opens or begins becomes the subject, and there is no longer any objectof the sentence. Below are some more examples of words that are used in this manner...

Продолжать(ся) - Continue.Открывать(ся) - OpenЗакрывать(ся) - CloseНачинать(ся) - BeginКончать(ся) - End

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The same concept applies to verbs that are use to indicate a permanent state of something.Because the verb is used without an object it takes the reflexive form.

Собака кусается - The dog bites.

Impersonal SpeechRussians commonly use impersonal speech to express feelings or the state

of something. Impersonal speech is when the person affected is in the dative case (or omitted),commonly “мне” (to me). You can often translate this to English as “I feel”, “I feel like”, “I like”, “Iwould like”.Certain verbs are naturally impersonal, others are used in this way to soften their meaning. Noticethat using the impersonal form softens ‘I want’ to ‘I would like’. The verb нравиться (to like) alwaysuses in this form.These verbs are in the reflexive form because they are expressed without an object of the sentence.(This is simply a grammatical feature of Russian because the dative case is used, and there is noaccusative. When translated to English there may be an object.)Мне нравится Москва - I like Moscow.Мне хочется в театр - I would like to go to the theatre.Мне не сидится дома. - I don't like to stay home.

Note: Not all impersonal speech uses this form. Some impersonal sentences are formed using other methods.

Passive Voice (Advanced)

The passive voice is when a sentence is changed around to make the subject something that wouldnormally be the object of the sentence. As a result the grammar in English and Russian is muchmore complex. It is rare to use the passive voice in Russian. It is better to avoid using it.

When the passive voice is used with an imperfective verb, the reflexive form is used.

Свет отражается зеркалом. - The light is reflected by the mirror.

Notice how the verb ‘reflect’ is kind of used backwards. It would be better to convert this to activevoice before translating to Russian, and avoid such a complex grammar structure. (Зеркалоотражает свет. - The mirror reflects the light).

Себя - Self

The Russian pronoun “Себя” also means self. It is used in more complex sentences when the use of a reflexive verb is not suitable. Reflexive verbs refer only to the object of a sentence. “Себя” can beused in other parts of the sentence (ie different cases).

Он говорил о себе - He talked about himself.

Себя always refers to the same person or thing as the subject of the sentence. The use of себя is arequirement, you may not use a normal pronoun instead.

Себя takes the same forms as “Тебя” (Ты) when used in different cases. (It does not exist in thenominative case)

Note: Себя always means ‘-self’. (It never implies ‘to be’, or has an intransitive meaning).

Reflexive verbs are used in preference to “Себя” when it is possible. You should not combinereflexive verbs and “Себя” in the one sentence, unless they have a distinctly different meaningwithin that sentence. (For example the verb may intransitive, and себя may be used to indicate ‘-self’after a pronoun).

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Она смеётся над собой - She is laughing at herself.

Свой - Ones own

Свой is the Russian reflexive possessive pronoun. It is used like Мой (my), and has the same forms.

It is used when the owner of something is the subject of the sentence clause. (Its use is required inthe 3rd person, and optional in the 1st and 2nd. Although it is almost always used if the subject isты).

Иван любит свою собаку - Ivan loves his (own) dog.

Conclusion.

Reflexive verbs are used to indicate the concept of ‘oneself’. When the sentence’s subject is also theobject. The reflexive form of a verb is also used for intransitive verbs, those verbs that have noobject.

There are some uses of the reflexive forms which just don’t seem to fit the above patterns. You will just have to learn these as you meet them.

Александра купает детей. Alexandra is bathing the kids.

Александра купается. Alexandra is bathing (herself).

Борис Сергеевич бреет брата. Boris Sergeevich is shaving his brother.

Борис Сергеевич бреется. Boris Sergeevich is shaving (himself).

Маша одевает дочку. Masha is dressing her daughter.

Маша одевается. Masha is dressing (herself).

Паша умывает собаку. Pasha is washing up the dog.

Паша умывается. Pasha is washing up.

Шимпанзе причёсывает друга. The chimpanzee is combing her friend.

Шимпанзе причёсывается. The chimpanzee is combing herself.

Собака кусает детей. The dog bites children.

Собака кусается. The dog bites.

Корова бодает деревья. The cow butts trees.

Корова бодается. The cow butts.

Утюг жжёт пальцы.

The iron will burn your fingers.

Утюг жжётся.

The iron burns. Ёжик колет врагов. The hedgehog pricks its enemies.

Ёжик колется. The hedgehog is prickly

Russian Verbs of Motion

Some people think learning about the verbs of motion is one of the hardest concepts in the Russianlanguage. The truth is, it is not so difficult if you just try to understand them one step at a time.However it is quite an important concept, as motion verbs are among the most used in any

language. We have broken this into several parts, so just learn one part at a time if there is too muchinformation in this lesson.

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A verb of motion, as the name suggests, is simply a verb that will take you from one place toanother. For example verbs like “go”, “walk”, “run”, “swim” or “fly”. The reason they are special inRussian is that Russian uses special prefixes or different forms to explain even more with one word.

We will first discuss these verbs without the use of prefixes, then we will discuss the prefixes later.(A ‘prefix’ is the couple of letters you put at the front of a word to add to it’s meaning).

Part 1 - Motion verbs without prefixes. - To Go

Let’s start by looking at the words that could correspond to the English word “go”.

Essentially there is no word in Russian that is like the English “go”. Instead Russians always indicatehow they are going somewhere. Here are the two most important words.

Ходить / Идти - To go by foot (walk). (View Conjugations)Ездить / Ехать - To go by transport (drive, train, bus, etc.). (View Conjugations)

The first thing you will notice is that there are two similar Russian words corresponding to oneEnglish word. This is because Russians also indicate whether they are going in one direction or making a return trip. As it is often the case in Russian, you are able to say a lot with few words. Eachverb conjugates in the normal way, click on the link next to the verbs to view the fully conjugatedforms.

The verb on the left (Ходить, Ездить) is the multidirectional (return trip) verb. (Technically known asthe 'indefinite'). The verb on the right (Идти, Ехать ) is the unidirectional (one-way) verb.(Technically known as the 'definite'). Here is how you use each form:

Unidirectional (One-Way) (Идти, Ехать )

Use the unidirectional form when you are going in 1 direction, or talking specifically about going in 1direction. This form often corresponds to the continuous tenses in English, ie when you say 'I am' or 'we are'.

Я иду на работу. - I am going to work. (by foot)Мы едем в Москву. - We are going to Moscow. (by transport)Завтра мы едем в Лондон. - Tomorrow we are going to London. (by transport)Куда вы идёте? - Where are you going? (by foot)

Multidirectional (Return trips, in general.) (Ходить, Ездить)

Use the mutildirectional form when are talking about actions in more than one direction, for examplea return trip. Also use this form when you are talking in general about going to somewhere, or whenthere is no motion, or the number of directions is irrelevant.

Каждый день я хожу в кино - Everyday I go to the cinema. (Talking in general)Мы ходили по городу. - We walked around the town. (moving in a number of different directions)Вчера мы ездили в Лондон. - Yesterday we went to London. (by transport) (the return trip isimplied)

You should now be comfortable using these motion verbs in the present tense. These are to twomost important verbs of motion, and you will find them very useful even as a beginner-intermediateRussian speaker.

Part 2 - Other unprefixed verbs of motion

http://www.russianlessons.net/verbs/28




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Now that you are comfortable with the concept learnt in part 1, you can easily apply this sameconcept to the other verbs of motion. With these verbs the action is more specific than with the firsttwo verbs you have learnt. There are no new concepts to learn in this part.Here are the verbs, clickthe link to see how they are congugated.

Бегать / Бежать - To Run. (View Conjugations)

Бродить / Брести - To Stroll. (View Conjugations)Гонять / Гнать - To Drive.** (View Conjugations)Лазить / Лезть - To Climb. (View Conjugations)Летать / Лететь - To Fly. (View Conjugations)Плавать / Плыть - To Swim, To Sail. (View Conjugations)Ползать / Ползти - To Crawl. (View Conjugations)

**Rarely used: Гонять / Гнать does not mean 'to drive by car'. (see Водить / Вести). It means 'toforce to move'. As in: 'To drive someone into a corner', 'to drive cattle to market'.

Part 3 - Other unprefixed verbs of motion -To Carry

The last set of unprefixed verbs of motion are verbs that indicate the concept of ‘carrying’. Theseverbs are a little different because there is an object that is transported or carried. For example “thetrain transports passengers to Moscow”. You will normally see these words translated as ‘to carry’,but there meaning is more general and they could mean ‘to transport’ or ‘to take’. You shouldtranslate them back to English depending on the context. Let’s have a look at these verbs:

Возить / Везти - To Carry (by vehicle). (View Conjugations)Носить / Нести - To Carry, To Wear (View Conjugations)Водить / Вести - To Lead, To Accompany, To Drive (a car) (View Conjugations)Таскать / Тащить - To Drag, To Pull. (View Conjugations)

Let's have a quick look at how each one is used:

Возить / Везти - Generally this word corresponds 'to transport'. Or 'to take' by some means of vehicle. For example in a sentences like “The train transports passengers to Moscow” or “Ivan takeshis daughter to school”.

Носить / Нести - Generally this word corresponds to 'to carry' when the person is carrying the objectby walking. It's used in sentences like "The driver carried our bags to the taxi". This verb can alsomean 'to wear', but it isn't really used like a verb of motion in this sense.

Водить / Вести - This word generally means 'to lead', or 'to take on foot' where the object itself isalso walking. For example "The dog leads the blind man to the shop". It also means 'to drive a car'.

The verb has a number of other uses, where it is not considered to be a verb of motion.

These verbs work the same was as those above, either multidirectional or unidirectional. Initiallydon’t worry too much if you are not sure exactly when to use each of these verbs, this is somethingthat is best learnt naturally as you read or hear them in real situations. As long as you are aware of the different concepts involved. In simple conversation it is less likely you will use these wordscompared to the verbs in part 1.

Part 4 - Prefixed verbs of motion

This brings us to one of the most hated parts of Russian for learners. However it is not so difficult atall. To all of the verbs above it is possible to add different prefixes. By placing a few extra letters at

the front of these verbs, you can increase its meaning. This normally adds a direction to its meaning.For example you could change the meaning of “walk” to “walk in”.























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As you can see in the above example we normally achieve this in English by adding an adverb after the verb. Words like “in”, “down”, “through” or “across”. Often it is also possible to do this by using adifferent verb, “walk in” could be replaced by “enter”. Now that we know what we are trying to do inEnglish lets have a look our how we can do it in Russian...

If you find the concept of ‘prefixes’ difficult you could just remember each of these verbs. Treating

each verb as it’s own word, rather than a set of related verbs. This would be good for learners with agood memory for words. Other learners, who may be more conceptually minded, may choose toremember how all the pre-fixes work. We think it’s best to do a little of both. Once you understandthis concept, you might find that you can suddenly decipher a whole lot of Russian verbs, and thelanguage may really open up to you.

в- - inвы- - out до- - as far as, reachза- - drop in, stop byоб- - aroundот- - away

пере- - acrossпод- - approachпри- - arrivalпро- - through, passс- - down fromу- - from

Now let's see some examples of the prefixes in use. This is how you can use them with the promarymotion verb: Ходить / Идти. (Note that Идти becomes йти when used with pre-fixes.)

входить / войти - to go in, to enter выходить / выйти - to go out, to leave, to exit

всходить / взoйти - to go up, to ascend доходить / дойти - to get to, to get as far as, to reachзаходить / зайти - to drop in, to stop byобходить / обойти - to walk around, to bypassотходить / отойти - to walk awayпереходить / перейти - to go across, to turnподходить / подойти - to approachприходить / прийти - to arrive, to comeпроходить / пройти - to go by, to go pastсходить / сойти - to go down, decendуходить / уйти - to go from, to leave, depart

OK, now here is the interesting bit: As these new verbs already indicate direction, they loose theconcept of unidirectional or multi-directional that we learnt above. Instead the first word above is theimperfective aspect, and the 2nd is the perfective. (refer to the section on aspects for more info.). Soin the present tense you will always use the first of these verbs above.

This part is difficult. It is a good idea to have an understanding of how the pre-fixes work. If you hategrammar you could simply remember each word, for example входить = enter. However, if you dounderstand some of the concepts and you came accross a word like "влетать" you could work outthat it meant "to fly in".

Here are a couple of examples of how you could use the prefixes with different verbs:

Самолёт прилетает в Москву. - The plane arrives (arrives by flying) in MoscowСамолёт улетает из Москвы. - The plane departs (fly from) Moscow

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