s mn ore overview by tan zhuzhong

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China Mn Ore Resource Overview

By Tan Zhuzhong, President of the National FriendshipAssociation of Mn Ore

Changsha · Hunan

2006.3.20



2

Manganese ore is an important raw material in

the steel industry. Along with the development of China's steel industry, prospecting for manganeseore has also increased significantly. Below, is a brief

introduction to China’s Mn ore resources andproduction situation:

1. China’s Mn ore resourcesAt the end of 2002, China had 237 registered

manganese mines. The total quantity of manganese

ore resources/reserves was 815 million tons, holdthe resources/reserves 688 million tons, foundationreserves 201 million tons, resource reserves 487

million tons, reserves only 130 million tons.



3

There are four main characteristics of Chinese

manganese ore resources : poor, thin, mixed, fine.

“Poor” means poor manganese content. The average of

manganese content is only 22%.“Thin” refers to thin mineral deposit : Most deposits are

1~1.5m in thickness.

“Mixed”: means the ore contains sulfur, phosphorus andother harmful elements. The majority of manganesecarbonate ore contains high phosphorus. It can not beused to make alloy.

“Fine” means the ore size is fine. Most manganese carbonateore granularity is 10~40u. Therefore, it is difficult toperform concentration by machinery. Manganesecarbonate resources comprise ¾ of all manganese oreresources.



4

China manganese ore resources are distributed

widely throughout 21 provinces and regions in

Guangxi, Hunan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Chongqing,

Liaoning and Sichuan provinces. But the scale of deposits are all quite small. Only Guangxi Daxin

manganese mine, Guiping manganese mine,

Liaoning Wafangzhi manganese mine, Guizhou

Zunyi manganese mine and Hunan Huayuan

manganese mine reserves are bigger than 20 milliontons. Guangxi Daxin manganese mine is the

biggest one in China with resources/reserves of

over 100 million tons.



5

2002 China main Mn mine resource/reserves

90.2620829439868180961110033148Total

3.952717626913263888Sichuan

5.8139993287031128775783Liaoning

5.91407000225561814211615Chongqin

g

11.1476640052138245051714817Guizhou

13.5493210080324512886556321 Yunnan

17.4119730074958447723229915Hunan

32.462233800154274691064619649Guangxi

(%)Total(kt)

Resource(kt)

Basicreserves(kt)

Reserves(kt)

Mine No.Province



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45.8% of total manganese ore resources and

reserves in China have already been explored. An

additional 48.4% have been explored in detail. The

general survey is about 5.8%. In another words

94.2% of manganese ore resources or reserves canbe used and mined. This shows China’s manganese

ore geological measurements have been well done.The investigation depth has achieved 300~500

meters generally.



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10036711Jiangxi

100151Henan

28.171637871.83417513Fujian

1001483Jilin

18.987274281.02310561Liaoning

2.9833265.43725431.593501Mongolia

17.19982382.8147301Shanxi

1001425Hebei

100281Tianjin

100351Beijing

5.80317376248.4026509911345.8025086943China

%Basic

res.(kt)

MineNo.

%Basic

res(kt)

Mine No.%Basic res.

(kt)Mine No.

General reconnaissanceReconnaissance detailedlyReconnaissance

China Mn mine reconnaissance 1



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General reconnaissanceReconnaissance detailedlyReconnaissance

%Basic res.

(kt)Mine No.%

Basicres(kt)

Mine No.%Basicres.(kt)

Mine No.

57.835207542.1737972Xinjiang

97.60170592.40421Gansu

20.292436379.9195713Shaanxi

14.775764525.7910062859.44231954 Yunan

7.345267128.2475133.025582Sichuan

100246783Chongqing

100981Hainan

1.793787750.611070352847.6210067712Guangxi

27.321568272.6741717Guangdong

2.8128451243.60441541953.595426213Hunan

0.2839199.72138626Hubei

China Mn mine reconnaissance 2



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Along with the fast growth of the China steel

industry, manganese ore demand has increased

year by year. IN addition to the increased quantity

of manganese ore imports, the Chinese

government has increased investments in

exploration for manganese mines every year in an

effort to increase national manganese ore

resources.



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1758.3812724.4Ave

1.92/t1638.3340002000

2477.41101999

2134.732601998

1033.990801997

2249.10315019961.89/t1639.09100001995

2181.88157901994

2294.3116039.41993

2910.67188019922186.24157701991

0.82/t1318.31120001990

910.5150001989

1282.6255101988

1273.87103701987

1425.97128501986

0.93/t1883.92116201985

1051.74198841984

Cost (rmb/t)Exploration expenses

(10k rmb)Exploration reserves (kt） Year

1984~2000 China exploration expenses for Mn mine



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The manganese ore geological investigation,

China manganese ore geologists established a

“high quality standard for manganese ore

prospecting” based on manganese ore resourcecharacteristic as well as technical level - high

quality manganese ore: Mn/Fe >= 6 and P/Mn <=0.003



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With a long-term prospecting strategy, China manganesemine geologists have conducted their research thoroughly to

determine manganese ore origin and manganese ore deposit

type division. This attention to quality illustrates the Chinese

system of prospecting, by proposing the deposit typology of

manganese ore by “the basin - lithic facies - contained themanganese rock series - manganese ore level - high quality

manganese ore”. They propose the new theory for

prospecting manganese mines at a latitude of 23° north.



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Some new technologies and methods have also been

applied in the manganese mine prospecting process. Since

MnCO3 a characteristic of weak magnetism, geologist have

decided to use the high accuracy magnetic prospecting, and

apply the electrical method all of which have provided good

results.

Because manganese has a vital role in the development of

the steel industry, the Chinese government has already listed

manganese in the strategic mineral resource list, using manytechnologies to develop manganese resources investigation.

So we believe China manganese reserves will be increased

continually.



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Chinese manganese ore production

China has already become the biggest

manufacturing country of SiMn, FeMn, EMM, EMD,and MnSO4 in the world. Almost all of theseproducts are produced by the internal low-grade

manganese ore except SiMn and FeMn. All EMD isproduced by low-grade MnCO3 ore; 95% of EMM isproduced by MnCO3 ore; MnSO4 is produced byMn35% MnO2.



15

China Mn series products output

180160MnSO46

146117EMD5

566494EMM4

230M、LCFeMn3

2680SiMn2

1250HCFeMn1

In 2005/ktIn 2004/ktItemNo.



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China has 600 manganese mines. Theoverwhelming majority are small mines. Only 25

mines have an output of over 100kt mt. The total

productivity is 12000ktpa. In 2004 the total output

was 10150kt, including 45% MnCO3 and 55% MnO2.

In 2005 the domestic manganese ore output still at

counts, but it probably is same as in 2004.

Estimated domestic manganese ore output will beable to surpass 12 million tons in 2010. Producers

are located in 12 provinces.



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MnCO3 (Mn

18%)

MnO2 (38%)

55%

45%



18

2004 China Mn ore output

0

500

1000

1500

2000

Mn ore output/kt 1700 1600 1400 1300 1150 900 500 350 250 250 150 100

Cho

ngq

Gua

ngx

Hun

an

Sha

nxi

Yun

nan

Gui

zho

Lia

oni

Hub

ei

Fuj

ian

Sha

anx

Gua

ngd

Sic

hua



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2004 China main Mn mine & company

25.8719.9130Guizhou Zunyi Mn mine15

26.0020130Hunan Huayuan Paiwu Mn mine14

27.0018.0150Hunan Huayuan Hengtai13

27.6023.0120Shanxi Lingqiu Zhongyuan12

27.9019.5140Hunan Huayuan Dongfang11

27.9018.6150Chongqing Xiushan Laoshangou10

28.2023.5120Shanxi Lingqiu Hengtai9

32.004080 Yunnan Heqing Mn mine8

36.0024150Shanix Lingqiu Jindi7

37.0025150Shanxi Lingqiu Mn company6

55.0028195Guangxi Tianden Mn mine558.0017350Hubei Changyang Mn mine4

60.0024250 Yunnan Wendoushan Mn mine3

66.0022300Chongqing Chengkou Mn mine2

92.4330308Guangxi Daxin Mn mine1

Mn content/ktMn%Output/ktCompany NameNo.



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Because many China manganese deposits

are small, thin and have low mining returns-ratio,only about 55% of mines over 100,000tpa achieve70~75% mining returns-ratio. The best returns-ratiois about 85%.

Only a few manganese mines like GuangxiDaxing, Guangxi Tiaden and Fujian Liancheng areopen mines, all others are underground mines.Mine ecological environment and safety have hadalready experienced great improvement. But thepartial small mines still have many problems andneed further diligent improvement.



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In order to enhance the manganese content to satisfy

demand, we did extensive research in mechanical separation

by gravity selection, the flotation process selection, the

magnetic separation as well as the bacterium selection

successively. We have obtained very good results using

magnetic separation. Five kinds of machines are used in the

processing. Presently, the DPMS series cylinder permanentmagnetic ore separator is being used in Zhongxing Dameng

Manganese Mine Industry Co., Ltd. Besides, Yunan Doushan

manganese mine and Fujian Liancheng manganese mine

have also achieved in the application. The ore concentrate

may enhance 3~5%, MnO2 in Liancheng may enhance above

10%.



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China has solved effectively the low grade ironmanganese ore concentration problem. In 2004 weproduced more than 1.4 million tons manganese

sinter with Mn35% content. It provided the highquality raw material for the SiMn industry.

Although we have done extensive work inmanganese resources investigation, as theresources is limited we have to import large amountsof high grade manganese ore from overseas to

supply the Chinese steel industry.



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2000-2005 China import Mn ore quantity

0

2000

4000

6000

Quantity/kt 1200 1710 2080 2860 4640 4570

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

In 2005 the Chinese government issued a new exportation policy and



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In 2005 the Chinese government issued a new exportation policy and

the manganese ore import quantity has reduced since September

2005. It drops 1.4% compared in 2004 (4.5784 million tons). However,the price rose 18.5% compared in 2004 (US$149.29/ton). In 2005

China imported manganese ore for the following countries:

Australian - 1.5689 million tons;

Gabonese - 611,700 tons;

Ghana - 554,400 tons;

Brazil - 553,200 tons;South Africa - 355,800 tons;

Burma - 271,600 tons;

U.S - 185,400 tons;India - 142,100 tons;

Kazakhstan - 89,900 tons;

Vietnam - 57,100 tons;

Indonesia - 48,900 tons



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2005 China import Mn ore quantity and country

48.9Indonesia

57.1View Nam

89.9Kazakstan142.1India

185.4U.S

271.6Burma

355.8South Africa

553.2Brazil

554.4Ghana

611.7Gabon

1568.9AustraliaQuantity/ktCountry



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3, Forecast

Looking for high-grade and easily mined

manganese ore is the top goal for Chinesegeologists. But at present the availability of low-grade ore is great and high-grade ore is rare, asituation impossible to change in the short term.

Saving resources, enhancing the mining

returns-ratio, environment protection are all still thepriorities for China manganese mine direction.



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Chinese engineers and technicians havealready achieved the solution independently to uselow grade of MnCO3 ore. Now 90% of EMM and 50%of EMD in the world is produced using low gradeMnCO3 ore.

Using internal and import manganese ore is thelong-term strategy for the China manganese industry.When the price is reasonable, manganese imports

will be over 5 million tons a year.



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Thanks everybody!

Special thanks for three professors - Song Xiong,

Mao Yiming and Li Tongqing to provide the most

recent data.

s mn ore overview by tan zhuzhong

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