s kin and the i ntegumentary s ystem chapter 6. s kin is … is the largest & heaviest organ in...
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SKIN AND THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEMChapter 6
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SKIN IS…
is the largest & heaviest organ in the body.
covered in hair.
vital in maintaining homeostasis.
a protective barrier.
a.k.a. the cutaneous membrane.
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SKIN IS…
part of the integumentary system.
divided into three distinct layers:
EPIDERMIS – outer layer
DERMIS – middle layer
SUBCUTANEOUS – bottom layer (Not a true skin layer )
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EPIDERMIS
Stratified squamous epithelium
Old cells die are pushed up
Cytoplasm hardens, fills with keratin
KERITINIZATION
Forms tough, waterproof layer - STRATUM CORNEUM
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EPIDERMAL LAYERS
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum Only in thick skin
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
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MICROSCOPIC EPIDERMIS
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EPIDERMAL PROTECTION
Stratum basale contains MELANOCYTES
Produce MELANIN
Dark pigment in granules that absorbs UV radiation
Granules spread to nearby cells
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SKIN COLOR
Everyone has the same # of melanocytes Skin color depends
on amount of melanin produced
Other factors: Blood supply Beta – carotene Bilirubin
Dark Skin
Light Skin
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THE KING OF POP
What’s up with M.J.’s skin?
Vitiligo – disorder in which the skin’s melanocytes are destroyed
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VITLIGO
Possible causes: Body is allergic to its own melanocytes Cells destroy themselves during pigment
creation
FYI – Cancer patients can develop vitiligo after treatment; the weird thing? The vitiligo actually seems to stop the spread of
the disease!
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BACK TO M.J.
Underwent repigmentation Turn white patches dark
again.
Process failed Went through
depigmentation to reverse it
Monobenzene is used to bleach the skin until it’s all the same color
If he stopped the treatments, he would turn back
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ALBINISM Body is unable to produce or
distribute melanin due to possible genetic defects
High risk of skin cancer and eye problems
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PSORIASIS
Excessive growth and reproduction of keratinocytes followed by inflammation
Caused by the immune system mistakenly reacting
Speeds up creation of new cells and slows loss
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WHAT ARE THOSE WHITE SPOTS ON MY FINGERNAILS?
Leukonychia
Can be caused by trauma
Not a calcium deficiency
Zinc deficiency is more pronounced
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HOW THICK IS YOUR SKIN?
Epidermis: .5 mm on eyelids Up to 1.5 mm on palms/soles
Dermis: .3mm on eyelids 3 mm on upper back
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DERMIS
Directly below epidermis
Dermal papillae project upwards into epidermis Produce fingerprints
Made mostly of dense connective tissue
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DERMAL STRUCTURES
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BEDSORES
Interference with blood flow to the dermis can kill epidermal cells
Lying in one position too long causes weight of body to block skin’s blood supply
A.k.a. PRESSURE ULCER
Treatment includes shifting the patient frequently and keeping the wound clean
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SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER
A.k.a. HYPODERMIS
Loose connective and adipose tissue
Insulation
Major blood supply
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SEVERITY OF BURNS
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INJECTIONS
SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION Flu shot, penicillin
INTRADERMAL TB test
INTRAMUSCULAR Epinephrine injection
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ACCESSORY ORGANS OF THE SKIN
NAILS
HAIR FOLLICLES
SEBACEOUS GLANDS
SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS
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NAILS
Protective coverings
NAIL ROOT & LUNULA contain actively dividing cells
Cells die and become keratinized forming nail body
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HAIR FOLLICLES
Hair development
Specialized epidermal tissue Nourished by
dermal blood supply
Cells divide near base and become keratinized
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HAIR FOLLICLES Hair color is
determined by melanocytes near root More melanin
produced, darker hair
ARRECTOR PILI- smooth muscles that control “goose bumps”
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SEBACEOUS GLAND
Specialized epithelial gland that produces SEBUM
Oily mixture that keeps hair and skin soft, pliable and waterproof
Attached to follicles
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SUDORIFEROUS (SWEAT) GLANDS
Tiny tube that is attached to a coil in dermis
ECCRINE GLANDS respond to temperature
Sweat comes out of PORE
Forehead, neck, back
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SUDOIFEROUS (SWEAT) GLANDS
APOCRINE GLANDS
Respond to emotions
Active at puberty
Groin, axillary regions
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SKIN SENSORY RECEPTORS
The skin has receptors for “touch” Heat Pressure Pain Cold
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SKIN TOUCH RECEPTORS
MERKEL’S DISCS Sensitive to vibration
& movement Found in stratum
basale
ROOT HAIR PLEXUS Sensitive to hair
movement
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SKIN PRESSURE RECEPTORS
MEISSNER’S CORPUSCLES Light touch – objects
that brush the skin Dermis
PACINIAN CORPUSCLES Heavy pressure Dermis/Subcutaneous
layer
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OTHER SKIN RECEPTORS
THERMORECEPTORS KRAUSE CORPUSCLES
Cold RUFFINI CORPUSCLES
Heat
PAIN RECEPTORS Free nerve endings
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Hyperhidrosis Overactive sweat glands
Hands Feet Armpits
Caused by overactive nervous system
Treatment:Antiperspirant IontophoresisBotox injections
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The Skin’s Role in Homeostasis
Vital in maintaining proper body temperature
Important in the healing of wounds
Aids in production of Vitamin D
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VITAMIN D PRODUCTION
Skin cells help produce vitamin D
Dehydrocholesterol made by cells in digestive system
Reaches skin and is changed to vitamin D when exposed to UV light
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Regulation of Body Temp During intense heat,
nerve impulses signals the body to release heat
Blood vessels dilate, giving off heat through skin
Eccrine sweat glands become active
Sweat evaporates cooling skin
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Regulation of Body Temp
If too much heat is lost:
Muscles in dermal wall contract
Decreases blood flow and heat loss
Sweat glands inactive
Skeletal muscles contract involuntarily Release heat “Shivering”
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Healing of Wounds INFLAMMATION – wound and surrounding
areas become swelled Response to injury & stress
4 signs of inflammation: Redness Warmth Swelling Pain
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Inflammation Redness - caused
by increased vasodilatation More blood in area
Heat – increased metabolism; WBC’s try to destroy invaders
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Inflammation
Swelling – Fluid in area due to change in osmotic pressure Abnormal build up of fluid
called EDEMA
Pain –Pressure on nerve endings from fluid
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Healing of Wounds
Shallow wounds (epidermis) Epithelial cells divide and fill in gap
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Healing of Wounds
Deep wounds (dermis or subcutaneous layer)
Blood vessels broken
Clot forms and dries into a scab
Fibroblasts lay down collagen fibers forming scar
Phagocytes remove foreign particles