sakha dictionary

8/13/2019 Sakha Dictionary

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sakha-dictionary 1/56

1

Sakha-English Dictionary

!"#"$%%-&'($)*$%% +%$,-%."

Christopher A. [email protected]

Copyright © 2006 Christopher A. Straughn



2

Abbreviations

/%$(""һ%''"0

a. adjective int. interrogative/question word

adv. adverb Mong. Mongolian

arch. archaic n. noun cf. see also num. number comp. computer-related ono. onomatopoeia conv. converb, modifying verb pl. plural dial. dialect pp. post-position Evk. Evenki pro. pronoun exc. interjection, exclamation Russ. Russian

v. verb

The Sakha Alphabet!"#"$%% 12023-4)5)(6

&" 74 89 :( ;< =, =>,- ?@ AB CD EF G) HI /3

J$ KL M' Ҥҥ M>'- NO Өө PQ R0 !1 Һһ +. S2 Үү

TU V# WX Y5 Z[ \] ^_ `% >- a6 bc d*



3

Sakha-English Dictionary!"#"$%%-&'($)*$%% +%$,-%."

• !! exc. Oh! See!• !!"#$= v. to reckon with• !!%# a. each, every; &'( !!%# every day• !!& cf !!) n. document, paper; !!)= v. to read• !!* n. ship, barge, float, buoy• !!*= v. to rub• !!*#$= v. to socialize, mingle with• !!( n. door, entrance; !!((!!= v. to provide with a door; +*,-+. !!(! n. gate

• !!.-/!!. a. stupid• !!$ n. hunger• !!$= v. to go past, pass• !!0 n. name, fame; !!0-$-+* n. fame; !!0! n. comp. title; !!0 0#*

n. noun; 1!"!!2#( !!0 n. adjective; $+*,-%!. !!0 n. pronoun• !!) cf !!& n. document, paper; !!)= v. to read• !!)= v. to read• !!)!%= v. to pay attention, take account• !!)-/!!) a. stupid• !!2#3!( a. transient, transitory• !,! n. grief, annoyance; bitterness; !,!0#%= v. to become

annoyed; !,!.= v. to be annoyed• !,!!$#, !,!!2# n. ogre, demon, devil; !,!!2# &4.= v. to dislike• !,!!0!. n. comp. avatar

• !,!"! n. uncle (paternal)• !,-!2## a. extremely sour• !,#.!!= v. to save, rescue, help out [<Mong. aburaqu ]• !,#.!)0!!= v. to repair, mend• !,#0!% exc. Whew!• !50+/+,6*7 n. automobile, car [<Russ.]• !"! a. old, elder• !"! n. father; !"!-6%89 n. parents• !"!!= v. to glue, smear• !"!,##0 n. priest• !"!*= v. to give, deliver, yield, bring forth• !"!$ n. sister (elder)• !3.+(+/ n. agronomist, agricultural specialist [<Russ.]• !"#%!) a. lesser, somewhat, some, a little; !"#%!)0#) adv.

somewhat, a little; !"#%!!= v. to dwindle, lessen• !"#(= v. to remember, keep in mind• !"#(#!) cf +"-(-+) n. salve• !"#.#! cf. +"-.-+ n. glass beads



4

• !"#.#!= v. to be moderate

• !"#$ num. eight, 8; !)$#$ num. eighth; !)$#((7# n. December• !1!!. n. gnarl, knot, burl • !1!"! cf !1!*"! n. foot restrainers (for horses); burden, load• !1!*"!, !1!."!(!, !1#*"! n. dial. foot restrainers for horses• !17!.!% n. small demon • !17!$ n. quite, wholly, at all, entirely

• !%= v. to create

• !%! n. crossbow

• !%!!$ a. wild, untamed (of a horse) • !%!( n. road, path, journey, travel; !%!((7#0 n. traveler,

companion• !%8!) n. mouth, gullet• !%1!!( n. noise, uproar, commotion• !%1!!.= v. to be noisy, make a fuss• !%/!) n. relative, family member

• !%)!* n. glory, fame• !%#&&! exc. Ouch!• !%#*"! n. nature• !%#/(7# n. creation• !%## n. production, work• !%8## n. sin, error, crime, guilt, fault• !&!!.# a. stupid, dumb

• !&-:;.&! n. midwife, obstetric nurse [<Russ.] • !*! a. skewbald, spotted, motley • !*!!17# n. fritter, flapjack, pancake [<Russ. !"#$% ] • !*!!$ n. large open field with one or more lakes, surrounded by a

forest, and inhabited by a single family • <*!!$&! n. Alaska

• !*!/!"!% a. affable, cordial, friendly

• !*!. n. woods, grove

• !*,!!= v. to flatter, coax, wheedle; !*,!"! n. flattery

• !*,!$ a. cunning; n. trick, ruse

• !*,#( n. deceit • !*"!!= v. to bless; !*3#$ n. blessing • !*"!$ n. error, mistake; comp. cancel; !*"!2!!= v. to err, make a

mistake

• !*3#% n. large kettle

• !*17!0= v. to break; !*17!.)!% n. destruction, harm, damage,loss, sorrow

• !**!%= v. to open one’s mouth widely; !**!"!. a. with mouthwide open

• !**!.= v. to hollow, chisel out • !**!.! adv. down, downwards; !**!.!! a. low, inferior, below• !*0! num. six, 6; !*0#$ a. sixth; !*0#((7# n. October



5

• !*0!( n., a. copper; !*0!( +0 n. dandelion

• !*0#((7# n. October • !*=!%= v. to spread one’s legs

• !*#( n. lower part, underside, bottom

• !*#(= v. to seep, ooze • !*#> n. magic • !*#$ a. excessive, extreme

• !*#2!. n. perch (fish, Perca sp.) • !/! a. simple, plain, ordinary• </;.6&! n. America; </;.6&! ?+*,+2-&0!!) @0!00!.! (<?@) n.

United States of America (USA)• !/>!!. n. barn, granary; !/>!!. 1769 n. Russian hut, cottage

• !(!!= v. to appoint, set, fix

• !A!!. cf !A!. num. half, e

• !(!3#$&# a. next • !(!* n. destiny

• !A!. cf !A!!. num. half, e; !A!.1!!= v. to divide in half • !A!.1!$= a. single, alone

• !(!0= v. to have set, fixed, determined

• !(1!"!. n. vow [<Mong. anda & ar ] • !(1# n. velvet scoter (Melanitta fusca ) • !((7#*!!= v. to push

• !(# adv. now

• !> n. sorcery, magic

• !>&!, !>>! n. ravine; !>>!.!!) a. very wide • !>0!/!!)0#& a. automatic [<Russ. #'(!)#(*+ ]• !. ono. Roar!; !. 3#(= v. to roar • !.!!/! n. frame [<Russ. ,#)# ] • !.!!.= v. to separate, take apart; !.!!.# (>!19B) n. partitive

(case) • !.!!$ a. different, various

• !.!!2#(!% n. different things, et cetera

• !.!"!$ a. yellow, orange; !.!"#$0#%= v. to become yellow,orange

• !.!"#$= v. to depart, leave • !.!% adv. only, just, suddenly

• !.!*17#%= v. to be distracted; !.!*17#0= v. to distract • !.!)= v. to become separated; !.!!.= v. to separate

• !.!)c## n. expenses, outflow • !.,!%= v. to have messy hair; !.,!"!. a. messy-haired

• !."!! n., a. west • !.3#$ n. companion

• !.3#2!) n. dial cf +.3-2!) yoke

• !.1!) n. rain; !.1!)0!!= v. to rain

• !.17!!) n. large fish trap with a wide opening



6

• !.0#!* n. artel, artisan commune [<Russ. #,(-" ]• !.#3# n. wine

• !.#3#2#0 n. alcoholic

• !.#% v. to open

• !.#0 adv. sometimes, seldom; n. interval, interstice, distance,

space between • !.## n. butter, oil, grease; 179A&6. !.## n. boiled butter• !.## n. island• !$ n. food; !$=#0 n. cook, chef; $6. !2! n. berry, berries; '>-!$ n.

fortune, prosperity; !2#*#& n. meal; !$0!!) a. substantial,productive; +"-.-+0 !2! n. vegetables

• !$ n. hair• !$= v. to open; !2!"!$ a. open• !$= v. to strike, collide• !$$##( cf !.$##( n. arshin, 1.9 ft. [<Russ. #,.*/ ]• !$0!!= v. to cook, prepare (food), bake; !$0!(= v. to be prepared

(of food), to yield (of grain)• !$0#& a. enjoyable; !$0#(= v. to enjoy• !0 n. horse; !0 $9,9 n. harness, horse trappings; !0 &-(!( n. steer;!0 +"-$ n. bullock

• !0!!.= v. to dispatch, send• !0!"!$0!!= v. to offend, hurt• !0!$ n. friend; !0!$-1+"+. n. friends• !0!) n. foot, leg; !0!) 0!A!2! n. footwear• !00!= v. to castrate, geld• !00!!) n. horsemen, riders• !0#( a. other, another; n. side• !0#.17!) #%! n. August• !0## n. commerce, trade• !0##*!!= v. to sell• !0##*!$= v. to buy• !0##. n. stallion; !0##. $6,66((79 n. boar; !0##. +"-$ n. stud

bull• !-160+.6C n. audience [<Russ.]• !) n. rancidity; !)0!!) a. rancid• !)= v. to stop flowing, to cause to clot• !)$!!= v. to weaken, lessen; !)$!0= v. to make weak• !)$!!( n. account, number• !)$#((7# n. December• !)$#$ num. eighth; !)$#((7# n. December• !2!!= v. to eat• !2!"!$ a. open; !2!"!$ 1+."++( n. vowel• !2!.= v. to let through, allow to pass• !2!.## n. comp. autologin• !2!0= v. to feed (animals)



7

• !2#*#& n. feed, fodder, food (for livestock)• !2#(= v. to feel sorry for; !2#(#3!$ a. compassionate,

sympathetic; !2#(##& a. pitiful, compassionate• !2#A! n. locust, grasshopper• !2## a. sour, acrid, bitter, salty; !2## $'4.39% n. sour cream;

!2#%= v. to go sour; !,-!2## a. extremely sour• !2## n. molar• !=! n. mountain sedge• !=!! a. spoiled, capricious• !==#3#% a. small, tiny• !==#& a. hungry• ,!! ono. low voice, bass; ,!! 3#(= v. to speak in a low voice;,!!"#(!!= v. to speak in a low voice; ,!!"#(!$ v. low (of voice)

• ,!!% a. rich, wealthy; ,!!%-&''$ n. wealth and power; ,!!% 1-+* a. rich, wealthy

• ,!!%= v. to tie, bind; ,!!$= v. to bind (together, one another);

,!!%!. /!$$##(! n. baler• ,!!%#$= v. to carp at, cavil at, find fault with• ,!!& cf ,!!) n. fact [<Russ. 0#+( ]• ,!!*!!= v. to force, compel• ,!!( n. bank [<Russ. 1#/+ ]• ,!!((7#& n. bath, bathhouse [<Russ. 1#/% ]• ,!!. v. there is/are, there exists; a. comp. active• ,!!.##( cf /!!.##( adv. recently• ,!!$ n. wound; ,!!2#.= v. to be wounded• ,!!0! n. wadding, batting, quilting [<Russ. '#(# ]• ,!!) cf ,!!& n. fact [<Russ. 0#+( ]• ,!!2#(! n. field, pasture [<Russ. 2#./% ]• ,!!==!%= v. to complicate; ,!!==!) n. complication• ,!31!%= v. to have broad shoulders; ,!31!"!. a. broad-

shouldered• ,!"! n. desire; ,!"!.= v. to desire• ,!"! n. frog; ,!"! ,!0!2# n. iris (flower)• ,!"!(! cf. /!"!(! n. peg, post• ,!1!.!!( n. swamp, marsh• ,!% exc. Well!, Oh my!• ,!%= v. to become rich• ,!%!"!* n. ocean, sea; D!%!"!* n. Lake Baikal• ,!*! adv. much, greatly, abundantly• ,!*!!&&!, ,!*!!0&! n. tent [<Russ. 2#"#(+# ]• ,!*!"!( n. yurt, house; ,!*!"!( #%! n. September• ,!*!"!( #%! n. September• ,!*!(##$$! n. hospital [<Russ. 1!"3/*4# ]• ,!*,!!) n. dung heap• ,!**#."!!= v. to blabber; ,!**#."!$ a. blabbering



8

• ,!*0! n. hammer• ,!*#& n. fish; ,!*#&0!!= v. to fish; ,!*#&$#0, ,!*#&=#0 n.

fisherman; ,!*#3#/$!& a. fish-loving, piscivorous• ,!*#$ n. sister (younger); ,!*0#/ n. my younger sister• ,!*##0! n. valyuta, currency [<Russ. '#"5(# ]• ,!. ono. Roar!; ,!. 3#(= v. to roar• ,!.= v. to brew (of tea)• ,!.= v. to go, leave, depart; ,!.## n. departure, leaving; &9*66

,!.## n. coming and going; =!( ,!.= conv. to start to dosomething; =,#0#(!( ,!.= conv. to immediately do something

• ,!.!!= v. to spend• ,!.!!( a. dark• ,!.!,#!% n. sparrow [<Russ. '!,!1-6 ]• ,!.!( pp. after • ,!.,!) a. insignificant, unimportant• ,!.(!& n. criminal, fugitive

• ,!.=! n. brocade [<Russ. 2#,7# ]• ,!.# a. all• ,!.#!((7! n. jam, jelly• ,!.#%= v. to appear dimly in the distance• ,!.#* n. sketch, outline• ,!.#/0#! a. strong (of tea)• ,!.#0! n. index• ,!$ n. head, beginning; ,!$0!!( adv. from the beginning, at first;,!$0#A a. first, best; ,!$0!!= v. to become first; ,!$0!&# a. first

• ,!$= v. to fetch (water)• ,!$$! a. this much• ,!$#%= v. to master• ,!0= v. to chase, pursue, drive• ,!0= v. to fit into• ,!0!A! n. leather purse• ,!0!$ n. large knife, lance; ,!"! ,!0!2# n. iris (flower)• ,!00!!= v. to press, oppress, pursue; ,!00!!2#( n. pressure;

atmospheric pressure; ,!00!* n. oppression• ,!00!) n. hair, hairs• ,!0#$= v. to follow, pursue, chase, go after• ,!)=!%= v. to straddle• ,!2!!*#$$!, ,!2!!*#$0! exc. Please! [<Russ. 2!8#"96:(# ]• ,!2!!/ a. abundant• ,!2!!. n. bazaar, market• ,!2#% v. to master• ,!2#/(7# n. hoe• ,!2#."!!= v. to buzz; ,!2#."!$ a. buzzing• ,!2##,! exc. Thanks!, n. thanks, gratitude [<Russ. :2#:*1! ];/!)0!* ,!2##,!, ,!2##,! /!)0!* n. gratitude



9

• ,!=##A&! n. (high-button) shoes [<Russ. 1!(*/+* ]• ,;(E6( n. gasoline, benzene, petrol [<Russ.]• ,6,*6+0;&! n. library [<Russ.]• ,639.39066 n. comp. confirm• ,66 n. elder, older• ,66,9 n. beer [<Russ. 2*'! ]• ,66*&9 n. fork [<Russ. '*"+# ]• ,66. num. one, 1, a/an• ,66$ n. sort, type• ,660 n. comp. bit; ,660 0'.39(9 n. bitrate• ,6609. cf ,6909., 9,909. conj. or• ,6629& cf. 6$>6629& n. list [<Russ. :2*:!+ ]• ,6* n. Siberian salmon (Onchorhynchus sp.)• ,6*= v. to know; ,6*6$= v. to become acquainted with; ,6*639$ a.

curious, inquisitive• ,6*39 n. prognosis

• ,6*6 pro. that• ,6*636( adv. now, presently• ,6*639$ a. curious, inquisitive• ,6*66 n. data; ,6*66 +*+"+ n. database• ,6*6619 n. range, stove [<Russ. 2"*(# ]• ,6*690 n. ticket [<Russ. 1*"-( ]• ,6**9.= v. to communicate, declare; ,6**9.6*= v. to be made

known, communicated; ,66**9. a. well known, a certain;,66*9.66 n. declaration, notice, advertisement

• ,6*9 n. comp. file• ,6(069>&9 n. (automatic) rifle [<Russ. '*/(!'+# ]• ,6.6,690 int. Hello! [<Russ 2,*'-( ]• ,6.6391766. n. brigadier, team member [<Russ. 1,*;#$*, ]• ,6.639919 n. brigade, team [<Russ. 1,*;#$# ]• ,6.6299= v. to admire; ,6.629/ n. admiration• ,6.69/6%9 n. prize, premium [<Russ. 2,-)*% ]; ,6.69/6%9*99= v.

to award, to give a prize• ,6.69./9 n. time (conceptually) [<Russ. ',-)% ]• ,6$= v. to grease, oil, smear• ,62636 pro. we• ,626& n. cradle• ,626.9//60 a. popular, hot• ,626.99= v. to like, admire; ,626.9/ n. admiration• ,69 n. mare• ,6919.9 n. pail [<Russ. '-$,! ]• ,69.= v. to give; ,69.6*=, ,9.6*= v. to be given; =!( ,69.=

conv. to do something forcefully, against an obstacle; to persist indoing something

• ,69$ num. five, 5



10

• ,6909. cf ,6609., 9,909. conj. or• ,69=9. n. evening, an evening of entertainment [<Russ. '-7-, ]• ,+, n. bean, beans• ,+1+ n. appearance; 17'2'(-,+1+ n. appearance• ,+17++= v. to set a timeframe, deadline; ,+17+) n. timeframe,

deadline• ,+*++.= v. to become blurred; ,+*++.)+% a. blurry• ,+*-+0 n. raft, float [<Russ. 0"!( ]• ,+*-+0-((7-& n. carpenter [<Russ. 2"!(/*+ ]• ,+/,! n. bomb• ,++0-. n. epic hero [<Mong. ba & atur ]• ,+>= v. to forbid, prohibit• ,+>>-.+-$ n. question, problem, matter, affair [<Russ. '!2,!: ]• ,+. a. undemanding with respect to food, enduring• ,+.+,-*-+)!, ,+.-,-*-+)! n. wire [<Russ. 2,!'!"!+# ]• ,+.+3--* n. stroll, walk [<Russ. 2,!;9" =]

• ,+.+1--&0! n. product [<Russ. 2,!$9 k ( ]• ,+.+&-+0 n. steamship [<Russ. 2#,# x !$]• ,+.+A a. gray/grey, brown• ,+.+((7- n. harrow [<Russ. 1!,!/# ]; ,+.+((7-*!!= v. to harrow• ,+.+$0-+% a. simple, plain [<Russ. 2,!:(!6 ]• ,+.+$-+(!& n. shoat, piglet [<Russ. 2!,!: ë /!+ ]• ,+.+0+&-+* n. protocol, first minutes of a meeting [<Russ.

2,!(!+!" ]• ,+.+:&+ n. yearling calf• ,+.0-(-+% n. tailor [<Russ. 2!,(/!6 ]• ,+.-&-$+.-& a. half-light, half-dark• ,+.-- n. horsetail (plant – Equisetum sp.)• ,+$0--) n. herdsman, shepherd [<Russ. 2#:(9 x ]• ,+$)+ a. free, unencumbered, unattached; cheap; ,+$)+*++= v. to

liberate; ,+$)+*++2-( n. liberation, liberating• ,+0-3-(!%= v. to whisper• ,+0-.-+( n. cartridge, shell [<Russ. 2#(,!/ ]• ,+=-3-.!$ n. hazel grouse, ruffed grouse (Bonasa sp.)• ,4"4 a. strong, firm, sturdy• ,414A a. big, powerful• ,4*&4% n. islet• ,4*4) n. group, division, compartment, section• ,4*''( adv. in past years• ,4.4 n. wolf; ,4.42'0 n. wolf hunter; ,4.4*44= v. to hunt wolves• ,4.44= v. to wrap, cloak, envelop, cover• ,40= v. to hiccup• ,40''& n. cock, rooster [<Russ. 2-(9 x ]• ,4) n. garbage, trash, junk, rubbish; ,4)-$!) n. rubbish• ,42'4*9& n. village, settlement, inhabited place [<Russ. 2!: ë "!+ ]



11

• ,- pro. this, these• ,-3-* n. stack, pile, rick (of hay, wood, etc.); ,-3-**!!= v. to stack,

pile, heap• ,-&! adv. namely, definitely; ,-&!0#( adv. quite, wholly,

completely, exactly• ,-*= v. to find, locate, get; ,-*-/0-+ a. able to find; ,-*-3!$ a. resourceful• ,-*3-(7!) n. peak, summit• ,-*&-%= v. to confuse; to mix, stir; ,-*&--. n. confusion• ,-*0 n. prize, booty, goods, loot, prey; ,-*0!!= v. to hunt, catch• ,-*-3!$ a. resourceful• ,-*--& n. plow [<Russ. 2"9; ]• ,-*=-0 n. hunter• ,-+,!. n. cook, chef [<Russ. 2!'#, ]• ,-+"- n. prohibition• ,-+%= v. to forbid, prohibit; to quiet, calm, stop

• ,-+*= v. to be, become• ,-+/ n. obstacle, hindrance• ,-+. n. ground, soil, dirt, clay; ,-+.1!!) n. earthy, having

soil/earth• ,-+.!) n. powder, gunpowder [<Russ. 2!,! x ]• ,-+.0- n. harm, damage [<Russ. 2!,(3 ]; ,-+.0-*!!= v. to harm,

damage, hurt, spoil; ,-+.0-*!!) a. harmful, dangerous, predatory• ,-+$ a. pregnant (of animals)• ,-+0= v. to calm, to quiet• ,-+2! cf /-+2! n. reins, straps; ,-+2!*!!= v. to rein in• ,-+=-&! n. barrel, cask [<Russ. 1!7+# ]• ,-.!%= v. to make scatter; ,-.!*#(= v. to scatter, be scattered• ,-.3-(!$ n. heifer• ,-.1-& n. grain, crop; ,-.1-& !$0!!2#(! n. threshing; ,-.1-& !$0!!= v. to thresh; ,-.1-& ,#2##0! n. reaping, harvesting,grain-cutting; ,-.1-& ,#2!!=# n. reaper, harvester; ,-.1-& ''((9.66 n. grain or crop production, agriculture, husbandry;,-.1-& #2!. $6. n. agricultural field, crop-field

• ,-.-% n. guilt; 9.9%-,-.-% n. suffering, hardship• ,-.-%= v. to twist something• ,-.-+ n. smoke; ,-.-+*!!= v. to smoke, to give off smoke• ,-$= v. to cook, to boil, to be ready to eat; ,-2!.= v. to cook• ,-$= v. to ripen• ,-0-3!$ n. soup• ,-0-%= v. to mix, stir• ,-- ono. Wheeze!; ,-- 3#(= v. to wheeze• ,--%*! n. bullet [<Russ. 29"% ]• ,--*17! n. bullet, onslaught, attack [<Russ. 29"% ]• ,--*&! n. roll, bun [<Russ. 19"+# ]



12

• ,--( n. point, period, dot [<Russ. 19/( ]• ,--."! n. storm, snowstorm [<Russ. 29,;# ]• ,--$ cf. /--$ n. ice; ,--$0!!) a. icy, ice-covered• ,--0 n. hip, haunch, hock, thigh• ,--0!%1!!= v. to confuse [<Russ. 29(#6 ]• ,--) n. down (feathers) [<Russ. 29 x ]• ,-2!.=! n. type of fish dish• ,'3'179) n. gadfly• ,'3'( adv. today• ,'& n. fold, pleat; ,'&= v. to hide oneself; to bend, fold, arch,

pleat• ,'*''$$9, ,'*''29 n. saucer [<Russ. 1"5$4- ]• ,'4 n. cork stopper• ,'4/ n. cozy, remote, isolated place; traffic jam• ,'4. n. kidney• ,'.39$ n. awl, augur, brace and bit

• ,'.'%= v. to cover; ,'.'*'(= v. to be covered• ,'.''&9 n. pants, trousers [<Russ. 1,5+* ]• ,'0= v. to finish, conclude, come to an end; ,'09.= v. to cause to

end, to finish; ,'0'' n. end, finish; ,'09% a. closed; ,'0926) a. final, last

• ,'0'( a. whole, entire; all• ,'09% a. closed; muffled; smothering; remote; ,'09A6 a. rather

closed, rather muffled; ,'09% 1+."++( n. consonant• ,'09% n. fence, hedge, barrier; enclosed space• ,#! n. rope, bond, cord, twine, string; $6$ ,#!0! n. saddle strap;,#!2#0 #(!) n. cow able to slip leashes

• ,#!. n. liver• ,#1!!( n. fog; ##$-,#1!!( n. dense darkness, heavy mist• ,#%#* adv. this year, in this year• ,#&= v. to look out, peep out• ,#*!! a. arch. long• ,#*!!17!) n. stick for a shaman’s drum• ,#*!!( n. plan [<Russ. 2"#/ ]• ,#*!!0 n. shawl, scarf [Russ. 2"#(!+ ]• ,#*!!) n. flag [<Russ. 0"#; ]• ,#*!)# n. flea [<Russ. 1"! x # ]• ,#*17!!= v. to take away, deprive, remove• ,#*0!.#%= v. to exit, to leave the road; ,#*0!.#0= v. to force

off the road• ,#*#. adv. formerly, anciently; ,#*#.3# a. ancient;,#*#.3#0!!"# a. pertaining to ancient times

• ,#*#.##( adv. last year• ,#*#0 n. cloud; ,#*#0#.= v. to become cloudy• ,#.!!$ n. doctor [<Russ. ',#7 ]



13

• ,#.!!0 n. brother (younger) [<Russ. 1,#( ]• ,#.!!2#((7#& n. holiday, vacation [<Russ. 2,#<$/*+ ]• ,#.!/##$#*!(!2# n. industry [<Russ. 2,!)6."-/!:(3 ]• ,#.!$0## exc. Excuse me! [<Russ. 2,!=#( ]• ,#.!$0##(! n. sheet [<Russ. 2,!:(>/% ]• ,#.!)= v. to cast, throw• ,#.!2!!% exc. Good bye! [<Russ. 2,!=#6 ]• ,#.1!) a. impure, unclean, sterile, barren• ,#.1!) n. mosquito• ,#.#2#!(! a. per cent [<Russ. 2,!4-/( ]• ,#$= v. to cut; ,#2!. /!$$##(! n. harvester, reaper; ,#2## n.

cutting; piece, shape, character; ,#2! a. short, quick, direct;,#2#%! n. small knife; ,#2! 0!.1## n. comp. quote

• ,#$0!) a. intermittent, occasional• ,#0 n. louse• ,#0!!( a. slow; ,#0!!(#& adv. slowly; ,#0!!.= v. to slow down

• ,#0!.)!% a. small, minute• ,#0!.#%= v. to be crumbled up; ,#0!.)!% a. small, minute, fine• ,#0!2#0 n. mouse• ,#00#& n. groin• ,#0#& n. mustache, beard, whiskers• ,#0#.##$ n. scrap• ,#2! 0!.1## n. comp. quote• ,#2!!.= v. to explain• ,#2!!.## n. description, explanation• ,#2!) n. knife• ,#2#0 n. barrier preventing passage; dam, dike• ,#==!$ a. different, various• ,#==#( n. muscle• ,#=#&!% a. little, small• ,##,!. n. election [<Russ. '>1!,> ]; ,##,!.1!!= v. to elect• ,##* n. dust [<Russ. 2>"3 ]• ,##$ n. border, curtain• ,##2!!= v. to save• ,9,69$&9 n. message, notice, summons, agenda, business [<Russ.

2!'-:(+# ]• ,9"9299 adv. yesterday• ,919. n. lynx• ,9%9 n. body, nature, substance; pro. Self [<Evk.]; ,9%9 ,9%9 pro.

each other; ,9%9/$9& a. selfish• ,9&6%= v. to be lean; ,9&636. a. lean• ,9*6/69( n. dumpling• ,9*69 n. comp. account• ,9*69 n. sign, mark, token; ,9*69066 &4.= v. to observe, witness,

notice



14

• ,9*69. adv. already• ,9*6909//60 a. joined, registered• ,9*9/, ,9*9( a. ready, prepared; ,9*9/(99= v. to prepare, make

ready• ,9*9) n. gift• ,9.39( a. accurate, well-aimed• ,9.3929 n. cap, hat• ,9.399= v. to become worse (of a disease), be aggravated;,9.390= v. to make worse, to aggravate

• ,9.6& n. bribe• ,9.6(69 n. featherbed [<Russ. 2-,*/# ]• ,9.6$= v. to share• ,9.0 adv. very; ,9.16/$6%= v. to pretend to be excellent• ,9.9,69.&9*99= v. to examine, check, verify• ,9.9,9(9 n. log [<Russ. 1,-'/! ]• ,9.9/990 n. seine [<Russ. 2-,-) ë ( ]; ,9.9/990099= v. to seine

• ,9$ n. pine (tree); ,9$ #%! n. June• ,9$ #%! n. June• ,906.690 n. portrait [<Russ. 2!,(,-( ]• ,926$ num. fifth• ,9=990099= v. to print [<Russ. 2-7#(#(3 ]• 5!3+( (5!3-+() n. railway car [<Russ. <Fr.]• 5!$! n. vase [<Russ.]• 5;*+$6>;1 n. bicycle [<Russ.]• 5;0;.6(!. n. veterinarian [<Russ.]• 5.!= n. doctor• 3;&0!. n. hectare [<Russ.]• 3+*--, n. pigeon [<Russ. ;!"913 ]• 3+.=6F! n. mustard [<Russ.]• 3+$06(6F! n. hotel [<Russ.] • 3+$-1!.$05! n. [<Russ. ;!:9$#,:('! ]• 3.!// n. gram [<Russ.]• 3-+.!0 cf. &-+.!0 n. city [<Russ. ;!,!$]• 3#(= v. to do, make• 39((9 a. behind, back• 1! adv. also, too, even, indeed; 1!…1! conj. and, both…and• 1!! ono. Croak!; 1!! 3#(= v. to croak• 1!!), 1!!) ono. Caw! Caw!• 1!,!.)!% n. wood tar• 1!"!!= v. to touch lightly; 1!"!!2#( n. touching lightly; adjective• 1!"!!2#( (!!0) n. adjective• 1!"!(#…1!"!(# conj. both…and• 1!%,!!= v. to wave, flap wings, swing arms• 1!%1# n. dial cf 1+%1- land, country• 1!&#*!!0 n. report [<Russ. $!+"#$]



15

• 1!* n. cattle-pen, corral• 1!*!% n. sea• 1!*!%= v. to wave, gesticulate, swing one’s hands; to hit• 1!*!( a. reckless, careless• 1!*1! n. shelter (for livestock)• 1!**!%= v. to extend, spread (hands or wings)• 16.6A a. deep• 16.9&0!., 16.;&0+. n. director, leader [<Russ. $*,-+(!, ]• 169= v. to say• 169&6, 169&&6 n. direction, side, place; adv. to the side of,

towards• 1+"+*+A a. lame, disabled; 1+"+*+A(++= v. to limp, be lame• 1+"+. ( pl. 1+"+00+.) n. friend; !0!$-1+"+. n. friends• 1+%1- n. land, country; 6%89 1+%1- n. motherland, homeland,

native country• 1+*,--. n. shelf

• 1+*3-%= v. to surge, rise in waves, be agitated; 1+*3-0= v. tocause to surge, rise in waves; 1+*3-( n. wave (of water), storm

• 1+."++( n. sound, noise, voice; !2!"!$ 1+."++( n. vowel; ,'09%

1+."++( n. consonant• 1+.3-%= v. to sound; 1+.3-0= v. to make sound; 1+."++( n.

sound, noise, voice• 1+.++,+ int. Greetings! Hello!; a. healthy [<Russ. $!1,! ]• 1+.-+,-%! n. health [<Russ. $!1,!(# ]• 1+.-+,-((7-& n. buckshot [<Russ. $,!1*/+# ]• 1+)-+0 n. profit, return, income, receipts [<Russ. $! x !$]• 14,4A a. fast, quickly done; 14,4A$'%= v. to become fast,

quickly done• 14%= v. to grow silent, become quiet; to become deaf• 14%'4 a. sluggish, reticent• 14*'2'4( n. honeysuckle, eglantine, sweetbrier• 1-, 1-- conj. or; interrogative particle • 1-3! n. bow, arc• 1-31! n. planting, setting out• 1-*"! n. hillock• 1-+ conj. whether; interrogative particle; no translation • 1-+* n. open space, expanse; 1-+*!( a. vast; fierce, ferocious,

furious• 1-+.!!( n. echo; 1-+.!%= v. to echo, produce an echo; 1-+.!0=

v. to make produce an echo• 1-+$&! n. chalkboard, blackboard [<Russ. $!:+# ]• 1-.,! cf 0-.,! n. pipe, tube, horn, trumpet, chimney [<Russ.

(,91# ]• 1-.1! n. stronghold, refuge, shelter, cover, hut; duckblind



16

• 1--/!% n. consideration [<Russ. $9)#6 ]; 1--/!%1!!= v. to think,consider

• 1#1# a. similar, like

• 17!!&#. n. anchor [<Russ. %+!,3 ] • 17!!/ n. power, strength; postal relay station • 17!!/! n. pit, ditch, hole [<Russ. %)# ]• 17!!.#$$! n. spring grain• 17!!0 n. demon; evil, malice• 17!!2#%= v. to yawn; 17!!2#0= v. to make yawn• 17!!2#& n. box, chest [<Russ. %=>+ ]• 17!!2#*! n. cradle [<Russ. %:"* ]• 17!,!17# n. corner of the mouth• 17!,!.! n. gopher, chipmunk (Tamias sibiricus )• 17!1!%= v. to become poor; 17!1!A# a. poor• 17!% n. dirt, grime; )!.! 17!%, &'4) 17!% n. misfortune, bad luck• 17!%= v. to be absorbed, clear up, pass, be over

• 17!%"!! a. clear, (mostly) cloudless; 17!%"!!.= v. to clear up (ofthe sky)

• 17!%#A n. side, border, edge• 17!*!%= v. to direct; to observe• 17!*,!! a. absent-minded; 17!*,!!.= v. to become absent-

minded• 17!*&#%= v. to splash, to be splashed (of a liquid); 17!*&#0= v.

to splash, make a splash• 17!**!%= v. to expand upward, expand at the edges• 17!/ n. postal relay station• 17!/ n. road [<Mong. ? am ]• 17!A n. illness• 17!>0!%= v. to compress; to pile up, layer; 17!>0!*#(= v. to be

compressed• 17!>0!*"! n. layer, stratum• 17!.!*#& n. comp. icon• 17!.#*!!= v. to shake, tremble• 17!)0!. (pl. 17!)0!**!.) n. woman, female• 17!2!* n. management; 17!2!%= v. to manage, govern; 17!2!*0!

n. order, command• 17!2!*#/$#%= v. to meddle, interfere in others’ affairs• 1766,9 a. unusual, extraordinary• 176&06 a. strange• 176A a. true, genuine; truthful• 176$$6>6*6((9 n. discipline [<Russ. $*:4*2"*/# ]• 1769 n. house, home; 1769--+0 n. home, family; 1769*99= v. to

marry, wed; to manage a house; 1769 0!2#3!. a. around thehouse, domestic; 1769 $--%!!==# n. janitor, building cleaner;1769260 n. housekeeper



17

• 17+* n. happiness, welfare, well-being; 17+**++) a. happy• 17+( n. people, relatives [<Mong. jon ]; 17+(-/$!) a. sociable• 17+.+"+% a. cunning, smart, crafty• 174*= v. to pierce, make holes; 174*4.'%= v. to get holes, be

made full of holes; 174*4.&4% a. full of holes; 174*4 !$= v. to

pierce, penetrate; 174*4"4$ n. hole• 174$$4 adv. still, yet [<Russ. -= ë ]• 17-&!!) n. neighbor• 17-*!%= v. to be afraid, fear• 17-*--. n. diligence, aspiration; 17-*-%= v. to aspire; to work on,

persue diligently• 17-+*&! n. fir tree, Christmas tree [<Russ. ë "+# ]• 17-->>! n. skirt, slip [<Russ. 51+# ]• 17-2--.-(!% n. officer of the day, man on duty• 17'179%= v. to become skinny, thin; 17'1790= v. to make thin,

cause to lose weight; 17'179) a. skinny, thin

• 17'&99,6* n. Yukaghir; aurora (borealis); 17'&99,6* -+0! n. aurora (borealis)

• 17'* n. appearance; throught, judgement• 17'*9% a. deaf• 17'2'( n. appearance; 17'2'(-,+1+ n. appearance;

awkwardness• 17#* n. year• 17#*"! n. destiny, fate• 179 part. there, there is; exc. well, now, you see• 179,6( n. rust; 179,6((6%= v. to become rusty• 179(179( n. strawberry; 179(179((99= v. to pick strawberries• 179A&6. a. clear, transparent; 179A&6. !.## n. boiled butter• 19*,6 adv. very• 19*9 adv. very, exceptionally

• 19*9% n. abundance a. abundant, v. to multiply, become abundant;19>-19*9% a. very abundant

• 19A a. rare, sparse• 19A n. accident• B6.!G! n. giraffe [<Russ.]• B(;%&! n. harvester• BH>6 n. jury• E!5+1 (pl . E!5+10!.) n. factory [<Russ.]• E5+(+& n. bell [<Russ.]• 6366 n. file (tool)• 619 n. occupation, profession, specialty• 66 n. circle, loop• 66& n. urine• 66*= v. to hang, fasten, hook on; 66*626(= v. to become

entangled



18

• 66(= v. to emaciate, become emaciated• 66.= v. to go mad; to go sour (of milk); 66.19. /!$$##(! n.

churn; 66.636.= v. to behave foolishly, act madly• 66.6$= v. to quarrel with• 66$ n. sewing; 66$09(= v. to sew, do sewing; 66$09(9.

/!$$##(! n. sewing machine• 66$ n. work; '*9-66$ n. work, occupation• 660= v. to bring up, sustain, nourish, rear; to support, maintain;66069), 66006%9) a. adopted; domesticated

• 66066*99) a. loaded (of a gun)• 6%89 n. mother; !"!-6%89 n. parents; 6%89 1+%1- n. motherland,

homeland, native country; 6%89 )!.! n. entirety, totality• 6%89 )!.! n. entirety, totality• 6&&6 num . two, 2; 6&&6$ num. second, 2nd; 6&&9( a. both;6&&609 adv. twice

• 6* n. friendship, amity, peace; 6*1760 n. ambassador

• 6*16.6%= v. to fall to pieces; 6*16.&9% a. falling to pieces• 6*179**9.= v. to drive off, drive away, carry off; to deliver, supply,

furnish• 6*66 n. hand• 6*6%= v. to become wet; 6*60= v. to make wet, dampen• 6*6/ n. net; web (of a spider); 6*6/(99= v. to net, catch with a

net• 6*6( n. front (side)• 6*60= v. to wet, soak; to urinate• 6*626(= v. to become exhausted, tire• 6*&= v. to cast off, throw away; 6*3626(= v. to shake down (e.g.

the head)• 6*0= v. to take away, carry• 6*9 a. clear, open, revealed, obvious• 6/ n. sunset, afterglow• 6/-176/ n. silence, quiet• 6/639$ a. flexible, supple• 6/60= v. to press, wrinkle• 6A= v. to be absorbed• 6A6(= v. to stick to• 6(B;(;. n. engineer [<Russ.]• 6(6, 6((6 n. brother (younger)• 6A66. n. tendon, sinew• 6((9, 6((79 n. needle; 6((79*6& n. needle-case, needle cushion• 6((939. adv. in front of, from the front of• 6($0.-&0!. n. instructor [<Russ.]• 6A$9 n. greed• 6A$9 n. greed; 6A$9.= v. to covet, be greedy• 6(09.6926(9% a. interesting [<Russ. */(-,-:/>6 ]



19

• 6(=9%= v. to become wet; 6(=9"9% a. wet• 6.= v. to boil• 6.= v. to melt (of snow), thaw, warm up; 6.69.66 n. thaw• 6.6A9 n. pus; 6.6A906%= v. to exude pus• 6$ n. inside, interior; 6$099) 0!A!$ n. lined clothing; 6$ 0!A!$ n.

inside clothing, underwear; 62639., 626.179 adv. inside, within• 6$= v. to drink• 6$= v. to go; =!( 6$= conv. to be doing something currently• 6$= v. to swell; 62636.= v. to swell, redden from cold• 6$&9%= v. to swell; 6$&9( n. swelling• 6$&9) n. roe, spawn, caviar• 6$>66. n. spirits, alcohol [<Russ. :2*,( ]• 6$>66$&9 n. matches [<Russ. :2*7+# ]• 6$>6629& cf. ,6629& n. list [<Russ. :2*:!+ ]• 6$>9&099& n. show, performance, play [<Russ. :2-+(#+"3 ]• 6$066 n. cabbage soup [<Russ. =* ]

• 6$06A a. insincere• 6$069(9 n. wall [<Russ. :(-/# ]• 60= v. to bear, carry• 606 pro. this, these; 606((6& pro. such, like that• 60639$ a. hot• 60639$099= v. to gather• 6066 n. heat;a. hot; v. to become hot, heat up; 6,-6066 a. very hot,

hot as blazes; 6060= v. to heat, heat up• 606.= v. to get drunk; 606.6& a. drunk• 6009(9 adv. backwards• 609"9%= v. to believe, have faith; 609"9* n. belief• 609"9$ n. lack, insufficiency• 6266.= v. to whistle• 626( pp. for, on account of, for the sake of• 6260 n. container, bottle, kitchenware, casserole, dishes, crockery;6260-&+/-+$ n. kitchenware; =9.9(66*9 62609 n. inkstand, ink-holder; /!**!!) 6260 n. birchbark dishes with sewn work

• 6260= v. to hear, listen, obey; 6$06/069 a. able to listen/obey;6$0639( a. obedient; 6$099==6 n. listener, auditor

• 62606((9.66 n. information• 629*6%= v. to swell/redden from cold; 629*60= v. to make

swell/redden from cold• 629A9 n. stirrup• 6==6 n. internal spirit; master; ghost• 6==609) a. abandoned• 6=939$ a. warm; 6=939$06& adv. warmly• 69"9%= v. to bend• 6917939% n. cottage cheese



20

• 6919%= v. to fare poorly, become dilapidated; 69190= v. to makefare poorly, to dilapidate

• 6919$ n. cheek• 69( n. size• 69$ n. debt• 69)= v. to bend• &!*!> n. hat• &!/>!(6C n. campaign, drive [<Russ.]• &!(6&-* n. vacation, holiday [<Russ.]• &!>60!( n. captain [<Russ.]• &!.0! n. map [<Russ.]• &!.0+=&! n. file card [<Russ.]• &66 n. manure, dung, droppings• &66%860 cf. &6(7660 n. daughter-in-law• &66*9 n. kilo, kilogram [<Russ. +*"! ]• &66( n. navel; center

• &66(9 n. movie, cinema [<Russ. +*/! ]• &66.= v. to enter, go in; to set (of the sun); to go out into; &66.66

n. comp. access; &66.66 !!0 n. comp. login; &66.66 0#* n. password

• &66$ n. sable (Martes sp.); &66$ 06A6*9"9 n. stone bramble(Rubus saxatilis )

• &6&= v. to incite, instigate• &6*,6& a. timid, shy; &6*,6%= v. to be timid, shy; &6*,636%= v.

to become timid, shy• &6*69> n. bread [<Russ. x "-1 ]• &6**9.= v. to bring, lead in, introduce• &6**9.= v. to enter, bring inside• &6**926& n. insertion, patch• &6*+/;0. n. kilometer [<Russ.]• &6*9%= v. to reflect, shine, glitter; &6*9A n. reflection, shine;

snow-crusted ground• &6/ int. who?; &6/(99) int. who (pl.)?; &6/ 9.9 pro. someone,

somebody; &6/ 1!, &6/ 1!"!(# pro. no one, nobody; &6/69(9% int. whose?, of whom?

• &6/= v. to press hard, attack, advance• &6(6 pro. he, she; &6(69(9 pro. his, hers; &6(6*9. pro. they;&6(6*9. &69(9 pro. theirs

• &6(639 n. book [<Russ. +/*;# ]; &6(369 &-/!!"# n. books andpapers, documents

• &6(7660 cf. &66%860 n. daughter-in-law• &6+$& n. newsstand, magazine stall, kiosk [<Russ.]• &6. n. dirt, filth; &6.199) a. dirty; &6.06%= v. to become dirty• &6.= v. to chew, gnaw, nibble• &6.6*69$ n. staircase, stairs; ladder



21

• &6.>66==9 n. brick [<Russ. +*,2*7 ]• &6.9919 n. (flower) bed [<Russ. ;,%$# ]• &6$099= v. to hide, secrete• &6$099= v. to neigh• &626 n. person, human, man• &62606%= v. to become humane• &69A a. wide; &69A- &69A a. very wide• &69> n. form, shape• &69>&9 n. baseball cap [<Russ. +-2+# ]• &69.39 n. arch. jewel• &69.39%= v. to become more pretty; &69.390= v. to decorate,

adorn• &6929 n. evening, night a. late; &69299 a. nocturnal, evening, late;&6929.= v. to grow dark

• &+*)-+$ n. kolkhoz, collective farm• &+/,!%( n. combine, grain harvester [<Russ. <Eng.]

• &+/6$$6C n. commission, panel [<Russ.]• &+/6090 n. committee [<Russ.]• &+//-(6$0 n. communist [<Russ.]• &+/-+$ n. dipper, ladle• &+($060-F6C n. constitution [<Russ.]• &+(F;.0 n. concert [<Russ.]• &++>;.!065 n. co-op, co-operative• &4"4 n. hook, trigger• &4"4( n. wild duck, drake; mallard (Anas platyrhynchos )• &4"4.= v. to become blue• &4"'%= v. to stimulate• &4"'$ n. spine, back• &41734 a. alienated, unloved• &4%4.34( n. ferment, leavening• &4*4 n. working cattle• &4*42'( n. sweat• &4*'%= v. to yoke, attach to a yoke• &4/= v. to bury• &4/4*4$= v. to help• &4/'$ n. that which has been buried; gold, silver; &#2#* &4/'$ n.

gold; '.'A &4/'$ n. silver• &4/'$&9$ a. defensive, protective; &4/'$&99= v. to defend, protect• &4(= v. to straighten, become straight; &4((4.= v. to straighten,

make straight; &4((4.44==' n. rectifier; &4(4 a. straight• &4((4.' a. simple• &4A44= v. to restrict, limit• &4A4$= a. greedy• &4A'* n. freedom



22

• &4> a. fluffy; v. to fluff; to rise, to heave; to become stronger (of adisease); to float to the surface; &4,'0= v. to make fluff, to makerise

• &4>>4 a. lazy; &4>>4%= v. to become lazy; &4>>40= v. to makelazy

• &4>>4) n. junk on the surface of water, flotsam and jetsam• &4. n. fun; &4.-(!. n. fun• &4.= v. to see; &4.'/0'4 a. able to see, observe; !,!!2# &4.= v.

to dislike; &4.'' n. comp. view; &4.144= v. to look for, ask for;&4.'A n. appearance; &4.'((7'& n. gallery

• &4.14.'' n. index• &4.14$= v. to beg, request; &4.142''& a. constantly begging,

needy• &4.'A n. appearance• &4.'((7'& n. gallery• &4.'A9 n. version

• &4.'$= v. to meet; &4.$'4 a. modest, amiable• &4$ n. arch. eye• &4$ n. mile, migration• &4$= v. to migrate, move from one place to another• &4$0'.''A&9 n. sauce-pan, pot [<Russ. +#:(,5"% ]• &4$0''/ n. suit (of clothing) [<Russ. +!:(5) ]• &40= v. to fly; &404.-$''.9. n. animals, animal kingdom,

Animalia • &404**44= v. to hitch horses together• &404. n. bird; &404.-$''.9. n. animals, animal kingdom,

Animalia • &404.-$''.9. n. animals, animal kingdom, Animalia • &404) a. skinny• &404)= v. to lift, raise• &40'/9) a. negligent, slipshod• &40'.= v. to tear down• &40'0= v. to miss, slip, trip, fall; fail, omit• &40'0= v. to winnow, sift; to wave; &40'09. /!$$##(! n.

winnower• &4) n. enthusiasm, initiative• &4)4 n. hatrack, coatstand• &4))4= v. to accompany• &42'%= v. to become numb; &42'0= v. to make numb• &42'$= v. to appear• &42''( a. slow• &.;/ n. cream [<Russ.]• &.'c'( a. Georgian• &-,! n. swan (Cygnus sp.)• &-,!"!% a. pale



23

• &-,!.(!0+. n. governor, administrator [<Russ. ;91-,/#(!, ]• &-,!.#%= v. to become pale; &-,!.)!% a. pale• &-3!$ a. brown, chestnut, ruddy, red• &-%! a. miniature, tiny• &-%!!. n. outer space; v. to soar, fly up• &-%!!$ n. heat; a. hot• &-%8!) n. armor• &-%--. n. fishing net• &-*!)# n. bug, bedbug• &-*3!!) n. ear• &-*-( n. foal; &-*-( 0-0!. n. March• &-*-( 0-0!. n. March• &-*-0 n. slave, servant• &-*--> n. (social) club [<Russ. +"91 ]• &-/!!"# n. paper; &6(369 &-/!!"# n. books and papers,

documents

• &-/!) n. sand• &-+,!) n. hare, rabbit• &-+"!$ n. loon (Gavia sp.)• &-+*!% n. esophagus, food-pipe• &-+*!$ n. ear of grain [<Russ. +!"!: ]• &-+*!$ n. voice, vote [<Russ. ;!"!: ]; &-+*!$0!!= v. to vote, voice

approval • &-+>0! n. woman’s jacket [<Russ. +!0(# ] • &-+.!0 cf. 3-+.!0 n. city [<Russ. ;!,!$]• &-+./! n. stern (of a ship) [<Russ. korma ]• &-+.$-( n. feather, quill, down• &-+$&! n. cat [<Russ. +!.+# ]; &-+$&!/$!) a. cat-loving• &-+0= v. to run away from, outrun; &-+0-(= v. to evade;&-+0!*!!= v. to outrun, leave behind; &-+0!*!$= v. to compete,race with; &-+0!*!2## n. competition

• &-. a. arid, dry, stale, old; &-.-%= v. to become stale• &-. n. belt, strap• &-.!!( n. drought; &-.!!(!) a. dry, empty• &-.!$ a. pungent, astringent (of taste)• &-.1-& a. same, similar, like• &-.0!) n. stomach• &-.0-%!) n. black grouse (Tetrao tetrix )• &-.-*!!= v. to gurgle; &-.-*!$ a. gurgling• &-.-/ n. feast, banquet• &-.-A, &-.-A!) n. dried up tree, forest• &-.->>! n. groats (barley) [<Russ. +,92# ]• &-.->>!!$&# n. partridge [<Russ. +9,!2#(+# ]• &-.--& adv. constantly, continually• &-.-2+) n. circle, discussion group [<Russ. +,98!+ ]



24

• &-$ n. duck; &-$-)!!$ n. water fowl; &-$=-0, &-==-0 n. bird dog;/!$ &-$ n. wood duck (Aix galericulata )

• &-0= v. to pour, scatter, spread• &-0! n. swamp• &-0!! n. bonfire, campfire• &-00!!= v. to frighten, scare; &-00!(= v. to become scared,frightened; &-00!!$ a. fearful, scared, frightened; &-00!* n. fear,

danger; &-00!*!!) a. dangerous• &-0-%!) n. mouse• &-0-.-& n. tail• &--&-*! n. doll [<Russ. +9+"# ]• &--&-(! n. kitchen [<Russ. +9@/% ]• &--* n. bag; matting• &--.= v. to dry, cause to dry; &--.0= v. to be dried• &--.= v. to perform a shaman’s ritual• &--.-$$! n. hen, chicken, fowl [<Russ. +9,*4# ]

• &--$= v. to hug• &--=! n. heap, pile [<Russ. +97# ]• &--==! adv. quite, completely• &-2!"!( a. bad, evil; &-2!"!((#& adv. poorly, badly• &-=-%= v. to reach an agreement• &'&'. n. feed trough• &'* n. ash, ashes• &'*= v. to laugh; &'*'/ n. smile; &'*'' n. laughter; &'*''& a.

laughable, ridiculous; risible, disposed to laughing• &'*39.6 n. lizard• &'*'& n. shade, shadow• &'*'/ n. sparkle; &'*'/9) a. flash-like; exceptional• &'*''$ n. key [<Russ. +"57 ]• &'( n. sun, day; &'('$ adv. by day; midday, afternoon; &'( +.0+0+ n. midday, noon; &'( #% n. time

• &'(19 n. darling; &'(1' a. dear, valuable, precious• &'(('& n. diary• &'('$ n. midday, noon, afternoon• &'(''2'0 n. jealous man• &'43' n. fishing pole• &'4* n. lake• &'4/9% n. throat• &'4(9) n. Eurasian minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus )• &'4.=9) n. drink made with milk, honey, and spice; frappe• &'4.939% n. lark (bird)• &'4.9%= v. to soar up, shoot upward• &'4$ n. (cooking) pot• &'4) a. blue, green; &'4) $'.9) n. lazy person; +0 &'4"9 a. green;)!**!!( &'4"9 a. blue; &'4) 17!% n. misfortune, bad luck



25

• &'.,9 n. bridge• &'.0= v. to dig; &'.179) n. shovel, spade, dig• &'.0= v. to shovel; &'.09) n. shovel• &'.'4 n. fence, stockade• &'.99= v. to run away, flee; &'.99179) n. runaway, fugitive• &'.9906((76& n. chicken coop [<Russ. +9,%(/*+ ]• &'$, &'2'( n. autumn, fall; adv. in the fall• &'0'40 n. son-in-law• &'0'. a. stingy, miserly• &'09. n. muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus )• &'' ono. Buzz!; &'' 3#(= v. to buzz• &''.= v. to strain, exert• &''$ n. strength; &''$099) a. strong; &''$--+) n. strength, power,

might; &''2'/$'%= v. to pretend to be strong• &''0= v. to wait for, await• &#! n. tinder, kindling

• &#!%= v. to be able; to win, succeed, overcome, conquer, destroy;&#!%0!.= v. to lose; &#!**!. '*9 n. managerial work

• &#!.!"!$ a. close, narrow• &#!) n. mastery, power• &#,!!$ n. kvass [<Russ. +'#: ]• &#,#(= v. to grip, put under one’s arm; &#,#0= v. to insert;&#,#0#& n. insertion

• &#17#%= v. to become old; &#.17!"!$ a. old (not young)• &#% a. far, distant, remote; &#%!!.= v. to fly far away • &#&&#.!!= v. to creak• &#* n. horsehair• &#*!!$ n. class, classroom [<Russ. +"#:: ]• &#*!/!( n. eyelash• &#*!. a. squinty, cross-eyed; &#*!(= v. to squint; &#*!0= v. to

cause to squint• &#*3!$ a. short; &#*3!!= v. to shorten• &#*#."!!= v. to rattle• &#/(7## n. whip• &#/#.1!"!$ n. ant• &#/#$ n. kumiss (fermented mare’s milk)• &#(!0, &#%8!0 n . wing; $!.## &#(!0 n. bat• &#A&#(!!= v. to clink; &#A&#(!$ a. clinking• &#A$6%= v. to speak through one’s nose• &#>-&#2#* a. flaming red• &#>0#% n. scissors• &#.! a. small; &#.!0#%= v. to become small; &#.!0#& a. small,

little, not much; &#.!0#A# a. smallish

• &#.!!,#* n. rake [<Russ. ;,#1"* ]• &#.!!% a. far away, distant



26

• &#.!!%= v. to soar up very far, high; &#.!!0= v. to throw up veryfar, make soar very high

• &#.!!$&! n. paint, color, dye [<Russ. +,#:+# ]; &#.!!$&!*!!) a. colorful, painted, adorned; &#.!!$&!*!!= v. to paint

• &#.!3# a. sharp-sighted• &#.,!!= v. to cut into pieces; to strike, beat; &#.,!$ n. piece; a. cut to pieces, piecemeal• &#.17!"!$ a. old, elderly; &#.17!"!2#/$#%= v. to pretend to be

old• &#.17#& a. true, veritable, exact• &#.$! n. polar fox, Arctic fox (Alopex/Vulpes lagopus )• &#.#! n. frost, hoar• &#.#%= v. to become old, to age; &#.#0 v. to make age, make

become old• &#.#%= v. to cut, clip, shear• &#.#& n. anger, spite; &#.#&0#%= v. to become angry

• &#.#(!!$ n. ermine (Mustela erminea ) [<Russ. ;!,/!:(#6 ]• &#.## n. furthest border, edge• &#.##/>! n. violin [<Russ. :+,*2+# ]• &#$, &#2#( n. winter; &#$ )!!. n. winter snow, snow which will

not melt until May; &#$ /!$ n. wood cut in the fall to prepare forwinter; &#$0!!= v. to winter, spend winter; &#$0##. &404. n. winter birds; &#2#AA#a. wintery, pertaining to winter; $!%#(

&#2#( n. the whole year• &#$= v. to cut; to plane, scrape, carve; &#2##= v. to scrape• &#$0#& n. anvil• &#$0#& n. winter house• &#0!!(!) a. hard• &#0!*#& n. stork• &#0!.= v. to become red, redden; &#0!.)!% a. reddish• &#0!0= v. to become hard, tough, sturdy• &#00! pp. with• &#0#%! n. large wooden bowl• &#0#* n. shore, bank, border, edge• &#2! n. hearth, crucible• &#2! n. horn, trumpet• &#2!!( a. pink• &#2!%= v. to force, urge, spur; &#2!(= v. to do one’s best• &#2!*3! n. need, lack, poverty, urgency• &#2!(= v. to need, require; to strive; to be concerned with, worry;&#2!*3! n. need, necessity

• &#2#%= v. to itch, to be vexed; &#2#0= v. to vex, to make itch• &#2#* a. red; &#2#* &4/'$ n. gold; &#2#* +"+ n. infant, baby;&#2#* )!>0!"!$ n. red currants (Ribes rubrum ); &#2#**#A# a. reddish



27

• &#2#* )!>0!"!$ n. red currants (Ribes rubrum )• &#2#.= v. to become angry• &#2## n. resentment; &#2#%= v. to resent• &##,!) n. grain, particle• &##* n. animal; &##* 0!,! n. wild reindeer• &##**#%= v. to become brutal• &##/ n. spark• &##( n. sheath, scabbard• &##.= v. to act as a shaman• &##.!% a. far away, distant• &##.!%= v. to soar up very far/high; &##.!0= v. to throw, cause

to soar very far/high• &##.0 n. hawk• &##$ (pl. &##.3#00!.) n. girl, daughter• &9,6.9) a. flimsy, fragile, insecure, unstable; &9,6.99= v. to

become fragile; &9,6.90= v. to make fragile, destabilize

• &9,6$= v. to throw, toss, pitch, cast; =!( &9,6$= conv. to dosomething completely, thoroughly

• &9,626*6(= v. to leave behind, be abandoned; &9,6266*99) +0 n. haystack

• &9"9 int. Cuckoo!• &919%= v. to bend foreward; &91939$ a. bending forward• &9%= v. to strike with the head or horns, butt, gore• &9&&9 n. row, rank• &9&9-,-&! n. Krüper’s nuthatch (Sitta krueperi )• &9*= v. to come; &9*66 ,!.## n. coming and going• &9*6/ a. whole, integral• &9*6( n. back (side), behind• &9*09%= v. to become asymmetric; &9*090= v. to make asymmetric;&9*0939% a. crooked, asymmetric

• &9*0929 n. stye (of the eye)• &9/ n. measure; &9/(99= v. to measure• &9/ n. time, deadline• &9/$6(= v. to regret, repent• &9/=6 a. scarce, rare, scant, meager, slight• &9A6$ a. insatiable• &9((! pp., adv. behind, after, then; &9((639. pp., adv. behind, in

back of• &9($9*99.6%9 n. chancellery; office [<Russ. +#/4-"%,*% ]• &9(9"9$ conj., adv. then, consequently• &9(9( a. naïve• &9>$99= v. to tell, narrate, relate; &9>$90= v. to talk to, converse;&9>$99(, &9>$9* n. story; &9>$9066 n. topic

• &9.,99= v. to gnaw, bite through; &9.,99==6 n. rodent• &9.39( n. family, family member



28

• &9.0= v. to hack, chop, cut• &9$ n. cow with calf• &9$= v. to wade through, ford across• &9$&6* n. fate, future• &90= v. to wear, put on; to clothe• &906*6(= v. to be stumbled upon• &9060 a. broad, wide; &9>-&9060 a. very wide, broad• &909"9. n. behind, hind part• &909.0= v. to put• &909$= v. to wait• &909) n. nape• &9099= v. to guard, watch over; &909,6* n. guard, watch• &9099= v. to watch, keep an eye on; &909) a. private• &929%= v. to learn, be taught a lesson; &9290= v. to teach a lesson• &99/9% n. measure• &99$= v. dial. cf. &9,6$= to throw, toss, pitch, cast

• *!!/>! n. lamp, radio tube [<Russ. "#)2# ]• *!!>># n. shop, store [<Russ. "#1+# ]• *!!$&!% n. weasel (Mustela sp.) [<Russ. "#:+# ]• *!!) n. lacquer [<Russ. "#+ ]• *!,!! n. branch (of a tree)• *!)$#%= v. to talk rubbish• I;(! n. Lena river• *J0=6& n. (airplane) pilot• *6(&6(99= v. to ring, jingle• *626.199= v. to tramp, walk heavily• *69&$6%9 n. lecture [<Russ. "-+:*% ]• *+0;.;C n. lottery [<Russ.]• *4&4 a. stout, fat• *-+1-. n. loafer, slacker [<Russ. "!$>,3 ]• *-+$&! n. spoon [<Russ. "!8+# ]• *--& n. onion (Alium cepa ) [<Russ. "9+ ]• *#3*#%! n. barnacle goose (Branta leukopsis ) [<Russ?]• *9&99= v. to chop• *9>>69c&9 n. pastry, cookie [<Russ. "-2A.+# ]• /!!17!%= v. to be bandy-legged; /!!17!"!. a. bandy-legged• /!!(# a. dear• /!!.##( cf ,!!.##( adv. recently• /!"!!$ n. white-faced cow• /!"!( cf. /!A!( a. white• /!"!(! cf. ,!"!(! n. peg, post• /!3!2##( n. shop, store [<Russ. )#;#<*/ ]• /!%!"!$ n. lake salmon (Onchorhynchus sp.)• /!%3# n. mood; ,#2##-/!%3# n. situation, state of affairs• /!%1#( adv. formerly, recently



29

• /!*!!2#( n. feast, banquet• /!*!0##*&! n. thresher [<Russ. )!"!(*"+# ]• /!**!!) 6260 n. birchbark dishes with sewn work• /!(!!= v. to graze, herd, shepherd• /!A!( cf. /!"!( a. white; /!A!!$ a. white-headed (of a cow);

/!A)!%= v. to whiten• /!A(!%3# a. first, initial• /!((7! n. favor; pay, fee; /!((7#%= v. to do a favor; to be

sentimental• /!((7#!0 v. coin, money [<Russ. )!/-(# ]• /!((7#%= v. to be sentimental; /!((7#0= v. to make sentimental• /!A#.!!= v. to low (of a cow)• /!.!% n. soiling; /!.!%1!!= v. to soil, stain• /!$ n. tree, wood, stick, pole; /!$ --2! n. carpenter; +0-/!$ n.

vegetation; /!$ &-$ n. wood duck (Aix galericulata )• /!$$##(! n. machine, automobile, car [<Russ. )#.*/# ]; ,#2!.

/!$$##(! n. harvester, reaper; 66.19. /!$$##(! n. churn;66$09(9. /!$$##(! n. sewing machine; &40'09. /!$$##(! n. winnower

• /!0= v. to deprive of something• /!0!"! n. large back• /!0!%= v. to have a broad back• /!0!.!!$ n. mattress [<Russ. )#(,#4 ]• /!)0!* n. thanks, gratitude; /!)0!* ,!2##,!, ,!2##,! /!)0!*

n. gratitude• /!)=!%= v. to squat• /;0!** n. metal [<Russ.]• /66c&9 n. bowl, basin, tureen [<Russ. )*:+# ]• /66(= v. to ride (a horse, etc.)• /6( n. soup• /6( pro. I; /69(9 pro. mine• /6((76%= v. to become sweet; /6((7639$ a. sweet, delicious• /6=99. n. smile; v. to smile; /6=6*6& n. comp. smiley• /69,9* n. furniture [<Russ. )-1-"3 ]• /69* n. chalk [<Russ. )-" ]• /69*6$$9, /69*6A$9 n. mill [<Russ. )-"/*4# ]• /+"+0+% n. chipmunk; /+"+0+%17-0 n. chipmunk hunter• /++% n. neck• /++(7+"+( n. black currant (Ribes nigrum )• /++(7+"+( n. northern pintail (duck – Anas acuta )• /+.&-+> n. carrot (Daucus carota ) [<Russ. )!,+!'3 ]• /+.+1- n. Baikal teal (Anas formosa )• /+.G+*+36C n. morphology• /+$0-.-$&+% n. workshop, studio, atelier [<Russ. )#:(-,:+#% ]• /+)$+"+* n. hawk, falcon



30

• /4&&'4. n. argument, dispute; /4&&'$= v. to argue, disputeabout something

• /4*,4%= v. to become large• /4*04) a. weak; /4*044= v. to weaken, become weak• /4*''& n. profit• /4)= v. to scold, swear• /-E#&! n. music [<Russ.]• /-&$--( n. muksun (Coregonus muksun )• /-A n. suffering, hardship; /-A(!!) a. poor, bad-off, destitute• /-(= v. to lose one’s way, become lost; /-((!.= v. to make lost,

to lose• /-(!!) a. doubtful; /-((!)$#%= v. to doubt• /-(1- n. loach (fish)• /-((-& n. corner• /-((7!&, /-((7!) n. meeting• /-((7-$= v. to gather

• /-A-. n. weasel (Mustela sp.)• /-A-.1!!) n. large intestine• /-A)! n. seine, drag-net• /-(=!!. a. anxious, worried; v. to worry• /-+.! n. sea [<Russ. )!,- ]• /-+$ n. horn, ivory; /-+$ --2! n. ivory carver• /-+$0! n. floor• /-+2! cf ,-+2! n. reins, straps; /-+2!*!!= v. to rein in• /-.-( n. nose• /-$= v. to gather, collect; to rake• /-0-& n. twig, branch, bough; /-0-&=! n. needle (of a tree)• /--$ cf. ,--$ n. ice; /--$ -$0!!. n. April (lit. ‘ice floats’)• /'(''09 n. minute [<Russ. )*/9(# ]• /#(1!! n. top, peak, summit• /#(1#. a. wise• /##*! n. soap [<Russ. )>"# ]• /9 int. Here! Take!• /9%8 n. head• /9%6( n. brain• /9&=6.39 n. owl• /9*176 adv. always, continually• /9*179$= v. to deny, disavow, refuse to acknowledge• /9*6%= v. to perish; /9*60= v. to make perish• /9*6%= v. to disappear; /9*636. a. absent• /9A n. birthmark, mole• /9(6& a. naughty, stupid• /9A9 a. eternal• /9(9.6%= v. to hallucinate, to have a headache; /9(9.60= v. to

make hallucinate, to give a headache



31

• /9(9) n. dial. musk deer (Moschus moschiferus )• /9(99& n. dial. wild reindeer• /929% n. annoyance, bother[<Russ. )-.#6 ]; /929%199= v. to

annoy, bother• /99(9 a. useless, futile; futilely, aimlessly, purposelessly• /99=6& n. ball• (!!1! a. necessary, needed [<Russ. /#$! ]• (!"#* a. calm, relaxed, leisurely; (!"#*#%= v. to relax, become

leisurely; (!"#*#0= v. to make relax, make leisurely• (!%/# v. hiring [<Russ. /#6)* ]; (!%/#*!!= v. to hire• (!/#%= v. to weaken, soften, attunate• (!/#2!) a. low, short• (!/##( a. calm, peaceful• (!.#( a. tender• (!$&# n. sox• (!=!*7(!% a. beginning, elementary, initial [<Russ.]

• (!2!! adv. very, a lot, too much; a. too much, excessive• (++ exc. Hey! Stop!• (+)++ cf. (+&++ exc. Hey you!• (+&++ cf. (+)++ exc. Hey you!• (+.-+0 n. people, populus, folk• (-+/!$ n. news; $+(-( (-+/!$ n. news• (-+.! n. swamp, thicket• (-+./! n. norm, assigned quota [<Russ. /!,)# ]• (--. n. doze, slumber• (--==! a. Russian; (--==!*## n., a. Russian (language)• ('4*'%= v. to subside, to be satisfied; ('4*'0= v. to make

subside, to satisfy• (7!! ono. Squeak!, Meow!; (7!! 3#(= v. to squeak, meow• (7!!17# n. teacher, master• (7!!*,!!( n. tin, sheet metal• (7!!0 n. kind of diving bird• (76*,9& n. knee• (76.36%= v. to thunder• (76./$6%= v. to act stupid, naïve• (76.9% n. (newborn) calf, young cow• (769/690 n. pattern• (7+"+% a. stubborn• (7+*+%= v. to have a long face, to jut out (of one’s face)• (7+*,+%= v. to become oval; (7+*,-2!) a. oval• (7+)=+%= v. to stoop; (7+)=+"+. a. stooping, hunchbacked• (7+=+) n. young hare• (74&4%= v. to trample down in a press• (7-*--( a. insipid, unflavored, stale



32

• (7-+.! n. njuora, Esei lake char (fish: Salvelinus tolmachoffi )[<Nganasan neri ]

• (7-.3-%= v. to be first, best, choice; (7-.3-0= v. to glorify• (7-.3-( a. first, best, choice• (7-.3-2--( n. snowdrop (plant, Galanthus sp.)• (7--. n. face, countenance; surface• (7'4* n. moisture• (7#*! a. sloping• (79=6/69( n. barley [<Russ. %7)-/3 ]• (9169*9 n. week [<Russ. /-$-"% ]• (9$ a. stubborn• (926*69& n. nasleg, village soviet [<Russ. /#:"-; ]• (926*69((79 n. village, settlement; population [<Russ. /#:-"-/*- ]• +,+.= v. to absorb, to suck• +,+.=+ cf. +,+==+ n. tube, pipe• +,+0 n. appetite

• +,+==+ cf. +,+.=+ n. tube, pipe• +,-+$ n. wagon train, caravan [<Russ. !1!< ]• +3-.$-- n. cucumber [<Russ. !;9,-4 ]• +"+ n. child; &#2#* +"+ n. infant, baby; +"+/$-%= v. to act

childish, naïve; +"+*++= v. to nurse, babysit; +"+2-0 n. nurse,babysitter

• +"+((7+. (pl. +"+((7+00+.) n. old man; +"+((7+.$-%= v. tobecome like an old man

• +"-(= v. to fall• +"-(-+) cf !"#(#!) n. salve• +"-.-+ cf. !"#.#! n. glass beads• +"-.-+0 n. vegetable garden [<Russ. !;!,!$]; +"-.-+0 !2! n.

vegetables• +"-$ n. ox, bull; !0 +"-$ n. bullock; !0##. +"-$ n. stud-bull;++"-% +"-$ n. spider

• +"-$= (+)c+=) v. to hit, strike; to mow; =! (=##) +"-$= conv. todo something quickly, unexpectedly

• +"-0= (+)0+.=) v. to fall, throw down• +% n. woods, grove• +%= v. to jump• +%,+( n. icehole• +%+"+$ n. rib; side• +%++$ n. small island, islet• +%+) n. woman, female, wife• +%-( (pl. +%-00!.) n. shaman• +%-(= v. to come apart, become detached• +%--. n. forest• +* pro. it, that; there



33

• +*,-+. n. court, court-yard, yard, compound; +*,-+. !!(! n. gate

• +*+/ n. ford• +*+/0+ n. basis, foundation• +*+A)+ n. epic poem; +*+A)+2-0 n. epic poet• +*+>>+$ n. chair• +*+.= v. to live; to sit; (=##) +*+.= conv. to get ready to, to

prepare to• +*+.0= v. to set out• +*+) adv. entirely, totally, at all• +*+) n. life, behavior; status, situation, seat• +*+)$-%= v. to settle• +*-((7- n. February• +*-$ adv. quite, very• +/-.0 n. cavity of the mouth; v. to fill one’s mouth• +A= v. to gouge

• +((-& adv. so, thus, that way• +(-$ adv. quite• +A= v. to tear out, rip out, gouge out• +A&-=!) n. cellar, basement• +A+%= v. to become open, be opened; +A+0= v. to open• +A+.= v. to make, do; +A+2-& n. something which has been

made• +A+=+ n. boat, craft [<Mong. o B u C a ]• ++"-%, ++"-% +"-$ n. spider• ++((7-- n. game, sport;++((7--. n. toy, game, plaything ;++((7++= v. to play

• +.3-%= v. to boil, seethe; +.3-0= v. to boil, make boil • +.3-2!) n. yoke

• +.3--% a. quiet • +.1-& n. more, better, abundance, extra

• +.1-- n. camp, campsite

• +.+% n. top (of the head) • +.+%-+( n. region, rayon [<Russ. ,#6!/ ]; +.+%-+((!!"# a.

regional • +.+( n. land, place; bed, cot• +.++$= v. to mix up, intervene• +.+$- a. late• +.0= v. to remain, be left over; +.1-& a. spare, left over• +.0+ n. middle, center, a. central, intermediate; &'( +.0+0+ n.

midday, noon• +.-*-+$ n. golden eye (duck – Bucephala clangula )• +.-+,-(! adv. exactly• +.-+$ n. winter rye [<Russ. ,!83 ]• +$ n. boot top



34

• +$= v. to heal• +$&-+*! n. school [<Russ. :+!"# ]• +$$+ a. that much, so much• +$0+*-+,!% n. dining room, lunch room, cafeteria [<Russ.

:(!"!'#% ]• +$0++*,+ n. pillar, column [<Russ. :(!"1 ]• +$0-+* n. table [<Russ. :(!" ]• +$0-+*,! n. post, pole, column [<Russ. :(!"1 ]• +$0-+.!$ n. watchman [<Russ. :(!,!8 ]• +0 n. grass, hay; +0=-0 n. person who mows grass; +0-/!$ n.

vegetation; +0 &'4"9 a. green; +0 #%! n. July (lit. ‘grass month’);&9,6266*99) +0 n. haystack

• +0 #%! n. July• +0+% adv. entirely, totally, at all• +0+( n. berry• +00+( conj. but, and

• +00++= n. to light, kindle• +00-& n. fuel• +0-(= v. to make fire, light, kindle• +0-0 num. thirty, 30• +0-- n. grass hut• +0=-+0 n. report, account [<Russ. !(7A( ]; +0=-+00!!= v. to report,

give an account on• +==+"+ adv. then, at that time• +==-3-( a. small• +) n. arrow; +) $!! n. bow• +)$-+= v. to fight• +)0+.= v. to make fall, cause to fall• +2+"+$ n. intestines, guts• +2+) n. stove, oven, furnace• 4"'%= v. to burp, belch; 4"'0= v. to make burp, belch• 4% n. mind, intellect, intelligence; 4%144= v. to understand,

remember; 4%140= v. to explain; 4%1'4= v. to remember, have inmind; understand; 4%144) a. clever, smart, intelligent;4%144"'/$'%= v. to pretend to be clever

• 4%44= v. to support• 4%'4 n. provisions, energy sack for the road; 4%44= v. to support• 4* n. exterior part of a carp• 4*= v. to die; 4*4.= v. to kill, slay; 4*4.0= v. to murder; 4*,'0 a.

dead• 4*4.= v. to earn, gain; to overwork, produce• 4*'4. a. healthy• 44 exc. Oh!• 4. a. long, continued, at length• 4.= v. to knit



35

• 4.,4) n. rags• 4.&4%= v. to become enthusiastic• 4.&4( a. victorious, invincible• 4.434% n. surface, elevation• 4.4%= v. to look up; to keep up spirits, be enerjetic; 4.434% n.

success, triumph• 4.44= v. to rest, take a day off; to overnight; to spend a day;4.4,'* n. day off, vacation day

• 4.'$ n. (large) river• 4.'0 n. side• 4$ n. spite, hostility, enmity, hate• 4$ n. word, speech; 0#*-4$ n. speech, language, hearsay, gossip;4$ &66.,9) a. gullible

• 4$$4 adv. still, yet, once more, again [<Russ. -=A ]• 4$0'4&'*9 n. glass [<Russ. :(-+"! ]• 40 n. forest fire

• 40= v. to ooze• 404( n. wild dove, pigeon• 404. a. recent; adv. quickly• 404) n. farm• 40'%9 n. hammer• 400'& n. thigh• 40''&099= v. to iron (clothing)• 4244= v. to bear a grudge against; 424$, 42434% n. hostility, feud• 424$ a. stubborn; 424$= v. to oppose; to be stubborn, obstinate• 42'*= v. to disentangle, dismantle, untwist; to go back on one’s

word• 42'.= v. to bear a grudge against someone; 42'.390= v. to offend;42'.39(= v. to be offended; 42'.39$ a. touchy, easily offended

• >! exc. Ugh! Faugh! Yuck!• >!!.0! n. (student’s) desk [<Russ. 2#,(# ]• >!19B n. case (grammatical) [<Russ.]• >!.& n. park [<Russ.]• >!.+5+% a. steam-run [<Russ.]• >!.06E!( n., a. partisan• >!)!% exc. Ugh! Faugh! Yuck!• >!)!%1#A# a. ugly, distasteful, obscene• >+1$5;:(6& n. candlestick [<Russ.]• >+*6&*6(6&! n. general clinic [<Russ.]• >+*& n. regiment [<Russ.]• >+/61+. n. tomato [<Russ.]• >+=0!, >-+=0! n. mail• >.;1$;1!0;*7 n. chairman, president [<Russ.]• >.6(F6> n. principle [<Russ.]• >.+/#:*;((+$07 n. industry [<Russ.]



36

• >--( n. point, period [<Russ. 29/+( ]• .!,+=!% n. worker [<Russ.]• .;5+*HFHC n. revolution• .;1!&F6C n. editorial office [<Russ.]• .9/+((!= v. to repair, fix [<Russ. ,-)!/( ]• .9$>-,*6&! n. republic• .;F;>0 n. prescription [<Russ.]• .+/, n. rhombus [<Russ.]• $! cf 2!, =! ono. Laugh!; $! 3#(= v. to laugh• $!! n. gun, bow; +) $!! n. bow• $!!%= v. to hit; $!!*#(= v. to bump into• $!!/!% a. the very• $!!.!!= v. to doubt, not dare; $!!.!A# a. indecisive, uncertain• $!!$ n. age• $!!$&#, $!!$&#0!!"# a. pertaining to spring• $!!0 n. shame; v. to be ashamed

• $!!2# n. order, hierarchy• $!,#*!!) a. closed• $!"! n. collar; border• $!"!*!!= v. to begin• $!"!) n. horizon• $!%"!!= v. to rinse• $!%#( n., adv. summer; $!%#( &#2#( n. the whole year• $!%#(= v. to develop, become developed• $!%#$= v. to be unwilling to let someone go• $!*!!= v. to lick ; $!*!!2#( n. licking; leftover food• $!*!%= v. to manage, direct, lead, run; $!*!%!!==# n. manager,

director, leader; $!*!*0! n. government• $!*"!!= v. to continue, lengthen; $!*"!!2#( n. continuing;

addition• $!*0= v. to be bored, fed up• $!/##. n. rain; )!!.-$!/##. n. rainy weather• $!A! a. new• $!A! n. speech; $!A!-6A9 n. speech; $!A!.= v. to speak• $!(!! n. though; v. to think [<Mong. sana & a ]; 9. $!(!! n. courage;$!(!0= v. to remind, resemble

• $!A!.1!!2#( n. comp. update• $!A!$ a. daughter-in-law, sister-in-law• $!> n. thread; 0!A!$-$!> n. clothes, clothing• $!.!!>>!%1!!= v. to scratch [<Russ. 4#,#2#6 ]• $!.,#%= v. to shorten• $!.$#!.1! n., adv. morning• $!.$#( n., adv. tomorrow; $!.$#AA# a. tomorrow’s, pertaining

to tomorrow• $!.## n. suede; $!.## &#(!0 n. bat (animal)



37

• $!$= v. to hide (oneself); $!$>#0 a. hidden• $!0! n. bezoar stone• $!0!!= v. to know how to do something, be able to; $!0!,#* n.

ability, skill• $!)! n., a. Yakut; $!)! 0#* n. Yakut language; K!)! K6.9 n.

Yakutia• $!)$#%= v. to shake up• $!)#/!0=#0 n. chess player• $!2!.= v. to become yellow; $!2!.)!% a. yellow• $!2!."! n. dawn• $6,9&&6 n. flower• $6,99= v. to smear• $6619 n. sieve• $66& n. humidity• $66& n. sap• $66&9% a. raw

• $66.= v. to tear• $6* n. saliva; $6**99= v. to spit• $6*6/ n. glue• $6/= v. to blink• $6/= v. to stuff in• $6/6& a. shy• $6/6*6%= v. to vanish, disappear• $6/606(= v. to be shy, embarrassed• $6>>66. n. broom; $6>>6%= v. to sweep• $6>$6%= v. to whisper• $6. n. land, earth, place; comp. site, website; $6. !2! n. berry,

berries• $6.= v. to disdain, dislike, reject; $6.390= v. to disgust; $6.39(=

v. to be disgusted• $6.1760 n. guide (person)• $6.9% n. face ; individual, person; comp. page, webpage; $6.9% )!.!) n. face

• $60= v. to reach, attain, catch up with• $606/ n. connection, network, net• $606$= v. to succeed, achieve• $609 adv. completely• $69= v. to eat• $69, n. pocket• $69* n. mane• $69/9) a. carnivorous• $69A n. carrion• $+,-%= v. to replace; $+*,-& n. replacement• $+"-.-- n. south; $!"-.--A- a. southern, south



38

• $+%= v. to cool down, be cooled down; $+%-/0-+ a. quicklycooling down; $+%-& a. cool

• $+,-%!. !!0 n. pronoun• $+*+ n. rank, position• $+*++= v. to clean up, clear off, tidy; to clear a forest; $+*++2-( n.

clearing, land cleared• $+*--. n. bucket• $+/+"+ a. solid, integral• $+( n. coat (clothing)• $+(++= v. to grow stout, put on weight; $+(+$ a. stout, plump,

chubby• $+(-( n. news; $+(-( (-+/!$ n. news• $+.-%!( adv. on purpose• $+0= v. to wipe, clean; $+0-(= v. to wipe oneself; $+00+. n. towel• $+0+ n. shin, shank, tibia• $+00+. n. towel

• $+)= v. to pound in a mortar; $+"+) n. pestle• $+2-0= v. to surprise; $+2-%= v. to be surprised; $+2-& a.

unexpected• $4,'*= v. to like• $4A a. thick (of cream), low (of voice); v. to settle to the bottom of

a liquid• $4A= v. to precipitate• $4> a. right, correct; $4.'-$4>, $4,'$-$4> a. very right, very

correct• $4>$'4= v. to approve [<Mong. j D öb E iye -]• $404* n. cough; $404*'(= v. to cough• $40'4*9= v. to swim• $4)= v. to admire• $0-1;((0) n. student [<Russ.]• $-,-%= v. to stretch out, make trail; $-,-*-(= v. to trail;$-,-**!"!$ a. stretched out, trailing

• $-,-."! n. sheaf of wheat• $-,-.-%= v. to extend, stretch, shoot up; $-,-.-0= v. to cause to

extend, stretch• $-,-.)!% a. stretched, extended• $-1-.3- a. simple• $-* a. ragged, naked, bare; lonely• $-*-/!) a. unmarried, single• $-*-$ n. star• $-+ n. greatness, respectability; a. huge, respected• $-+* n. road, path, way; !!0-$-+* n. fame• $-+*0! n. meaning• $-+( a. fat, thick• $-+. n. raven; $-+.-0-.!!) n. carrion-crows



39

• $-+.!0 n. sour milk, yogurt• $-+."!( n. blanket• $-+$ n. strictness, airs• $-+) v. there is/are not, there does not exist; adv. no, not; int. no!• $-.!) n. news; $-.!)-$!117#& n. gossip, rumors• $-.3-%= v. to squeeze through, slip through• $-.-%= v. to write; $-.-0= v. to make write; $-.-& n. writing,

letter [<Mong. j D iru & ]; $-.-&-,6=6& n. alphabet• $-.-&-,6=6& n. alphabet• $-0 n. hunger• $--1!/ a. quick, fast• $--%= v. to wash; $--(= v. to be washed• $--*=, $--*-(= v. to fall down• $--$= v. to be mistaken• $-2!* a. urgent• $',9 n. advice; $',9260 n. advisor

• $'3'.'%= v. to worship, revere• $'&= v. to carry on one’s back• $'*= v. to skin, peel• $'((7'(9( adv. overall, generally• $'4/ n. inch• $'4/'%9 n. finger• $'4.3' a. improper• $'. n. scarecrow• $'. n. soul, eternal spirit; core• $'.39 n. mood• $'.17'39$ n. pole serving as a basis for a fence• $'.'( a. basic, fundamental, essential• $'.9) n. heart; &'4) $'.9) n. lazy person• $'0= v. to lose; to disappear• $''%= v. to win; $''%09.= v. to lose• $''*= v. to be in heat (of animals)• $''.= v. to run; &404.-$''.9. n. animals, animal kingdom,

Animalia ; $''.99(, $''.'& n. current, flow; $''.''& a. disposedto run

• $''.,9 num. twenty, 20• $''$ n. forehead• $''$ num. (one) hundred• $#! n. fat, grease, oil• $#,!) n. plaster• $#"!.#%= v. to step aside• $#* n. year• $#*!! n. tiredness; $#*!%= v. to become tired; $#*!0= v. to make

tired• $#*!!$ a. warm; $#*!%, $#*!!2#.= v. to become warm, warm up



40

• $#*!% a. having a poor appetite• $#*!% v. to tire, become tired; $#*!0 v. to make tire, wear out• $#*"!.#%= v. to be moved aside, move aside; $#*"!.#0= v. to

(make) move aside• $#**!!= v. to kiss• $#/(!"!$ a. soft• $#/$! a. crafty, cunning; $#/$!0#%= v. to pretend to be crafty,

cunning• $#/$! a. quick, fast, rapid• $#/$!, $#/$!) a. tasteless; $#/$!%= v. to become tasteless; to

taste• $#/#%! n. lie; $#/#%!==# n. liar• $#/##0 n. egg• $#((7!(= v. to rest• $#(0!%= v. to be snub-nosed; $#(0!"!. a. snub-nosed• $#>>!) a. blunt, dull

• $#.!% n. dial cf $6.9% face• $#.1#& a. light (of color), bright; $#.1!!= v. to become light,

bright; $#.1#& $!!.#* a. orange• $#.#0= v. to go; =! (=##) $#.#0= conv. to do something

habitually, continually• $#$0#3!( a. contagious• $#0 n. odor, smell; $#0-$#/!. n. strong odor, bad smell• $#0= v. to lie (down)• $#00#& n. pillow• $#0#%= v. to rot; $#0#0= v. to make rot• $#0## a. clever, cunning; $#0##/$#%= v. to pretend to be clever,

cunning• $#2#!/!) a. sociable• $#2#!( n. relation, attitude• $#2#!.= v. to attach; $#2#(= v. to attach oneself to; $#2#!.##

(>!19B) n. dative, allative (case)• $#2#!0 n. adverb• $#2#(= v. to stick to• $##*= v. to crawl• $##*,! a. lazy, sluggish• $##$= v. to be mistaken; $##2! n. mistake, error; a. wrong• $939%= v. to be slightly opened; $9390= v. to open slightly• $919) a. rare, uncommon; sparse• $9*9$= v. to chat about idly, make small talk• $9/9% a. modest• $9/9*99= v. to reproach• $9(69 a. well-off• $9(69 n. energy• $9(9) a. in good condition



41

• $9.39) a. brisk, lively, alert• $9.399= v. to show interest• $9009 num. seven, 7• $909 n. malice• 0! ono. Tap!; 0! 3#(= v. to tap• 0!!,#.#( n. puzzle• 0!!%= v. to guess• 0!!*= v. to be petrified• 0!!/!) a. enigmatic, puzzling• 0!!$ n. stone, rock• 0!,! a. correct• 0!,! n. reindeer (Rangifer tarandus ); &##* 0!,! n. wild reindeer• 0!,!!.# n. goods• 0!,!) n. tobacco• 0!,#*, 0!,#$ n. luck• 0!"#$= v. to be taken out; to be published

• 0!%!!= v. to prop, support, lean• 0!*= v. to elect, choose, select; 0!*,! a. chosen, choice; 0!*#/!$

a. choosy; 0!*,! n. comp. menu• 0!*!/!2! n. comp. interface• 0!*&!%1!!= v. to push [<Russ. (!"+#6 ]• 0!A!!= v. arch. to put together pieces of material• 0!A!.! n. God, god• 0!A!$ n. clothes, clothing; 0!A!$-$!> n. clothes, clothing• 0!A#(= v. to dress oneself• 0!>= v. to hit (a mark)• 0!>0!!= v. to love [<Mong. tab C iya=]; 0!>0!* n. love• 0!>#$= v. to get along with• 0!.!!= v. to comb; 0!.!!) n. comb• 0!.!%= v. to become bald; 0!.!"!$ a. bald• 0!."!(= v. to spread, be spread• 0!.0= v. to pull• 0!$ n. exterior, outside; 0!$0#A a. outer; 0!$0#A -,!% n. cousin• 0!$&!%1!!= v. to carry [<Russ. (#:+#6 ]• 0!$0#A a. outer; in indirect blood relationship; 0!$0#A -,!% n.

cousin• 0!0= v. to pull• 0!0#/ a. insufficient• 0!2!!.= v. to publish• 0!2!.## (>!19B) n. ablative (case)• 0!2#/ n. level• 0!2#(= v. to clap, applaud• 0;*;3.!G n. telegraph [<Russ]• 066%= v. to reach, arrive• 066.= v. to pull



42

• 066$ n. tooth, teeth• 06&= v. to sew• 06*6(= v. to come to life, be revived• 06/6. n. iron (metal); 06/6. --2! n. ironsmith, blacksmith• 06/6.= v. to drown• 06/9) n. button• 06A6*9) n. claw; &66$ 06A6*9"9 n. stone bramble (Rubus

saxatilis ); #0 06A6*9"9 n. cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus )• 06.66 n. leather, hide, skin• 06.60= v. to sweat• 06.99= v. to prop, support, lean• 06$= v. to place on a spit or skewer; to string, thread• 0626*6& n. chain• 0629) a. last, final• 069.= v. to turn inside out• 069.9 a. wrong

• 0+,-* n. breakthrough, solution; v. to cut through, hack through;to clean through; to solve

• 0+,-.!) n. hail (weather); 0+,-.!)0!!= v. to hail• 0+"+ int. why?• 0+"-$ num. nine, 9• 0+%+, 0+%+( n. boss, lord, master; 0+%+0 n. lords, masters;0+%+/$-%= v. to act bossy

• 0+&-.-%= v. to bend, curve; 0+&-.-0= v. to make bend, curve• 0+*&-% n. thought [<Russ. tolku 6 ]; 0+*&-%1!!= v. to think• 0+*+( n. degree• 0+*++( n. valley• 0+/++( n. order• 0+/0+%= v. to bulge; 0+/0+"+% a. bulging• 0+A a. frozen; 0+A= v. to freeze; 0+A+.= v. to make freeze;0+A+0 n. crust of ice over snow; 0+A+%, 0+A-% a. sensitive to cold;reserved, cold, distant

• 0+A$+"+% n. woodpecker• 0+A$-%= v. to knock• 0+.,+$ n. calf (cow)• 0+0 n. repletion, full stomach; a. well-fed, full; v. to eat one’s fill, to

glut oneself; 0+0+.= v. to feed fully, satiate• 0+00-& a. rude, offensive• 0+)= v. to pour, spill, throw out• 0+)0++= v. to stop; 0+)0+,-* n. stop (for a bus, rest, etc.)• 0+2+"+ n. nail, tack• 0+2-(= v. to break, become broken• 0+2--. n. ambush; 0+2-%= v. to ambush• 04,4 n. head• 04,40 n. urchin, rascal, scamp



43

• 043'.'& a. round; 043'.'%= v. to make round; to become round;043'.'/09 n. circle; roundabout

• 04&'('& a. round; 04&'('%= v. to roll• 04*44= v. to pay; 04*4,'. n. payment• 04('(= v. to return• 04.4>>'0 n. parent• 04.'0 n. origin• 04.'==' n. genealogy• 0424 int. how much• 0-,-$= v. to improve, become better• 0-%!) n. hoof• 0-*! n. environs• 0-*!2! n. courtyard• 0-*-%= v. to endure, tolerate; 0-*-& n. tolerance, endurance;0-*-%-/0-+ a. enduring, tough

• 0-*-(= v. to be pulled out

• 0-/! n. spice• 0-/!*#& n. specialty, hobby• 0-/-* n. cape, promontory• 0-/-$ n. bill, beak• 0-(!* a. shining white; 0-(!*#%= v. to become white, turn white;

to shine; 0-(!*#0= v. to make white; to make shine• 0-+%= v. int. to say what?; v. to blabber, sing; 0-%!!.= v. to sing

(of a lark)• 0-+/ n. custom, tradition• 0-+$ n. birchbark• 0-+) int. what• 0-+)0-- (>!19B) n. nominative (case)• 0-+)0--. n. verb• 0-+2- n. witness, evidence• 0-.= v. to stand; =!( 0-.= conv. to do something continuously,

over a long period of time; =! (=##) 0-.= conv. to do somethingsuddenly, quickly, immediately

• 0-.!!) n. crow; $-+.-0-.!!) n. carrion-crows• 0-.,! cf 1-.,! n. pipe, tube, horn, trumpet, chimney [<Russ.

(,91# ]• 0-.3-%= v. to be renewed, revived; 0-.3-0= v. to renew, revive• 0-.0!%= v. to become white; 0-.0!0= v. to make white, whiten• 0-.0!$ n. roe deer (Capreolus capreolus )• 0-.-%! n. crane (bird)• 0-.-& n. status, state, condition• 0-.-+.-- n. comp. field• 0-$ adv. separately; 0-$>! a. separate• 0-$ n. arch. side, direction• 0-$!2! n. courtyard



44

• 0-0= v. to hold, seize, grab, catch• 0-0!!) n. handle• 0-0!%= v. to diminish, dwindle, waste away; 0-0!) a. insufficient,

inadequate• 0-00-- (>!19B) n. instrumental (case)• 0-0-* n. system• 0-0-/ n. unit of length equivalent to the length of one’s fist, hand• 0--.= v. to handle, heft; to pull out• 0--$ n. salt• 0-2!, 0-2!(= v. to use• 0-2!!%= v. to direct, point at• 0-2!!( n. subject; pertinence• 0-2!*!!) a. beneficial• 0-2-(= v. to wrestle; 0-$0--& a. able to wrestle• 0','& n. worry; 0','&-$!17#& n. worries, troubles, fuss• 0'&$' exc. Enough!, Stop!

• 0'*'(= v. to rise, heave• 0'/= v. to sum up, conclude; to unite; 0'/'& v. conclusion• 0'/9( n. parliament• 0'(('& n. window• 0'4*,9 n. remote place, dialect• 0'4.0 num. four, 4• 0'4$ n. breast, chest; 0'2'*'& n. breastplate• 0'4$= v. to evoke, recall (the past)• 0'429%= v. to become senile; 0'4290= v. to make senile• 0'.39( a. quick, fast; 0'.390= v. to make quick, speed up• 0'$= v. to fall; ,9*9$&9. 0'29.= v. to give a hostile reception,

meet with verbal abuse; =! (##) 0'$= conv. to do somethingsuddenly, slightly, quickly

• 0'' n. fur, fluff; 0''09) a. fluffy• 0''09) n. sheaf• 0'2'& n. grammatical case• 0'2'*39 n. arena, forum• 0'2'/9) n. chapter; round (in sports)• 0#! n. woods, forest, glen, countryside• 0#!* n. wind; 0#!*#.= v. to blow, become windy• 0#!$ n. noise• 0#!0!!"# n. euph. bear• 0#%#$ a. hard, tough, harsh; 0#%#2#%, 0#%#2#.= v. to become

hard, tough; 0#%#2#0= v. to make hard, tough, toughen, harden• 0#* n. tongue, language, word; --$ 0#* n. eloquence; 0#*-4$ n.

speech, language, hearsay, gossip• 0#*,!!$=#0 n. translator• 0#*#(= v. to blossom, come alive• 0#/(## a. cold; 0#/(#%= v. to become cold



45

• 0## n. skiff, boat• 0##( n. breath; v. to breathe• 0##.= v. to cut open• 09,6*6& n. support; bicycle• 09,6A n. mentor; support• 09,99= v. to shake off• 09*= v. to cut• 09*3929 n. yard, lawn, courtyard• 09*399= v. to spread, furnish, provide with bedding• 09**9% n. mushroom; v. to hang out one’s lower lip like a

mushroom• 09*9%= v. to reveal, disclose• 09A a. equal• 09(6%= v. to be spread; 09(60= v. to spread• 09>= v. to kick• 09.6%= v. to arrange, organize; 09.6*09 n. company, institution

• 09$= v. to pierce through; 092939$ a. pierced through• 0909.= v. to become rosy; 0909.&9% a. rosy• -,!!= v. to be diluted; -,!0= v. to dilute• -,!% n. brother (elder); 0!$0#A -,!% n. cousin• -,!%= cf -/!%= v. to burn• -3-0 n. poultice, fomentation• -%= v. to support, support the weight of• -%!!= v. to weight; -%!!2#( n. weighing; scales• -%-*"! n. emotional state• -&= v. to put into• -*!!0= v. to grow• -*!.$#= v. to lend• -*!.#%= v. to change• -*!)!( a. large, big; -*!)!((#A# a. biggish, largish• -**-A, -**-A!) n. sole (of foot), foot• -*-- a. great, big, large• -/!%= cf -,!%= v. to burn; -/!0= v. to make/cause to burn• -/(!$ n. stem, stalk• -/-(= v. to forget; -/(-3!( a. forgetful• -/-$= v. to dive• -A= v. to faint• -+%= v. to become fat; -+0= v. to make fat, fatten• -+* (pl. -+*!0!.) n. boy, son• -+*= v. to subside, go down (of water), to run dry (of a body of

water); -+**!.= v. to make run dry, make subside; -+*,! n. bodyof water with water having subsided

• -+( num. ten, 10• -+((! conj. and• -+>= v. to take a mouthful



46

• -+.= v. to steal• -+.,! n. suspicion• -+$ n. lip, lips• -+0 n. fire; 1769--+0 n. home, family; -+00-%= v. to spoil as a

result of sun or fire• -+) n. might, power; &''$--+) n. strength, power, might• -. n. lump, knob• -.!/(7#% n. art• -.!( a. refined, exquisite• -.-+& n. lesson• -.-0 adv. previously, before; -.-&&- a. former• -.-2-% n. painting; comp. image [<Russ. risu 6 ]; -.-2-%1!!= v. to

paint, draw• -$0= v. to float; /--$ -$0!. n. April• -0!.= v. to oppose, object• -0!) n. thirst, beverage; -0!0= v. to become thirsty

• -0-%= v. to sleep; -0-0= v. to make sleep• -0-/ n. heredity; system• -- n. water; )!.!) --0! n. tear, tears; ---)!!. n. wetness,

humidity; tears; snivel; melting snow; --2-0 n. swimmer• --*-(= v. to melt• --*-$$! n. street [<Russ. ulica ]• --(= v. to stretch, be stretched; --((9.= v. to make stretch• --.= v. to place, put; to decree; --.!!) n. decree• --.!!= v. to kiss• --.!%= v. to stop, be dismissed; --.!0= v. to dismiss, make stop• --$ n. smith; master, craftsman; --2-/$-%= v. to pretend to be a

master, show off one’s craftsmanship; --$ 0#* n. eloquence; /!$ --2! n. carpenter; 06/6. --2! n. ironsmith, blacksmith; /-+$ --2! n. ivory carver

• --$0-& a. complicated; --$0-3-.= v. to become complicated• ---)!!. n. lies, untruth• -2!!.= v. to cause to float• -2!( n. handicraft• -2-%= v. to teach, train, habituate to• -2-& n. endpoint• -2-*= v. to take off, dismiss• -2-( a. long, tall• '39 n. fable• '39$ n. custom, tradition, habit• '&$99= v. to increase• '&099= v. to step; '&09* n. step• '**9.= v. to divide, partition, distribute; '**926& n. division,

partition• '*'%= v. to be frostbitten; '*'0= v. to cause to be frostbitten



47

• '*'& n. stock, share• '*'(= v. to swell• '*9 n. work; '*9*99= v. to work, provide with work, go to work;'*9-66$ n. work, occupation; '*9-)!/(!$ n. work, professionalactivities, working style; '*9260 n. worker

• '*9$= v. to agree upon, arrange for, make an agreement• '*9) n. reservation, contract, order• 'A(&)= v. to pray, request, worship, revere; 'A'' n. praying,

worshipping• 'A&'' n. dance• 'A'$= v. to complain• '4( n. worm; '4( &4%''. n. worms

• '4.9(= v. to learn, study; '4.90= v. to teach; '4.9) n. studies;'4.9099==6 n. teacher; '4.9(99==6 n. student, pupil; '4.'%9) n. habit

• '4$&9926( n. suffix, morpheme, particle

• '4)= v. to call names, to curse• '42' n. top, upper part• '42'' a. upper, above• '> n. money; '>-!$ n. fortune, prosperity• '. n. wealth; '. )!.=# n. wealth; '. )!/(!$ n. wealth• '.399= n. to pick (a flower)• '.1'& a. tall• '.'/9 n. cream; '.'/906%= v. to become creamy• '.'/9==6 n. (white) butterfly• '.'A a. white; '.'A &4/'$ n. silver; '.'A )!.! n. color• '.'0 n. top (side)• '.9%= v. to destroy; '.9%*6(= v. to be destroyed• '.9) n. small river, stream, rivulet• '$ num. three, 3• '0= v. to fry, roast on a spit, roast on embers; '0929 n. spit• '0= v. to put into water• '0= v. to strike, hit• '0'3'(= v. to imitate• '0'/9) n. fishing pole• '0'4 a. good, benevolent, kind, noble; '0'4.= v. to become better,

recuperate; '0'4/$'%= v. to put on airs, pretend to be noble• '0'.'%= v. to knock over, shove aside• ''(= v. to grow; ''((9.= v. to make grow; ''('' n. growing;

harvest• ''('39$ n. shoot, sprout; puppy• ''(99%6 n. plant• ''.= v. to drive away• ''0 n. hole• ''0 n. milk



48

• ''0!) n. small, remote (cabin)• '2'%= v. to allegedly say; '2'%99( n. legend• '='39% a. good; '='39%-'='39% a. very good; '='366%-'='39% a.

very very good; '='39%16& adv. well• G+(+*+36C n. phonology• G-0,-+* n. football, soccer [<Russ. futbol ]• G9./! n. farm• )!! n. slip, case, cover; box, receptacle• )!! ono. hoarseness; )!! 3#(= v. to be hoarse, speak in a hoarse

voice• )!!%= v. to lock up, lock in• )!!*= v. to remain, stay; )!!**!.= v. to leave behind, make stay;

=!( )!!*= conv. to do something completely, thoroughly• )!!/= v. to walk• )!!( n. blood• )!!. n. snow; )!!.1!!= v. to snow, remove snow, consume snow,

provide with snow; )!!.-$!/##. n. rainy weather; ---)!!. n. wetness, humidity; snivel; melting snow

• )!!.0# n. cards (game) [<Russ. karta ]• )!!.0#$&! n. picture, photograph [<Russ. +#,(!7+# ]• )!!$ n. goose; &-$-)!!$ n. water fowl• )!!)! n. dial. dried fish• )!!)#(!%, )!!)! n. small perch (fish)• )!,!) n. bladder• )!,17# n. partridge• )!,#*#& v. a type of game• )!,#. a. rude, sharp• )!,#$= v. to wrestle with; )!>$!"!% n. wrestling match• )!%! exc. Well! What now?!• )!%!!= v. int. to do what?• )!%"!!= v. to praise; )!%"!* n. praise• )!%1!) int. how• )!%#$= n. to turn; )!%#$)! n. direction• )!%#2!. n. skis; )!%#2!.1!!= v. to ski• )!*!!( n. flood; )!*!%= v. to overflow• )!**!!( n. sky; )!**!!( &'4"9 a. blue• )!*0!.#%= v. to slip; )!*0!.#0= v. to trip up, make slip;)!*0!.)!% a. slippery

• )!*#(= v. to clear up (of the sky)• )!*##> n. comp. template• )!/!"! a. saleable, marketable• )!/!"!% a. able, skillful• )!/(!!, )!/$!!= v. to move; )!/(!!2#( n. moving, movement;)!/$!0= v. to move, cause to move; )!/$!0!!==# n. engine



49

• )!/(!$ n. salary; '*9-)!/(!$ n. work, professional activities; '. )!/(!$ n. wealth

• )!/(!==#0 n. servant• )!/>!.#%= v. to break into pieces; )!/>!.)!% a. breakable,

fragile• )!((! int. where• )!((#& int. which• )!A$#%= v. to snuffle, speak through the nose; )!A$#! a.

snuffling, stuffy-nosed• )!(0!( int. from where• )!>= v. to catch; to encompass; )!,#*#& n. game of catching

sticks• )!>>!) n. cover, lid• )!>>!)=# n. storeroom• )!>>#%!) n. comp. folder• )!>0!%= v. to become flat; )!>0!0= v. to make flat, flatten;

)!>0!"!% a. flat; )!>0!2#( n. flat board• )!>)!!( n. trap [<Russ. +#2+#/ ]• )!.! a. black; )!>-)!.! a . jet black; )!.! 17!% n. misfortune, bad

luck; )!.! $+.1++& a. poor, ill-fated, misfortuned; )!.!0#%= v. to blacken, become black; '.'A )!.! n. color; 6%89 )!.! n. entirety, totality

• )!.!%= v. to hide away, take good care• )!.!/ a. thrifty, economical• )!.!A! a. dark (of color); )!.!A! $!!.#* a. purple, violet;)!.!A!.= v. to become dark, darken

• )!.!) n. eye; )!.!) --0! n. tear, tears; $6.9% )!.!) n. face• )!.,!!= v. to sweep; )!.,##. n. broom• )!.1! n. reply, answer; )!.1!.= v. to reply, answer• )!.=# n. money; '. )!.=# n. wealth• )!.#$ n. care, protection; )!.#2#%= v. to protect, care for• )!.#$= v. to wrestle, butt• )!$ int. how much?• )!$= v. to dig• )!$>!) n. hole• )!$0!!= v. to dig, scrape• )!$#$= v. to rake through, search through, ransack• )!0 a. extra, additional• )!0= v. to become dry; )!0#.= v. to become dry (of skin)• )!0= v. to twist, weave (a rope)• )!0! adv. finally• )!0!!= v. to lock; )!0##. n. lock• )!0!( a. hard, firm, strong• )!0!0 n. flint, flintstone• )!00! n. large intestine of a horse



50

• )!00#& n. extra layer of clothing• )!0#*##3! n. comp. frequency• )!0#A n. birch (Betula sp.)• )!0#( n. dial cf )+0-( lady, mistress• )!0#A#. a. slender• )!0#.#& n. bark, scale• )!0#$ n. leather rope• )!) n. cover, skin, shell• )!)!% n. lion; v. to growl fiercely• )!)$#%= v. to cough heavily• )!))! n. shelter• )!2#!0 n. newspaper, gazette [<Russ. ;#<-(# ]• )!2#$ int. which• )!2## n. yell, scream; )!2##.= v. to yell, scream• )!=!%1!!= v. comp. download• )+,-+ n. slander; )+,-+==- v. slanderer

• )+% ,!2! a. stupid, rubbish• )+%-& adv. dial cf )+%-0 later• )+%-0 adv. later• )+%-- v. thick; )+%-(= v. to thicken• )+* n. (rear) leg• )+*,++= v. to connect; )+*,+$= v. to unite; )+*,+2-& n. union;)+*,-- (>!19B) n. comitative case

• )+*&- a. calm, relaxed• )+*++= v. to compare; )+*++( a. no better• )+*-(= v. to be defamed, disgraced• )+*-+=-& a. tipsy; )+*-+=-%= v. to become tipsy• )+/ a. sad; )+/+%= v. to be sad, become sad• )+/-$ n. mouth harp, Jews harp• )+(= v. to stay over night, spend the night; )+(+2+ n. overnight

guest; )+(-& n. overnight stay• )+A-(= v. to be torn off• )+. a. quickly consumed• )+.= v. to furrow; )+.-%= v. to plough (not deeply); to shave;)+.-0= v. to plough (deeply)

• )+.3%= v. to hunger, be hungry• )+.3-0= v. to be offended• )+.++= v. to quickly consume, gobble up, to waste; )+.+/ a.

quickly consumed/finishing• )+.0-+$&! n. potato [<Russ. +#,(!0-"3 ]• )+.-+ n. soot, coal• )+.-+*-& n. carbohydrate• )+$ a. additional, secondary• )+$ n. room• )+$>+) n. small room, pantry



51

• )+0= v. to defeat• )+0- n. north; )+0-A- a. northern, north• )+0-( (pl. )+0-0) n. lady, mistress• )+0--. n. scythe• )+2++( n. poem; )+2++((17-0 n. poet; )+2-%= v. to sing in a

poem• )+2--( a. diligent, energetic• 2! cf $!, =! ono. Laugh!; 2! 3#(= v. to laugh• 2!% exc. Go! (used for driving cattle)• 2!0 exc. Giddy-up!• 2-- exc. Yikes!; Wow!; Whew!• =! cf 2!, $! ono. Laugh!; =! 3#(= v. to laugh• =!!&# n. cup• =!!$ n. hour [<Russ. 7#: ]• =!"#*"!( n. lightning [<Mong. C akil F an ]• =!%, =9% n. tea [<Russ. 7#6 ]

• =!*& exc. Splash!• =;/>6+( n. champion [<Russ.]• =6A a. dense; =6A-=6A a. very dense• =+=- n. whetstone; =+=-%= v. to improve, perfect, sharpen• =-3!$ a. near, close; =-3!$-=-3!$ a. very close; =-3--$-=-3!$,=-3##$-=-3!$ a. very very close; =-3!$0!!"# a. found near, close

• =-3-%= v. to recede, back down; =-3-& a. timid, shy, cautious, wary• =-+ adv. exactly• =-+. a. sharp, keen (of hearing)• =-+.!!( n. bell• =--/>- a. quiet; =--/>-.= v. to hush, grow quiet• =--=!!) n. small bird• =-=-(! n. yeti, abominable snowman• =#=!!$ a. shallow• =9,16& a. healthy; =9,1636.= v. to become healthier• =9* a. healthy• =9>=99= v. to become light; =9>=9&6 a. light• =9. n. scar, callous; =9.16%= v. to become scarred, calloused• =9.9(66*9 n. ink [<Russ. 7-,/*"# ]; =9.9(66*9 62609 n. inkstand,

ink-holder• :!.6& n. balloon [<Russ.]• #! v. to milk; #!"!$ n. milking bucket• #!= v. to milk• #!"!$, #!"!%! n. bucket• #!* n. family• #!* n. neighbor [<Mong. ayil ]; #!*=#0 n. guest;#!*17#0#/$#%= v. to behave like a guest when one is not

• #!. n. difficulty; #!.!)!( a. difficult, heavy; #!.!!= v. to becomeheavy



52

• #!.# a. sick, ill; #!.#%= v. to become sick, ill; #!.## n. disease,illness; #!.#2!) a. sick, ill

• #!$ n. resin• #,#$= v. to close up, join tightly• #% n. moon, month; !0#.17!) #%! n. August; ,!*!"!( #%! n.

September; ,9$ #%! n. June; &'( #% n. time• #%= v. to point at• #%!!= n. to weigh; #%!2##( n. weighing; weight; scales• #%!!) n. decree• #%#((7#& n. comp. link• #%#0= v. to ask; #%#0!. n. question• #%#2#(= v. to swallow• #&= v. to press, oppose, squeeze; urge, demand; #&#( a. tight-

fisted; #3#$= v. to be squeezed, to sit close; #3#*#%= v. to bepressed, squeezed; #3#2#(= v. to strain oneself

• #&$!!= v. to hurry

• #*= v. to take; =!( #*= conv. to do something over a shortperiod of time, for a short duration; to do something for one’s ownbenefit

• #*3#( =#&#%! n. little, pinky finger• #**!!= v. to sing• #*#$= v. to undertake• #/$## n. envy; #/$##.= v. to envy• #(!) n. cow; ,#!2#0 #(!) n. cow able to slip leashes; #(!)0!!=

v. to provide with cows; #(!%= v. to resemble a cow; #(!0= v. tomake resemble a cow

• #(#.#& a. terrible• #A##. n. saddle• #.= v. to lose weight; #.#3!( a. thin, lean• #.!!$ a. clean; #.!!2#.= v. to become clean• #.!!) a. far; #>-#.!!) a. very far; #.!!)0!!"# a. found far

away; #.!!0= v. to go far• #.!!)0!"# n. czar• #."!%= v. to become fat; #."!0= v. to make fat, fatten• #.#! n. song; #**!!= v. to sing; #.#!2#0 n. singer• #.#0= n. to analyze; #.#0## n. analysis• #$= v. to scatter, sow, sprinkle, spatter; #2#3#(= v. to drop, let

fall• #$$! exc. Cold!• #$0!(= v. to jump• #$0!(#!& n. (machine) bench [<Russ. :(#/!+ ]• #0 n. dog; #0 06A6*9"9 n. cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus )• #0= v. to shoot, fire• #0!!= v. to cry• #0!."! n. earring



53

• #0#%= v. to whip cream; #0#& n. utensil for whipping cream• #0#.= v. to bite, pinch; #0#.#/ n. bit, nibble• #0#.0= v. to sneeze• #0#$ n. palm (of hand); v. to take a handful of something• #2!!.= v. to fry, grill; #2!!.# n. fried food• #2#!) n. summer solstice holiday• ##.= v. to divide in two; ##.!!) n. division of a hoof• ##$ n. smoke; ##$-,#1!!( n. dense darkness, heavy mist• ##0= v. to send, dispatch• 9 int. Huh?, interrogative particle • 9,6*= v. to be added• 9,69$ n. sheep [<Russ. !'4# ]• 9,690 n. dinner, supper [<Russ. !1-$]; 9,690099= v. to dine, have

dinner• 9,909. cf ,6909., ,6609. conj. or• 9,9 n. grandmother

• 9,9A&6 n. Evenki, Tungus• 9"9 n. capticiousness, faultfinding, nagging• 939 adv. all the more• 91766% n. sister (elder)• 919. a. young• 91766% n. aunt• 9%9 n. peace, harmony; 9%9"9$ a. peaceful; 9%9*99= v. to make

peace• 9&&6.99= v. to jump up; 9&&6.90= v. to chase, make jump up• 9*,9) a. multiple, a lot, many; 9*,99= v. to multiply, increase• 9*69 n. kite (bird), hawk, vulture• 9*76%= v. to cut thin• 9*9%= v. to wear out, become worn out; 9*90= v. to wear out,

make wear out• 9*99= v. to go around in a flighty manner• 9/= v. to suck• 9/6$ a. fat• 9/69 adv. too, also• 9/6$&9 adv. at once• 9/> n. medicine; 9/099= v. to treat medically, to doctor; 9/=60 n.

physician, doctor• 9/069&9 n. pharmacy [<Russ. #2(-+# ]• 9/9 det. some, any (used only with pronouns)• 9/99)$6( (pl. 9/99)$6009.) n. old woman• 9( pro. you (singular); 9%869(9 pro. yours• 9(19%= v. to make mistakes; 9(169 a. wrong• 9A9. n. skirts• 9>= v. to add; 9,66 n. addition; 9,66*6& n. bonus, addition• 9. n. man, male; 9.199) a. masculine; 9. $!(!! n. courage



54

• 9.= v. to be; =!( 9.= conv. to begin to do something andcontinue doing so

• 9.,66 n. saw (tool); 9.,99= v. to saw• 9.,9) n. thumb, big finger; big toe• 9.36%= v. to turn around, whirl, spin; 9.360= v. to make turn

around• 9.36/09 n. circle, sphere of action• 9.36( n. environs, neighborhood• 9.369( n. trade, commerce• 9.39 a. old, ancient (of things)• 9.166 n. oar• 9.19 adv. early• 9.6%= v. to twist, turn; 9.6*6(= v. to twist, turn, be twisted,

turned• 9.6$= v. to wrestle, struggle with• 9.69( n. motley, spotted

• 9.69>>9 n. turnip [<Russ. ,-2# ]• 9.0= v. to row• 9.09,9$ n. boot• 9.=6%= v. to exercise, train, develop• 9.9 det, a. just, only, but; some, any (with pronouns)• 9.939. adv. always• 9.9% n. suffering, misery, trouble, hardship; 9.9%-,-.-% n.

suffering, hardship• 9.9&9.16626 n. record-breaker [<Russ. ,-+!,$*:( ]• 9.9* a. reliable, safe, trustworthy• 9.9(= v. to hope, rely upon; 9.9((9.= v. to promise• 9.9$66(9 n. resin [<Russ. ,-:*/ ]• 9.90 n. fine fellow, good lad• 9$= v. to destroy; explode• 9$= v. to shoot, pull a trigger; 926*6(= v. to be done away with• 90 n. flesh, meat; 906/$9& a. meat-loving, carnivorous; 90=60 n.

butcher, meat-cutter; 90099= v. to butcher, to cut meat• 90= v. to say; 906( n. sentence, proposition• 90639( a. sonorous, resonant• 906A n. thunder; 906A(99) $!/##. n. thunderstorm• 906$= v. to argue, quarrel; 906266& a. quarrelsome, argumentative• 9006& n. body (in physics)• 909.,9$ n. boot, soft-soled shoe• 9=90= v. to chop up, cut up• 92636 pro. you (plural); 9269(9 pro. yours• 929 n. grandfather• 929 n. bear; 929*99= v. to hunt bears• 9299 int. huh?, what?• 99 exc. yes, oh!



55

• 99"9 n. sarcasm; 99"6% a. sarcastic• H.6$0 (pl. H.6$0!.) n. lawyer, jurist [<Russ.]



Bibliography

Kirifçioglu, M. Fatih. Saha (Yakut) Türkçesi Grameri. Atatürk Kültür, Dil VeTarih Yüksek Kurumu Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları. 2nd ed. Vol.594. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu, 1999.

Krueger, John R. Yakut Manual: Area Handbook, Grammar, GradedReader, and Glossary. Uralic and Altaic Series. Bloomington:Indiana University, 1962.

Vinokurova, Nadezha. "Lexical Categories and Argument Structure: ACase Study with Reference to Sakha." PhD diss, UniversiteitUtrecht, 2005.

sakha dictionary

Documents