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Objectives of the Workshop
Complete many new Rx for Science activities Explore the Rx for Science Manual Discuss current research with biomedical
experts
1-2 What is Biomedical Research?
Biomedical research is the area of science devoted to the study of life processes; the prevention and treatment of disease; and the genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors related to disease and health. 1-2.1
Unit 4 Other Issues In Science
Chapter 1 Careers in the Biosciences Chapter 2 Genetics Primer Chapter 3 Nanobiotechnology Chapter 4 Regenerative Medicine Chapter 5 New Technologies in Vaccines
Nanotechnology is…
“the art and science of manipulating and rearranging individual atoms and molecules to create useful materials, devices, and systems.” according to The Next Big Thing is Really Small (Newberry & Uldrich, 2003)
“the willful manipulation of matter at the atomic level to create better and entirely new materials, devices, and systems.”
“the understanding and control of matter at dimensions between approximately 1 and 100 nanometers (nm), where unique phenomena enable novel applications not feasible when working with bulk materials or even with single atoms or molecules.” according to the National Nanotechnology Initiative (United States National Nanotechnology Initiative, n.d.)
Nanobiotechnology
applies the tools and processes of nanotechnology to build devices for studying and manipulating biosystems
Medical applications of nanobiotechnology are:
drug delivery systems diagnostic tests biocompatible coatings
for implants, such as replacement joints
North Carolina… a nanotechnology leader
• 35 nanobiotechnology companies
• 70 nanotechnology companies
• 35 university research centers focused on nanobiotechnology
North Carolina… a nanotechnology leader
• two nanoscience Ph.D. programs • Joint School of Nanoscience and
Nanoengineering (a collaboration between the UNC-G and NC A&T) • UNC-Charlotte.
• Associate’s degree program at Forsyth Technical Community College.
More reactive Higher conductivity Lower melting point Interact differently with light
Nanoparticles have larger surface area to volume ratio thus…
Characterization is analyzing the structure and properties of the material to understand how the material will work in various applications
Fabrication is…
Top-down methods start with an existing material and shape it at the nanoscale
Bottom-up approaches to nanofabrication means building materials from component parts at the molecular scale
Nanotools…
Prevent contamination… Cleanroom View the particles… Scanning probe,
Atomic force, and Helium ion microscopes
PRINT Particle Replication in Non-wetting Templates developed by Dr. Joe DeSimone’s research group
at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill uses top-down lithography to make tiny, precisely
shaped molds
Nanoparticles in Medicine Produce a dissolvable nanoparticle to
deliver the vaccine antigens in the body Diagnose and treat cancer with self
assembling nanocages which would carry toxin
Diagnosis and treatment of cancer with gold nanoshells
“ETHICS IS A FIELD OF STUDY THAT EXAMINES THE MORAL BASIS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND ATTEMPTS TO DETERMINE THE BEST COURSE OF ACTION IN THE FACE OF CONFLICTING CHOICES. ETHICS IS CENTRAL TO OUR HUMAN EXPERIENCE AND PROVIDES AN ORGANIZING DIMENSION TO HUMAN INTERACTION. BECAUSE IT INVOKES QUESTIONS THAT CONSIDER MORALS, VALUES, AND PRINCIPLES, AND BECAUSE IT SEEKS TO CONSIDER AND RESPECT ALTERNATE VIEWPOINTS, IT IS A KEY COMPONENT TO LIVING WITHIN A SOCIETY IN A CIVILIZED WAY.” — FROM AN ETHICS PRIMER: LESSON IDEAS AND ETHICS BACKGROUND
The Ethics of Nanbiotechnology
• Establish rules for discussion. • Remind students to be respectful of
other’s opinions.
“Research results are more than just accumulated knowledge. Research results make possible new questions, which in turn lead to even more knowledge.” — from Sharing Results Is the Engine of Scientific Progress, by David Wojick (http://www.osti.gov/ostiblog/home/entry/share_results_is_the_engine)
Goal of Regenerative Medicine
Is to grow replacement tissue or organs for patients who have sustained an injury or have had a disease that
permanently damaged their tissue.
Regenerative Medicine can…
Create new body parts Treat damaged or diseased organs Grow replacement appendages
Background Science
is a group of similar cells from the same origin performing a specific function (e.g. smooth muscle tissue or connective tissue).
such as the heart, skin, kidney or stomach, combine two or more tissues that function together.
Tissue Organ
Challenges
Materials for artificial scaffolds How to build the artificial scaffolds Proper texture and chemical properties Growth of tissue and organs outside the
body
Epigenetics
The development and maintenance of an organism is controlled by a set of chemical reactions that switch parts of the genome off and on at strategic times and locations. Epigenetics is the study of these reactions and the factors that influence them.
Discover the Scaffolding of Tissue
A scaffold is a support structure. In regenerative medicine, scaffolds serve as a support structure for cells to grow and orient themselves when building replacement tissues and organs.
Discover the Scaffolding of Tissue
The extracellular matrix surrounds and supports the cells that form tissues and organs in the body. It is created and maintained by cells.
Scaffold Outside the cell Consists of proteins and polysaccharides
Discover the Scaffolding of Tissue
Decellularization is the process of removing cells from the extracellular matrix. Biomaterial is the synthetic or natural biocompatible material used to replace part of a living system or function in intimate contact with living tissue.
Building Better Tissue
Alginate Used as a thickener Can be cross-linked with calcium ions to form
unique shapes
Building Better Tissue
Gaviscon—Sodium alginate NaC6H7O6 DampRid—Calcium chloride CaCl2
NaC6H7O6 + CaCl2 CaC6H7O6 + 2NaCl
Types of Stem Cells
Totipotent stem cells can give rise to all the other tissues needed by the body as well as the extra embryonic tissues (e.g. the placenta).
Pluripotent stem cells Give rise to all the other types of body cells. These are a type of totipotent stem cell.
Multipotent stem cells Give rise to the cell types needed in the tissue from which
they are derived These cell do not form to other types of cells found in the
body.
Stem Cells Are All the Same…Aren’t They?
Shinya Yamanaka
Affiliation at the time of the award: Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
Prize motivation: "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent"
Taken from http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2012/yamanaka.html
Vaccination
Main goal is to prevent disease Protects
the person vaccinated those too young to be vaccinated those with weakened immune systems those allergic to vaccine ingredients
Vaccination
Jump start your immune response by introducing the person being vaccinated to enough of a specific disease-causing agent to cause an immune response but not enough to cause illness
Antigens
Foreign proteins Different types of white blood cells work
to eliminate these antigens by recognizing the surface protein on disease agents
Macrophages surround and engulf invaders
Chain Reaction Macrophage engulfs the foreign proteins Sets off the T cells to attack infected cells B cells make antibodies to attach to the
antigens so the T cells and macrophages can quickly destroy them
Once the body learns to make antibodies, T and B memory cells will be ready to attack the specific disease if it comes into contact with the person again
Types of Vaccines
Live but weakened disease agents-functional virus particles
Inactivated or killed disease agents Subunit vaccines Toxoid vaccines- toxins released by bacteria Conjugate vaccines- linked to polysaccharide
coatings of bacteria DNA vaccines Recombinant vector vaccines
Types of Vaccines
Live but weakened disease agents-functional virus particles Very Effective Can mutate to more dangerous form Some can get sick from the weak form Refrigeration
Types of Vaccines
Inactivated or killed disease agents Can’t cause the actual disease No refrigeration needed Booster shots needed
Population Changes
Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi; the diseases can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another.
Epidemic is an infectious disease that develops and spreads rapidly to many people
http://www.who.int/topics/infectious_diseases/en/ and http://www.thefreedictionary.com/epidemic+disease
Pandemic
Occurs when an infectious disease breaks out worldwide Influenza Smallpox Bubonic Plague HIV
Vaccine: Fact or Fiction
Complications from vaccinations outweigh the good.
1 in 1,000,000 risk of death or serious complications from measles vaccination
1 in 1,000 people who catch measles die
Vaccine: Fact or Fiction
Vaccination leads to autism. 2 Large studies have shown no
connection between vaccination and autism spectrum disorders
Vaccine: Fact or Fiction
Vaccines should not be mandatory. Some states proposed legislation
requiring vaccinations for school attendance/education funding.
Culturing Cells
Egg cultures take 4 to 5 months to produce an influenza vaccine Mammalian cell culture (canine kidney)