salva crim reviewer

8/16/2019 Salva Crim Reviewer

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ARRANGED BY TOPIC (1994 – 2006)Version 197 – 200E!i"e! #n! Arr#n$e! %&' #ne""e #$$*i+I,#o #n! A-e. An!re/ P I,#o(i--i#n 3niersi"& Co--e$e o5 #/)

3!#"e! %&' Don!ee

ReT#e B#rOs 2007

8 O R A R DT:is /or is no" in"en!e! 5or s#-e or ,oer,e T:is /or is 5ree/#re I" #& %e 5ree-& ,oie! #n! !is"ri%*"e!I" is ri#ri-& in"en!e! 5or #-- ":ose /:o !esire "o :#e # !eeer *n!ers"#n!in$ o5 ":e iss*es "o*,:e! %& ":eP:i-iine B#r E.#in#"ions #n! i"s "ren! I" is se,i#--& in"en!e! 5or -#/ s"*!en"s 5ro ":e roin,es /:o; er&o5"en; #re re,iien"s o5 !e-i%er#"e-& !is"or"e! no"es 5ro o":er *ns,r**-o*s -#/ s,:oo-s #n! s"*!en"s :#re "oo":ers ":is /or #n! &o* /i-- %e ri,:-& re/#r!e! %& Go! in :e#en I" is #-so er& $oo! #r# e /o*-! -ie "osee ":e in!*-$en,e o5 ":e re#!er 5or soe B#r s in!*-$en,e 5or # -o" o5 "&o$r#:i,#- errors in ":is /or

T:e A*":ors *-& 26; 200?3!#"e! %&' *-& ; 2007

3POADED BY BIBOY

ANER TO BAR E@AINATION


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E.e"in$ Cir,*s"#n,es Coer#$e (2000)E.e"in$ Cir,*s"#n,es inori"& (199)E.e"in$ inori"& 11 &rs O-! A%sen,e o5 Dis,ernen" (2000)*s"i5&in$ s E.e"in$ Cir,*s"#n,es (2004)*s"i5&in$ De5ense o5 onor Re*isi"es (2002)*s"i5&in$ De5ense o5 "r#n$er (2002)

*s"i5&in$ 8*-5i--en" o5 D*"& Re*isi"es (2000)*s"i5&in$ D De5ense o5 onor Re*isi"es (199)*s"i5&in$ De5ense o5 onor E-een"s (2000)*s"i5&in$ D De5ense o5 Proer"& Re*isi"es (1996)*s"i5&in$ D De5ense o5 Proer"& Re*isi"es (200)


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Pen#-"ies oi,i!e /H o!i5&in$ Cir,*s"#n,e (199?)Pen#-"ies i"i$#"in$ Cir,*s"#n,es /Ho*" A$$r##"in$ Cir,*s"#n,e (1997)Pen#-"ies P#rri,i!e /H i"i$#"in$ Cir,*s"#n,e (1997)Pen#-"ies Preen"ie Irisonen" (1994)Pen#-"ies Re,-*sion Pere"*# (RA) No 79?9 (200?)Pen#-"ies Re,-*sion Pere"*# s i5e Irisonen" (1994)

Pen#-"ies Re,-*sion Pere"*# s i5e Irisonen" (2001)Pro%#"ion #/' Proer Perio! (200?)Pro%#"ion #/ B#rre! %& Ae#- (1994)Pro%#"ion #/ B#rre! %& Ae#- (2001)Pro%#"ion #/ #.i* Ter s To"#- Ter (1997)Pro%#"ion #/ Or!er Den&in$ Pro%#"ion No" Ae#-#%-e (2002)Pro%#"ion #/ Perio! Coere! (2004)Pro%#"ion #/ Ri$:" B#rre! %& Ae#- (199?)Pro%#"ion #/ Ri$:" B#rre! %& Ae#- (200)*sension o5 en"en,e A!*-"sHinors (2006)*sension o5 en"en,e inors (200)*sension o5 en"en,e Yo*":5*- O55en!er (199?)

E@TINCTION O8 CRIINA IABIITYAnes"& s PD 1160 (2006)Anes"& Cries Coere! (2006)E."in,"ion Criin#- F Cii- i#%i-i"ies E55e,"s De#": o5 #,,*se! en!in$ #e#- (2004)E."in,"ion Criin#- F Cii- i#%i-i"ies E55e,"s De#": o5 O55en!e! P#r"& (2000)P#r!on s Anes"& (2006)P#r!on E55e," Cii- In"er!i,"ion (2004)P#r!on E55e," Reins"#"een" (1994)Pres,ri"ion o5 Cries Bi$#& (199?)Pres,ri"ion o5 Cries Coen,een" (2000)Pres,ri"ion o5 Cries Coen,een" (2004)Pres,ri"ion o5 Cries Con,*%in#$e (2001)

Pres,ri"ion o5 Cries 8#-se Tes"ion& (1994)Pres,ri"ion o5 Cries i-e -#n!er (1997)CIVI IABIITYCii- -i#%i-i"& E55e," o5 A,*i""#- (2000)Cii- -i#%i-i"& E55e," o5 A,*i""#- (2000)Cii- i#%i-i"& *%si!i#r& E-o&ers (199)Cii- i#%i-i"& :en #n!#"or& Criin#- i#%i-i"& (200?)D##$es oi,i!e Teer#"e D##$es (2006)CRIE AGAINT NATIONA EC3RITY AND TE A O8 NATIONPir#,& in ":e i$: e#s F e"#" (2002)Ar" 14+A Co* !>e"#" Ne/ 8ire#rs #/ (199)Ar" 16 Consir#,& "o Coi" Re%e--ion (1994)Ar" 14 Dire," Ass#*-" s Resis"#n,e F Diso%e!ien,e (2001)Ar" 14 Dire," Ass#*-" Te#,:ers F Pro5essors (2002)Ar" 14 Persons in A*":ori"&HA$en"s o5 Persons in A*":ori"& (2000)Ar" 1?6 De-ier& o5 Prisoners 5ro #i- (2002)Ar" 1?7 E#sion o5 eri,e o5 en"en,e (199)Ar" 14 Re%e--ion s Co* !e"#" (2004)

Co-e. Crie Dire," Ass#*-" /i": *r!er (2000)CRIE AGAINT P3BIC INTERET8#-se No"es I--e$#- Possession (1999)8#-se Tes"ion& (1994)8#-si5i,#"ion Pres*"ion o5 8#-si5i,#"ion (1999)8or$er& F 8#-si5i,#"ion (1999)Gr#e ,#n!#- (1996)Per=*r& (1996)Per=*r& (1997)Per=*r& (200?)CRIE COITTED BY P3BIC O88ICERBri%er& F Corr*"ion o5 P*%-i, O55i,i#- (2001)

Dire," Bri%er&' In5i!e-i"& in ":e C*s"o!& o5 Do,*en"s (200?)*ris!i,"ion Ie#,:#%-e P*%-i, O55i,ers (2006)


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#-ers#"ion (1994)#-ers#"ion (1999)#-ers#"ion (1999)#-ers#"ion (2001)#-ers#"ion (2006)#-ers#"ion s Es"#5# (1999)

#-ers#"ionProer"ies C*s"o!i# e$is (2001)#-ers#"ion Te,:ni,#- #-ers#"ion (1996)P*%-i, O55i,ers !e5ini"ion (1999)P*%-i, O55i,ers In5i!e-i"& in C*s"o!& o5 Prisoners (1996)P*%-i, O55i,ers In5i!e-i"& in C*s"o!& o5 Prisoners (1997)CRIE AGAINT PERONCo-e. Crie oi,i!e /H Ass#*-"+A*":ori"& (199?)Co-e. Crie P#rri,i!e /H *nin"en"ion#- #%or"ion (1994)Criin#- i#%i-i"ies R#e oi,i!e F T:e5" (199 No)Criin#- i#%i-i"& T**-"*o*s A55r#& (1997)Criin#- i#%i-i"& T**-"*o*s A55r#& (200)

De#": *n!er E.,e"ion#- Cir,*s"#n,es (2001)De#": *n!er E.,e"ion#- Cir,*s"#n,es (200?)oi,i!e 8r*s"r#"e! P:&si,#- In=*ries (1994)In5#n"i,i!e (2006)*r!er F e, 2?; RA No 916? (200?)*r!er (1999)*r!er De5ini"ion F E-een"s (1999)*r!er Ei!en" Pree!i"#"ion (1996)*r!er oi,i!e In5#n"i,i!e P#rri,i!e (1999)*r!er Re,-ess Ir*!en,e (2001)*r!er Tre#,:er& (199?)*r!er 3se o5 I--e$#- 8ire#rs (2004)

P#rri,i!e (1999)P#rri,i!e (1999)P#rri,i!e *-"i-e P#rri,i!e oi,i!e (1997)R#e (199?)R#e A%sen,e o5 8or,e F In"ii!#"ion (199?)R#e An"i+R#e #/ o5 1997 (2002)R#e An"i+R#e #/ o5 1997 (2002)R#e Consen"e! A%!*,"ion (2002)R#e E55e," A55i!#i" o5 Desis"#n,e (199)R#e #-e Vi,"i (2002)R#e *-"i-e R#es 8or,i%-e A%!*,"ion (2000)R#e Proer P#r"& (199)

R#e "#"*"or& R#e en"#- Re"#r! #"e Vi,"i (1996)CRIE AGAINT PERONA IBERTY AND EC3RITYAr%i"r#r& De"en"ion E-een"s Gro*n!s (2006)Gr#e Coer,ion (199)Gr#e Coer,ion s #-"re#"en" o5 Prisoner (1999)I--e$#- De"en"ion s Gr#e Coer,ion (1999)i!n#in$ (2002)i!n#in$ (2006)i!n#in$ /H oi,i!e (200?)i!n#in$ E55e,"s Vo-*n"#r& Re-e#se (2004)i!n#in$ I--e$#- De"en"ion inori"& (2006)i!n#in$ Proos#- "o i!n# (1996)

i!n#in$ erio*s I--e$#- De"en"ion (1997)Tres#ss "o D/e--in$ Pri#"e Persons (2006)Tres#ss "o D/e--in$ R*-e o5 A%sor"ion (1994)3n=*s" Ve.#"ion s A,"s o5 #s,iio*sness (1994)CRIE AGAINT PROPERTYArson Des"r*,"ie Arson (1994)Arson Des"r*,"ie Arson (2000)Arson Ne/ Arson #/ (2004)BP 22 eor#n!* C:e, (1994)BP 22 eor#n!* C:e, (199?)BP 22 Pres*"ion o5 no/-e!$e (2002)Es"#5# F Tr*s" Re,ei" #/ (199?)

Es"#5# (1999)Es"#5# s BP 22 (1996)


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Es"#5# s BP 22 (200)Es"#5# s one& #re" P-#,een" (1996)Es"#5# s T:e5" (200?)Es"#5# E-een"s (200?)Es"#5# 8#-si5i,#"ion o5 Coer,i#- Do,*en" (2000)Es"#5# 8#-si5i,#"ion o5 Coer,i#- Do,*en"s (1997)

Es"#5# /in!-in$ (199)Ro%%er& (1996)Ro%%er& *n!er RPC (2000)Ro%%er& *n!er RPC (2001)Ro%%er& s i$:/#& Ro%%er& (2000)Ro%%er& /H 5or,e *on ":in$s (2000)Ro%%er& /H oi,i!e + RA No 76?9 (200?)Ro%%er& /H oi,i!e (1996)Ro%%er& /H oi,i!e (199)Ro%%er& /H oi,i!e (200)Ro%%er& /H oi,i!e e,i#- Co-e. Crie (199?)Ro%%er& /H In"ii!#"ion s T:e5" (2002)

Ro%%er& /H R#e (1999)Ro%%er& /H R#eConsir#,& (2004)Ro%%er& oi,i!e Arson (199?)Ro%%er& R#e (1997)T:e5" (199)T:e5" (2001)T:e5"


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D#n$ero*s Dr*$s A," Cons*#"ion o5 #-e (1996)D#n$ero*s Dr*$s A," Criin#- In"en" "o Posses (2002)D#n$ero*s Dr*$s A," P-e#+B#r$#inin$ (2004)i$:/#& Ro%%er& (2001)I--e$#- 8is:in$ +PD 704 (1996)I--e$#- Possession o5 8ire#rs – RA 294 (199)

I--e$#- Possession o5 8ire#rs F A*ni"ions (2000)PD 46 F RA 671 F In!ire," Bri%er& (2006)PD 46 (1994)PD 46 (1997)P-*n!er *n!er RA 700 Pres,ri"ie Perio! (199)RA No 9160 An"i+one& #*n!erin$ A," (200?)RA 019 Preen"ie *sension (1999)RA 019 Preen"ie *sension (2000)RA 019 P*%-i, O55i,er (200)RA 671 Coer#$e (2001)RA 74+E,onoi,#%o"#$e I--e$#- Re,r*i"en" (2004)

RA 7610 – C:i-! E.-oi"#"ion (2006)

GENERA PRINCIPEGener#- Prin,i-es ,:oo-s o5 ":o*$:" in Criin#- #/ (1996)1) :#" #re ":e !i55eren" s,:oo-s o5 ":o*$:" or ":eories in Criin#- #/ #n! !es,ri%e e#,: %rie5-&2) To /:#" ":eor& !oes o*r Reise! Pen#- Co!e %e-on$K

3GGETED ANER'T:ere #re "/o s,:oo-s o5 ":o*$:" in Criin#- #/; #n! ":ese #re (#) ":e CAICA TEORY; /:i,: si-&e#ns ":#" ":e %#sis o5 ,riin#- -i#%i-i"ies is :*#n 5ree /i--; #n! ":e *rose o5 ":e en#-"& is re"ri%*"ion /:i,:*s" %e roor"ion#- "o ":e $r#i"& o5 ":e o55ense #n! (%) ":e POITIVIT TEORY; /:i,: ,onsi!ers #n #s# so,i#- %ein$ #n! :is #,"s #re #""ri%*"#%-e no" =*s" "o :is /i-- %*" "o o":er 5or,es o5 so,ie"& As s*,:;

*nis:en" is no" ":e so-*"ion; #s :e is no" en"ire-& "o %e %-#e! -#/ #n! =*risr*!en,e s:o*-! no" %e ":er!s"i, in ":e iosi"ion o5 s#n,"ion; ins"e#! ":e *n!er-&in$ re#sons /o*-! %e in*ire! in"o

e 5o--o/ ":e ,-#ssi,#- s,:oo- o5 ":o*$:" #-":o*$: soe roisions o5 einen"-& osi"iis" in "en!en,ies; -ie*nis:en" o5 iossi%-e ,rie; *eni-e ,ir,*s"#n,es; #re in,oror#"e! in o*r Co!e

Gener#- Prin,i-es Terri"ori#-i"& (1994)A%e; #rrie! "o iJ#; ,on"r#,"e! #no":er #rri#$e /i": Connie in in$#ore T:ere#5"er; A%e #n! Conniere"*rne! "o ":e P:i-iines #n! -ie! #s :*s%#n! #n! /i5e in ":e :oe"o/n o5 A%e in C#-#%#; #$*n# 1) C#nA%e %e rose,*"e! 5or %i$#&K

3GGETED ANER'1) No; A%e #& no" %e rose,*"e! 5or %i$#& sin,e ":e %i$#o*s #rri#$e /#s ,on"r#,"e! or so-eniJe! inin$#ore; :en,e s*,: io-#"ion is no" one o5 ":ose /:ere ":e Reise! Pen#- Co!e; *n!er Ar" 2 ":ereo5; #&%e #-ie! e."r#"erri"ori#--& T:e $ener#- r*-e on "erri"ori#-i"& o5 ,riin#- -#/ $oerns ":e si"*#"ion

Gener#- Prin,i-es Terri"ori#-i"& *ris!i,"ion oer Vesse- (2000)A5"er !rinin$ one (1) ,#se o5 #n i$*e- %eer #n! "#in$ "/o -#"es o5 L*-*"#nL; Bino&; # 8i-iino se##n;s"#%%e! "o !e#": io &; # in$#ore#n se##n; #%o#r! HV LPrin,ess o5 ":e P#,i5i,L; #n oerse#s esse-

/:i,: /#s s#i-in$ in ":e o*": C:in# e# T:e esse-; #-":o*$: P#n##ni#n re$is"ere!; is o/ne! %& *,io &;# ri,: 8i-iino %*siness#n :en HV LPrin,ess o5 ":e P#,i5i,L re#,:e! # P:i-iinePor" #" Ce%* Ci"&; ":e C#"#in o5 ":e esse- "*rne! oer ":e #ss#i-#n" Bino& "o ":e P:i-iine #*":ori"ies An

in5or#"ion 5or :oi,i!e /#s 5i-e! #$#ins" Bino& in ":e Re$ion#- Tri#- Co*r" o5 Ce%* Ci"& e oe! "o *#s:":e in5or#"ion 5or -#, o5 =*ris!i,"ion I5 &o* /ere ":e *!$e; /i-- &o* $r#n" ":e o"ionK :&K (?M)

3GGETED ANER'Yes; ":e o"ion "o


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1 Pse*!on& 5or -i"er#r& *roses2 3se o5 #-i#ses in ,ine# #n! "e-eision en"er"#inen" In #":-e"i,s #n! sor"s #,"ii"ies (RA 60?)4 3n!er ":e /i"ness ro"e,"ion ro$r# # erson #& #!o" # !i55eren" i!en"i"& (RA 691)? :en :e :#s %een %#"iJe! or ,*s"o#ri-& no/n %& s*,: #-i#s6 :en #*":oriJe! %& # ,oe"en" ,o*r" (CA No 142; #s #en!e! %& RA 60?)

7 :en roer-& in!i,#"e! in # Cer"i5i,#"e o5 C#n!i!#,& (Oni%*s E-e,"ion Co!e)

8EONIEConsir#,& (1997)A :#! # $r*!$e #$#ins" 8 De,i!in$ "o i-- 8; A #n! :is 5rien!s; B; C; #n! D; #re! ":ese-es /i": nies #n!ro,ee!e! "o ":e :o*se o5 8; "#in$ # "#.i,#% 5or ":e *rose A%o*" 20 e"ers 5ro ":eir !es"in#"ion; ":e$ro* #-i$:"e! #n! #5"er ins"r*,"in$ E; ":e !rier; "o /#i"; "r#e--e! on 5oo" "o ":e :o*se o5 8 B osi"ione!:ise-5 #" # !is"#n,e #s ":e $ro*s -ooo*" C #n! D s"oo! $*#r! o*"si!e ":e :o*se Be5ore A ,o*-! en"er ":e:o*se; D -e5" ":e s,ene /i":o*" ":e no/-e!$e o5 ":e o":ers A s"e#-":i-& en"ere! ":e :o*se #n! s"#%%e! 8 8r#n "o ":e s"ree" %*" /#s %-o,e! %& C; 5or,in$ :i "o 5-ee "o/#r!s #no":er !ire,"ion Ie!i#"e-& #5"er A :#!s"#%%e! 8; A #-so s"#%%e! G /:o /#s isi"in$ 8 T:ere#5"er; A e.i-e! 5ro ":e :o*se #n!; "o$e":er /i": B #n!C; re"*rne! "o ":e /#i"in$ "#.i,#% #n! o"ore! #/#& G !ie! 8 s*rie! :o #re -i#%-e 5or ":e !e#": o5 G #n!

":e :&si,#- in=*ries o5 8K

3GGETED ANER'A #-one s:o*-! %e :e-! -i#%-e 5or ":e !e#": o5 G T:e o%=e," o5 ":e ,onsir#,& o5 A B; C; #n! D /#s "o i-- 8on-& in,e B; C; #n! D !i! no" no/ o5 ":e s"#%%in$ o5 G %& A; ":e& ,#nno" %e :e-! ,riin#--& ":ere5or E; ":e!rier; ,#nno" %e #-so :e-! -i#%-e 5or ":e !e#": o5 G sin,e ":e 5orer /#s ,o-e"e-& *n#/#re o5 s#i! i--in$

8or ":e :&si,#- in=*ries o5 8; A; B #n! C s:o*-! %e :e-! -i#%-e ":ere5ore Een i5 i" /#s on-& A /:o #,"*#--&s"#%%e! #n! ,#*se! :&si,#- in=*ries "o G; B #n! C #re none":e-ess -i#%-e 5or ,onsirin$ /i": A #n! 5or,on"ri%*"in$ osi"ie #,"s /:i,: -e! "o ":e re#-iJ#"ion o5 # ,oon ,riin#- in"en" B osi"ione! :ise-5 #s #-ooo*"; /:i-e C %-o,e! 8s es,#e D; :o/eer; #-":o*$: #r" o5 ":e ,onsir#,&; ,#nno" %e :e-! -i#%-e%e,#*se :e -e5" ":e s,ene %e5ore A ,o*-! en"er ":e :o*se /:ere ":e s"#%%in$ o,,*rre! A-":o*$: :e /#s

e#r-ier #r" o5 ":e ,onsir#,&; :e !i! no" erson#--& #r"i,i#"e in ":e e.e,*"ion o5 ":e ,rie %& #,"s /:i,:!ire,"-& "en!e! "o/#r! ":e s#e en! (Peo-e s Tooro; e" #- 44 P:i- ) In ":e s#e %re#":; E; ":e !rier;,#nno" %e #-so :e-! -i#%-e 5or ":e in5-i,"ion o5 :&si,#- in=*ries *on 8 %e,#*se ":ere is no s:o/in$ ":#" :e :#!no/-e!$e o5 ":e -#n "o i-- 8

Consir#,& Aoi!#n,e o5 Gre#"er Ei- (2004)BB #n! CC; %o": #re! /i": nies; #""#,e! 8T T:e i,"is son; T; *on seein$ ":e #""#,; !re/ :is $*n%*" /#s reen"e! 5ro s:oo"in$ ":e #""#,ers %& AA; /:o $r#-e! /i": :i 5or ossession o5 ":e $*n 8T!ie! 5ro ni5e /o*n!s AA; BB #n! CC /ere ,:#r$e! /i": *r!er In :is !e5ense; AA inoe! ":e =*s"i5&in$,ir,*s"#n,e o5 #oi!#n,e o5 $re#"er ei- or in=*r&; ,on"en!in$ ":#" %& reen"in$ T 5ro s:oo"in$ BB #n!CC; :e ere-& #oi!e! # $re#"er ei- i-- AAs !e5ense roserK Re#son %rie5-& (?M)

3GGETED ANER'No; AAs !e5ense /i-- no" roser %e,#*se o%io*s-& ":ere /#s # ,onsir#,& #on$ BB; CC #n! AA; s*,: ":#"":e rin,i-e ":#" /:en ":ere is # ,onsir#,&; ":e #," o5 one is ":e #," o5 #--; s:#-- $oern T:e #," o5 T; ":ei,"is son; #e#rs "o %e # -e$i"i#"e !e5ense o5 re-#"ies :en,e; =*s"i5ie! #s # !e5ense o5 :is 5#":er #$#ins"":e *n-#/5*- #$$ression %& BB #n! CC Ts #," "o !e5en! :is 5#":ers -i5e; ,#nno" %e re$#r!e! #s #n ei-in#s*,: #s i" is; in ":e e&es o5 ":e -#/; # -#/5*- #," :#" AA !i! /#s "o s"o # -#/5*- !e5ense; no" $re#"erei-; "o #--o/ BB #n! CC #,:iee ":eir ,riin#- o%=e,"ie o5 s"#%%in$ 8T

Consir#,& Co+Consir#"or (199)*#n #n! Ar"*ro !eise! # -#n "o *r!er oe- In # n#rro/ #--e& ne#r oe-s :o*se; *#n /i-- :i!e %e:in! ":e%i$ -#os" #n! s:oo" oe- /:en ":e -#""er #sses ":ro*$: on :is /#& "o /or Ar"*ro /i-- ,oe 5ro ":e o":eren! o5 ":e #--e& #n! si*-"#neo*s-& s:oo" oe- 5ro %e:in! On ":e #oin"e! !#&; Ar"*ro /#s #re:en!e! %&

":e #*":ori"ies %e5ore re#,:in$ ":e #--e& :en *#n s:o" oe- #s -#nne!; :e /#s *n#/#re ":#" Ar"*ro /#s#rres"e! e#r-ier Dis,*ss ":e ,riin#- -i#%i-i"& o5 Ar"*ro; i5 #n& ?M

3GGETED ANER'Ar"*ro; %ein$ one o5 ":e "/o /:o !eise! ":e -#n "o *r!er oe-; ":ere%& %e,oes # ,o+rin,i#- %& !ire,",onsir#,& :#" is nee!e! on-& is #n oer" #," #n! %o": /i-- in,*r ,riin#- -i#%i-i"& Ar"*ros -i#%i-i"& #s #,onsir#"or #rose 5ro :is #r"i,i#"ion in =oin"-& !eisin$ ":e ,riin#- -#n /i": *#n; "o i-- ose An! i" /#s*rs*#n" "o ":#" ,onsir#,& ":#" *#n i--e! oe- T:e ,onsir#,& :ere is #,"*#-; no" %& in5eren,e on-& T:eoer" #," /#s !one *rs*#n" "o ":#" ,onsir#,& /:ereo5 Ar"*ro is ,o+,onsir#"or T:ere %ein$ # ,onsir#,&; ":e#," o5 one is ":e #," o5 #-- Ar"*ro; ":ere5ore; s:o*-! %e -i#%-e #s # ,o+,onsir#"or %*" ":e en#-"& on :i #& %e":#" o5 #n #,,o-i,e on-& (Peo-e s Nierr#; 96 CRA 1 Peo-e *s e!r#no; 114 CRA ?) %e,#*se :e

/#s no" #%-e "o #,"*#--& #r"i,i#"e in ":e s:oo"in$ o5 oe-; :#in$ %een #re:en!e! %e5ore re#,:in$ ":e -#,e

/:ere ":e ,rie /#s ,oi""e!


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ATERNATIVE ANER'Ar"*ro is no" -i#%-e %e,#*se :e /#s no" #%-e "o #r"i,i#"e in ":e i--in$ o5 oe- Consir#,& i"se-5 is no"*nis:#%-e *n-ess e.ress-& roi!e! %& -#/ #n! ":is is no" "r*e in ":e ,#se o5 *r!er A ,o+,onsir#"or *s"er5or #n oer" #," *rs*#n" "o ":e ,onsir#,&

Consir#,& Coon 8e-onio*s P*rose (1994)

A" #%o*" 9'0 in ":e eenin$; /:i-e Dino #n! R#55& /ere /#-in$ #-on$ P#!re 8#*r# "ree"; #ni-# o:nn& :i"":e /i": # ro, in=*rin$ Dino #" ":e %#, R#55& #ro#,:e! Dino; %*" s*!!en-&; Bo%%&; "ee; D#nn& #n!Nono& s*rro*n!e! ":e !*o T:en Bo%%& s"#%%e! Dino "ee; D#nn&; Nono& #n! o:nn& e" on :i""in$ Dino#n! R#55& /i": ro,s As # res*-" Dino !ie!; Bo%%&; "ee; D#nn&; Nono& #n! o:nn& /ere ,:#r$e! /i"::oi,i!e Is ":ere ,onsir#,& in ":is ,#seK

3GGETED ANER'Yes; ":ere is ,onsir#,& #on$ ":e o55en!ers; #s #ni5es"e! %& ":eir ,on,er"e! #,"ions #$#ins" ":e i,"is;!eons"r#"in$ # ,oon 5e-onio*s *rose o5 #ss#*-"in$ ":e i,"is T:e e.is"en,e o5 ":e ,onsir#,& ,#n %ein5erre! or !e!*,e! 5ro ":e #nner ":e o55en!ers #,"e! in ,oon-& #""#,in$ Dino #n! R#55& /i": ro,s;":ere%& !eons"r#"in$ # *ni"& o5 ,riin#- !esi$n "o in5-i," :#r on ":eir i,"is

Consir#,& Co-e. Crie /i": R#e (1996)ose; Doin$o; #no-o; #n! 8ern#n!o; #re! /i": %o-os; #" #%o*" one o,-o, in ":e ornin$; ro%%e! # :o*se#" # !eso-#"e -#,e /:ere D#ni-o; :is /i5e; #n! ":ree !#*$:"ers /ere -iin$ :i-e ":e 5o*r /ere in ":e ro,esso5 r#ns#,in$ D#ni-os :o*se; 8ern#n!o; no"i,in$ ":#" one o5 D#ni-os !#*$:"ers /#s "r&in$ "o $e" #/#&; r#n#5"er :er #n! 5in#--& ,#*$:" * /i": :er in # ":i,e" soe/:#" !is"#n" 5ro ":e :o*se 8ern#n!o; %e5ore %rin$in$%#, ":e !#*$:"er "o ":e :o*se; r#e! :er 5irs" T:ere#5"er; ":e 5o*r ,#r"e! #/#& ":e %e-on$in$s o5 D#ni-o #n!:is 5#i-&#) :#" ,rie !i! ose; Doin$o; #no-o #n! 8ern#n!o ,oi"K E.-#in%) *ose; #5"er ":e ro%%er&; ":e 5o*r "oo "*rns in r#in$ ":e ":ree !#*$:"ers o5 D#ni-o insi!e ":e -#""ers:o*se; %*" %e5ore ":e& -e5"; ":e& i--e! ":e /:o-e 5#i-& "o reen" i!en"i5i,#"ion; /:#" ,rie !i! ":e 5o*r,oi"K E.-#in

3GGETED ANER'(#) ose; Doin$o; #n! #no-o ,oi""e! Ro%%er&; /:i-e 8ern#n!o ,oi""e! ,o-e. ,rie o5 Ro%%er&

/i": R#e; Consir#,& ,#n %e in5erre! 5ro ":e #nner ":e o55en!ers ,oi""e! ":e ro%%er& %*" ":e r#e /#s,oi""e! %& 8ern#n!o #" # -#,e L!is"#n" 5ro ":e :o*seL /:ere ":e ro%%er& /#s ,oi""e!; no" in ":eresen,e o5 ":e o":er ,onsir#"ors en,e; 8ern#n!o #-one s:o*-! #ns/er 5or ":e r#e; ren!erin$ :i -i#%-e 5or":e se,i#- ,o-e. ,rie (Peo-e s C#n"*ri# e" #-; GR 10490; 22 *ne 199?)%) T:e ,rie /o*-! %e Ro%%er& /i": oi,i!e (i-ie!' ":ere is s"i-- ,onsir#,&)

Consir#,& 8-i$:" "o E#!e Are:ension (200)A #n! B; %o": s"ore =#ni"ors; -#nne! "o i-- ":eir e-o&er C #" i!ni$:" #n! "#e ":e one& e" in ":e ,#s:re$is"er A #n! B "o$e":er !re/ ":e se",: o5 ":e s"ore; /:ere ":e& ne/ C /o*-! %e s-eein$; #n! -#nne! ":ese*en,e o5 ":eir #""#, :or"-& %e5ore i!ni$:"; A #n! B /ere re#!& "o ,#rr& o*" ":e -#n :en A /#s #%o*"

"o -i5" Cs os*i"o ne" "o ":r*s" :is !#$$er; # o-i,e ,#r /i": sirens %-#rin$ #sse! %& ,#re!; B r#n o*" o5 ":es"ore #n! 5-e!; /:i-e A /en" on "o s"#% C "o !e#":; *" ":e one& in ":e %#$; #n! r#n o*"si!e "o -oo 5or B T:e-#""er /#s no/:ere in si$:" 3nno/n "o :i; B :#! #-re#!& -e5" ":e -#,e :#" /#s ":e #r"i,i#"ion #n!,orreson!in$ ,riin#- -i#%i-i"& o5 e#,:; i5 #n&K Re#sons M

3GGETED ANER'T:ere /#s #n e.resse! ,onsir#,& %e"/een A #n! B "o i-- C #n! "#e ":e -#""ers one& T:e -#nne! i--in$#n! "#in$ o5 ":e one& #e#rs "o %e in"i#"e-& re-#"e! #s ,oonen" ,ries; :en,e # se,i#- ,o-e. ,rieo5 ro%%er& /i": :oi,i!e T:e ,onsir#,& %ein$ e.resse!; no" =*s" i-ie!; A #n! B #re %o*n! #s ,o+,onsir#"ors #5"er ":e& :#e -#nne! #n! #$ree! on ":e se*en,e o5 ":eir #""#, een %e5ore ":e& ,oi""e!":e ,rie T:ere5ore; ":e rin,i-e in -#/ ":#" /:en ":ere is # ,onsir#,&; ":e #," o5 one is ":e #," o5 #--; #-re#!&$oerns ":e In 5#,"; A #n! B /ere #-re#!& in ":e s"ore "o ,#rr& o*" ":eir ,riin#- -#n

T:#" B r#n o*" o5 ":e s"ore #n! 5-e! *on :e#rin$ ":e sirens o5 ":e o-i,e ,#r; is no" son"#neo*s !esis"#n,e%*" 5-i$:" "o e#!e #re:ension I" /o*-! %e !i55eren" i5 B ":en "rie! "o s"o A 5ro ,on"in*in$ /i": ":e,oission o5 ":e ,rie :e !i! no" o ":e #," o5 A in *rs*in$ ":e ,oission o5 ":e ,rie /:i,: %o": :e#n! B !esi$ne!; -#nne!; #n! ,oen,e! "o ,oi"; /o*-! #-so %e ":e #," o5 B %e,#*se o5 ":eir e.resse!,onsir#,& Bo": #re -i#%-e 5or ":e ,oosi"e ,rie o5 ro%%er& /i": :oi,i!e

ATERNATIVE ANER'A s:#-- in,*r 5*-- ,riin#- -i#%i-i"& 5or ":e ,rie o5 ro%%er& /i": :oi,i!e; %*" B s:#-- no" in,*r ,riin#- -i#%i-i"&%e,#*se :e !esis"e! Bs son"#neo*s !esis"#n,e; #!e %e5ore #-- #,"s o5 e.e,*"ion #re er5ore!; ise.,*-#"or& Consir#,& "o ro% #n! i-- is no" er se *nis:#%-e T:e !esis"#n,e nee! no" %e #,"*#"e! %&reorse or $oo! o"ie I" is eno*$: ":#" ":e !is,on"in*#n,e ,oes 5ro ":e erson /:o :#s %e$*n ":e

,oission o5 ":e ,rie %*" %e5ore #-- #,"s o5 e.e,*"ion #re er5ore! A erson /:o :#s %e$#n ":e


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9

,oission o5 # ,rie %*" !esis"e!; is #%so-e! 5ro ,riin#- -i#%i-i"& #s # re/#r! "o one; /:o :#in$ se" 5oo"on ":e er$e o5 ,rie; :ee!s ":e ,#-- o5 :is ,ons,ien,e #n! re"*rns "o ":e #": o5 ri$:"eo*sness

Consir#,& 8-i$:" "o E#!e Are:ension (200)A #n! B; %o": s"ore =#ni"ors; -#nne! "o i-- ":eir e-o&er C #" i!ni$:" #n! "#e ":e one& e" in ":e ,#s:re$is"er A #n! B "o$e":er !re/ ":e se",: o5 ":e s"ore; /:ere ":e& ne/ C /o*-! %e s-eein$; #n! -#nne! ":e

se*en,e o5 ":eir #""#, :or"-& %e5ore i!ni$:"; A #n! B /ere re#!& "o ,#rr& o*" ":e -#n :en A /#s #%o*""o -i5" Cs os*i"o ne" "o ":r*s" :is !#$$er; # o-i,e ,#r /i": sirens %-#rin$ #sse! %& ,#re!; B r#n o*" o5 ":es"ore #n! 5-e!; /:i-e A /en" on "o s"#% C "o !e#":; *" ":e one& in ":e %#$; #n! r#n o*"si!e "o -oo 5or B T:e-#""er /#s no/:ere in si$:" 3nno/n "o :i; B :#! #-re#!& -e5" ":e -#,e :#" /#s ":e #r"i,i#"ion #n!,orreson!in$ ,riin#- -i#%i-i"& o5 e#,:; i5 #n&K Re#sons M

3GGETED ANER'T:ere /#s #n e.resse! ,onsir#,& %e"/een A #n! B "o i-- C #n! "#e ":e -#""ers one& T:e -#nne! i--in$#n! "#in$ o5 ":e one& #e#rs "o %e in"i#"e-& re-#"e! #s ,oonen" ,ries; :en,e # se,i#- ,o-e. ,rieo5 ro%%er& /i": :oi,i!e T:e ,onsir#,& %ein$ e.resse!; no" =*s" i-ie!; A #n! B #re %o*n! #s ,o+,onsir#"ors #5"er ":e& :#e -#nne! #n! #$ree! on ":e se*en,e o5 ":eir #""#, een %e5ore ":e& ,oi""e!":e ,rie T:ere5ore; ":e rin,i-e in -#/ ":#" /:en ":ere is # ,onsir#,&; ":e #," o5 one is ":e #," o5 #--; #-re#!&

$oerns ":e In 5#,"; A #n! B /ere #-re#!& in ":e s"ore "o ,#rr& o*" ":eir ,riin#- -#n

T:#" B r#n o*" o5 ":e s"ore #n! 5-e! *on :e#rin$ ":e sirens o5 ":e o-i,e ,#r; is no" son"#neo*s !esis"#n,e%*" 5-i$:" "o e#!e #re:ension I" /o*-! %e !i55eren" i5 B ":en "rie! "o s"o A 5ro ,on"in*in$ /i": ":e,oission o5 ":e ,rie :e !i! no" o ":e #," o5 A in *rs*in$ ":e ,oission o5 ":e ,rie /:i,: %o": :e#n! B !esi$ne!; -#nne!; #n! ,oen,e! "o ,oi"; /o*-! #-so %e ":e #," o5 B %e,#*se o5 ":eir e.resse!,onsir#,& Bo": #re -i#%-e 5or ":e ,oosi"e ,rie o5 ro%%er& /i": :oi,i!e

ATERNATIVE ANER'A s:#-- in,*r 5*-- ,riin#- -i#%i-i"& 5or ":e ,rie o5 ro%%er& /i": :oi,i!e; %*" B s:#-- no" in,*r ,riin#- -i#%i-i"&%e,#*se :e !esis"e! Bs son"#neo*s !esis"#n,e; #!e %e5ore #-- #,"s o5 e.e,*"ion #re er5ore!; ise.,*-#"or& Consir#,& "o ro% #n! i-- is no" er se *nis:#%-e T:e !esis"#n,e nee! no" %e #,"*#"e! %&

reorse or $oo! o"ie I" is eno*$: ":#" ":e !is,on"in*#n,e ,oes 5ro ":e erson /:o :#s %e$*n ":e,oission o5 ":e ,rie %*" %e5ore #-- #,"s o5 e.e,*"ion #re er5ore! A erson /:o :#s %e$#n ":e,oission o5 # ,rie %*" !esis"e!; is #%so-e! 5ro ,riin#- -i#%i-i"& #s # re/#r! "o one; /:o :#in$ se" 5oo"on ":e er$e o5 ,rie; :ee!s ":e ,#-- o5 :is ,ons,ien,e #n! re"*rns "o ":e #": o5 ri$:"eo*sness

Consir#,& I-ie! Consir#,& (199):#" is ":e !o,"rine o5 i-ie! ,onsir#,&K M

3GGETED ANER'T:e !o,"rine o5 i-ie! ,onsir#,& :o-!s "/o or ore ersons #r"i,i#"in$ in ":e ,oission o5 # ,rie,o--e,"ie-& resonsi%-e #n! -i#%-e #s ,o+,onsir#"ors #-":o*$: #%sen" #n& #$reeen" "o ":#" e55e,"; /:en ":e&#," in ,on,er"; !eons"r#"in$ *ni"& o5 ,riin#- in"en" #n! # ,oon *rose or o%=e,"ie T:e e.is"en,e o5 #

,onsir#,& s:#-- %e in5erre! or !e!*,e! 5ro ":eir ,riin#- #r"i,i#"ion in *rs*in$ ":e ,rie #n! ":*s ":e #,"o5 one s:#-- %e !eee! ":e #," o5 #--

Consir#,& I-ie! Consir#,& E55e,"s (200)"#"e ":e ,on,e" o5 Li-ie! ,onsir#,&L #n! $ie i"s -e$#- e55e,"s 4M

3GGETED ANER'An LIPIED CONPIRACYL is one /:i,: is on-& in5erre! or !e!*,e! 5ro ":e #nner ":e #r"i,i#n"s in ":e,oission o5 ,rie ,#rrie! o*" i"s e.e,*"ion :ere ":e o55en!ers #,"e! in ,on,er" in ":e ,oission o5 ":e,rie; e#nin$ ":#" ":eir #,"s #re ,oor!in#"e! or s&n,:roniJe! in # /#& in!i,#"ie ":#" ":e& #re *rs*in$ #,oon ,riin#- o%=e,"ie; ":e& s:#-- %e !eee! "o %e #,"in$ in ,onsir#,& #n! ":eir ,riin#- -i#%i-i"& s:#-- %e,o--e,"ie; no" in!ii!*#-

T:e -e$#- e55e,"s o5 #n Li-ie! ,onsir#,&L #re' #) No" #-- ":ose /:o #re resen" #" ":e s,ene o5 ":e ,rie /i--%e ,onsi!ere! ,onsir#"ors %) On-& ":ose /:o #r"i,i#"e! %& ,riin#- #,"s in ":e ,oission o5 ":e ,rie /i--%e ,onsi!ere! #s ,o+,onsir#"ors #n! ,) ere #,*ies,en,e "o or #ro#- o5 ":e ,oission o5 ":e ,rie;

/i":o*" #n& #," o5 ,riin#- #r"i,i#"ion; s:#-- no" ren!er one ,riin#--& -i#%-e #s ,o+,onsir#"or

Criin#- i#%i-i"&' Des"r*,"ie Arson (2000)A; B; C #n! D; #-- #re! /i": #r#-i"es; ro,ee!e! "o ":e :o*se o5 @ Y; # nei$:%o*r o5 @; /:o :#ene! "o %e#ssin$ %&; oin"e! "o ":e 5o*r ,*-ri"s ":e roo ":#" @ o,,*ie! T:e 5o*r ,*-ri"s eere! ":e roo /i":%*--e"s 3ns#"is5ie!; A een ":re/ # :#n! $ren#!e ":#" "o"#--& !es"ro&e! @s roo o/eer; *nno/n "o ":e5o*r ,*-ri"s; @ /#s no" insi!e ":e roo #n! no%o!& /#s :i" or in=*re! !*rin$ ":e In,i!en" Are A; B; C #n! D-i#%-e 5or #n& ,rieK E.-#in (M)

3GGETED ANER'


10/87

10

Yes A; B C #n! D #re -i#%-e 5or !es"r*,"ie #rson %e,#*se o5 ":e !es"r*,"ion o5 ":e roo o5 @ /i": ":e *se o5#n e.-osie; ":e :#n! $ren#!e i#%i-i"& 5or #n iossi%-e ,rie is "o %e iose! on-& i5 ":e #," ,oi""e!

/o*-! no" ,ons"i"*"e #n& o":er ,rie *n!er ":e Reise! Pen#- Co!e A-":o*$: ":e 5#,"s ino-e! #re #r#--e- "o":e ,#se o5 In"o! s Co*r" o5 Ae#-s (21? CRA ?2); /:ere i" /#s r*-e! ":#" ":e -i#%i-i"& o5 ":e o55en!er /#s5or #n iossi%-e ,rie; no :#n! $ren#!e /#s *se! in s#i! ,#se; /:i,: ,ons"i"*"es # ore serio*s ,rie":o*$: !i55eren" 5ro /:#" /#s in"en!e!

Criin#- i#%i-i"&' 8e-onio*s A," o5 ,#rin$ (1996)A-e.#n!er; #n es,#e! ,oni,"; r#n #*, on %o#r! # *er-ines B*s %o*n! 5or #ni-# 5ro Bi,o- #n! i--e!"en (10) ersons Terri5ie! %& ":e in,i!en"; C#ro- #n! Ben=#in /:o #re #ssen$ers o5 ":e %*s; =*e! o*" o5":e /in!o/ #n! /:i-e -&in$ *n,ons,io*s #5"er :i""in$ ":e #een" o5 ":e ro#!; /ere r#n oer #n! ,r*s:e! "o!e#": %& # 5#s" oin$ Deser" 8o. %*s "#i-in$ ":e *er-ines B*s C#n A-e.#n!er %e :e-! -i#%-e 5or ":e !e#": o5C#ro- #n! Ben=#in #-":o*$: :e /#s ,o-e"e-& *n#/#re ":#" ":e "/o =*e! o*" o5 ":e %*sK E.-#in

3GGETED ANER'Yes; A-e.#n!er ,#n %e :e-! -i#%-e 5or ":e !e#": o5 C#ro- #n! Ben=#in %e,#*se o5 5e-onio*s #," o5 r*nnin$ /#s":e ro.i#"e ,#*se o5 ":e i,"is !e#": T:e r*-e is ":#" /:en # erson; %& # 5e-onio*s #,"; $ener#"es in ":ein! o5 #no":er # sense o5 iinen" !#n$er; ro"in$ ":e -#""er "o es,#e 5ro or #oi! s*,: !#n$er #n! in

":e ro,ess; s*s"#ins in=*ries or !ies; ":e erson ,oi""in$ ":e 5e-onio*s #," is resonsi%-e 5or s*,: in=*ries or!e#": (3 s V#-!eJ; 41 P:i-; 1497 Peo-e s Ar#; 27 CRA 107)

Criin#- i#%i-i"&' 8e-onio*s A," Pro.i#"e C#*se (1996)Vi,en"e :#,e! An#,-e"o /i": # %o-o %*" ":e -#""er /#s #%-e "o #rr& i" /i": :is :#n!; ,#*sin$ *on :i # "/o+in,: /o*n! on :is ri$:" #- Vi,en"e /#s no" #%-e "o :#, An#,-e"o 5*r":er %e,#*se ":ree o-i,een #rrie!#n! ":re#"ene! "o s:oo" Vi,en"e i5 :e !i! no" !ro :is %o-o Vi,en"e /#s #,,or!in$-& ,:#r$e! %& ":e o-i,e #"":e rose,*"ors o55i,e 5or #""e"e! :oi,i!e T/en"&+5ie !#&s -#"er; /:i-e ":e re-iin#r& ines"i$#"ion /#sin ro$ress; An#,-e"o /#s r*s:e! "o ":e :osi"#- %e,#*se o5 s&"os o5 "e"#n*s in5e,"ion on ":e "/o+in,:

/o*n! in5-i,"e! %& Vi,en"e An#,-e"o !ie! ":e 5o--o/in$ !#& C#n Vi,en"e %e een"*#--& ,:#r$e! /i": :oi,i!e5or ":e !e#": o5 An#,-e"oK E.-#in

3GGETED ANER'Yes; Vi,en"e #& %e ,:#r$e! o5 :oi,i!e 5or ":e !e#": o5 An#,-e"o; *n-ess ":e "e"#n*s in5e,"ion /:i,:!ee-oe! "/en"& 5ie !#&s -#"er /#s %ro*$:" #%o*" %& #n e55i,ien" s*erenin$ ,#*se Vi,en"es 5e-onio*s #,"o5 ,#*sin$ # "/o+in,: /o*n! on An#,-e"os ri$:" #- #& s"i-- %e re$#r!e! #s ":e ro.i#"e ,#*se o5 ":e-#""ers !e#": %e,#*se /i":o*" s*,: /o*n!; no "e"#n*s in5e,"ion ,o*-! !ee-o 5ro ":e i,"is ri$:" #-; #n!

/i":o*" s*,: "e"#n*s in5e,"ion ":e i,"i /o*-! no" :#e !ie! /i": i"

Criin#- i#%i-i"&' Iossi%-e Cries (2000):#" is #n iossi%-e ,rieK (2M)Is #n iossi%-e ,rie re#--& # ,rieK (2M)

3GGETED ANER'

1 An iossi%-e ,rie is #n #," /:i,: /o*-! %e #n o55ense #$#ins" erson or roer"&; /ere i5 no" 5or ":ein:eren" iossi%i-i"& o5 i"s #,,o-is:en" or on #,,o*n" o5 ":e e-o&en" o5 in#!e*#"e or ine55e,"*#-e#ns (Ar" 4; #r 2; RPC)

2 No; #n iossi%-e ,rie is no" re#--& # ,rie I" is on-& so+,#--e! %e,#*se ":e #," $ies rise "o ,riin#--i#%i-i"& B*" #,"*#--&; no 5e-on& is ,oi""e! T:e #,,*se! is "o %e *nis:e! 5or :is ,riin#- "en!en,& orroensi"& #-":o*$: no ,rie /#s ,oi""e!

Criin#- i#%i-i"& 8e-onio*s A," o5 ,#rin$ (2001)#r&=#ne :#! "/o s*i"ors + 8e-ie #n! Ces#r :e !i! no" oen-& s:o/ :er re5eren,e %*" on "/o o,,#sions;#,,e"e! Ces#rs ini"#"ion "o ,on,er"s %& Re$ine #n! Pos 8e-ie /#s # /orin$ s"*!en" #n! ,o*-! on-& #s

#r& "o see # oie /:i,: /#s !e,-ine! 8e-ie 5e-" ins*-"e! #n! #!e -#ns "o $e" een /i": Ces#r %& s,#rin$:i o55 soe:o/ One !#&; :e en"ere! Ces#rs roo in ":eir %o#r!in$ :o*se #n! -#,e! # r*%%er sn#e /:i,:#e#re! "o %e re#- in Ces#rs %#,#, Be,#*se Ces#r :#! # /e# :e#r"; :e s*55ere! # :e#r" #""#, *onoenin$ :is %#,#, #n! seein$ ":e sn#e Ces#r !ie! /i":o*" re$#inin$ ,ons,io*sness T:e o-i,eines"i$#"ion res*-"e! in inoin"in$ 8e-ie #s ":e ,*-ri" #n! :e /#s ,:#r$e! /i": oi,i!e 5or Ces#rs !e#":In :is !e5ense; 8e-ie ,-#ie! ":#" :e !i! no" no/ #%o*" Ces#rs /e# :e#r" #n! ":#" :e on-& in"en!e! "o -#&# r#,"i,#- =oe on Ces#r Is 8e-ie -i#%-e 5or ":e !e#": o5 Ces#r or /i-- :is !e5ense roserK :&K (?M

3GGETED ANER'Yes; 8e-ie is -i#%-e 5or ":e !e#": o5 Ces#r %*" :e s:#-- %e $ien ":e %ene5i" o5 ":e i"i$#"in$ ,ir,*s"#n,e ":#":e !i! no" in"en! "o ,oi" so $r#e # /ron$ #s ":#" /:i,: /#s ,oi""e! (Ar" 1; #r ; RPC) :en 8e-iein"r*!e! in"o Ces#rs roo /i":o*" ":e -#""ers ,onsen" #n! "oo -i%er"& /i": ":e -e""ers %#,#, /:ere :e

-#,e! ":e r*%%er sn#e 8e-ie /#s #-re#!& ,oi""in$ # 5e-on& An! #n& #," !one %& :i /:i-e ,oi""in$ #5e-on& is no -ess /ron$5*-; ,onsi!erin$ ":#" ":e& /ere #r" o5 L-#ns "o $e" een /i": Ces#rL 8e-ies ,-#i ":#"


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:e in"en!e! on-& L"o -#& # r#,"i,#- =oe on Ces#rL !oes no" ers*#!e; ,onsi!erin$ ":#" ":e& #re no" 5rien!s%*" in 5#," ri#-s in ,o*r"in$ #r&=#ne T:is ,#se is #r#--e- "o ":e ,#se o5 Peo-e s P*$#&; e" #-

ATERNATIVE ANER'No; 8e-ie is no" -i#%-e %e,#*se ":e #," o5 5ri$:"enin$ #no":er is no" # ,rie :#" :e !i! #& %e /ron$; %*"no" #-- /ron$s #o*n" "o # ,rie Be,#*se ":e #," /:i,: ,#*se! ":e !e#": o5 Ces#r is no" # ,rie; no ,riin#-

-i#%i-i"& #& #rise ":ere5ro

Criin#- i#%i-i"& 8e-onio*s A," o5 ,#rin$ (200?)Be--e s#/ G#s"on s"e#-in$ ":e riJe! ,o, o5 # nei$:%o*r #n! reor"e! :i "o ":e o-i,e T:ere#5"er; G#s"on;

/:i-e !riin$ # ,#r s#/ Be--e ,rossin$ ":e s"ree" In,ense! ":#" Be--e :#! reor"e! :i; G#s"on !e,i!e! "os,#re :er %& "r&in$ "o #e i" #e#r ":#" :e /#s #%o*" "o r*n :er oer e ree! ":e en$ine o5 :is ,#r #n!!roe "o/#r!s :er %*" :e #-ie! ":e %r#es in,e ":e ro#! /#s s-ier& #" ":#" "ie; ":e e:i,-e si!!e! #n!:i" Be--e ,#*sin$ :er !e#": #s G#s"on ,riin#--& -i#%-eK :#" is ":e -i#%i-i"& o5 G#s"onK :&K (4M)

3GGETED ANER'Yes; G#s"on is -i#%-e 5or Be--es !e#": %e,#*se een ":o*$: G#s"on :#s no in"en" "o i-- Be--e r#":er =*s" "os,#re Be--e LTo s,#reL !oes no" in!i,#"e in"en" "o i-- o/eer; *n!er Ar" 4 o5 ":e Reise! Pen#- Co!e;

roi!es in #r" ":#" ,riin#- -i#%i-i"& s:#-- %e in,*rre! %& #n& erson ,oi""in$ # 5e-on& #-":o*$: ":e /ron$5*-#," !one %e !i55eren" 5ro ":#" /:i,: :e in"en!e! In o":er /or!s; ":e r*-e is ":#" /:en # erson; %& # 5e-onio*s#,"; $ener#"es in ":e in! o5 #no":er # sense o5 iinen" !#n$er; ro"in$ ":e -#""er "o es,#e 5ro or #oi!s*,: !#n$er #n! in ":e ro,ess; s*s"#ins in=*ries or !ies; ":e erson ,oi""in$ ":e 5e-onio*s #," isresonsi%-e 5or s*,: in=*ries or !e#": (3 s V#-!eJ; 41P:i-; 1497 Peo-e s Ar#; 27 CRA 107)

ATERNATIVE ANER'Yes; G#s"on is -i#%-e 5or Be--es !e#": %e,#*se %& :is #,"s o5 rein$ ":e en$ine o5 :is ,#r #n! !riin$ "o/#r!sBe--e is 5e-onio*s; #n! s*,: 5e-onio*s #," /#s ":e ro.i#"e ,#*se o5 ":e e:i,-e "o si! #n! :i" Be--e; res*-"in$in ":e -#""ers !e#": "#"e! o":er/ise; ":e !e#": o5 Be--e /#s ":e !ire,"; n#"*r#- #n! -o$i,#- ,onse*en,e o5G#s"ons 5e-onio*s #," (Peo-e Ar#; 27 CRA 107)

Criin#- i#%i-i"& 8e-onio*s A," Ie!i#"e C#*se (200)T:e ,on!*," o5 /i5e A #ro*se! ":e ire o5 :er :*s%#n! B In,ense! /i": #n$er #-os" %e&on! :is ,on"ro-; B,o*-! no" :e- %*" in5-i," :&si,#- in=*ries on A oen"s #5"er B s"#r"e! :i""in$ A /i": :is 5is"s; A s*!!en-&,o-#ine! o5 seere ,:es" #ins B; re#-iJin$ ":#" A /#s in!ee! in serio*s "ro*%-e; ie!i#"e-& %ro*$:" :er "o":e :osi"#- Desi"e e55or"s "o #--ei#"e As #ins; s:e !ie! o5 :e#r" #""#,I" "*rne! o*" ":#" s:e :#! %een s*55erin$ 5ro # -in$erin$ :e#r" #i-en" :#" ,rie; i5 #n&; ,o*-! B %e :e-!$*i-"& o5K M

3GGETED ANER'B ,o*-! %e :e-! -i#%-e 5or #rri,i!e %e,#*se :is #," o5 :i""in$ :is /i5e /i": 5is" %-o/s #n! ":ere/i": in5-i,"in$:&si,#- in=*ries on :er; is 5e-onio*s A erson ,oi""in$ # 5e-onio*s #," in,*rs ,riin#- -i#%i-i"& #-":o*$: ":e

/ron$5*- ,onse*en,e is !i55eren" 5ro /:#" :e in"en!e! (Ar" 4; #r 1; Reise! Pen#- Co!e)

A-":o*$: A !ie! o5 :e#r" #""#,; ":e s#i! #""#, /#s $ener#"e! %& Bs 5e-onio*s #," o5 :i""in$ :er /i": :is 5is"s*,: 5e-onio*s #," /#s ":e ie!i#"e ,#*se o5 ":e :e#r" #""#,; :#in$ #"eri#--& ,on"ri%*"e! "o #n! :#s"ene!As !e#": Een ":o*$: B #& :#e #,"e! /i":o*" in"en" "o i-- :is /i5e; -#, o5 s*,: in"en" is o5 no oen"

/:en ":e i,"i !ies o/eer; B #& %e $ien ":e i"i$#"in$ ,ir,*s"#n,e o5 :#in$ #,"e! /i":o*" in"en"ion "o,oi" so $r#e # /ron$ #s ":#" ,oi""e! (Ar" 1; #r ; Reise! Pen#- Co!e)

Criin#- i#%i-i"& 8e-onio*s A," Pro.i#"e C#*se (1994)B:e& e-oe! /i": ,o"" :ere*on; B:e&s 5#":er; Ro%in; #n! %ro":er; R*s"o; /en" "o ,o""s :o*se 3onre#,:in$ ":e :o*se; R*s"o in*ire! 5ro ,o"" #%o*" :is sis"ers /:ere#%o*"s; /:i-e Ro%in s:o*"e! #n!":re#"ene! "o i-- ,o"" T:e -#""er ":en /en" !o/ns"#irs %*" R*s"o :e-! :is (,o""s) /#is" e#n/:i-e O-ie;":e e-!er sis"er o5 ,o""; ,#rr&in$ :er "/o+on": o-! ,:i-!; #ro#,:e! R*s"o #n! ,o"" "o #,i5& ":e O-ie

#""e"e! "o reoe R*s"os :#n! 5ro ,o""s /#is" B*" R*s"o *--e! O-ies :#n! ,#*sin$ :er "o 5#-- oer:er %#%& T:e %#%& ":en !ie! oen"s -#"er Is R*s"o ,riin#--& -i#%-e 5or ":e !e#": o5 ":e ,:i-!K

3GGETED ANER'Yes; R*s"o is ,riin#--& -i#%-e 5or ":e !e#": o5 ":e ,:i-! %e,#*se :is 5e-onio*s #," /#s ":e ro.i#"e ,#*se o5s*,: !e#": I" /#s R*s"os #," o5 *--in$ O-ies :#n! /:i,: ,#*se! ":e -#""er "o 5#-- on :er %#%& #! I" no"%een 5or s#i! #," o5 R*s"o; /:i,: is *n!o*%"e!-& 5e-onio*s (#" -e#s" s-i$:" ,oer,ion) ":ere /#s no ,#*se 5orO-ie "o 5#-- oer :er %#%& In s:or"; R*s"os 5e-onio*s #," is ":e ,#*se o5 ":e ei- ,#*se! An& ersoner5orin$ # 5e-onio*s #," is ,riin#--& -i#%-e 5or ":e !ire,"; n#"*r#- #n! -o$i,#- ,onse*en,e ":ereo5 #-":o*$:!i55eren" 5ro /:#" :e in"en!e! (Ar" 4; #r 1; R8C Peo-e s; P*$#&; e" #-; GR No 7424; No 1; 19)

Criin#- i#%i-i"& 8e-onio*s A," Pro.i#"e C#*se (1997)

:i-e ":e ,re/ o5 # s"e#er re#re! "o r#ise #n,:or #" ":e P#si$ Rier; A; ei!en"-& i#"ien" /i": ":ero$ress o5 /or; %e$#n "o *se #%*sie -#n$*#$e #$#ins" ":e en B; one o5 ":e e%ers o5 ":e ,re/;


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reons"r#"e! s#&in$ ":#" ":e& ,o*-! /or %es" i5 ":e& /ere no" ins*-"e! A "oo Bs #""i"*!e #s # !is-#& o5ins*%or!in#"ion #n!; risin$ in # r#$e; oe! "o/#r!s B /ie-!in$ # %i$ ni5e #n! ":re#"enin$ "o s"#% B A" ":eins"#n" /:en A /#s on-& # 5e/ 5ee" 5ro B; ":e -#""er; ##ren"-& %e-iein$ :ise-5 "o %e in $re#" #n! ie!i#"eeri-; ":re/ :ise-5 in"o ":e /#"er; !is#e#re! %ene#": ":e s*r5#,e; #n! !ro/ne! #& A %e :e-! ,riin#--&-i#%-e 5or ":e !e#": o5 BK

3GGETED ANER'Yes A ,#n %e :e-! ,riin#--& -i#%-e 5or ":e !e#": o5 B; Ar"i,-e 4 o5 ":e Reise! Pen#- Co!e roi!es in #r" ":#",riin#- -i#%i-i"& s:#-- %e in,*rre! %& #n& erson ,oi""in$ # 5e-on& #-":o*$: ":e /ron$5*- #," !one %e !i55eren"5ro ":#" /:i,: :e in"en!e! In 3 s V#-!eJ 41 P:i- 497 /:ere ":e i,"i /:o /#s ":re#"ene! %& ":e#,,*se! /i": # ni5e; =*e! in"o ":e rier %*" %e,#*se o5 ":e s"ron$ ,*rren" or %e,#*se :e !i! no" no/ :o/"o s/i; :e !ro/ne!; ":e *ree Co*r" #55ire! ":e ,oni,"ion 5or :oi,i!e o5 ":e #,,*se! %e,#*se; i5 #erson #$#ins" /:o # ,riin#- #ss#*-" is !ire,"e! %e-iees :ise-5 "o %e in !#n$er o5 !e#": or $re#" %o!i-&:#r #n! in or!er "o es,#e =*s in"o ":e /#"er; ie--e! %& ":e ins"in," o5 se-5+reser#"ion; ":e #ss#i-#n" isresonsi%-e 5or ":e :oi,i!e in ,#se !e#": res*-"s %& !ro/nin$

Criin#- i#%i-i"& 8e-onio*s A," Pro.i#"e C#*se (1999)D*rin$ ":e ro%%er& in # !/e--in$ :o*se; one o5 ":e ,*-ri"s :#ene! "o 5ire :is $*n */#r! in ":e ,ei-in$

/i":o*" e#nin$ "o i-- #n&one T:e o/ner o5 ":e :o*se /:o /#s :i!in$ ":ere#" /#s :i" #n! i--e! #s # res*-"T:e !e5ense ":eoriJe! ":#" ":e i--in$ /#s # ere #,,i!en" #n! /#s no" ere"r#"e! in ,onne,"ion /i":; or 5or*roses o5; ":e ro%%er& i-- &o* s*s"#in ":e !e5enseK :&K (4M)3GGETED ANER'No; I /i-- no" s*s"#in ":e !e5ense T:e #," %ein$ 5e-onio*s #n! ":e ro.i#"e ,#*se o5 ":e i,"is !e#":; ":eo55en!er is -i#%-e ":ere5ore #-":o*$: i" #& no" %e in"en!e! or !i55eren" 5ro /:#" :e in"en!e! T:e o55en!ers:#-- %e rose,*"e! 5or ":e ,oosi"e ,rie o5 ro%%er& /i": :oi,i!e; /:e":er ":e i--in$ /#s in"en"ion#- or#,,i!en"#-; #s -on$ #s ":e i--in$ /#s on o,,#sion o5 ":e ro%%er&

Criin#- i#%i-i"& 8e-onio*s A," Pro.i#"e C#*se (2001)*is Cr*J /#s !ee-& :*r" /:en :is o55er o5 -oe /#s re=e,"e! %& :is $ir-5rien! #rie--# one #5"ernoon /:en :eisi"e! :er :en :e -e5" :er :o*se; :e /#-e! #s i5 :e /#s s-ee/#-in$ so *,: so ":#" # "een#$e sn#",:er

/#s #%-e "o $r#% :is ,e-- :one #n! 5-ee /i":o*" %ein$ ,:#se! %& *is A" ":e ne." RT s"#"ion; :e %o#r!e! oneo5 ":e ,o#,:es %o*n! 5or B#,-#r#n :i-e se#"e!; :e :#ene! "o re#! # ne/s#er -e5" on ":e se#" #n!no"i,e! ":#" ":e :e#!-ines /ere #%o*" ":e sinin$ o5 ":e *er 8err& /:i-e on i"s /#& "o Ce%* e /en" oer":e -is" o5 issin$ #ssen$ers /:o /ere res*e! !e#! #n! ,#e #,ross ":e n#e o5 :is $r#n!5#":er /:o:#! r#ise! :i 5ro ,:i-!:oo! #5"er :e /#s or:#ne! e /#s s:o,e! #n! :is in! /en" %-#n 5or # 5e/in*"es; #5"er /:i,: :e r#n #*, #n!; *sin$ :is %#-ison$; s"#r"e! s"#%%in$ #" ":e #ssen$ers /:o ":ens,#ere! #/#&; /i": ":ree o5 ":e *in$ o*" o5 ":e "r#in #n! -#n!in$ on ":e ro#! %e-o/ A-- ":e ":ree#ssen$ers !ie! -#"er o5 ":eir in=*ries #" ":e :osi"#- Is *is -i#%-e 5or ":e !e#": o5 ":e ":ree #ssen$ers /:o

=*e! o*" o5 ":e oin$ "r#inK "#"e &o*r re#sons (?M)

3GGETED ANER'Yes; *is is -i#%-e 5or ":eir !e#":s %e,#*se :e /#s ,oi""in$ # 5e-on& /:en :e s"#r"e! s"#%%in$ #" ":e

#ssen$ers #n! s*,: /ron$5*- #," /#s ":e ro.i#"e ,#*se o5 s#i! #ssen$ers =*in$ o*" o5 ":e "r#in:en,e ":eir !e#":s

3n!er Ar"i,-e 4; Reise! Pen#- Co!e; #n& erson ,oi""in$ # 5e-on& s:#-- in,*r ,riin#- -i#%i-i"& #-":o*$: ":e /ron$5*- #," !one %e !i55eren" 5ro ":#" /:i,: :e in"en!e! In ":is ,#se; ":e !e#": o5 ":e ":ree #ssen$ers /#s":e !ire,"; n#"*r#- #n! -o$i,#- ,onse*en,e o5 *is 5e-onio*s #," /:i,: ,re#"e! #n ie!i#"e sense o5 !#n$erin ":e in!s o5 s#i! #ssen$ers /:o "rie! "o #oi! or es,#e 5ro i" %& =*in$ o*" o5 ":e "r#in (Peo-e sAr#; 27 CRA 1O7 3 s V#-!eJ; 41 P:i- 497

Criin#- i#%i-i"& 8e-onio*s A," Pro.i#"e C#*se (2004)On :is /#& :oe 5ro o55i,e; QQ ro!e in # =eene& *%se*en"-&; @@ %o#r!e! ":e s#e =eene& 3onre#,:in$ # se,-*!e! so" in


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s*%s"#n,e /#s /:i"e s*$#r s*%s"i"*"e no/n #s E*#- No":in$ :#ene! "o YO #5"er :e !r#n ":e ,o55ee:#" ,riin#- -i#%i-i"& !i! OQ in,*r; i5 #n&K E.-#in %rie5-& (?M)

3GGETED ANER'OQ in,*rre! ,riin#- -i#%i-i"& 5or #n iossi%-e ,rie o5 *r!er Criin#- -i#%i-i"& s:#-- %e in,*rre! %& #n& ersoner5orin$ #n #," /:i,: /o*-! %e #n o55ense #$#ins" ersons or roer"&; /ere i" no" 5or ":e in:eren"

iossi%i-i"& o5 i"s #,,o-is:en" or on #,,o*n" o5 ":e e-o&en" o5 in#!e*#"e or ine55e,"*#- e#ns (Ar" 4;#r 2; R8C) In ":e ro%-e $ien; ":e iossi%i-i"& o5 #,,o-is:in$ ":e ,rie o5 *r!er; # ,rie #$#ins"ersons; /#s !*e "o ":e e-o&en" o5 ine55e,"*#- e#ns /:i,: OQ ":o*$:" /#s oison T:e -#/ i*"es,riin#- -i#%i-i"& "o ":e o55en!er #-":o*$: no ,rie res*-"e!; on-& "o s*ress :is ,riin#- roensi"& %e,#*ses*%=e,"ie-&; :e is # ,riin#- ":o*$: o%=e,"ie-&; no ,rie /#s ,oi""e!

Criin#- i#%i-i"& Iossi%-e Cries (1994)P; Aries #n! R#n!#- -#nne! "o i-- E-s#; # resi!en" o5 B#r#n$#& P*-#; #*re-; B#"#n$#s T:e& #se! ":e#ssis"#n,e o5 E--#; /:o is 5#i-i#r /i": ":e -#,e On Ari- ; 1992; #" #%o*" 10'00 in ":e eenin$; P; Aries #n!R#n!#-; #-- #re! /i": #*"o#"i, /e#ons; /en" "o B#r#n$#& P*-# E--#; %ein$ ":e $*i!e; !ire,"e! :er,o#nions "o ":e roo in ":e :o*se o5 E-s# :ere*on; P; Aries #n! R#n!#- 5ire! ":eir $*ns #" :er roo8or"*n#"e-&; E-s# /#s no" #ro*n! #s s:e #""en!e! # r#&er ee"in$ ":#" eenin$ in #no":er %#r#n$#& in #*re-

P; e" #-; /ere ,:#r$e! #n! ,oni,"e! o5 #""e"e! *r!er %& ":e Re$ion#- Tri#- Co*r" #" T#n#*#n; B#"#n$#sOn #e#- "o ":e Co*r" o5 Ae#-s; #-- ":e #,,*se! #s,ri%e! "o ":e "ri#- ,o*r" ":e so-e error o5 5in!in$ ":e$*i-"& o5 #""e"e! *r!er I5 &o* /ere ":e onen"e; :o/ /i-- &o* !e,i!e ":e #e#-K

3GGETED ANER'I5 I /ere ":e onen"e; I /i-- se" #si!e ":e =*!$en" ,oni,"in$ ":e #,,*se! o5 #""e"e! *r!er #n! ins"e#! 5in!":e $*i-"& o5 iossi%-e ,rie *n!er Ar" 4; #r 2; RPC; in re-#"ion "o Ar" ?9; RPC i#%i-i"& 5or iossi%-e,rie #rises no" on-& /:en ":e iossi%i-i"& is -e$#-; %*" -ie/ise /:en i" is 5#,"*#- or :&si,#- iossi%i-i"&; #sin ":e ,#se #" %#r E-s#s #%sen,e 5ro ":e :o*se is # :&si,#- iossi%i-i"& /:i,: ren!ers ":e ,rie in"en!e!In:eren"-& in,##%-e o5 #,,o-is:en" To ,oni," ":e #,,*se! o5 #""e"e! *r!er /o*-! #e Ar" 4; #r 2r#,"i,#--& *se-ess #s #-- ,ir,*s"#n,es /:i,: reen"e! ":e ,ons*#"ion o5 ":e o55ense /i-- %e "re#"e! #s #nin,i!en" in!een!en" o5 ":e #,"ors /i-- /:i,: is #n e-een" o5 #""e"e! or 5r*s"r#"e! 5e-on& (In"o! s CA; 21?

CRA ?2)

Criin#- i#%i-i"&' Iossi%-e Cries (199)B*!!& #-/#&s resen"e! :is ,-#ss#"e; *n One !#& B*!!& -#nne! "o i-- *n %& i.in$ oison in :is -*n,:No" no/in$ /:ere :e ,#n $e" oison; :e #ro#,:e! #no":er ,-#ss#"e; err& "o /:o :e !is,-ose! :is ei--#n Be,#*se :e :ise-5 :#r%o*re! resen"en" "o/#r!s *n; err& $#e B*!!& # oison; /:i,: B*!!& -#,e!on *ns 5oo! o/eer; *n !i! no" !ie %e,#*se; *nno/n "o %o": B*!!& #n! err&; ":e oison /#s #,"*#--&o/!ere! i-1; :#" ,rie or ,ries; i5 #n&; !i! err& #n! B*!!& ,oi"K M2 *ose ":#"; %e,#*se o5 :is seere #--er$& "o o/!ere! i-; *n :#! "o %e :osi"#-iJe! 5or 10 !#&s 5orin$es"in$ i" o*-! &o*r #ns/er "o ":e 5irs" *es"ion %e ":e s#eK 2M

3GGETED ANER'1 err& #n! B*!!& #re -i#%-e 5or ":e so+,#--e! Liossi%-e ,rieL %e,#*se; /i": in"en" "o i--; ":e& "rie! "ooison *n #n! ":*s ere"r#"e *r!er; # ,rie #$#ins" ersons *n /#s no" oisone! on-& %e,#*se ":e

/o*-!+%e i--ers /ere *n#/#re ":#" /:#" ":e& i.e! /i": ":e 5oo! o5 *n /#s o/!ere! i-; no" oison Ins:or"; ":e #," !one /i": ,riin#- in"en" %& err& #n! B*!!&; /o*-! :#e ,ons"i"*"e! # ,rie #$#ins" ersons

/ere i" no" 5or ":e in:eren" ine55i,#,& o5 ":e e#ns e-o&e! Criin#- -i#%i-i"& is in,*rre! %& ":e #-":o*$: no,rie res*-"e!; %e,#*se ":eir #," o5 "r&in$ "o oison *n is ,riin#-

2 No; ":e #ns/er /o*-! no" %e ":e s#e #s #%oe err& #n! B*!!& /o*-! %e -i#%-e ins"e#! 5or -ess serio*s:&si,#- in=*ries 5or ,#*sin$ ":e :osi"#-iJ#"ion #n! e!i,#- #""en!#n,e 5or 10 !#&s "o *n T:eir #," o5 i.in$

/i": ":e 5oo! e#"en %& *n ":e #""er /:i,: re*ire! s*,: e!i,#- #""en!#n,e; ,oi""e! /i": ,riin#- in"en";ren!ers ":e -i#%-e 5or ":e res*-"in$ in=*r&

Criin#- i#%i-i"& Iossi%-e Cries i!n#in$ (2000)C#r-#; 4 &e#rs o-!; /#s i!n#e! %& Enri*e; ":e "ri,&,-e !rier #i! %& :er #ren"s "o %rin$ #n! 5e",: :er "o#n! 5ro s,:oo- Enri*e /ro"e # r#nso no"e !e#n!in$ P?00;00000 5ro C#r-#s #ren"s in e.,:#n$e 5orC#r-#s 5ree!o Enri*e sen" ":e r#nso no"e %& #i- o/eer; %e5ore ":e r#nso no"e /#s re,eie! %&C#r-#s #ren"s; Enri*es :i!eo*" /#s !is,oere! %& ":e o-i,e C#r-# /#s res,*e! /:i-e Enri*e /#s#rres"e! #n! in,#r,er#"e! Consi!erin$ ":#" ":e r#nso no"e /#s no" re,eie! %& C#r-#s #ren"s; ":eines"i$#"in$ rose,*"or ere-& 5i-e! # ,#se o5 LIossi%-e Crie "o Coi" i!n#in$L #$#ins" Enri*e Is":e rose,*"or ,orre,"K :&K (M)

3GGETED ANER'No; ":e rose,*"or is no" ,orre," in 5i-in$ # ,#se 5or Liossi%-e ,rie "o ,oi" i!n#in$L #$#ins" Enri*e

Iossi%-e ,ries #re -ii"e! on-& "o #,"s /:i,: /:en er5ore! /o*-! %e # ,rie #$#ins" ersons orroer"& As i!n#in$ is # ,rie #$#ins" erson#- se,*ri"& #n! no" #$#ins" ersons or roer"&; Enri*e


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14

,o*-! no" :#e in,*rre! #n Liossi%-e ,rieL "o ,oi" i!n#in$ T:ere is ":*s no iossi%-e ,rie o5i!n#in$

#-# in e s #-# Pro:i%i"# (1997)1 Dis"in$*is: %e"/een ,ries #-# in se #n! ,ries #-# ro:i%i"#2 #& #n #," %e #-* in se #n! %e; #" ":e s#e "ie; #-* ro:i%i"*K

3GGETED ANER'Cries #-# in se #re 5e-onio*s #,"s ,oi""e! %& !o-o or ,*-# #s !e5ine! in ":e Reise! Pen#- Co!e #,o5 ,riin#- in"en" is # #-i! !e5ense; e.,e" /:en ":e ,rie res*-"s 5ro ,riin#- ne$-i$en,e On ":e o":er :#n!;,ries #-# ro:i%i"# #re ":ose ,onsi!ere! /ron$ on-& %e,#*se ":e& #re ro:i%i"e! %& s"#"*"e T:e& ,ons"i"*"eio-#"ions o5 ere r*-es o5 ,onenien,e !esi$ne! "o se,*re # ore or!er-& re$*-#"ion o5 ":e #55#irs o5 so,ie"&3GGETED ANER'Yes; #n #," #& %e #-* in se #n! #-* ro:i%i"* #" ":e s#e "ie In Peo-e *ni,o; e" # (CA ?0OG ?0) i" /#s :e-! ":#" ":e oission or 5#i-*re o5 e-e,"ion inse,"ors #n! o-- ,-ers "o in,-*!e # o"ersn#e in ":e re$is"r& -is" o5 o"ers is /ron$ er se %e,#*se i" !isen5r#n,:ises # o"er o5 :is ri$:" "o o"e In ":isre$#r! i" is ,onsi!ere! #s #-* in se in,e i" is *nis:e! *n!er # se,i#- -#/ (e, 101 #n! 10; Reise!E-e,"ion Co!e); i" is ,onsi!ere! #-* ro:i%i"*

#-# in e s #-# Pro:i%i"# (1999)Dis"in$*is: L #-# in seL 5ro L #-# ro:i%i"#L(M)

3GGETED ANER'In L#-# in seL; ":e #,"s ,ons"i"*"in$ ":e ,ries #re in:eren"-& ei-; %#! or /ron$; #n! :en,e ino-es ":e or#-"r#i"s o5 ":e o55en!er /:i-e in L#-# ro:i%i"#L; ":e #,"s ,ons"i"*"in$ ":e ,ries #re no" in:eren"-& %#!; ei- or

/ron$ %*" ro:i%i"e! #n! #!e *nis:#%-e on-& 5or *%-i, $oo! An! %e,#*se ":e or#- "r#i" o5 ":e o55en!er isino-e! in L#-# in seL o!i5&in$ ,ir,*s"#n,es; ":e o55en!ers e."en" o5 #r"i,i#"ion in ":e ,rie; #n! ":e!e$ree o5 #,,o-is:en" o5 ":e ,rie #re "#en in"o #,,o*n" in iosin$ ":e en#-"&' ":ese #re no" so inL#-# ro:i%i"#L /:ere ,riin#- -i#%i-i"& #rises on-& /:en ":e #,"s #re ,ons*#"e!

#-# in e s #-# Pro:i%i"# (2001)Brie5-& s"#"e /:#" essen"i#--& !is"in$*is:es # ,rie #-# ro:i%i"# 5ro # ,rie #-# in se (2M)

3GGETED ANER'In ,ries #-# ro:i%i"#; ":e #,"s #re no" %& n#"*re /ron$; ei- or %#! T:e& #re *nis:e! on-& %e,#*se ":ereis # -#/ ro:i%i"in$ ":e 5or *%-i, $oo!; #n! ":*s $oo! 5#i": or -#, o5 ,riin#- in"en" in !oin$ ":e ro:i%i"e!#," is no" # !e5ense In ,ries #-# in se; ":e #,"s #re %& n#"*re /ron$; ei- or %#!; #n! so $ener#--&,on!ene! T:e or#- "r#i" o5 ":e o55en!er is ino-e! ":*s; $oo! 5#i": or -#, o5 ,riin#- In"en" on ":e #r" o5":e o55en!er is # !e5ense; *n-ess ":e ,rie is ":e res*-" o5 ,riin#- ne$-i$en,e Correson!in$-&; o!i5&in$,ir,*s"#n,es #re ,onsi!ere! in *nis:in$ ":e o55en!er

#-# in e s #-# Pro:i%i"# (200)

Dis"in$*is:; in ":eir rese,"ie ,on,e"s #n! -e$#- i-i,#"ions; %e"/een ,ries #-# in se #n! ,ries #-#ro:i%i"s 4M

3GGETED ANER'In ,on,e"' Cries #-# in se #re ":ose /:ere ":e #,"s or oissions en#-iJe! #re in:eren"-& %#!; ei-; or

/ron$ ":#" ":e& #re #-os" *niers#--& ,on!ene! Cries #-# ro:i%i"# #re ":ose /:ere ":e #,"s en#-iJe!#re no" in:eren"-& %#!; ei-; or /ron$ %*" ro:i%i"e! %& -#/ 5or *%-i, $oo!; *%-i, /e-5#re or in"eres" #n!

/:oeer io-#"es ":e ro:i%i"ion #re en#-iJe!In -e$#- i-i,#"ions' In ,ries #-# in se; $oo! 5#i": or -#, o5 ,riin#- in"en"H ne$-i$en,e is # !e5ense; /:i-e in,ries #-# ro:i%i"#; $oo! 5#i": or -#, o5 ,riin#- in"en" or #-i,e is no" # !e5ense i" is eno*$: ":#" ":ero:i%i"ion /#s o-*n"#ri-& io-#"e!

A-so; ,riin#- -i#%i-i"& is $ener#--& in,*rre! in ,ries #-# in se een /:en ":e ,rie is on-& #""e"e! or5r*s"r#"e!; /:i-e in ,ries #-# ro:i%i"#; ,riin#- -i#%i-i"& is $ener#--& in,*rre! on-& /:en ":e ,rie is,ons*#"e! A-so in ,ries #-# in se; i"i$#"in$ #n! #$$r##"in$ ,ir,*s"#n,es #re #re,i#"e! iniosin$ ":e en#-"ies; /:i-e in ,ries #-# ro:i%i"#; s*,: ,ir,*s"#n,es #re no" #re,i#"e! *n-ess ":ese,i#- -#/ :#s #!o"e! ":e s,:ee or s,#-e o5 en#-"ies *n!er ":e Reise! Pen#- Co!e

#-# Pro:i%i"# A,"*#- In=*r& Re*ire! (2000)r C#r-os G#%isi; # ,*s"os $*#r!; #n! r Ri,o Y"o; # ri#"e In!ii!*#-; /en" "o ":e o55i,e o5 r Die":erO,*#r"o; # ,*s"os %roer; #n! reresen"e! ":ese-es #s #$en"s o5 oon$-o/ Coer,i#- Tr#!in$; #nIor"er o5 ,:i-!rens ,-o":es #n! "o&s r G#%isi #n! r Y"o en$#$e! r O,*#r"o "o re#re #n! 5i-e /i":":e B*re#* o5 C*s"os ":e ne,ess#r& Ior" En"r& #n! In"ern#- Reen*e De,-#r#"ion ,oerin$ oon$-o/ss:ien" r G#%isi #n! r Y"o s*%i""e! "o r O,*#r"o # #,in$ -is"; # ,oer,i#- inoi,e; # %i-- o5 -#!in$

#n! # /orn Ior" D*"& De,-#r#"ion /:i,: !e,-#re! ":e s:ien" #s ,:i-!rens "o&s; ":e "#.es #n! !*"ies o5 /:i,: /ere ,o*"e! #" P60;00000 r O,*#r"o 5i-e! ":e #5oreen"ione! !o,*en"s /i": ":e #ni-#


15/87

1?

In"ern#"ion#- Con"#iner Por" o/eer; %e5ore ":e s:ien" /#s re-e#se!; # so" ,:e, /#s ,on!*,"e! %&C*s"os enior A$en" #es B#n!i!o; /:o !is,oere! ":#" ":e ,on"en"s o5 ":e #n (s:ien") /ere no",:i-!rens "o&s #s !e,-#re! in ":e s:iin$ !o,*en"s %*" 1;000 *ni"s o5 i!eo ,#sse""e re,or!ers /i": "#.es#n! !*"ies ,o*"e! #" P600;00000 A :o-! or!er #n! /#rr#n" o5 seiJ*re #n! !e"en"ion /ere ":en iss*e! %&":e Dis"ri," Co--e,"or o5 C*s"os 8*r":er ines"i$#"ion s:o/e! ":#" oon$-o/ is non+e.is"en" Conse*en"-&;r G#%isi #n! r Y"o /ere ,:#r$e! /i": #n! ,oni,"e! 5or io-#"ion o5 e,"ion (e) o5 RA 019 /:i,: #es

i" *n-#/5*- #on$ o":ers; 5or *%-i, o55i,ers "o ,#*se #n& *n!*e In=*r& "o #n& #r"&; in,-*!in$ ":e Goernen"In ":e !is,:#r$e o5 o55i,i#- 5*n,"ions ":ro*$: #ni5es" #r"i#-i"&; ei!en" %#! 5#i": or $ross ine.,*s#%-ene$-i$en,e In ":eir o"ion 5or re,onsi!er#"ion; ":e #,,*se! #--e$e! ":#" ":e !e,ision /#s erroneo*s %e,#*se":e ,rie /#s no" ,ons*#"e! %*" /#s on-& #" #n #""e"e! s"#$e; #n! ":#" in 5#," ":e Goernen" !i! no"s*55er #n& *n!*e in=*r&#) Is ":e ,on"en"ion o5 %o": #,,*se! ,orre,"K E.-#in (M)%) Ass*in$ ":#" ":e #""e"e! or 5r*s"r#"e! s"#$e o5 ":e io-#"ion ,:#r$e! is no" *nis:#%-e; #& ":e #,,*se!%e neer":e-ess ,oni,"e! 5or #n o55ense *nis:e! %& ":e Reise! Pen#- Co!e *n!er ":e 5#,"s o5 ":e ,#seKE.-#in (M)

o"ie Proo5 ":ereo5 No" Essen"i#- Coni,"ion (2006)o"ie is essen"i#- in ":e !e"erin#"ion o5 ":e ,oission o5 # ,rie #n! ":e -i#%i-i"ies o5 ":e ere"r#"ors

:#" #re ":e ins"#n,es /:ere roo5 o5 o"ie is no" essen"i#- or re*ire! "o =*s"i5& ,oni,"ion o5 #n #,,*se!KGie #" -e#s" ins"#n,es (?M)

3GGETED ANER'1 :en ":ere is #n e&e/i"ness or osi"ie i!en"i5i,#"ion o5 ":e #,,*se!2 :en ":e #,,*se! #!i""e! or ,on5esse! "o ":e ,oission o5 ":e ,rie In ,ries #-# ro:i%i"#4 In !ire," #ss#*-"; /:en ":e i,"i; /:o is # erson in #*":ori"& or #$en" o5 # erson in #*":ori"& /#s #""#,e!in ":e #,"*#- er5or#n,e o5 :is !*"& (Ar" 14; Reise! Pen#- Co!e)? In ,ries ,oi""e! ":ro*$: re,-ess ir*!en,e

3TI8YING F E@EPTING CIRC3TANCE

E.e"in$ Cir,*s"#n,es Coer#$e (2000)A; %ro":er o5 B; /i": ":e in"en"ion o5 :#in$ # ni$:" o*" /i": :is 5rien!s; "oo ":e ,o,on*" s:e-- /:i,: is %ein$*se! %& B #s # %#n 5or ,oins 5ro insi!e ":eir -o,e! ,#%ine" *sin$ ":eir ,oon e& 8or":/i":; A %roe ":e,o,on*" s:e-- o*"si!e o5 ":eir :oe in ":e resen,e o5 :is 5rien!s:#" is ":e ,riin#- -i#%i-i"& o5 A; i5 #n&K E.-#in (M)Is A e.e"e! 5ro ,riin#- -i#%i-i"& *n!er Ar"i,-e 2 o5 ":e Reise! Pen#- Co!e 5or %ein$ # %ro":er o5 BKE.-#in (2M)

3GGETED ANER'#) A is ,riin#--& -i#%-e 5or Ro%%er& /i": 5or,e *on ":in$s%) No; A is no" e.e" 5ro ,riin#- -i#%i-i"& *n!er Ar" 2 %e,#*se s#i! Ar"i,-e #-ies on-& "o ":e5"; s/in!-in$or #-i,io*s is,:ie5 ere; ":e ,rie ,oi""e! is ro%%er&

E.e"in$ Cir,*s"#n,es inori"& (199)o:n; #n ei$:"+&e#r o-! %o&; is 5on! o5 /#",:in$ ":e "e-eision ro$r# LQeo R#n$ersL One eenin$ /:i-e :e

/#s en$rosse! /#",:in$ :is 5#o*ri"e "e-eision s:o/; Pe"r#; # #i! ,:#n$e! ":e ,:#nne- "o en#%-e :er "o /#",: Loe A-on$ ":e Ri-esL T:is enr#$e! o:n /:o $o" :is 5#":ers reo-er; #n! /i":o*" /#rnin$; s:o"Pe"r# #" ":e %#, o5 :er :e#! ,#*sin$ :er ins"#n"#neo*s !e#": Is o:n ,riin#--& -i#%-eK 2M

3GGETED ANER'No; o:n is no" ,riin#--& -i#%-e 5or i--in$ Pe"r# %e,#*se :e is on-& &e#rs o-! /:en :e ,oi""e! ":e i--in$ Ainor %e-o/ nine (9) &e#rs o-! is #%so-*"e-& e.e" 5ro ,riin#- -i#%i-i"& #-":o*$: no" 5ro ,ii- -i#%i-i"& (Ar"12; #r 2; RPC)

E.e"in$ inori"& 11 &rs O-! A%sen,e o5 Dis,ernen" (2000)

:i-e ":e& /ere s"#n!in$ in -ine #/#i"in$ ":eir #,,in#"ion #" ":e s,:oo- ,-ini,; Poin$ ree#"e!-& *--e! ":eon&"#i- o5 #"reen#; :is 11 &e#rs; 2 on":s #n! 1 !#&s o-! ,-#ss#"e in Gr#!e ? #" ":e ##-o,E-een"#r& ,:oo- Irri"#"e!; #"reen# "*rne! #ro*n! #n! s/*n$ #" Poin$ /i": # %#-- en T:e "o o5 ":e%#-- en :i" ":e ri$:" e&e o5 Poin$ /:i,: %-e! ro5*se-& Re#-iJin$ /:#" s:e :#! ,#*se! #"reen#ie!i#"e-& :e-e! Poin$ :en ines"i$#"e!; s:e 5ree-& #!i""e! "o ":e s,:oo- rin,i#- ":#" s:e /#sresonsi%-e 5or ":e in=*r& "o Poin$s e&e A5"er ":e in,i!en"; s:e e.e,*"e! # s"#"een" #!i""in$ :er,*-#%i-i"& D*e "o ":e in=*r& Poin$ -os" :is ri$:" e&e #) Is #"reen# ,riin#--& -i#%-eK :&K (M) %) Dis,*ss":e #""en!#n" ,ir,*s"#n,es #n! e55e,"s ":ereo5 (2M)

3GGETED ANER'#) No; #"reen# is no" ,riin#--& -i#%-e #-":o*$: s:e is ,ii--& -i#%-e Bein$ # inor -ess ":#n 5i5"een (1?) &e#rso-! #-":o*$: oer nine (9) &e#rs o5 #$e; s:e is $ener#--& e.e" 5ro ,riin#- -i#%i-i"& T:e e.,e"ion is /:ere

":e rose,*"ion roe! ":#" ":e #," /#s ,oi""e! /i": !is,ernen" T:e %*r!en is *on ":e rose,*"ion "oroe ":#" ":e #,,*se! #,"e! /i": !is,ernen" T:e res*"ion is ":#" s*,: inor #,"e! /i":o*" !is,ernen";


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#n! ":is is s"ren$":ene! %& ":e 5#," ":#" #"reen# on-& re#,"e! /i": # %#--en /:i,: s:e *s" %e *sin$ in ,-#ss#" ":e "ie; #n! on-& "o s"o Poin$s e.#"io*s #," o5 ree#"e!-& *--in$ :er on&"#i- In o":er /or!s; ":ein=*r& /#s #,,i!en"#-%) T:e #""en!#n" ,ir,*s"#n,es /:i,: #& %e ,onsi!ere! #re'1 inori"& o5 ":e #,,*se! #s #n e.e"in$ ,ir,*s"#n,e *n!er Ar"i,-e 12; #r#$r#: ; Re Pen#- Co!e;

/:ere s:e s:#-- %e e.e" 5ro ,riin#- -i#%i-i"&; *n-ess i" /#s roe! ":#" s:e #,"e! /i": !is,ernen" :e is

:o/eer ,ii--& -i#%-e2 I5 5o*n! ,riin#--& -i#%-e; ":e inori"& o5 ":e #,,*se! #s # rii-e$e! i"i$#"in$ ,ir,*s"#n,e A !is,re"ion#r&en#-"& -o/er %& #" -e#s" "/o (2) !e$rees ":#n ":#" res,ri%e! 5or ":e ,rie ,oi""e! s:#-- %e iose! in#,,or!#n,e /i": Ar"i,-e 6 #r#$r#: 1; Re Pen#- Co!e T:e sen"en,e; :o/eer; s:o*-! #*"o#"i,#--& %es*sen!e! in #,,or!#n,e /i": e,"ion ?(#) o5 Re A," No 69 o":er/ise no/n #s ":e L8#i-& Co*r"s A," o51997L

1 A-so i5 5o*n! ,riin#--& -i#%-e; ":e or!in#r& i"i$#"in$ ,ir,*s"#n,e o5 no" In"en!in$ "o ,oi" so$r#e # /ron$ #s ":#" ,oi""e!; *n!er Ar"i,-e 1; #r#$r#: ; Re Pen#- Co!e #n!

2 T:e or!in#r& i"i$#"in$ ,ir,*s"#n,e o5 s*55i,ien" roo,#"ion on ":e #r" o5 ":e o55en!e! #r"&ie!i#"e-& re,e!e! ":e #,"

*s"i5&in$ s E.e"in$ Cir,*s"#n,es (2004)Dis"in$*is: ,-e#r-& %*" %rie5-&' Be"/een =*s"i5&in$ #n! e.e"in$ ,ir,*s"#n,es in ,riin#- -#/

3GGETED ANER'*s"i5&in$ ,ir,*s"#n,e #55e,"s ":e #,"; no" ":e #,"or /:i-e e.e"in$ ,ir,*s"#n,e #55e,"s ":e #,"or; no" ":e#," In =*s"i5&in$ ,ir,*s"#n,e; no ,riin#- #n!; $ener#--&; no ,ii- -i#%i-i"& is in,*rre! /:i-e in e.e"in$,ir,*s"#n,e; ,ii- -i#%i-i"& is $ener#--& in,*rre! #-":o*$: ":ere is no ,riin#- -i#%i-i"&

*s"i5&in$ s E.e"in$ Cir,*s"#n,es (199) Dis"in$*is: %e"/een =*s"i5&in$ #n! e.e"in$ ,ir,*s"#n,esM

3GGETED ANER'

In *s"i5&in$ Cir,*s"#n,es'T:e ,ir,*s"#n,e #55e,"s ":e #,"; no" ":e #,"orT:e #," is !one /i":in -e$#- %o*n!s; :en,e ,onsi!ere! #s no" # ,riein,e ":e #," is no" # ,rie; ":ere is no ,riin#-T:ere %ein$ no ,rie nor ,riin#-; ":ere is no ,riin#- nor ,ii- -i#%i-i"&

:ere#s; in #n E.e"in$ Cir,*s"#n,es'T:e ,ir,*s"#n,e #55e,"s ":e #,"or; no" ":e #,"T:e #," is 5e-onio*s #n! :en,e # ,rie %*" ":e #,"or #,"e! /i":o*" o-*n"#rinessA-":o*$: ":ere is # ,rie; ":ere is no ,riin#- %e,#*se ":e #,"or is re$#r!e! on-& #s #n ins"r*en" o5 ":e ,rieT:ere %ein$ # /ron$ !one %*" no ,riin#-

*s"i5&in$ De5ense o5 onor Re*isi"es (2002):en A #rrie! :oe; :e 5o*n! B r#in$ :is !#*$:"er 3on seein$ A; B r#n #/#& A "oo :is $*n #n! s:o" B;i--in$ :i C:#r$e! /i": :oi,i!e; A ,-#ie! :e #,"e! in !e5ense o5 :is !#*$:"ers :onor Is A ,orre,"K I5 no";,#n A ,-#i ":e %ene5i" o5 #n& i"i$#"in$ ,ir,*s"#n,e or ,ir,*s"#n,esK (M)

3GGETED ANER'No; A ,#nno" #-i!-& inoe !e5ense o5 :is !#*$:"ers :onor in :#in$ i--e! B sin,e ":e r#e /#s #-re#!&,ons*#"e! oreoer; B #-re#!& r#n #/#&; :en,e; ":ere /#s no #$$ression "o !e5en! #$#ins" #n! no!e5ense "o se# o5 A #&; :o/eer; inoe ":e %ene5i" o5 ":e i"i$#"in$ ,ir,*s"#n,e o5 :#in$ #,"e! inie!i#"e in!i,#"ion o5 # $r#e o55ense "o # !es,en!#n"; :is !#*$:"er; *n!er #r ?; Ar"i,-e 1 o5 ":e Reise!Pen#- Co!e; #s #en!e!

*s"i5&in$ De5ense o5 "r#n$er (2002)A ,:#n,e! *on ":ree en /:o /ere #""#,in$ B /i": 5is" %-o/s C; one o5 ":e en; /#s #%o*" "o s"#% B /i": #ni5e No" no/in$ ":#" B /#s #,"*#--& ":e #$$ressor %e,#*se :e :#! e#r-ier ,:#--en$e! ":e ":ree en "o #5i$:"; A s:o" C #s ":e -#""er /#s #%o*" "o s"#% B #& A inoe ":e !e5ense o5 # s"r#n$er #s # =*s"i5&in$,ir,*s"#n,e in :is 5#orK :&K (2M)

3GGETED ANER'Yes A #& inoe ":e =*s"i5&in$ ,ir,*s"#n,e o5 !e5ense o5 s"r#n$er sin,e :e /#s no" ino-e! in ":e 5i$:" #n!:e s:o" C /:en ":e -#""er /#s #%o*" "o s"#% B T:ere %ein$ no in!i,#"ion ":#" A /#s in!*,e! %& reen$e;resen"en" or #n& o":er ei- o"ie in s:oo"in$ C; :is #," is =*s"i5ie! *n!er #r ; Ar"i,-e 11 o5 ":e Reise!Pen#- Co!e; #s #en!e!

*s"i5&in$ 8*-5i--en" o5 D*"& Re*isi"es (2000)


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*,resi#; # s"ore o/ner; /#s ro%%e! o5 :er %r#,e-e" in :er :oe T:e 5o--o/in$ !#&; #" #%o*" ? o,-o, in ":e#5"ernoon; # nei$:%or; 22+&e#r o-! *n+*n; /:o :#! #n *ns#or& re*"#"ion; ,#e "o :er s"ore "o %*& %o""-eso5 %eer *,resi# no"i,e! :er %r#,e-e" /o*n! #ro*n! ":e ri$:" #r o5 *n+*n As soon #s ":e -#""er -e5";*,resi# /en" "o # ne#r%& o-i,e s"#"ion #n! so*$:" ":e :e- o5 # o-i,e#n on !*"&; P#" i--ie Re&es e

/en" /i": *,resi# "o ":e :o*se o5 *n+*n "o ,on5ron" ":e -#""er P#" Re&es in"ro!*,e! :ise-5 #s # o-i,e#n#n! "rie! "o $e" :o-! o5 *n+*n /:o resis"e! #n! r#n #/#& P#" Re&es ,:#se! :i #n! 5ire! "/o /#rnin$

s:o"s in ":e #ir *n+*n ,on"in*e! "o r*n #n! /:en :e /#s #%o*" 7 e"ers #/#&; P#"; Re&es s:o" :i in ":eri$:" -e$ *n+*n /#s :i" #n! :e 5e-- !o/n %*" :e ,r#/-e! "o/#r!s # 5en,e; in"en!in$ "o #ss ":ro*$: #noenin$ *n!erne#": :en P#" Re&es /#s #%o*" ? e"ers #/#&; :e 5ire! #no":er s:o" #" *n+*n :i""in$ :i#" ":e ri$:" -o/er :i P#" Re&es %ro*$:" *n+*n "o ":e :osi"#-; %*" %e,#*se o5 ro5*se %-ee!in$; :eeen"*#--& !ie! P#" Re&es /#s s*%se*en"-& ,:#r$e! /i": :oi,i!e D*rin$ ":e "ri#-; P#" Re&es r#ise! ":e!e5ense; %& /#& o5 e.oner#"ion; ":#" :e #,"e! in ":e 5*-5i--en" o5 # !*"& Is ":e !e5ense "en#%-eK E.-#in (M)

3GGETED ANER'No; ":e !e5ense o5 P#" Re&es is no" "en#%-e T:e !e5ense o5 :#in$ #,"e! in ":e 5*-5i--en" o5 # !*"& re*ires#s # ,on!i"ion; in"er #-i#; ":#" ":e in=*r& or o55ense ,oi""e! %e ":e *n#oi!#%-e or ne,ess#r& ,onse*en,e o5":e !*e er5or#n,e o5 ":e !*"& (Peo-e s O#nis; e"#-; 74 P:i- 2?7) I" is no" eno*$:":#" ":e #,,*se! #,"e! in 5*-5i--en" o5 # !*"& A5"er *n+*n /#s s:o" in ":e ri$:" -e$ #n! /#s #-re#!& ,r#/-in$;

":ere /#s no nee! 5or P#"; Re&es "o s:oo" :i 5*r":er C-e#r-&; P#" Re&es #,"e! %e&on! ":e,#-- o5 !*"& /:i,: %ro*$:" #%o*" ":e ,#*se o5 !e#": o5 ":e i,"i

*s"i5&in$ D De5ense o5 onor Re*isi"es (199)One ni$:"; 3n#; # &o*n$ #rrie! /o#n; /#s so*n! #s-ee in :er %e!roo /:en s:e 5e-" # #n on "o o5 :erT:inin$ i" /#s :er :*s%#n! Ti"o; /:o ,#e :oe # !#& e#r-& 5ro :is %*siness "ri; 3n# -e" :i :#e se.

/i": :er A5"er ":e #,"; ":e #n s#i!; LI :oe &o* en=o&e! i" #s *,: #s I !i!L No" re,o$niJin$ ":e oi,e; i"!#/ne! *on in# ":#" ":e #n /#s no" Ti"o; :er :*s%#n! 8*rio*s; 3n# "oo o*" Ti"os $*n #n! s:o" ":e #nC:#r$e! /i": :oi,i!e 3n# !enies ,*-#%i-i"& on ":e $ro*n! o5 !e5ense o5 :onor Is :er ,-#i "en#%-eK ?M

3GGETED ANER'No; 3n#s ,-#i ":#" s:e #,"e! in !e5ense o5 :onor; is no" "en#%-e %e,#*se ":e *n-#/5*- #$$ression on :er

:onor :#! #-re#!& ,e#se! De5ense o5 :onor #s in,-*!e! in se-5+!e5ense; *s" :#e %een !one "o reen" orree- #n *n-#/5*- #$$ression T:ere is no !e5ense "o se# o5 /:ere ":e *n-#/5*- #$$ression no -on$er e.is"s

*s"i5&in$ De5ense o5 onor E-een"s (2000)Os#n$; # #rrie! /o#n in :er e#r-& "/en"ies; /#s s-eein$ on # %#ni$ on ":e 5-oor o5 ":eir ni# :*" %esi!e ":ese#s:ore /:en s:e /#s #/#ene! %& ":e #," o5 # #n o*n"in$ :er T:inin$ ":#" i" /#s :er :*s%#n!;G#r!o;/:o :#! re"*rne! 5ro 5is:in$ in ":e se#; Os#n$ ,on"in*e! :er s-ee %*" #--o/e! ":e #n; /:o /#s#,"*#--& ":eir nei$:%or; *-io; "o :#e se.*#- in"er,o*rse /i": :er A5"er *-io s#"is5ie! :ise-5; :e s#i! L#-##"Os#n$L #s :e "*rne! "o -e#e On-& ":en !i! Os#n$ re#-iJe ":#" ":e #n /#s no" :er :*s%#n! Enr#$e!; Os#n$$r#%%e! # %#-ison$ 5ro ":e /#-- #n! s"#%%e! *-io "o !e#": :en "rie! 5or :oi,i!e; Os#n$ ,-#ie! !e5enseo5 :onor :o*-! ":e ,-#i %e s*s"#ine!K :&K (?M)

3GGETED ANER'No; Os#n$Ls ,-#i o5 !e5ense o5 :onor s:o*-! no" %e s*s"#ine! %e,#*se ":e #$$ression on :er :onor :#!,e#se! /:en s:e s"#%%e! ":e #$$ressor In !e5ense o5 ri$:"s *n!er #r#$r#: 1; Ar" 11 o5 ":e RPC; I" isre*ire! in"er #-i# ":#" ":ere %e (1) *n-#/5*- #$$ression; #n! (2) re#son#%-e ne,essi"& o5 ":e e#ns e-o&e!"o reen" or ree- i" T:e *n-#/5*- #$$ression *s" %e ,on"in*in$ /:en ":e #$$ressor /#s in=*re! or !is#%-e!%& ":e erson #in$ # !e5ense B*" i5 ":e #$$ression ":#" /#s %e$*n %& ":e in=*re! or !is#%-e! #r"& #-re#!&,e#se! "o e.is" /:en ":e #,,*se! #""#,e! :i; #s in ":e ,#se #" %#r; ":e #""#, #!e is re"#-i#"ion; #n! no" #!e5ense P#r#$r#: 1; Ar"i,-e 11 o5 ":e Co!e !oes no" $oern en,e; Os#n$s #," o5 s"#%%in$ *-io "o !e#":#5"er ":e se.*#- in"er,o*rse /#s 5inis:e!; is no" !e5ense o5 :onor %*" #n ie!i#"e in!i,#"ion o5 # $r#eo55ense ,oi""e! #$#ins" :er; /:i,: is on-& i"i$#"in$

*s"i5&in$ D De5ense o5 Proer"& Re*isi"es (1996)

A se,*ri"& $*#r!; *on seein$ # #n s,#-e ":e /#-- o5 # 5#,"or& ,oo*n! /:i,: :e /#s $*#r!in$; s:o" #n!i--e! ":e -#""er 3on ines"i$#"ion %& ":e o-i,e /:o ":ere#5"er #rrie! #" ":e s,ene o5 ":e s:oo"in$; i" /#s!is,oere! ":#" ":e i,"i /#s *n#re! :en rose,*"e! 5or :oi,i!e; ":e se,*ri"& $*#r! ,-#ie! ":#" :eere-& #,"e! in se-5+!e5ense o5 roer"& #n! in ":e er5or#n,e o5 :is !*"& #s # se,*ri"& $*#r! I5 &o* /ere ":e

=*!$e; /o*-! &o* ,oni," :i o5 :oi,i!eK E.-#in

3GGETED ANER'Yes I /o*-! ,oni," ":e se,*ri"& $*#r! 5or oi,i!e i5 I /ere ":e *!$e; %e,#*se :is ,-#i o5 :#in$ #,"e! in!e5ense o5 roer"& #n! in er5or#n,e o5 # !*"& ,#nno" 5*--& %e =*s"i5ie! Een #ss*in$ ":#" ":e i,"i /#ss,#-in$ ":e /#-- o5 ":e 5#,"or& ,oo*n! "o ,oi" # ,rie insi!e ":e s#e; s:oo"in$ :i is neer =*s"i5i#%-e;een #!i""in$ ":#" s*,: #," is ,onsi!ere! *n-#/5*- #$$ression on roer"& ri$:"s In Peo-e s N#r#es; 121CRA 29; # erson is =*s"i5ie! "o !e5en! :is roer"& ri$:"s; %*" #-- ":e e-een"s o5 se-5+!e5ense *n!er Ar" 11;

*s" %e resen" In ":e ins"#n" ,#se; =*s" -ie in N#r#es; ":e se,on! e-een" (re#son#%-e ne,essi"& o5 ":e


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e#ns e-o&e!) is #%sen" en,e; :e s:o*-! %e ,oni,"e! o5 :oi,i!e %*" en"i"-e! "o in,o-e"e se-5+!e5ense

*s"i5&in$ D De5ense o5 Proer"& Re*isi"es (200)T:e #,,*se! -ie! /i": :is 5#i-& in # nei$:%o*r:oo! ":#" o5"en /#s ":e s,ene o5 5re*en" ro%%eries A" one"ie; #s" i!ni$:"; ":e #,,*se! /en" !o/ns"#irs /i": # -o#!e! $*n "o ines"i$#"e /:#" :e ":o*$:" /ere

5oo"s"es o5 #n *nini"e! $*es" A5"er seein$ /:#" #e#re! "o :i #n #re! s"r#n$er -ooin$ #ro*n! #n! o*""o ro% ":e :o*se; :e 5ire! :is $*n serio*s-& in=*rin$ ":e #n :en ":e -i$:"s /ere "*rne! on; ":e *n5or"*n#"ei,"i "*rne! o*" "o %e # %ro":er+in+-#/ on :is /#& "o ":e i",:en "o $e" soe -i$:" sn#,s T:e #,,*se! /#sin!i,"e! 5or serio*s :&si,#- in=*ries :o*-! ":e #,,*se!; $ien ":e ,ir,*s"#n,es; %e ,oni,"e! or #,*i""e!K:&K 4M

3GGETED ANER'T:e #,,*se! s:o*-! %e ,oni,"e! %e,#*se; een #ss*in$ ":e 5#,"s "o %e "r*e in :is %e-ie5; :is #," o5 s:oo"in$# %*r$-#r /:en ":ere is no *n-#/5*- #$$ression on :is erson is no" =*s"i5ie! De5ense o5 roer"& or roer"&ri$:" !oes no" =*s"i5& ":e #," o5 5irin$ # $*n #" # %*r$-#r *n-ess ":e -i5e #n! -i% o5 ":e #,,*se! is #-re#!& iniinen" #n! ie!i#"e !#n$er A-":o*$: ":e #,,*se! #,"e! o*" o5 # is#re:ension o5 ":e 5#,"s; :e is no"#%so-e! 5ro ,riin#- -i#%i-i"&

ATERNATIVE ANER'Consi!erin$ ":e $ien ,ir,*s"#n,es; n#e-& ":e 5re*en" ro%%eries in ":e nei$:%o*r:oo!; ":e "ie /#s #s"i!ni$:"; #n! ":e i,"i #e#re! "o %e #n #re! %*r$-#r in ":e !#r #n! insi!e :is :o*se; ":e #,,*se! ,o*-!:#e en"er"#ine! #n :ones" %e-ie5 ":#" :is -i5e #n! -i% or ":ose o5 :is 5#i-& #re #-re#!& in ie!i#"e #n!iinen" !#n$er en,e; i" #& %e re#son#%-e "o #,,e" ":#" :e #,"e! o*" o5 #n :ones" is"#e o5 5#," #n!":ere5ore /i":o*" ,riin#- in"en" An :ones" is"#e o5 5#," ne$#"ies ,riin#- in"en" #n! ":*s #%so-es ":e#,,*se! 5ro ,riin#- -i#%i-i"&


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T:#" on#s ,oi""e! ":e ,rie in # s"#"e o5 in"o.i,#"ion ":ere%& i#irin$ :is /i-- o/er or ,##,i"& "o*n!ers"#n! ":e /ron$5*-ness o5 :is #," Non+in"en"ion#- in"o.i,#"ion is # i"i$#"in$ ,ir,*s"#n,e (Peo-e *s8or"i,:; 21 CRA 600 (1997) Ar" 1?; RPC)

i"i$#"in$ P-e# o5 G*i-"& (1999)An #,,*se! ,:#r$e! /i": ":e ,rie o5 :oi,i!e -e#!e! Lno" $*i-"&L !*rin$ ":e re-iin#r& ines"i$#"ion %e5ore

":e *ni,i#- Co*r" 3on ":e e-e#"ion o5 ":e ,#se "o ":e Re$ion#- Tri#- Co*r" ":e Co*r" o5 ,oe"en" =*ris!i,"ion; :e -e#!e! $*i-"& 5ree-& #n! o-*n"#ri-& *on #rr#i$nen" C#n :is -e# o5 $*i-"& %e5ore ":e RTC %e,onsi!ere! son"#neo*s #n! ":*s en"i"-e :i "o ":e i"i$#"in$ ,ir,*s"#n,e o5 son"#neo*s -e# o5 $*i-"&*n!er Ar" 1(7); RPCK (M)

3GGETED ANER'Yes; :is -e# o5 $*i-"& %e5ore ":e Re$ion#- Tri#- Co*r" ,#n %e ,onsi!ere! son"#neo*s; 5or /:i,: :e is en"i"-e!"o ":e i"i$#"in$ ,ir,*s"#n,e o5 -e# o5 $*i-"& is -e# o5 no" $*i-"& %e5ore ":e *ni,i#- Co*r" is i#"eri#- #si" /#s #!e !*rin$ re-iin#r& ines"i$#"ion on-& #n! %e5ore # ,o*r" no" ,oe"en" "o ren!er =*!$en"

i"i$#"in$ P-e# o5 G*i-"& Re*isi"es (1999)In or!er ":#" ":e -e# o5 $*i-"& #& %e i"i$#"in$; /:#" re*isi"es *s" %e ,o-ie! /i":K (2M)

3GGETED ANER'8or -e# o5 $*i-"& "o %e i"i$#"in$; ":e re*isi"es #re'T:#" ":e #,,*se! son"#neo*s-& -e#!e! $*i-"& "o ":e ,rie ,:#r$e!T:#" s*,: -e# /#s #!e %e5ore ":e ,o*r" ,oe"en" "o "r& ":e ,#se #n! ren!er =*!$en" #n!T:#" s*,: -e# /#s #!e rior "o ":e resen"#"ion o5 ei!en,e 5or ":e rose,*"ion

i"i$#"in$ P-e# o5 G*i-"& Vo-*n"#r& *rren!er (1997)A5"er i--in$ ":e i,"i; ":e #,,*se! #%s,on!e! e s*,,ee!e! in e-*!in$ ":e o-i,e *n"i- :e s*r5#,e! #n!s*rren!ere! "o ":e #*":ori"ies #%o*" "/o &e#rs -#"er C:#r$e! /i": *r!er; :e -e#!e! no" $*i-"& %*"; #5"er ":erose,*"ion :#! resen"e! "/o /i"nesses i-i,#"in$ :i "o ":e ,rie; :e ,:#n$e! :is -e# "o ":#" o5 $*i-"&

:o*-! ":e i"i$#"in$ ,ir,*s"#n,es o5 o-*n"#r& s*rren!er #n! -e# o5 $*i-"& %e ,onsi!ere! in 5#or o5 ":e#,,*se!K

3GGETED ANER'Vo-*n"#r& s*rren!er s:o*-! %e ,onsi!ere! #s # i"i$#"in$ ,ir,*s"#n,e A5"er "/o &e#rs; ":e o-i,e /ere s"i--*n#/#re o5 ":e /:ere#%o*"s o5 ":e #,,*se! #n! ":e -#""er ,o*-! :#e ,on"in*e! "o e-*!e #rres" A,,or!in$-&;":e s*rren!er o5 ":e #,,*se! s:o*-! %e ,onsi!ere! i"i$#"in$ %e,#*se i" /#s !one son"#neo*s-&; in!i,#"ie o5":e reorse or reen"#n,e on ":e #r" o5 s#i! #,,*se! #n! ":ere5ore; %& :is s*rren!er; ":e #,,*se! s#e! ":eGoernen" e.enses; e55or"s; #n! "ie

ATERNATIVE ANER'Vo-*n"#r& s*rren!er #& no" %e #re,i#"e! in 5#or o5 ":e #,,*se! T/o &e#rs is "oo -on$ # "ie "o ,onsi!er

":e s*rren!er #s son"#neo*s (Peo-e *s A%-#o; 1 CRA 6?) 8or s*re ":e $oernen" :#! #-re#!&in,*rre! ,onsi!er#%-e e55or"s #n! e.enses in -ooin$ 5or ":e #,,*se! P-e# o5 $*i-"& ,#n no -on$er %e#re,i#"e! #s # i"i$#"in$ ,ir,*s"#n,e %e,#*se ":e rose,*"ion :#! #-re#!& s"#r"e! /i": ":e resen"#"ion o5i"s ei!en,e (Ar" 1; #r 7 Reise! Pen#- Co!e)

i"i$#"in$ Vo-*n"#r& *rren!er (1996)i-#rio; *on seein$ :is son en$#$e! in # s,*55-e /i": Rene; s"#%%e! #n! i--e! ":e -#""er A5"er ":e s"#%%in$; :e%ro*$:" :is son :oe T:e C:ie5 o5 Po-i,e o5 ":e "o/n; #,,o#nie! %& seer#- o-i,een; /en" "o i-#rios:o*se; i-#rio; *on seein$ ":e #ro#,:in$ o-i,een; ,#e !o/n 5ro :is :o*se "o ee" ":e #n!o-*n"#ri-& /en" /i": ":e "o ":e Po-i,e "#"ion "o %e ines"i$#"e! in ,onne,"ion /i": ":e i--in$ :eneen"*#--& ,:#r$e! /i": #n! ,oni,"e! o5 :oi,i!e; i-#rio; on #e#-; 5#*-"e! ":e "ri#- ,o*r" 5or no" #re,i#"in$in :is 5#or ":e i"i$#"in$ ,ir,*s"#n,e o5 o-*n"#r& s*rren!er Is :e en"i"-e! "o s*,: # i"i$#"in$ ,ir,*s"#n,eK

E.-#in

3GGETED ANER'Yes; i-#rio is en"i"-e! "o ":e i"i$#"in$ ,ir,*s"#n,e o5 o-*n"#r& s*rren!er T:e ,r*. o5 ":e iss*e is /:e":er":e 5#," ":#" i-#rio /en" :oe #5"er ":e in,i!en"; %*" ,#e !o/n #n! e" ":e o-i,e o55i,ers #n! /en" /i":":e is ,onsi!ere! LVo-*n"#r& s*rren!er;L T:e o-*n"#riness o5 s*rren!er is "es"e! i5 ":e s#e is son"#neo*ss:o/in$ ":e in"en" o5 ":e #,,*se! "o s*%i" :ise-5 *n,on!i"ion#--& "o ":e #*":ori"ies T:is *s" %e ei":er (#)%e,#*se :e #,no/-e!$es :is $*i-"; or (%) %e,#*se :e /is:es "o s#e ":e ":e "ro*%-e #n! e.ensesne,ess#ri-& in,*rre! in :is se#r,: #n! ,#"*re (Re&es Coen"#ries; 0) T:*s; ":e #," o5 ":e #,,*se! in :i!in$ #5"er ,oission o5 ":e ,rie; %*" o-*n"#ri-& /en" /i": ":eo-i,een /:o :#! $one "o :is :i!in$ -#,e "o ines"i$#"e; /#s :e-! "o %e i"i$#"in$ ,ir,*s"#n,e(Peo-e sD#&ri"; ,i"e! in Re&es Coen"#ries; 299)

i"i$#"in$ Vo-*n"#r& *rren!er E-een"s (1999)


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:en is s*rren!er %& #n #,,*se! ,onsi!ere! o-*n"#r&; #n! ,ons"i"*"ie o5 ":e i"i$#"in$ ,ir,*s"#n,e o5o-*n"#r& s*rren!erK (M)

3GGETED ANER'A s*rren!er %& #n o55en!er is ,onsi!ere! o-*n"#r& /:en i" is son"#neo*s; in!i,#"ie o5 #n in"en" "o s*%i"*n,on!i"ion#--& "o ":e #*":ori"ies To %e i"i$#"in$; ":e s*rren!er *s" %e' son"#neo*s; ie; in!i,#"ie o5

#,no/-e!$en" o5 $*i-" #n! no" 5or ,onenien,e nor ,on!i"ion#- #!e %e5ore ":e $oernen" in,*rse.enses; "ie #n! e55or" in "r#,in$ !o/n ":e o55en!ers /:ere#%o*"s #n! #!e "o # erson in #*":ori"& or":e -#""ers #$en"s

AGGRAVATING CIRC3TANCEA$$r##"in$ Cir,*s"#n,es (1996)ose; Doin$o; #no-o; #n! 8ern#n!o; #re! /i": %o-os; #" #%o*" one o,-o, in ":e ornin$; ro%%e! # :o*se#" # !eso-#"e -#,e /:ere D#ni-o; :is /i5e; #n! ":ree !#*$:"ers /ere -iin$ :i-e ":e 5o*r /ere in ":e ro,esso5 r#ns#,in$ D#ni-os :o*se; 8ern#n!o; no"i,in$ ":#" one o5 D#ni-os !#*$:"ers /#s "r&in$ "o $e" #/#&; r#n#5"er :er #n! 5in#--& ,#*$:" * /i": :er in # ":i,e" soe/:#" !is"#n" 5ro ":e :o*se 8ern#n!o; %e5ore %rin$in$%#, ":e !#*$:"er "o ":e :o*se; r#e! :er 5irs" T:ere#5"er; ":e 5o*r ,#r"e! #/#& ":e %e-on$in$s o5 D#ni-o #n!

:is 5#i-& :#" ,rie !i! ose; Doin$o; #no-o #n! 8ern#n!o ,oi"K E.-#in

*ose; #5"er ":e ro%%er&; ":e 5o*r "oo "*rns in r#in$ ":e ":ree !#*$:"ers o5 D#ni-o insi!e ":e -#""ers :o*se;%*" %e5ore ":e& -e5"; ":e& i--e! ":e /:o-e 5#i-& "o reen" i!en"i5i,#"ion; /:#" ,rie !i! ":e 5o*r ,oi"KE.-#in

3n!er ":e 5#,"s o5 ":e ,#se; /:#" #$$r##"in$ ,ir,*s"#n,es #& %e #re,i#"e! #$#ins" ":e 5o*rK E.-#in

3GGETED ANER'#) ose; Doin$o; #n! #no-o ,oi""e! Ro%%er&; /:i-e 8ern#n!o ,oi""e! ,o-e. ,rie o5 Ro%%er&

/i": R#e%) T:e ,rie /o*-! %e Ro%%er& /i": oi,i!e %e,#*se ":e i--in$s /ere %& re#son ("o reen"

i!en"i5i,#"ion) #n! on ":e o,,#sion o5 ":e ro%%er& T:e *-"i-e r#es ,oi""e! #n! ":e 5#," ":#"seer#- ersons /ere i--e! :oi,i!e); /o*-! %e ,onsi!ere! #s #$$r##"in$ ,ir,*s"#n,es T:e r#es#re s&non&o*s /i": I$noin& #n! ":e #!!i"ion#- i--in$ s&non&o*s /i": ,r*e-"&; (Peo-e s o-is;12 CRA Peo-e s P-#$#; 202 CRA ?1)

,) T:e #$$r##"in$ ,ir,*s"#n,es /:i,: #& %e ,onsi!ere! in ":e reises #re'1 B#n! %e,#*se #-- ":e 5o*r o55en!ers #re #re!2 No,"*i"& %e,#*se ei!en"-& ":e o55en!ers "oo #!#n"#$e o5 ni$:""ie !/e--in$ #n!4 3nin:#%i"e! -#,e %e,#*se ":e :o*se /:ere ":e ,ries /ere ,oi""e! /#s L#" # !eso-#"e -#,eL

#n! o%io*s-& ":e o55en!ers "oo #!#n"#$e o5 ":is ,ir,*s"#n,e in ,oi""in$ ":e ,rie

A$$r##"in$ Cir,*s"#n,es Generis s


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In re,i!iis; ":e ,oni,"ions o5 ":e o55en!er #re 5or ,ries e%r#,e! in ":e s#e Ti"-e o5 ":e Reise! Pen#-Co!e #n! T:is ,ir,*s"#n,e is $eneri, #$$r##"in$ #n! ":ere5ore ,#n %e e55e," %& #n or!in#r& i"i$#"in$,ir,*s"#n,e

:ere#s in *#si+re,i!i-s1 T:e ,oni,"ions #re no" 5or ,ries e%r#,e! in ":e s#e Ti"-e o5 ":e Reise! Pen#- Co!e; roi!e! ":#" i" is

# 5e-on& ":#" /#s ,oi""e! %& ":e o55en!er %e5ore serin$ sen"en,e %& 5in#- =*!$en" 5or #no":er ,rie or /:i-e serin$ sen"en,e 5or #no":er ,rie #n!2 T:is ,ir,*s"#n,e is # se,i#- #$$r##"in$ ,ir,*s"#n,e /:i,: ,#nno" %e o55se" %& #n& i"i$#"in$,ir,*s"#n,e

A$$r##"in$ Tre#,:er& F 3n-#/5*- En"r& (1997)T:e #,,*se! #n! ":e i,"i o,,*ie! #!=#,en" ##r"en"s; e#,: %ein$ # se#r#"e !/e--in$ *ni" o5 one %i$:o*se T:e #,,*se! s*se,"e! :is /i5e o5 :#in$ #n i--i,i" re-#"ion /i": ":e i,"i One #5"ernoon; :e s#/ ":ei,"i #n! :is /i5e "o$e":er on %o#r! # e:i,-e In ":e eenin$ o5 ":#" !#&; ":e #,,*se! /en" "o %e! e#r-& #n!"rie! "o s-ee; %*" %ein$ so #nno&e! oer ":e s*se,"e! re-#"ion %e"/een :is /i5e #n! ":e i,"i; :e ,o*-! no"s-ee #"er in ":e ni$:"; :e reso-e! "o i-- i,"i e rose 5ro %e! #n! "oo :o-! o5 # ni5e e en"ere! ":e##r"en" o5 ":e i,"i ":ro*$: #n *n-o,e! /in!o/ Insi!e; :e s#/ ":e i,"i so*n!-& #s-ee e ":ere*on

s"#%%e! ":e i,"i; in5-i,"in$ seer#- /o*n!s; /:i,: ,#*se! :is !e#": /i":in # 5e/ :o*rs o*-! &o* s#& ":#"":e i--in$ /#s #""en!e! %& ":e *#-i5&in$ or #$$r##"in$ ,ir,*s"#n,es o5 ei!en" ree!i"#"ion; "re#,:er&;ni$:""ie #n! *n-#/5*- en"r&K

3GGETED ANER'1 Ei!en" ree!i"#"ion ,#nno" %e ,onsi!ere! #$#ins" ":e #,,*se! %e,#*se :e reso-e! "o i-- ":e i,"i

L-#"er in ":e ni$:"L #n! ":ere /#s no s*55i,ien" -#se o5 "ie %e"/een ":e !e"erin#"ion #n! e.e,*"ion; "o#--o/ :is ,ons,ien,e "o oer,oe ":e reso-*"ion o5 :is /i--

2 TREACERY #& %e resen" %e,#*se ":e #,,*se! s"#%%e! ":e i,"i /:i-e ":e -#""er /#s so*n! #s-eeA,,or!in$-&; :e e-o&e! e#ns #n! e":o!s /:i,: !ire,"-& #n! se,i#--& ins*re! ":e e.e,*"ion o5 ":e #,"

/i":o*" ris :ise-5 #risin$ 5ro ":e !e5ense /:i,: ":e i,"i i$:" :#e #!e (Peo-e s De*in# 60P:i- 279; Peo-e s ir#n!#; e" #" 90 P:i- 91)

Ni$:""ie ,#nno" %e #re,i#"e! %e,#*se ":ere is no s:o/in$ ":#" ":e #,,*se! !e-i%er#"e-& so*$:" or##i-e! o5 ni$:""ie "o ins*re ":e s*,,ess o5 :is #," T:e In"en"ion "o ,oi" ":e ,rie /#s ,on,eie!s:or"-& %e5ore i"s ,oission (Peo-e s P#r!o 79 P:i-; ?6) oreoer; ni$:""ie is #%sor%e! in"re#,:er&

4 3NA83 ENTRY #& %e #re,i#"e! #s #n #$$r##"in$ ,ir,*s"#n,e; in#s*,: #s ":e #,,*se!en"ere! ":e roo o5 ":e i,"i ":ro*$: ":e /in!o/; /:i,: is no" ":e roer -#,e 5or en"r#n,e in"o ":e:o*se (Ar" 14 #r 1 Reise! Pen#- Co!e; Peo-e s B#r*$# 61 P:i- 1)

ATERNATIVE CIRC3TANCEA-"ern#"ie Cir,*s"#n,es In"o.i,#"ion (2002)A /#s ini"e! "o # !rinin$ sree %& 5rien!s A5"er :#in$ :#! # !rin "oo #n&; A #n! B :#! # :e#"e!#r$*en"; !*rin$ /:i,: A s"#%%e! B As # res*-"; B s*55ere! serio*s :&si,#- in=*ries #& ":e in"o.i,#"ion o5 A

%e ,onsi!ere! #$$r##"in$ or i"i$#"in$K (?M)

3GGETED ANER'T:e in"o.i,#"ion o5 A #& %e ri# 5#,ie ,onsi!ere! i"i$#"in$ sin,e i" /#s ere-& in,i!en"#- "o ":e ,oissiono5 ":e ,rie I" #& no" %e ,onsi!ere! #$$r##"in$ #s ":ere is no ,-e#r in!i,#"ion 5ro ":e 5#,"s o5 ":e ,#se ":#"i" /#s :#%i"*#- or in"en"ion#- on ":e #r" o5 A A$$r##"in$ ,ir,*s"#n,es #re no" "o %e res*e! ":e& s:o*-!%e roe! %e&on! re#son#%-e !o*%"

PERON Criin#--& i#%-e 5or 8EONIEAn"i+8en,in$ #/ 8en,in$ (1996)8-or#; /:o /#s en$#$e! in ":e *r,:#se #n! s#-e o5 =e/e-r&; /#s rose,*"e! 5or ":e io-#"ion o5 PD 1612;o":er/ise no/n #s ":e An"i+8en,in$ #/; 5or :#in$ %een 5o*n! "o %e in ossession o5 re,en"-& s"o-en e/e-r&

#-*e! #" P100;00000 #" :er =e/e--er& s:o #" Q#o"e Ro#!; #s Pin#s; e"ro #ni-# :e "es"i5ie! !*rin$ ":e"ri#- ":#" s:e ere-& %o*$:" ":e s#e 5ro one n#e! Ce,i-ino #n! een ro!*,e! # re,ei" ,oerin$ ":e s#-eCe,i-ino; in ":e #s"; *se! "o !e-ier "o :er =e/e-ries 5or s#-e %*" is resen"-& no/:ere "o %e 5o*n! Coni,"e! %&":e "ri#- ,o*r" 5or io-#"ion o5 ":e An"i+8en,in$ #/; s:e #r$*e! (or :er #,*i""#- on #e#-; ,on"en!in$ ":#" ":erose,*"ion 5#i-e! "o roe ":#" s:e ne/ or s:o*-! :#e no/n ":#" ":e e/e-ries re,oere! 5ro :er /ere ":ero,ee!s o5 ":e ,rie o5 ro%%er& or ":e5"

3GGETED ANER'No; 8-or#s !e5ense is no" /e--+"#en %e,#*se ere ossession o5 #n& #r"i,-e o5 #-*e /:i,: :#s %een ":es*%=e," o5 ":e5" or ro%%er& s:#-- %e ri# 5#,ie ei!en,e o5 5en,in$ (PDNo 1612) T:e %*r!en is *on ":e#,,*se! "o roe ":#" s:e #,*ire! ":e =e/e-r& -e$i"i#"e-& er !e5ense o5 :#in$ %o*$:" ":e e/e-r& 5rosoeone /:ose /:ere#%o*"s is *nno/n; !oes no" oer,oe ":e res*"ion o5 5en,in$ #$#ins" :er

(P#in"*#n s Peo-e; GR 111426; 11 *-& 1994) B*&in$ erson#- roer"& *"s ":e %*&er on ,#e#"%e,#*se o5 ":e :r#ses ":#" :e s:o*-! :#e no/n or o*$:" "o no/ ":#" i" is ":e ro,ee! 5ro ro%%er& or


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":e5" Besi!es; s:e s:o*-! :#e 5o--o/e! ":e #!inis"r#"ie ro,e!*re *n!er ":e !e,ree ":#" o5 $e""in$ #,-e#r#n,e 5ro ":e #*":ori"ies in ,#se ":e !e#-er is *n-i,ense! in or!er "o es,#e -i#%i-i"&

An"i+8en,in$ #/ 8en,in$ s T:e5" or Ro%%er& (199?):#" is ":e !i55eren,e %e"/een # 5en,e #n! #n #,,essor& "o ":e5" or ro%%er&KE.-#in Is ":ere #n& sii-#ri"& %e"/een ":eK

3GGETED ANER'One !i55eren,e %e"/een # 5en,e #n! #n #,,essor& "o ":e5" or ro%%er& is ":e en#-"& ino-e! # 5en,e is*nis:e! #s # rin,i#- *n!er PD No 1612 #n! ":e en#-"& is :i$:er; /:ere#s #n #,,essor& "o ro%%er& or":e5" *n!er ":e Reise! Pen#- Co!e is *nis:e! "/o !e$rees -o/er ":#n ":e rin,i#-; *n-ess :e %o*$:" orro5i"e! 5ro ":e ro,ee!s o5 ":e5" or ro%%er& #risin$ 5ro ro%%er& in P:i-iine :i$:/#&s *n!er PD No ?2

/:ere :e is *nis:e! #s #n #,,o-i,e; :en,e ":e en#-"& is one !e$ree -o/er A-so; 5en,in$ is # #-*ro:i%i"* #n! ":ere5ore ":ere is no nee! "o roe ,riin#- in"en" o5 ":e #,,*se! ":is is no" so in io-#"ions o5Reise! Pen#- Co!e

3GGETED ANER'

Yes; ":ere is # sii-#ri"& in ":e sense ":#" #-- ":e #,"s o5 one /:o is #n #,,essor& "o ":e ,ries o5 ro%%er& or":e5" #re in,-*!e! in ":e #,"s !e5ine! #s 5en,in$ In 5#,"; ":e #,,essor& in ":e ,ries o5 ro%%er& or ":e5" ,o*-! %erose,*"e! #s s*,: *n!er ":e Reise! Pen#- Co!e or #s # 5en,e *n!er PD No 1612 (DiJon+P#in"*#n sPeo-e; 24 CRA 6)

An"i+8en,in$ #/ 8en,in$ E-een"s (199?):#" #re ":e e-een"s o5 5en,in$K3GGETED ANER'T:e e-een"s o5 5en,in$ #re'

+ # ,rie o5 ro%%er& or ":e5" :#s %een ,oi""e!+ #,,*se!; /:o is no" # rin,i#- or #,,o-i,e in ":e ,rie; %*&s; re,eies; ossesses; ees; #,*ires;

,on,e#-s; or !isoses; or %*&s #n! se--s; or in #n& #nner !e#-s in #n& #r"i,-e; i"e ; o%=e," or #n&":in$

o5 #-*e; /:i,: :#s %een !erie! 5ro ":e ro,ee!s o5 s#i! ,rie+ ":e #,,*se! no/s or s:o*-! :#e no/n ":#" s#i! #r"i,-e; i"e; o%=e," or #n&":in$ o5 #-*e :#s %een

!erie! 5ro ":e 5ro ":e ro,ee!s o5 ":e ,rie o5 ro%%er& or ":e5" #n!+ ":ere is on ":e #r" o5 ":e #,,*se!; in"en" "o $#in 5or :ise-5 or 5or #no":er

Criin#- i#%i-i"& A,,essories F 8en,e (199)in$ /en" "o ":e :o*se o5 #*r# /:o /#s #-one #*r# o55ere! :i # !rin #n! #5"er ,ons*in$ ":ree %o""-es o5%eer in$ #!e #!#n,es "o :er #n! /i": 5or,e #n! io-en,e; r#is:e! :er T:en in$ i--e! #*r# #n! "oo:er =e/e-r& Doin$; in$s #!o"e! %ro":er; -e#rne! #%o*" ":e in,i!en" e /en" "o #*r#s :o*se; :i! :er%o!&; ,-e#ne! eer&":in$ #n! /#s:e! ":e %-oo!s"#ins insi!e ":e roo #"er; in$ $#e ose; :is -e$i"i#"e%ro":er; one ie,e o5 =e/e-r& %e-on$in$ "o #*r# ose ne/ ":#" ":e =e/e-r& /#s "#en 5ro #*r# %*"none":e-ess :e so-! i" 5or P2;000 :#" ,rie or ,ries !i! in$; Doin$ #n! ose ,oi"K Dis,*ss ":eir

,riin#- -i#%i-i"ies 10M

3GGETED ANER'in$ ,oi""e! ":e ,oosi"e ,rie o5 R#e /i": :oi,i!e #s # sin$-e in!iisi%-e o55ense; no" # ,o-e.,rie; #n! T:e5"

Doin$s #,"s; :#in$ %een !one /i": no/-e!$e o5 ":e ,oission o5 ":e ,rie #n! o%io*s-& "o ,on,e#- ":e%o!& o5 ":e ,rie "o reen" i"s !is,oer&; #es :i #n #,,essor& "o ":e ,rie o5 r#e /i": :oi,i!e *n!erAr" 19; #r 2 o5 ":e Re Pen#- Co!e; %*" :e is e.e" 5ro ,riin#- -i#%i-i"& ":ere5or *n!er Ar"i,-e 20 o5 ":eCo!e; %ein$ #n #!o"e! %ro":er o5 ":e rin,i#- ose in,*rs ,riin#- -i#%i-i"& ei":er #s #n #,,essor& "o ":e,rie o5 ":e5" ,oi""e! %& in$; or #s 5en,e A-":o*$: :e is # -e$i"i#"e %ro":er o5 in$; ":e e.e"ion *n!erAr"i,-e 20 !oes no" in,-*!e ":e #r"i,i#"ion :e !i!; %e,#*se :e ro5i"e! 5ro ":e e55e,"s o5 s*,: ":e5" %& se--in$

":e =e/e-r& no/in$ ":#" ":e s#e /#s "#en 5ro #*r# Or ose #& %e rose,*"e! 5or 5en,in$ *n!er ":eAn"i+8en,in$ #/ o5 1979 (PD No 1612) sin,e ":e =e/e-r& /#s ":e ro,ee!s o5 ":e5" #n! /i": in"en" "o $#in; :ere,eie! i" 5ro in$ #n! so-! i"

Criin#- i#%i-i"& Non+E.e"ion #s A,,essor& (2004)DCB; ":e !#*$:"er o5 CB; s"o-e ":e e#rrin$s o5 @YQ; # s"r#n$er CB #/ne! ":e e#rrin$s /i": TBIP#/ns:o #s # -e!$e 5or P?00 -o#n D*rin$ ":e "ri#-; CB r#ise! ":e !e5ense ":#" %ein$ ":e o":er o5 DCB;s:e ,#nno" %e :e-! -i#%-e #s #n #,,essor& i-- CBs !e5ense roserK Re#son %rie5-& (?M)

3GGETED ANER'No; CBs !e5ense /i-- no" roser %e,#*se ":e e.e"ion 5ro ,riin#- -i#%i-i"& o5 #n #,,essor& %& ir"*e o5re-#"ions:i /i": ":e rin,i#- !oes no" ,oer #,,essories /:o ":ese-es ro5i"e! 5ro or #ssis"e! ":e

o55en!er "o ro5i" %& ":e e55e,"s or ro,ee!s o5 ":e ,rie T:is non+e.e"ion o5 #n #,,essor&; ":o*$: re-#"e!"o ":e rin,i#- o5 ":e ,rie; is e.ress-& roi!e! in Ar" 20 o5 ":e Reise! Pen#- Co!e


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Criin#- i#%i-i"& Prin,i#- %& Dire," P#r"i,i#"ion Co+Prin,i#- %& In!isens#%-e Cooer#"ion (2000)Desi"e ":e #ssie #!er"isin$ ,##i$n in e!i# #$#ins" 5ire,r#,ers #n! $*n+5irin$ !*rin$ ":e Ne/ Ye#rs,e-e%r#"ions; on#s #n! #=# %o*$:" "en %o.es o5 s*er -o-o #n! -#+-# in Bo,#*e; B*-#,#n Be5ore i!ni$:"o5 De,e%er 1; 1999; on#s #n! #=# s"#r"e! ":eir ,e-e%r#"ion %& :#in$ # !rinin$ sree #" on#s -#,e %&e.-o!in$ ":eir :i$:+o/ere! 5ire,r#,ers in ":eir nei$:%or:oo! In ":e ,o*rse o5 ":eir ,oners#"ion; on#s

,on5i!e! "o #=# ":#" :e :#s %een eein$ # -on$+"ie $r*!$e #$#ins" :is nei$:%or eo& in ie/ o5 ":e -#""ersre5*s#- "o -en! :i soe one& :i-e *n!er ":e in5-*en,e o5 -i*or; on#s s"#r"e! ":ro/in$ -i$:"e! s*er -o-osinsi!e eo&s 5en,e "o irri"#"e :i #n! ":e s#e e.-o!e! insi!e ":e -#""ers r! 3on no/in$ ":#" ":e":ro/in$ o5 ":e s*er -o-o /#s !e-i%er#"e; eo& %e,#e 5*rio*s #n! s"ern-& /#rne! on#s "o s"o :is#-i,io*s #," or :e /o*-! $e" /:#" :e /#n"e! A :e#"e! #r$*en" %e"/een on#s #n! eo& ens*e! %*" #=#"rie! "o ,#- !o/n :is 5rien! A" i!ni$:"; on#s ,onin,e! #=# "o -en! :i :is 4? ,#-i%er is"o- so ":#" :e,o*-! *se i" "o no, !o/n eo& #n! "o en! :is #rro$#n,e on#s ":o*$:" ":#" #5"er #--; e.-osions /ereeer&/:ere #n! no%o!& /o*-! no/ /:o s:o" eo& A5"er #=# -en" :is 5ire#r "o on#s; ":e -#""er #$#ins"#r"e! s"#r"e! ":ro/in$ -i$:"e! s*er -o-os #n! -#+-#s #" eo&s r! in or!er "o rooe :i so ":#" :e

/o*-! ,oe o*" o5 :is :o*se :en eo& ,#e o*"; on#s ie!i#"e-& s:o" :i /i": #=#s 4? ,#-i%er $*n%*" isse! :is "#r$e" Ins"e#!; ":e %*--e" :i" eo&s 5ie &e#r o-! son /:o /#s 5o--o/in$ %e:in! :i; i--in$ ":e%o& ins"#n"#neo*s-& I5 &o* /ere ":e *!$e; :o/ /o*-! &o* !e,i!e ":e ,#seK E.-#in (1M)

3GGETED ANER'I /o*-! ,oni," on#s #s rin,i#- %& !ire," #r"i,i#"ion #n! #=# #s ,orin,i#- %& In!isens#%-e ,ooer#"ion5or ":e ,o-e. ,rie o5 *r!er /i": :oi,i!e #=# s:o*-! %e :e-! -i#%-e #s ,o+rin,i#- #n! no" on-& #s #n#,,o-i,e %e,#*se :e ne/ o5 on#s ,riin#- !esi$n een %e5ore :e -en" :is 5ire#r "o on#s #n! s"i-- :e,on,*rre! in ":#" ,riin#- !esi$n %& roi!in$ ":e 5ire#r

Criin#- i#%i-i"& Prin,i#- %& In!*,een" (2002)A #se! B "o i-- C %e,#*se o5 # $r#e in=*s"i,e !one "o A %& C A roise! B # re/#r! B /#s /i--in$ "o i-- C;no" so *,: %e,#*se o5 ":e re/#r! roise! "o :i %*" %e,#*se :e #-so :#! :is o/n -on$+s"#n!in$ $r*!$e#$#ins" C; /:o :#! /ron$e! :i in ":e #s" I5 C is i--e! %& B; /o*-! A %e -i#%-e #s # rin,i#- %& in!*,een"K(?M)

3GGETED ANER'No A /o*-! no" %e -i#%-e #s # rin,i#- %& in!*,een" %e,#*se ":e re/#r! :e roise! B is no" ":e so-eie--in$ re#son /:i,: #!e B "o i-- C To %rin$ #%o*" ,riin#- -i#%i-i"& o5 # ,o+rin,i#-; ":e in!*,een" #!e%& ":e in!*,er *s" %e ":e so-e ,onsi!er#"ion /:i,: ,#*se! ":e erson in!*,e! "o ,oi" ":e ,rie #n!

/i":o*" /:i,: ":e ,rie /o*-! no" :#e %een ,oi""e! T:e 5#,"s o5 ":e ,#se in!i,#"e ":#" B; ":e i--ers*ose!-& in!*,e! %& A; :#! :is o/n re#son "o i-- C o*" o5 # -on$ s"#n!in$ $r*!$e

Criin#- i#%i-i"& Prin,i#- In!*,een" F P#r"i,i#"ion (1994)T#"# o/ns # ":ree+s"ore& %*i-!in$ -o,#"e! #" No err#n "ree" P#,o; #ni-# :e /#n"e! "o ,ons"r*," # ne/%*i-!in$ %*" :#! no one& "o 5in#n,e ":e ,ons"r*,"ion o; s:e ins*re! ":e %*i-!in$ 5or P;000;00000 :e":en *r$e! Yo%o& #n! Yon$si; 5or one"#r& ,onsi!er#"ion; "o %*rn :er %*i-!in$ so s:e ,o*-! ,o--e," ":e

ins*r#n,e ro,ee!s Yo%o& #n! Yon$si %*rne! ":e s#i! %*i-!in$ res*-"in$ "o i"s "o"#- -oss :#" is ":eirrese,"ie ,riin#- -i#%i-i"&K

3GGETED ANER'T#"# is # rin,i#- %& in!*,een" %e,#*se s:e !ire,"-& in!*,e! Yo%o& #n! Yon$si; 5or # ri,e or one"#r&,onsi!er#"ion; "o ,oi" #rson /:i,: ":e -#""er /o*-! no" :#e ,oi""e! /ere i" no" 5or s*,: re#son Yo%o&#n! Yon$si #re rin,i#-s %& !ire," #r"i,i#"ion (Ar" 17; #rs 21 #n! ; RPC)

Des"r*,"ie Arson (1994)T#"# o/ns # ":ree+s"ore& %*i-!in$ -o,#"e! #

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