safety of dangerous goods and security city atrium vooruitgangstraat 56 1210 brussel...
TRANSCRIPT
Safety of Dangerous Goods and Security
City AtriumVooruitgangstraat 56
1210 BRUSSEL
ADR Road Checks
1773
989
2024
570
2015
904
2153
1264
2301
1534
2211
1766
2046
2087
3926
1252
4975
901
4635
827
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Number of inspected vehicles
SPF Mobility & Transport Police
T:2762 T:2594
T:2919
T:3417
T:3835T:3977
T:4133
T:5178
T:5876
T:5462
ADR Road Checks
SPF Mobility & Transport + Police
Country groups
Total
2010Belgium
Other EU members
Non EU members
Number of vehicles inspected 3050 2371 43 5464
% of inspected vehicles with infractions 25% 19% 23% 22%
% of vehicles immobilized 9% 6% 12% 8%
Number of infractions per inspected vehicle
Cat. 1 (heavy) 0,10 0,07 0,12 0,09
Cat. 2 (medium) 0,11 0,07 0,09 0,09
Cat 3 (light) 0,21 0,15 0,14 0,18
% of vehicles where sanctions were taken
Warning 1% 0% 0% 0%
Fine 2% 19% 23% 10%
Other (PV) 24% 0% 0% 13%
ADR Road Checks
140
179184
7276
52
87
70
52
63
50
3339
21
3424
1715
1710
1116 13
91111
810
3 4 512 12
16
29
13 13 15 13
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
(7.3.7) (13.1) (1.2) (1.1) (6.4) (2.2) +(2.1)
(6.1) (7.1.2) (7.1.1) (6.2) (13.2) (13.3) (3.1+3.2)
Most frequent heavy infractions
2008 2009 2010
ADR Road Checks
68
59 58
99
53 5460
24
1715
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
ADR vehicle approval certificate (2.1/ 2.2 (/2.3))
ADR Road Checks
41
24
32
19
28
33 33
1315
13
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
ADR driver certificate (3.1/ 3.2/ (3.3))
ADR Road Checks
5249 50
53
49
3329
16 13
9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
non UN tested packaging (7.1.2)
ADR Road Checks
267
234
259
224
280
242 240
132
8397
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Labels and orange placards (6.1/ 6.2/ 6.3/ 6.4/ 6.5/ 6.6/ 7.2.1/ 7.2.2)
ADR Road Checks
45
38 38
49 4947
29
20 2018
0
10
20
30
40
50
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Leakage or damaged packaging (7.3.1/ 7.3.2/ 7.3.9/ 8.2.2/ 9.2)
ADR Road Checks
141
158175
211
255
163
194
140
179 184
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Load securing (7.3.7)
Overview1. Introduction2. Legislation: ADR & European Guidelines3. Cargo securing principles4. Calculations5. Recommendations6. Discussion
1. Introduction 25% of accidents involving trucks
attributed to inadequate cargo securing Consequences: Personal losses, traffic
jams, economical losses,… Long standing issue in road traffic leading
to widespread initiatives and measures Different approaches and enforcement
practices between different ADR contracting parties
2. Legislation ADR section 7.5.7 until 2005
7.5.7 Handling and stowage7.5.7.1 The various components of a load comprising dangerous goods
shall be properly stowed on the vehicle or in the container and secured by appropriate means to prevent them from being significantly displaced in relation to each other and to the walls of the vehicle or container. The load may be protected, for example, by the use of side wall fastening straps, sliding slatboards and adjustable brackets, air bags and anti-slide locking devices. The load is also sufficiently protected within the meaning of the first sentence if each layer of the whole loading space is completely filled with packages.
2. Legislation ADR section 7.5.7 from 2007 (as currently and taken
over from the UN Model Regulations)7.5.7.1 Where appropriate the vehicle or container shall be fitted with
devices to facilitate securing and handling of dangerous goods. Packages containing dangerous goods and unpackaged dangerous articles shall be secured by suitable means capable of restraining the goods (such as fastening straps, sliding slatboards, adjustable brackets) in the cargo transport unit in a manner that will prevent any movement during transport which would change the orientation of the packages or cause them to be damaged. When dangerous goods are transported with other goods (e.g. heavy machinery or crates), all goods shall be securely fixed or packed in the cargo transport units so as to prevent the release of dangerous goods. Movement of packages may also be prevented by filling any voids by the use of dunnage or by blocking and bracing. Where restraints such as banding or straps are used, these shall not be over-tightened to cause damage or deformation of the package.
2. Legislation ADR section 7.5.7 from 2009Footnote: Guidance on the stowage of dangerous goods can be found in the
European Best Practice Guidelines on Cargo Securing for Road Transport published by the European Commission. Other guidance is also available from competent authorities and industry bodies.
UN Model Regulations 7.1.1 Note 2Reference to IMO/ILO/UNECE Guidelines for packing CTUs, modal andnational codes of practice
UN Model Regulations 7.1.1.11 (new 2011)Stowage of flexible bulk containers…
2. Legislation European Best Practice Guidelines on Cargo Securing
for Road Transport (started 2002 – published 2006)
Published by the European Commission Non-mandatory Based largely on existing UK and German best
practices, industry standards and European standard EN 12195
Comprehensive review of lashing methods, calculation models, …
2. Legislation ADR 7.5.7.1 devices to facilitate securing & secured by
suitable means “ => EN 12195 + EN 12640
(B) Royal Decree 27/4/2007 art. 1.2 & 7
2. Legislation ADR 7.5.7.1 prevent damage or deformation of the
package” => Examples
(B) Royal Decree 27/4/2007 art 4:“adequate transport packaging”
2. Legislation ADR 7.5.7.1 prevent any movement which would change
the orientation of the packages or cause them to be damaged:
(B) Royal Decree 27/4/2007 art 4
3. Cargo securing principles Forces-> Fg = gravitational force = mass x 9,81 m/s² ≈ [mass in kg] daN
-> Forces of inertia: object in motion naturally stays in motion
-> Friction forces: energy dissipation through heat losses
3. Cargo securing principles-> Cargo securing forces = counterforces applied by securing
For lashings:Lashing capacity = force resistance before rupture of lashing Tension force = actual force exerted by the lashing on the load in a top-down lashing
-> Interaction: Newton’s laws of motion and classical mechanicsThe friction and cargo securing forces must
compensate for the forces of inertia during breaking, turning or acceleration
3. Cargo securing principles Friction-> enhances cargo/surfaceInteraction-> reduces the magnitude ofInertia forces to be compensated-> can be increased artificiallyBy use of friction placemats,…-> friction coefficients are givenIn tables in the European Guidelines, EN 12195, VDI 2700,…
Example:(no friction) – (friction)
3. Cargo securing principles Calculations are based on stable load
units: resist 26° tilt test
Examples: (1) – (2) – (3)
3. Cargo securing principles Load bearing capacity depends on cargo
transport unit (CTU) construction: containers (ISO 1496-1), swap bodies (EN 283), L & XL trailers (EN 12642)
Discussion
Cargo secured but lashing has cut into a UN cartboard box: 4.1.1.1 or 7.5.7.1?
Cargo secured by filling voids: visibility of the danger labels?
Cargo secured by lashing not conforming to a standard on vehicle without evidence of EN 12642 approval?
4. Calculations Based on EN 12195-1
Check cargo securing
Visible infractions?
Verify cargo securing according to EN 12195 or
IMO/ILO/UNECE
NO
Report and fine
YES
Post inspection after securing of cargo
Infraction?
NO
Cargo securing OK
YES
4. Calculations Information needed:
Type of load securing (blocking, lashing,…) Mass and setup of the load units Lashing capacity and tension force Lashing angle Friction factor Vehicle load bearing capacity
4. Calculations Example:8 boxes: 2 x 2 x 1.7m3000 kg/boxStatic friction box/floor: 0.4Lashing: STF = 400 daN
EN 12195-1 IMO/ILO/UNECE-> table: 1 lashing per box
-> (calculation sheet):2 lashings per box
5. Recommendations Emphasis on inspector training Development of guidance material,
calculation tools, … Cross - evaluation of technical
requirements (e.g. for transport packaging between ADR, EN 12195-1, …)
Uniform enforcement approach in the EU
Allow flexibility and alternatives“the perfect is the enemy of the good” - Voltaire
Discussion
Responsabilities after restowing based on inspection?
Calculations in practice for mixed loads? Different results for EN 12195-1 and
IMO/ILO/UNECE?