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Last updated: 03/19/2019
Supplementary materials: Eye Tracking in Second Language Acquisition and Bilingualism (Chapter 5)* denotes a study that was included in the synthetic review of eye-tracking research (Godfroid, 2019)
StudyTopic Task
Font size and type# of items per condition
Primary Secondary
Boxell & Felser (2017, BLC) *Syntactic processing (Shallow Structure
Hypothesis)Reading short sentences Comprehension posttest N/R, Courier New
74 items (50 fillers) (4 items for each of 4
experimental & 2 control conditions)
Chamorro, Sorace, & Sturt (2016, BLC) *
L1 attrition; syntactic processing Reading short sentences - 18, Times New Roman
96 items (64 fillers) (8 items for each of 4
conditions, plus 64 fillers)
Clahsen, Balkhair, Schutter, & Cunnings (2013, SLR) *
Morphology processing Reading short sentences Comprehension posttest N/R
114 items (60 fillers) (18 items for each of 3
conditions)
Dussias & Sagarra (2007, BLC) * Bilingual syntactic parsing Reading short sentences Comprehension posttest N/R
108 items (8 items in each of 2 conditions, plus 60
distractors and 32 fillers)
Ellis et al. (2014, APL) *Learned attention in temporal reference
acquisition
Phase 2: Sentence decoding; Phase 3: Comprehension
testing- N/R
Phase 2: 6 items x 6 repetitions; Phase 3: 24
items x 2 repetitions
Felser & Cunnings (2012, APL) * Processing of reflexive pronouns Reading short sentences Comprehension posttest N/R, Courier New
36 items (12 fillers) (6 items in each of 4
conditions)
Felser, Cunnings, Batterham, & Clahsen (2012, SSLA) * Sentence processing Reading short sentences Comprehension posttest N/R, Courier New
Exp1: 60 items (32 fillers) (7 items for each of 4
conditions); Exp2: 80 items (56 fillers) (6 items in each
of 4 conditions)
Felser, Sato, & Bertenshaw (2009, BLC) *
Processing of reflexive pronouns Reading short texts Comprehension posttest 21, Courier New 72 items (48 filers) (6 items
in each of 4 conditions)
Godfroid et al. (2015, SSLA) * Implicit and explicit knowledge Judging grammaticality GJT N/R
68 sentences (34 grammatical, 34
ungrammatical; same set of sentences for timed and
untimed conditions)
Last updated: 03/19/2019
Godfroid & Uggen (2013, SSLA) * Grammar Acquisition Reading short paragraphs Comprehension check N/R24 short sentences (12
items in each of 2 conditions)
Hopp & León Arriaga (2016, SLR) * Sensitivity to case marking Reading short paragraphs Comprehension posttest 20, Arial
96 items (48 fillers) (transitive verbs: 8 items for each of 4 conditions,
plus 16 items with ditransitive verbs )
Keating, (2009, LL) * Sensitivity to gender agreement violations Reading short sentences Comprehension posttest N/R
84 items (48 fillers) (12 items in each of 3
conditions)
Lim & Christianson (2015, APL) *Sensitivity to subject-
verb agreement violations
Reading for translation or comprehension
Comprehension and translation 14, monotype font
124 item (84 fillers) (10 items in each of 4
conditions)
Roberts, Gullberg, & Indefrey (2008, SSLA) *
Subject pronoun resolution Reading short sentences Comprehension posttest N/R
56 items (32 fillers) (8 items for each of 3
conditions)
Sagarra & Ellis (2013, SSLA) * Sensitivity to tense incongruences Reading short sentences - N/R
80 items (48 fillers) (8 items for each of 4
conditions)
Spinner, Gass, & Behney (2013, SSLA) *
Grammatical processing and
ecological validityReading short sentences Multiple choice posttest Exp 1: 44, Calibri, Exp 2:
24, Calibri
96 items (32 familiar nouns divided evenly between 4 conditions and 32 novel
nouns divided evenly between 4 conditions; plus
32 adjectives divided evenly between 2
conditions)
Vainio, Pajunen, & Hyönä (2016, SLR) *
Morphosyntactic processing (Shallow
Structure Hypothesis)Reading short sentences - 13, Courier New
76 items (36 fillers) (10 items for each of 4
conditions)
Van Assche, Duyck, & Brysbaert (2013, SSLA) * Cognate processing Reading short sentences Comprehension posttest N/R
174 items (108 fillers) (33 cognates and 33
noncognates, divided evenly between present and
past tense)
Zufferey, Mak, Degand, & Sanders (2015, SLR) * Discourse processing Reading short sentences Verification statements N/R
72 items (32 fillers) (16 conditional relations [8 correct, 8 incorrect], 16 contrastive relations [8
correct, 8 incorrect], and 8 for temporal relations)
Last updated: 03/19/2019
Table S5.1 Design features of eye-tracking studies on L2 and bilingual grammar processing, knowledge, and representation
Last updated: 03/19/2019
StudyTopic Task
Font size and type# of items per condition
Primary Secondary
Balling (2013, BLC) * Bilingual lexicon and task effects
Sentence reading & reading for translation - 18, Tahoma
105 items (42 cognates, 63 non-cognates [29 cognates with non-appropriate L1
translations in the context, 34 non-cognates])
Carrol & Conklin (2017, BLC) * Bilingual idiom processing Reading short sentences Comprehension posttest N/R
92 idioms (40 fillers) (Exp1: 13 for each of 4 conditions, plus 40 fillers; Exp2: 10 for each of 4 conditions, plus 40
fillers)
Carrol, Conklin, & Gyllstad (2016, SSLA) *
Idiom or multi-word processing Reading short sentences Comprehension posttest 18, Courier New 40 idioms for each condition
Cop, Dirix, Van Assche, Drieghe, & Duych (2017, BLC) * Bilingual lexicon Reading a long text Comprehension posttest 14, Courier New
13 chapters of a book (Dutch: 94 identical cognates
out of 1776 unique words; English:142 out of 1742)
De León Rodríguez et al. (2016, BLC) * Lexical processing Reading aloud stimulus - Uppercase 72, Courier
New
440 items (160 real words in each of 2 languages, plus 60
pseudo-words in each language)
Elgort, Brysbaert, Stevens, & Van Assche (2018, SSLA) *
Contextual vocabulary learning Reading a long text - 14, Courier New 14 items for each word type
(lower-frequency & control)
Godfroid et al. (2018, BLC) * Incidental vocabulary acquisition Reading a long text Comprehension posttest 18, Consolas
29 target words (exposure as a continuous variable, ranging from 1 - 23
occurrences)
Godfroid, Boers, & Housen (2013, SSLA) *
Incidental vocabulary acquisition Reading short paragraphs - 18, Courier New
20 paragraphs (8 fillers) (9 paragraphs with unknown words; 3 paragraphs with
known words)
Godfroid & Spino (2015, LL) * Methodology Reading short paragraphs - 18, Courier New
20 paragraphs (8 fillers) (9 paragraphs with unknown words; 3 paragraphs with
known words)Hoversten & Traxler (2016, BLC) * Homograph Reading short paragraphs Comprehension posttest N/R 119 items (90 fillers) (14
Last updated: 03/19/2019
processingcongruent & 15 incongruent
or 15 congruent & 14 incongruent)
Miwa, Dijkstra, Bolger, & Baayen (2014, BLC) * Bilingual lexicon Lexical decision - 44, Courier New 450 words (250 words and
200 nonwords)
Mohamed (2018, SSLA) * Incidental vocabulary acquisition Reading a long text - 18, Courier New
40 items (20 target words, 20 control words) (encounters as a continuous variable,
ranging from 1 to 30 occurrences)
Pellicer-Sánchez (2016, SSLA) * Incidental vocabulary acquisition Reading texts Comprehension posttest 18, Courier New
12 words (6 target words, 6 control words). Each word occurred 8 times in the text.
Philipp & Huestegge (2014, BLC) * Language switching Reading short sentences - 20, Courier New320 items (8 items for each
language, presented 20 times each)
Siyanova-Chanturia, Conklin, & Schmitt (2011, SLR) * Idiom processing Reading short stories Comprehension posttest N/R 21 items (7 items for each of
3 conditions)
Sonbul (2015, BLC) *Sensitivity to collocational
frequencyReading short sentences Comprehension posttest 14, Courier New
92 items (62 fillers) (10 items in each of 3
conditions)
Yi, Lu, & Ma (2017, SLR) * Processing of multi-word units Reading short sentences Comprehension posttest 20, Song
160 items (80 fillers) (20 items for each of 4
conditions)
Table S5.2 Design features of eye-tracking studies on L2 vocabulary and the bilingual lexicon
Last updated: 03/19/2019
StudyTopic Task
Font size and type# of items per condition
Primary Secondary
Alsadoon & Heift (2015, MLJ) * Input enhancement Sentence reading Meaning recognition N/R 36 trials
Choi (2017, LTR) *
Input enhancement; idiom processing,
incidental vocabulary acquisition
Reading texts - N/R 14 collocations
Cintrón-Valentín & Ellis (2016, SSLA) * Form focused instruction Sentence decoding; - N/R
18 items (each containing both cue types) x 2
repetitions in the exposure phase
Indrarathne & Kormos (2017, SSLA) * ISLA Reading texts Comprehension posttest 24, Calibri 21 items
Indrarathne & Kormos (2018, BLC) * ISLA Reading texts Comprehension posttest 24, Calibri 21 items
Révész, Sachs, & Hama (2014, LL) * Validation of task complexity
Picture-cued story telling task - N/R 16 items (8 simple, 8
complex)
Shintani & Ellis (2013, JSLW) * Corrective feedback in L2 writing
Reading written stories with feedback (DCF
group) or without feedback (ME group)
- N/ROne written story (an
average of 3.17 items per essay)
Winke (2013, SSLA) * Input enhancement Reading texts - 18, Arial 17 passive forms
Table S5.3 Design features of eye-tracking studies on instructed second language acquisition
Last updated: 03/19/2019
Study Topic
Task
Font size and type # of items per conditionPrimary Secondary
Bisson et al. (2014, APL) * Subtitle processing in film Watching movies - N/R
4 DVD chapters of a movie (Dutch: 249 subtitles, English: 311 subtitles)
Montero Perez, Peters, & Desmet (2015, MLJ) *
Vocabulary processing through captioning and
test announcementWatching clips Comprehension posttest N/R A total of 18 target words in
two French clips
Muñoz (2017, System) * Subtitle processing Watching cartoons Comprehension posttest N/R2 clips (English: 248
subtitles, Spanish: 260 subtitles)
Winke, Gass, & Sydorenko (2013, MLJ) *
Caption processing in short video Watching clips Comprehension posttest N/R 2 clips (caption number not
reported)
Table S5.4 Design features of eye-tracking studies on subtitles and captions processing
Last updated: 03/19/2019
StudyTopic Task
Font size and type# of items per condition
Primary Secondary
Bax (2013, LT) * Cognitive processing of L2 reading test Reading for test - 11, Arial 11 items
Lee & Winke (2018, LT) * AssessmentVarious (Describe pictures,
Explain series of events, Ask questions)
- N/R 7 items
McCray & Brunfaut (2018, LT) * Cognitive processing of L2 reading test
Completing banked gap-fill tasks - N/R 24 items
Suvorov (2015, LT) * Listening assessment Watching lectures - N/R 6 videos (3 context videos, 3 content videos)
Table S5.5 Design features of eye-tracking studies on L2 assessment
Last updated: 03/19/2019
Study TopicTask
# of items per condition Color Pictures Picture Preview(Duration)
Fixation Cross
Primary Secondary
Marian & Spivey (2003, APL) *
Bilingual comparison of
lexical activation based on
phonological cues
Manipulate items -
Four conditions (between-language competitor
present/absent x within-language competitor
present/absent) with five items per condition; bilinguals
performed the experiment twice, in Russian and in
English
NA (Real objects) NA Yes
Marian & Spivey (2003, BLC) *
Bilingual comparison of
lexical activation based on
phonological cues
Manipulate items -
Four conditions (between-language competitor
present/absent x within-language competitor
present/absent) with 10 items per condition; bilinguals only performed the experiment in
English
NA (Real objects) NA Yes
Mercier, Pivneva, & Titone (2014, BLC) *
Inhibitory control in bilingual
spoken word processing
Clicking -
Eight conditions (word type [target, control] X display
types [within language competitor, across language
competitor, within/across language competitor, control])
with twenty items per condition
Yes Yes(207 ms)
Yes(before preview)
Last updated: 03/19/2019
Mercier, Pivneva, & Titone (2016, BLC) *
Effects of language switch
on bilingual spoken word
processing (cross-language
competition)
Clicking -
Eight conditions (word type [target, control] X display
types [within language competitor, across language
competitor, within/across language competitor, control])
with 20 items per condition
Yes Yes(207 ms)
Yes(before preview)
Singh & Mishra (2012, BLC) *
Effects of proficiency on
oculomotor control (using stroop task)
Looking-while-reading
Six conditions (congruency [congruent, non-congruent, neutral] X display [color & direction) with 24 items per
condition
Yes NA Yes
Tremblay (2011, BLC) *
Recognition of vowel-initial
words in context of liaison (e.g.,
l'ordinateur)
Clicking -Two conditions (lexical
competitor and control) with 48 items per condition
Yes(4000 ms)
Yes (after preview)
Table S5.6 Design features of visual world studies on L2 and bilingual word recognition
Last updated: 03/19/2019
Study TopicTask
# of items per condition Color Pictures Picture Preview(Duration) Fixation Cross
Primary Secondary
Dijkgraaf, Hartsuiker, & Duyck (2017, BLC) *
Predictive language
processing in monolingual vs.
bilingual listening
Looking-while-listening -
Four conditions (Dutch, English x constraining,
neutral) with 9 items per condition
No or NR Yes (2200 ms)
Yes (before preview)
Ito, Corley, & Pickering (2018, BLC) *
Cognitive load effects on
predictive abilityClicking
Complete Working
Memory task
Two conditions (predictable vs unpredictable) with eight items
per conditionNo or NR Yes
(1000 ms) No or NR
Table S5.7 Design features of visual world studies on L2 semantic prediction
Last updated: 03/19/2019
Study TopicTask
# of items per condition Color Pictures Picture Preview(Duration) Fixation Cross
Primary Secondary
Dussias et al. (2013, SSLA) * Gender Processing
Click on image in sentence
Respond to plausibility judgment
Four conditions (masculine, feminine x same or different
gender) with 28 items per condition
Yes No Yes
Grüter, Lew-Williams, & Fernald (2012, SLR) *
Gender Processing
Looking-while-listening -
Four conditions (masculine, feminine x same or different
gender) with 6 items per condition
Yes Yes(2000 ms) No or NR
Hopp (2013, SLR) * Gender Processing
Looking-while-listening -
Two conditions (same gender, different gender) with 5 and 15 items, respectively (5 items for
each gender in the different-gender condition)
Yes
Yes(participants
named all four images and then
had an additional 3000
ms)
Yes(presented with preview, sound
altered participants to
look at the cross)
Hopp & Lemmerth (2018, SSLA) * Gender Processing
Looking-while-listening -
60 articles (five in each of 12 conditions [same, different x
congruency x 3 genders]),Yes
Yes(participants
named all four images and then
had an additional 800
ms silent preview)
Yes(presented with preview, sound
altered participants to
look at the cross)
Mitsugi (2017, APL) *
Processing of case markers in Japanese (NS vs
NNS processing)
Clicking -Two conditions (active vs passive) with six items per
conditionNo or NR No or NR Yes
Mitsugi & MacWhinney (2016, BLC) *
Processing of case markers in Japanese (NS vs
NNS processing)
Looking-while-listening
Comprehension Y/N
question
Three conditions (canonical, scrambled, and accusative)
with eight items per conditionNo or NR No or NR Yes
Morales et al. (2016, BLC) * Gender Clicking - Exp. 1: Two conditions No or NR No or NR Yes
Last updated: 03/19/2019
Processing
(gender congruent vs gender incongruent) with 12 items per
conditionExp. 2: Three conditions (congruent, incongruent,
different-gender) with 14 items per condition
Suzuki (2017, APL) *Implicit and
explicit knowledge
Looking-while-listening
Comprehension Y/N
question
Two conditions (target vs competitor) with eight items
per condition for each of three structures.
No or NR Yes(5500 ms) No or NR
Suzuki & DeKeyser (2017, LL) *Implicit and
explicit knowledge
Looking-while-listening
Comprehension Y/N
question
Two conditions (target vs competitor) with eight items
per condition for each of three structures.
No or NR Yes (5500 ms) No or NR
Trenkic, Mirkovic, & Altmanm (2014, BLC) *
Morphosyntactic processing (as
opposed to relying on pragmatic
affordances)
Clicking -
Four conditions (no. of referent [1 vs 2] X
definiteness) with three items per condition
Yes Yes(4000 ms)
Yes(before preview)
Table S5.8 Design features of visual world studies on visual world studies on L2 morphosyntactic prediction
Last updated: 03/19/2019
Study TopicTask
# of items per condition Color Pictures Picture Preview(Duration) Fixation Cross
Primary Secondary
Sekerina & Trueswell (2011, BLC) *
Contrast interpretation
Manipulate items -
Four conditions (prosody X visual context) with five items
per conditionNA (Real objects) NA Yes
Table S5.9 Design features of visual world research on heritage language prediction based on multiple cues
Last updated: 03/19/2019
Study TopicTask
# of items per condition Color Pictures Picture Preview(Duration)
Fixation Cross
Primary Secondary
Andringa & Curcic (2015, SSLA) *
Influence of explicit
instruction in online
processing (interface
hypothesis)
Clicking -Four conditions (animacy X
object type [direct vs indirect] with nine items per condition
No or NR Yes(1000 ms)
Yes(before preview)
Bolger & Zapata (2011, LL) * Vocabulary learning
Verifying stimulus-match -
Two conditions (semantic relatedness) with eight items
per conditionNo or NR NA No or NR
Hopp (2016, SLR) * Gender Processing
Looking-while-listening -
Two conditions (same gender, different gender) with 5 and 15 items, respectively (5 items for
each gender in the different-gender condition)
Yes
Yes(participants
named all four images and then
had an additional 3000
ms silent preview)
(participants named all four
images and then had an
additional 3000 ms silent preview)
Yes(presented with preview, sound
altered participants to
look at the cross)
Kohlstedt & Mani (2018, BLC) *Predictive language
processing
Looking-while-listening -
Four conditions (context [biasing vs neutral] x prime
type [familiar vs pseudo]) with 10 items per condition
Yes Yes(2000 ms)
Yes(before preview)
Last updated: 03/19/2019
Table S5.10 Design features of visual world research on effects of L2 instruction
Last updated: 03/19/2019
Study TopicTask
# of items per condition Color Pictures Picture Preview(Duration)
Fixation Cross
Primary Secondary
Cunnings, Fotiadou, & Tsimpli (2017, SSLA) *
Interpretation and reanalysis of
overt subject pronouns in a
non-null subject language by
learners with an L1 null subject
language.
Looking-while-listening
Binary-answer comprehension questions
Four conditions (subject or object bias x ambiguous or unambiguous) with 24 sentences
per conditionYes Yes
(1000 ms)
Kim, Montrul, & Yoon (2015, APL) *
Interpretation of reflexives and
pronounsClick and drag -
Two conditions (coargument & picture NP) with 18 items
per condition Yes
Yes (same images
throughout the experiment)
No or NR
Pozzan & Trueswell (2016, BLC) *Interpretation of
garden path sentences
Click and drag on images to perform an
action.
- -
Four conditions (Temporary
Ambiguity X Referential
Context [1-, 2-referents]) with
24 items per condition
Yes No or NR
Sekerina & Sauermann (2015, SLR) *
Quantifier interpretation
Looking-while-listening
Y/N description
accuracy task
Two conditions (animate vs inanimate) with 6 items per
conditionYes No or NR No or NR
Table S5.11 Design features of visual world research on L2 and heritage-language referential processing
Last updated: 03/19/2019
Study Topic Task
# of items per condition Color Pictures Picture Preview(Duration)
Fixation Cross
Primary Secondary
Flecken (2011, BLC) * Event conceptualization
Describe the action of the
video-
Four experimental conditions (change in state with effected object, with affected object,
with two levels of event representation, and motion events) with 10 items per condition + eight in the
control condition (no change in state)
Yes NA Yes
Flecken, Carroll, Weimar, & Von Stutterheim (2015, MLJ) *
Spatial conceptualization
Describe the action of the
video-
Two conditions (short vs long trajectories) with 10 items per
conditionYes NA Yes
Kaushanskaya & Marian (2007, LL) *
Non-target language
orthography and phonology
interference on target language
production
Name pictures (ignore text on
screen)-
Three conditions (Russian word, nonword, English
translation equivalent) with 22 items per condition No or NR NA Yes
McDonough, Crowther, Kielstra, & Trofimovich (2015, SLR) *
Corrective feedback
(recognition of recasts)
Face-to-face interaction -
14 recasts per participant analyzed No or NR NA NA
McDonough, Trofimovich, Dao, & Dion (2017, SSLA) *
Acquisition of morphosyntactic
feature (word order) via interaction
Face-to-face interaction -
Learning phase: 16 items in each of two conditions (SVO
vs OVS).
Feedback (and subsequent eye gaze analysis) was based on
accuracy of participants responses.
No or NR NA NA
Last updated: 03/19/2019
Table S5.12 Design features of visual world research on bilingual and L2 production studies