salvaged materials market study at regional facilities august 28 final

SALVAGED MATERIAL MARKET STUDY AT REGIONAL FACILITIES

Prepared for:

Metro VancouverPrepared by:

Integral Group

In association with The Sustainability Ventures Group Inc.

Content

sEXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................................................................ 1

Purpose and scope of study____________________________________________________________________________________1Overview of the reuse and salvageable materials market______________________________________________________________1Assessment of reusable materials in the Metro Vancouver disposal stream_______________________________________________1

Potential impacts of increased salvage and reuse..................................................................................................................................................................2Evaluation of business models to improve diversion of salvageable materials______________________________________________3

Business model options identified and evaluated...................................................................................................................................................................3Recommended business model..............................................................................................................................................................................................3Other recommendations to increase diversion of reusable items............................................................................................................................................3

1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 51.1 Background__________________________________________________________________________________________51.2 Purpose and objectives_________________________________________________________________________________51.3 Scope of analysis_____________________________________________________________________________________51.4 Study methods_______________________________________________________________________________________6

2. Overview of the reuse and salvageable materials market....................................................................82.1 Overview of the used Merchandise industry_________________________________________________________________82.2 The salvage/Reuse Sector in Metro Vancouver______________________________________________________________9

Sector Overview.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................92.3 Overview of the Thrift Store Sector in Metro Vancouver_______________________________________________________102.4 Overview of the Used Building Material Sector in Metro Vancouver______________________________________________112.5 Overview of the Specialty Reuse Sector in Metro Vancouver___________________________________________________132.6 Combined revenues and employment and waste diversion of the Metro Vancouver Reuse Sector_____________________142.7 Other models: Northern California Examples_______________________________________________________________15

3. Assessment of reusable materials in disposal stream.......................................................................173.1 Reuse data compiled by Metro Vancouver Research Student__________________________________________________173.2 findings from regional facility site visits____________________________________________________________________18

Overview of site visits...........................................................................................................................................................................................................18Amount and value of reusable materials...............................................................................................................................................................................18

3.3 Impact on the Metro Vancouver reuse industry_____________________________________________________________203.4 Summary of findings: qualitative_________________________________________________________________________22

Salvation Army Collection at Transfer Stations.....................................................................................................................................................................233.5 Findings from recycling facilities_________________________________________________________________________243.6 Barriers to expanded reuse_____________________________________________________________________________24

4. Business models to improve diversion of salvageable materials.......................................................264.1 Model 1: third party staffed drop-off area outside the tipping fee zone____________________________________________264.2 MODEL 2: Third party collection of reusable items in the tipping fee zone_________________________________________274.3 MODEL 3: Reusable Items drop-off area with free pickup_____________________________________________________274.4 MODEL 4: Reuse store outside the tipping fee zone to collect and sell reusable items_______________________________28

CASE EXAMPLE Whistler BC – Reuse Centre at Recycling Depot......................................................................................................................................294.5 Evaluation criteria for the Models________________________________________________________________________294.6 Recommended Business Model_________________________________________________________________________31

5. Other recommendations to increase diversion of reusable items.......................................................345.1 General Recommendations____________________________________________________________________________34

Create an online directory of reuse outlets in or near Metro Vancouver................................................................................................................................34Help promote community reuse initiatives.............................................................................................................................................................................34Encourage the industry to create a reuse network to coordinate reuse activities..................................................................................................................35Engage regional recycling facilities to encourage diversion of salvageable materials...........................................................................................................36Engage with Waste Haulers and Moving Companies to encourage greater reuse................................................................................................................36Establish agreements with EPR program operators to increase reuse of products covered under EPR programs...............................................................36Help promote the RCBC online reuse resources..................................................................................................................................................................37

5.2 Recommendations to increase supply and/or demand________________________________________________________37Conduct an annual reuse fair to encourage people to swap their goods...............................................................................................................................37Create a model bylaw for a municipal property tax discount/rebate for reuse outlets that receive a significant percentage of donated reusable items........37Showcase repurposed items.................................................................................................................................................................................................38Use existing social media and web based tools....................................................................................................................................................................38

6. Initial Actions...................................................................................................................................... 396.1 Planning and preparation______________________________________________________________________________39

Identify a potential space for a staffed reusable materials drop-off at all transfer stations.....................................................................................................39Make a reuse drop-off zone a requirement for all new transfer facilities and any significant modification to existing facilities...............................................39Provide clear signage for the reusable materials..................................................................................................................................................................39Develop communications strategy........................................................................................................................................................................................39

Appendix A – Transfer and disposal site visits and proposed reuse areas...................................................40Site visit survey findings........................................................................................................................................................................................................40Detailed Site Visit Summaries...............................................................................................................................................................................................40Matsqui Transfer Station.......................................................................................................................................................................................................48

Appendix B – Interview findings....................................................................................................................56Recycling Programs..............................................................................................................................................................................................................56Interview findings from selected non government organizations...........................................................................................................................................57

Appendix C: Salvageable materials, values and end markets......................................................................66Appendix D: List of reuse outlets in Metro Vancouver..................................................................................69


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF STUDY

The purpose of the study is to explore the diversion and resale potential of salvageable items in the residential solid waste stream from transfer and disposal facilities throughout the Metro Vancouver region. The project’s specific objectives are to:

(a) Determine, based on local markets, the best candidates for salvage from regional facilities;(b) Quantify and appraise the resale value of salvageable items at regional facilities;(c) Identify potential business models that support diversion of salvageable items from regional facilities for reuse

or resale to local markets.

This study focuses on the reusable and salvageable material segments of the market where items are donated for resale. It excludes second hand stores, consignment stores, antique stores or liquidation stores, because products sold by these retailers are already being diverted from the disposal stream. Study methods included the following:

A literature review of reuse activities in Metro Vancouver and other jurisdictions; Interviews with government staff, waste facility operators, reuse industry, and reuse policy non-profits; Site visits to eight transfer/disposal facilities serving Metro Vancouver residents; and A stakeholder workshop to evaluate potential reuse business models.

OVERVIEW OF THE REUSE AND SALVAGEABLE MATERIALS MARKET

Within the donations-based reuse sector, there are an estimated 117 establishments, in three main groups: thrift stores, used building material stores and specialty reuse. The thrift store sector is the largest segment with over 80 outlets. The used building material sector is much smaller with just 6 establishments (3 non-profit and 3 for-profit). The specially reuse sector is hard to quantify as it includes a range of enterprises including appliance repair, bicycle repair, fabric recycling, and reclaimed wood outlets. Just under 30 of this specialty reuse establishments have been identified. Some key financial/economic data is provided in the table below, showing that the donations-based reuse sector represents about half of the total used merchandise sector in Metro Vancouver.

Economic and waste information on the donations-based reuse sector in Metro VancouverReuse Sector Estimated Annual

RevenuesEstimated Employment Estimated Waste

Diversion (tonnes)

Thrift Store Sector $39,000,000 500 to 650 56,000

Used Building Store Sector $3,000,000 40 4,400

Specialty Reuse Sector $12,500,000 160 to 200 18,000

Total $54,500,000 700 to 900 78,400

ASSESSMENT OF REUSABLE MATERIALS IN THE METRO VANCOUVER DISPOSAL STREAM

Information on the type, quantity and value of reusable materials at regional facilities is based on the findings from the eight site visits conducted as part of this study combined with previous surveys completed by a student employed by Metro Vancouver. Findings from the two studies were similar:

Current study findings (based on 400 customer interviews - June 2014):

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53% of customers had salvageable materials in their loads The two most common categories of salvageable materials were used building materials (37%) and

furniture (31%).

Student findings (based on 1500 customer interviews - February and March 2014): 51% of customers had salvageable materials in their loads The two most common categories of salvageable materials were used building materials (42%) and furniture

(32%).

Types of reusable materials observed at regional facilitiesCategory Common ItemsBuilding Materials Cabinetry, flooring, plumbing fixturesFurniture Coffee tables, chairs, mirrors, bookcasesHousehold Items Toys, bicycles, small appliancesWood Pallets, fences, flooring, offcuts

Amount and value of reusable items disposed at Metro Vancouver transfer/disposal sitesTransferstation

Total residential waste disposed per year (tonnes)

Estimated reusables

disposed per year (tonnes)

Resusable items as % of

total RDO waste

Resale valueof reusable

items

Value of reusable items

per 1,000 tonnes of

waste disposedSurrey 33,376 3,507 11% $2,630,393 $78,811South Vancouver 9,842 588 6% $829,517 $84,284Vancouver Landfill 6,415 1,631 25% $953,511 $148,647Coquitlam 28,872 1,748 6% $1,410,377 $48,849Langley 12,096 501 4% $397,280 $32,843Maple Ridge 15,062 994 7% $570,589 $37,882Matsqui 9,309 1,053 11% $971,876 $104,397North Vancouver 38,070 2,864 8% $2,599,794 $68,290Total/Average 153,042 12,888 8% $10,363,336 $67,716

Potential impacts of increased salvage and reuseThe diversion of reusable materials from regional transfer/disposal facilities would have significant economic and waste diversion impacts as follows:

Waste diversion – Diverting salvageable materials from regional disposal facilities would reduce residential drop-off (RDO) waste volumes by 8%. Given that RDO volumes are 22% of total waste volumes, the removal of reusable materials from the waste stream would reduce total waste volumes by 1.75%.

Economic development – The diversion of reusable materials from disposal could expand the local reuse industry by 19% from $54.5 million to over $65 million per year.

Job creation – The reuse industry employs an estimated one person for every $70,000 in annual revenues. This means that a $10.3 million increase in revenues would create 147 new jobs, an 18% increase from the current level of 800 employees.

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EVALUATION OF BUSINESS MODELS TO IMPROVE DIVERSION OF SALVAGEABLE MATERIALS

Business model options identified and evaluatedThe following four business models for diverting salvageable materials from the regional transfer/disposal facilities were identified:

1. Third party staffed drop-off area outside the tipping fee zone – third party staff review quality of each item, accept or refuse them, and then remove the items periodically for resale at a reuse outlet.

2. Third party collection of reusable items inside the tipping fee zone – customers are approached by third party staff to review items and then remove those with resale value.

3. Reuse drop-off and free pickup area inside the tipping fee zone - a reusable items “sharing” area is established under cover, which customers can browse and remove items.

4. Reuse store outside the tipping fee zone to collect and sell reusable items – a third party enterprise collects and sells reusable items at the facility.

The above options were evaluated at a stakeholder workshop held in July 2014. The following performance criteria were used to evaluate the merits of the various models:

Large amount of waste diversion achieved (primary objective) Small amount of space required Low cost to Metro Vancouver (and taxpayers) Minimal impact on traffic flow/congestion Minimal public safety/injury liability issues Not competitive with the existing industry

Recommended business modelBased on the evaluation, the recommended business model was a combination of Option 1 and Option 2, as follows:

Establish a covered area outside the tipping fee zone where people can present their reusable items to a third party attendant and avoid the tipping fee if accepted. In addition, establish a small area next to the tipping floor to drop off reusable items that were not dropped off at the external drop-off area.

The drop-off area will be divided into two sections, one for household goods and other items typically found in a thrift store and the other for used building materials, lumber and furniture that would typically be found in a used building materials store.

Visible signage will make all customers aware that a drop-off areas exists and how they can access it.

Other recommendations to increase diversion of reusable itemsA number of additional recommendations were identified to increase the diversion of reusable items in Metro Vancouver. These include the following:

Create and promote an online directory of reuse outlets in the region Help promote community reuse initiatives Encourage the industry to create a reuse network to coordinate reuse activities Engage regional recycling facilities to encourage diversion of salvageable materials Engage with waste haulers and moving companies to encourage greater reuse Establish agreements with EPR programs to increase reuse of EPR related products

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Help promote the RCBC online reuse resources Conduct an annual reuse fair to encourage people to swap reusable items Create a model bylaw for a reuse outlet property tax discount Showcase repurposed items to demonstrate opportunities to add value to used items Use existing social media and web based tools.

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Metro Vancouver’s 2010 Integrated Solid Waste and Resource Management Plan (ISWRMP) set aggressive targets for reducing waste disposal in the region. The ISWRMP follows the ‘five Rs’ waste management hierarchy, emphasising retention, reuse, recycling, recovery (of energy) and finally, (disposal of) residuals. With a focus on the top levels of the hierarchy, to support Metro Vancouver’s objectives, this report explores the potential to increase diversion of reusable materials at regional disposal and transfer facilities. This research focuses specifically on exploring the opportunity to increase diversion of materials brought to residential drop off areas at the region’s seven transfer stations and the Vancouver Landfill.

1.2 PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES

The purpose of the study is to explore the diversion and resale potential of salvageable items in the residential solid waste stream from transfer and disposal facilities throughout the Metro Vancouver region. While an active retail and reuse sector exists in many municipalities in the region, the purpose of the research is to identify materials that are not being diverted for reuse and instead make their way to the disposal stream. As wood comprises roughly one third of the municipal solid waste (MSW) generated annually in Metro Vancouver, and, in light of the forthcoming clean wood disposal ban, there is a particular focus on exploring markets for ‘waste wood.’

The project’s specific objectives are to:

(a) Determine, based on local markets, the best candidates for salvage from regional facilities;

(b) Quantify and appraise the resale value of salvageable items at regional facilities;

(c) Identify potential business models that support diversion of salvageable items from regional facilities for reuse or resale to their local markets.

1.3 SCOPE OF ANALYSIS

The purpose of the study is to explore opportunities for reuse of materials that are currently being disposed at transfer or disposal facilities. This study focuses on the reuse and salvageable material segments of the market where items are donated for resale. The types of items sold or distributed by these outlets are most similar to those found at Metro Vancouver’s recycling, waste transfer, and waste disposal facilities. The study excludes second hand stores, consignment stores, antique stores or liquidation stores, because products sold by these retailers are already being diverted from the disposal stream. Besides used materials retailers, this study explores other models that divert used materials such as the following:

Charities that broker used materials (i.e. accept and redistribute used material donations to end users, e.g. furniture donated to low-income families http://www.homestart.ca).

Artisans and upcyclers (e.g. salvaged wood furniture designers http://www.unionwoodco.com, http://www.jsreclaimedwood.com)

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http://www.jsreclaimedwood.com/

http://www.unionwoodco.com/


Refurbishing outlets (e.g. refurbish and re-sell bicycles such as Pedal Power and Our Community Bikes).

According to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), the reuse and salvageable materials industry falls under NAICS Code 453310 – Used Merchandise Stores. This industry comprises establishments that are primarily engaged in retailing used merchandise. The list below shows used merchandise segments that are included in this category.

Primarily donated items Thrift stores Used building material stores Material exchanges

Primarily purchased items Vintage, consignment, and antique stores Used clothing, books, appliances and furniture stores Architectural salvage Repair shops where the repaired items are re-sold Online used goods sales enterprises

As previously noted, this study focuses on items that are primarily donated.

1.4 STUDY METHODS

Literature Review and Market Scan

To inform the research, the first step in this scope of work was to understand the current state of waste flows, disposal and diversion in the region. This information was derived from data provided by Metro Vancouver, along with a selection of published studies previously undertaken by Metro Vancouver, and studies from other jurisdictions that are publically available. Beyond this review of literature, the study was informed by a broad scan of reuse operations throughout North America.

Interviews with Government staff

Interviews were conducted with Metro Vancouver staff, municipal waste management staff, and at transfer stations as a means of framing the regulatory environment. These conversations provided context for why and how salvage and reuse is or is not integrated into business practices, and what opportunities might exist to support expanded reuse. With the ultimate goal of the study being to determine what policy changes Metro Vancouver might introduce to support increased reuse and expanded diversion, these interviews with staff helped articulate what has been attempted in the past, potential challenges and existing barriers, and potential avenues to improve reuse that would be mutually beneficial to Metro Vancouver and the municipalities, waste facility operators, residents and customers, while supporting waste diversion goals.

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Interviews with Non-government organizations

To build on the body of knowledge of the reuse economy in the region, interviews were conducted with a range of non-government organizations, including waste reuse stores, reuse industry associations, deconstruction firms, salvage companies, haulers, remanufacturers, repair shops, charities and waste non-profits. The purpose of the interviews was to gain a deeper understanding of the current state and the opportunities to improve and expand reuse operations in the region. These conversations revealed which materials have the greatest reuse potential, approximate value associated with each, examples of barriers to reuse, opportunities to derive additional value from undervalued items, and who the key customers or end-users are for salvaged materials.

Site Visits

Surveys were conducted at each of eight regional disposal and transfer facilities. The purpose of the site visits was to interview operations staff as to the frequency of salvageable materials observed at the site; to track current or previous efforts to introduce diversion of salvage materials and the resultant successes and challenges; and to test the idea of introducing reuse infrastructure either within or outside of the tipping area, in their opinion. Secondly, site visits were an opportunity to track and understand the layout and logistics of each facility, to inform recommendations about what can be done within and/or outside of each site. The bulk of the time spent at each site was interviewing 50 customers per facility with regard to the contents of their loads, whether any items had potential reuse value, and whether they were aware of reuse opportunities. Finally, materials with salvage and reuse value were tracked over the course of the visit, and weight and value estimates were assigned to each salvageable material.

Stakeholder workshop

Based on the findings from the literature, the scan of the local reuse industry, scan of enterprises from across Canada and the US, and interviews, a selection of potential business models to support diversion and reuse was developed. The models propose strategies to divert materials with reuse value out of the disposal stream toward end markets where there is existing demand. The workshop brought together government staff, disposal site operators, and reuse organizations to evaluate the business models and discuss optimal conditions for success.

Recommendations

Based on the research and the outcomes of the workshop, the most viable business models with the highest diversion potential were summarized in a list of recommendations. In addition to articulation of the various models found to be most viable and effective, a list of complementary measures and recommended next steps is provided in the final section of the report.

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2. OVERVIEW OF THE REUSE AND SALVAGEABLE MATERIALS MARKET

2.1 OVERVIEW OF THE USED MERCHANDISE INDUSTRY

To understand the scope of opportunity in diverting valuable items out of the waste stream and into the local marketplace, a summary of information on the Used Merchandise Industry (NAICS code 45331) for the US, Canada, and BC from government sources, is provided in Table 2.1 below. The data for Metro Vancouver is extrapolated on a population ratio basis is there are no regional government statistics on the used merchandise industry.

Table 2.1: Financial data on the Used Merchandise Industry in Canada

US Canada BC Metro Van (est.)Establishments 18,230 2,529 446 227Revenues $12,120,000,000 $1,200,000,000 $209,243,697 $106,714,286% revenue growth per year 7.3% 1.8% 1.7%Avg revenues/establishment $664,838 $474,496 $469,156 $469,156Population 311,590,000 35,158,300 4,543,308 2,451,783Establishments/million pop. 59 72 98 93Sales per person $39 $34 $46 $44Profit as % of revenues 5.5% 4.9%Employees/establishment 8.5 13 12Avg revenues/employee $79,000 $57,000 $62,000Source: US data from US Census Bureau 2011, Canada and BC data from Statistics Canada 2013

The key findings from Table 2.1 are:

The average Canadian reuse establishment generates just under $500,000/year Per capita spending in this sector is about $40 per year, ranging from $34 - $46 per year British Columbia has about a third more reuse establishments per million population than Canada

as a whole and about 60% more establishment per million population than the US British Columbians spend more per capita on used goods than Canada as a whole The average Canadian establishment generates a 5% profit The US reuse industry revenues are growing at a 7% per annum whereas the Canadian and BC

reuse industry is growing at less than 2% The average reuse establishment employs about 8-13 staff, with the Canadian industry employing

significantly more people per $100,000 revenues than in the US.

While no data are available on the size of the used merchandise industry in Metro Vancouver, regional numbers were calculated by applying a population ratio to the provincial data. Table 2.1 shows that in Metro Vancouver the industry generates over $100 million in annual revenues from over 200 establishments. The above data includes antique shops, consignment stores, second-hand bookstores, vintage clothing outlets, and other operations not included in this study, however they provide insight as to the economic potential of increased reuse activity. The next section describes the size and characteristics

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of that part of the used merchandise industry in Metro Vancouver that derives its inventory mostly from sources that would likely end up in the disposal stream if they were not diverted to these establishments.

2.2 THE SALVAGE/REUSE SECTOR IN METRO VANCOUVER

Sector OverviewThe number of donations-based reuse outlets in Metro Vancouver is summarized below in Table 2.2. This table shows that there are over 100 stores or outlets for salvage or donated reusable items. The largest group is thrift stores, which account for over 80% of the total number of outlets. The second largest category is used building material stores, which is divided evenly between three non-profit Habitat for Humanity stores and three for profit new and used stores. Table 2.2 Number of donation-based reuse outlets in Metro Vancouver by type and location

There are also a number of specialty reuse outlets, including:

Reclaimed wood manufacturing shops Repair shops that sell use appliances and other electronic or metal goods A wholesale fabric reuse/repurposing enterprise

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Figure 2.1 shows the geographic distribution of the various reuse outlets throughout Metro Vancouver. The map demonstrates that while there is a good geographic distribution of thrift stores, the other types of stores are concentrated in just a few communities. Additionally, of the eight transfer and disposal facilities, only one (Vancouver South Transfer Station) is close to all four types of reuse outlets.

Figure 2.1 Geographic distribution of reuse outlets and transfer/disposal facilities in Metro Vancouver

2.3 OVERVIEW OF THE THRIFT STORE SECTOR IN METRO VANCOUVER

Over 80 thrift stores operate in the lower mainland. Of those, about half are operated by national chains such as The Salvation Army, Value Village, and the SPCA. Over 40% of the outlets operate in Vancouver. Surrey, Burnaby, New Westminster, Coquitlam, and Richmond have between four and eight thrift stores each, while the remaining municipalities have three or less.

Assuming that the average thrift store generates about $470,000 in revenues, as suggested in the table 2.1, the annual revenues of this reuse store segment would be estimated to be about $39 million/year. Similarly, if the average thrift store needs one employee per $62,000 in revenues, this indicates that the thrift store sector employs 550 staff in Metro Vancouver.

While it is challenging to find accurate data on total volume diverted by the thrift sector, using the figure of one tonne diverted for every $1,200 in revenues (as calculated by Habitat for Humanity - see table 2.4), it is estimated that the thrift store sector diverts 33,000 tonnes of waste per year.

Interview Findings: Salvation Army thrift stores

In addition to items donated at transfer stations, the Salvation Army receives donations at their retail outlets and in curbside bins throughout the region.

Clothing comprises 60% of donated items. Quality of donated materials is an ongoing issue, with the organization spending roughly

$125,000 annually on disposal costs for poor quality materials. New quality control

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measures have improved the quality of donations. Disposal cost estimates are down from an estimated $200,000 annually.

60% of materials dropped at disposal site bins is sellable. Curbside clothing bins (unmonitored) have a better yield in terms of saleable materials. Donations brought directly to retail outlets have the best yield as they are manned during working hours.

2.4 OVERVIEW OF THE USED BUILDING MATERIAL SECTOR IN METRO VANCOUVER

The used building material sector in Metro Vancouver includes three Habitat for Humanity ReStore locations and three for-profit new and used stores. Financial information on the Habitat for Humanity stores is provided in Table 2.3

Table 2.3 Key performance statistics for the Habitat for Humanity ReStores in Metro Vancouver

Three stores generate $1.84 million in revenues, with an average of about $600,000 per store. The North Vancouver store’s revenues are expected to increase significantly, once the (recently opened) store is better established. In terms of diversion of waste from landfill, about 60% of the items donated to Habitat for Humanity in the region, about 60% are used items while the remainder are new items that are donated to as returns, excess inventory, goods damaged in shipment and so on. Therefore, it is estimated that items diverted from disposal account for about $1.1 million of sales.

The three for-profit reuse stores in the region include:

Jack’s New and Used (Burnaby) Surrey New and Used Tony’s New and Used (New Westminster)

Statistics were obtained for two out of the three of the for profit stores. Based on this data, it is estimated that the three for-profit firms collectively generate about $2 million in used item sales and divert about 2,850 tonnes of waste (based on ReStore’s ratio of one tonne of waste diverted per $700 in revenues).

Summary of findings from used building material sector scan

The combined non-profit and for-profit revenues from used building material sales in Metro Vancouver are about $3 million per year.

In terms of employment, the three Habitat for Humanity ReStores employ 16 people (see Table 2.3). The for-profit firms employ an estimated 24 for a total of 40 employees in the used building material sector regionally.

For waste diversion, Habitat for Humanity calculates a diversion amount of 1,550 tonnes annually. While the for profit stores do not calculate tonnage, using the ReStore’s ratio of diversion to

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revenues,(roughly $700 per tonne diverted), the for profit sector is estimated to divert another 2850 tonnes for a total diversion of 4,400 tonnes annually, across the region from the used building materials sector.

Locations of used building material stores are not evenly distributed throughout the region, as exhibited in the figure below. Aside from the Surrey store, the Fraser Valley is underserved.

Figure 2.2. Geographical distribution of used building material and wood resale outlets in the region

Interview findings: Used building materials sector

All outlets sell both new and used items, averaging 60% used materials. Business growth and expansion is challenged by space constraints and the cost of real estate. ReStore serves about 30,000 customers per store annually ($61 spending per customer per year). The potential supply of material greatly exceeds operational current capacity at ReStore. Habitat

for Humanity plans to quadruple the size of its Lower Mainland operations, by opening nine new stores by 2016.

Materials are obtained directly from renovation and demolition sites, or by donation. The stores rely mostly on donations but sometimes pay for higher value materials.

Wood can be challenging because of space constraints: cost of labour to deconstruct wooden items, cost of labour to re-grade lumber, and building code constraints that restrict use of wood for structural applications.

If Metro Vancouver sites were to stockpile usable wood and offer free pick up, these stores (and their networks outside of the region) could certainly find end markets for clean wood.

If there was a drop-off location for building materials at the transfer station sites, Restore would assign a staff person to each site to man the each site.

2.5 OVERVIEW OF THE SPECIALTY REUSE SECTOR IN METRO VANCOUVER

Besides used material retailers, a selection of other reuse enterprises were identified for analysis. These include artisans, refurbishing, and charities. Each is briefly discussed below.

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Artisans: Salvaged Wood Furniture

It is increasingly common for artisans to design wares from used materials. An example of this is production of furniture from salvaged wood. This micro-industry makes use of wood from construction, demolition and renovation activities, tree removal and other sources. While these enterprises make use of large beams of timber, they are also able to use smaller cuts that are not appropriate for structural use. Further, whether using high quality timber or ‘scrap’ wood as inputs, in most cases, the artisanal furniture making process adds significant value, and as such can be considered ‘upcycling.’ While these enterprises are small they are numerous, and generate new jobs and significant local economic activity.

The following are findings from interviews with two Vancouver-based artisans:

Most salvaged wood furniture companies obtain their materials through word-of-mouth. If there were a drop-off spot for wood at the transfer stations, it would need to be monitored by a

person familiar with what is usable and what is not. De-nailing would not be necessary as it can be done at the workshop.

There is a demand for wood. If artisans knew there was usable wood at disposal sites, they would collect it.

Used wood is at a premium compared with five years ago, because demand for ‘salvaged’ goods is increasing.

It would be helpful if third parties were permitted to collect wood from construction and demolition sites. Contractors should have a list of end users willing to pick up materials.

A philosophy of reuse needs to be promoted more heavily in the industry. If that were more commonplace, people might change their practices: e.g. take out flooring more carefully.

Repair and Refurbishing: Bicycles

The repair industry includes a range of repair firms that re-sell repaired items such as appliances, electronic equipment, bicycles and barbeques. These items were seen frequently in the disposal and recycling stream at regional transfer and recycling stations.

An example of a refurbishment enterprise is The Bike Kitchen, located at UBC. The Bike Kitchen is one of several small enterprises operating in the region that repairs and refurbishes used bikes and bike parts. Four of these enterprises were identified in Vancouver, with likely several others throughout the region.

The Bike Kitchen accepts bike parts and whole used bikes. Where possible they will refurbish and re-sell bikes, or will disassemble them, use the working parts, and recycle the remainder.

The organization does basic repairs for a fee, and offers a workshop space where people can come use tools to work on their own bikes.

200 bikes are donated annually; 60-80 are fixed and re-sold, many parts salvaged for reuse, and the remaining metal and rubber recycled.

While they do not have the capacity (truck or staff) to pick up bikes (e.g. from a drop spot at transfer stations), they could scale up operations to take more bikes annually if there were a readily available supply.

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Charity: Furniture and Household Items

A charitable model that diverts furniture and household items from the disposal stream is the HomeStart Foundation. Furniture and household items are collected and redistributed to low-income households “helping people re-establish a home.” Located in Vancouver, HomeStart accepts donations of used furniture and household items in good condition from households in Vancouver, Burnaby and Richmond, and also from corporate donors including the film industry, cruise ships, hotels, and events and conventions.

HomeStart furnishes 600 households annually, and operates out of a 1,200 square foot office and ‘depot’, employing five part-time staff.

The distribution network is managed by way of partnerships with 70 member (social service) agencies.

Broker: Textiles

Our Social Fabric is a non-profit that collects donated textiles, which are sold out of a retail space in Vancouver. They help to reduce the estimated 33,600 tonnes of textile ‘waste’ that is generated in Metro Vancouver annually. Our Social Fabric accepts clean fabric that is 12x12 inches minimum (not sheets, drapery or clothing). Fabric is donated by manufacturers, the movie industry, and other corporations and individuals, and sold to artists and clothing designers locally.

2.6 COMBINED REVENUES AND EMPLOYMENT AND WASTE DIVERSION OF THE METRO VANCOUVER REUSE SECTOR

The combined revenues, employment and waste diversion associated with the Reuse Sector in Metro Vancouver is summarized in Table 2.4

Estimated Annual Revenues

Estimated Employment Estimated Waste Diversion (tonnes)

Thrift Store Sector $39,000,000 500 to 650 56,000

Used Building Store Sector

$3,000,000 40 4,400

Specialty Reuse Sector $12,500,000 160 to 200 18,000

Total $54,500,000 700 to 900 78,400

2.7 OTHER MODELS: NORTHERN CALIFORNIA EXAMPLES

Retail outside transfer station

Last Chance Mercantile, owned by the Monterey Regional Waste Management District, is a reuse store located in front of the scales outside the Monterey Regional Landfill, operational since 1991. It occupies an 8,000 square foot store and a two acre paved yard for salvaged lumber (plywood and dimensional lumber), building materials, landscaping supplies and a wide range of durable goods. This past year, its revenues were $700,000 and it employed 11 staff members.

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One of the innovative aspects of the region’s reuse program, is the “salvaging” that District personnel perform at the Material Recovery Facility where all self-haul and commercial loads are tipped. On average, two trailer loads are removed daily. Last fiscal year, more than 800 tons of reusable goods were retrieved from the trash and delivered to the Last Chance for resale. Roughly one third of materials sold at Last Chance are collected by the salvage operation at the MRF, and two thirds of materials come from direct drop of at the facility.Community engagement has contributed significantly to the success of Last Chance. Events and initiatives ranging from the annual Last Chance boutique exhibits at the County Fair, to television advertising with “Big Al, the Reuse Guy”, to the recycled art competitions that have twice been sponsored, the Last Chance has become an institution in the minds of many on the Monterey Peninsula.Hazardous household waste including paint, stains, and varnishes are collected in original packaging and available free of charge. Customers are limited to 10 items per person per day for pick up, and must sign a waiver stating that they are using all materials at their own risk.Web- and app-based tools

Goods exchange: Yerdle is an online sharing platform where users can exchange used goods for free. It is described as follows: “Yerdle is a store where you give and get things for free. The idea is to pass along things you aren’t using anymore to people who will use them. You earn credits on Yerdle every time you give something. You can then use those credits to get something you want. Yerdle’s mission is to help people conserve resources and save money. They aim to reduce the durable consumer goods we all need to buy by 25%.” https://yerdle.com/ Repair: iFixit is a global community of people helping each other repair things, through a growing series of user-generated easy to use repair manuals, which are shared online. The online tool was built in response to the fact that most modern consumer devices lack repair instructions, and based on the premise that “everyone should have the right to maintain and repair their products.” The site receives over 50 million visits per year. https://www.ifixit.com/ Goodwill

Goodwill of Silicon Valley initiated a mattress refurbishment and reuse enterprise. The initiative is seeded by a grant focused on waste reduction and job creation and has evolved into a self-sustaining business. About 90% of all materials received by Goodwill are either reused or recycled and clothing that does not sell in original condition is re-sold instead as rags. A plan is underway to launch a wood reuse program, and the organization is exploring a deconstruction business or partnering with a deconstruction enterprise. City of Berkeley

Urban Ore, one of the largest reuse stores in North America, collects usable wood from the Berkeley transfer station and de-nails it for reuse. Clean wood collected at the transfer station in the “mixed construction and demolition” pile is transferred to the Construction & Demolition Materials Recovery Facility, and sorted for composting. Clean wood is generally directed to compost, which is the cheapest processing cost. Staff are looking for an end user to collect palettes for reuse, however they have not found one yet.

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https://www.ifixit.com/

https://yerdle.com/


Other general findings

Residential renovations are the main source of waste wood in Northern California and Nevada. The quality of donated material is largely determined by the quality of the deconstruction or

disassembly job. A small effort to preserve the quality of a salvageable item prior to drop-off, helps greatly to ensure that its value is not diminished.

Repair workshops have proven to be a successful way to promote reuse, repair and refurbishment. http://www.ncrarecycles.org/NCRAJobsHistory

Neighbourhood drop-off bins (Goodwill and Salvation Army) and the internet (Craigslist) are the most popular way for people to donate salvageable goods.

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http://www.ncrarecycles.org/NCRAJobsHistor


3. ASSESSMENT OF REUSABLE MATERIALS IN DISPOSAL STREAMThis section summarizes findings from visits to each of the eight transfer and disposal facilities in the region. Based on materials and behaviours observed on site, the type of salvageable materials and estimated total value and volume of salvageable materials were determined. To determine the amount of reusable materials being disposed of at transfer facilities, the following methods were used:

Compiled data from a student that conducted site surveys at the eight transfer/disposal sites Analyzed data on the reusable materials recorded by Metro Vancouver Analyzed data on the reusable materials collected by the Salvation Army Conducted site surveys at the waste transfer/disposal sites Assessed the recycling areas to identify reusable items.

The results from each data collection method are briefly described below.

3.1 REUSE DATA COMPILED BY METRO VANCOUVER RESEARCH STUDENT

In February and March of 2014, a student hired by Metro Vancouver visited seven transfer/disposal sites within Metro Vancouver, spending one to two days at each site, and interviewing almost 1500 people regarding the salvageable materials included in the materials they were dropping off. The results are summarized in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1 Summary of reuse data compiled by Metro Vancouver research student

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The key findings from this analysis are summarized as follows:

Just over 50% of the respondents indicated that salvageable materials were included in their loads. However, this ranged significantly from less than 25% for Langley and Maple Ridge up to almost 75% for the North Shore. This disparity is likely due to the fact that Langley and Maple Ridge do not have residential garbage pickup, as in the North Shore and other communities. As such, the Langley and Maple Ridge sites are used for residents bringing household garbage, whereas, residential drop off at the other sites is more commonly used for households dropping large loads, unusual items, or items for recycling.

Building materials represented the largest category of salvageable materials being disposed at 42% of the salvageable items. Within this category doors and flooring where the most frequently disposed building materials.

The second largest category of disposed salvageable materials was furniture at 32% of reusable items. Chairs and couches were the most prevalent in this category.

Household goods represented the smallest category at less than 10% of reusable items. This is probably because: there are many more thrift stores in the region than used building or used furniture stores; household goods tend to be smaller so people are willing to store them; and a number of charities are willing to pick up household goods at no charge.

An average of 17 items were disposed per hour among the respondents, with Vancouver South and the North Shore having the highest number while Langley and Maple Ridge had the lowest.

3.2 FINDINGS FROM REGIONAL FACILITY SITE VISITS

Overview of site visitsSite surveys took place on weekdays during peak hours in June and July 2014 (10am-2pm). Interviews were conducted with transfer station staff to determine what is being done currently with salvageable materials, what opportunities exist, and what materials are most frequently observed in the waste stream. Interviews were also conducted with about 50 customers at each site as they were dropping off their materials and asked what salvageable materials were present in their load and their level of willingness to divert salvageable items if there was a separate area to drop off reusable materials. All reusable items observed at site visits were categorized into one of four material groups (used building materials, household goods, furniture, and clean wood) and assigned an estimated weight and salvage value. Salvageable items in the recycling areas (e.g. metals recycling area) were also tracked.

Amount and value of reusable materialsThe percentage of loads at each site where one or more reusable item was identified in the load is provided in Table 3.2. The percentage of loads containing at least one reusable item ranged from 33% in South Vancouver to 72% in Coquitlam. Across all locations surveyed, just over half of the loads contained reusable items. This corresponds very closely to the results of the Metro Vancouver research student mentioned above (53% vs. 51% of loads).

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Table 3.2 Percentage of residential drop-off loads containing one or more reusable items

Site %Coquitlam 72%Langley 41%Maple Ridge 55%North Vancouver 64%Matsqui 58%Surrey 45%Vancouver Landfill 58%South Vancouver 33%Average 53%

Table 3.3 provides data on the amount and value of reusable materials for each transfer site. This table shows that, based on rough estimates of the weight of reusable items observed during the site visit surveys, an average of 8% of the volume of residential drop-off waste disposed is reusable or salvageable material. Given that residential drop-off waste makes up about 22% of total waste disposed in Metro Vancouver, this means that about 1.75% of total waste disposed is reusable material. Put another way, if all reusable items could be removed from the waste stream, it would increase the overall waste diversion rate by 1.75%.

Based on surveys, residential garbage dropped off at the Vancouver Landfill contains the highest percentage of reusable materials at 25%, while the Langley and Maple Ridge stations receive the least (about 4% of total RDO waste).

Table 3.3 Amount and value of reusable items disposed at Metro Vancouver transfer/disposal sites

Transferstation

Total residential waste disposed

per year (tonnes)

Estimated reusables

disposed per year (tonnes)

Resusable items as % of

total waste

Resale valueof reusable

items

Value of reusable items

per 1,000 tonnes of waste

disposedSurrey 33,376 3,507 11% $2,630,393 $78,811South Vancouver 9,842 588 6% $829,517 $84,284Vancouver Landfill 6,415 1,631 25% $953,511 $148,647Coquitlam 28,872 1,748 6% $1,410,377 $48,849Langley 12,096 501 4% $397,280 $32,843Maple Ridge 15,062 994 7% $570,589 $37,882Matsqui 9,309 1,053 11% $971,876 $104,397North Vancouver 38,070 2,864 8% $2,599,794 $68,290Total/Average 153,042 12,888 8% $10,363,336 $67,716

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Estimates of the salvage value of residential drop-off reusable items are even more rough than the weight estimates but seem to suggest that if all the reusable materials were diverted from disposal and sold through various retail and wholesale channels, they would generate about $10 million in sales.

3.3 IMPACT ON THE METRO VANCOUVER REUSE INDUSTRY

Given that the size of the reuse industry in Metro Vancouver has been estimated at $54.5 million in Table 2.4, this suggests that the diversion of reusable materials from disposal could expand the local reuse industry by 19%.

The increased diversion would also create a significant number of new jobs. It is estimated that the industry employs one person for every $70,000 in revenues. This means that a $10.3 million increase in revenues will create 147 new jobs. Given that the current reuse industry employs about 800 people, this represents a 18% increase in the number of reuse industry employees.

Figure 3.3 shows the relative weight of reusable items by category. Building materials make up the biggest quantity of reusable materials by weight at 37%, followed by used furniture at 31%, household goods at 22% and clean wood making up the smallest portion at 10%.

Figure 3.3 Relative Weight of Reusable Items by Category

Building Ma-terials37%

Household Goods22%

Furniture31%

Clean Wood10%

Relative Weight of Reusable Items by Category

Figure 3.4 shows the relative resale value of reusable items by category. The breakdown is similar except that furniture ranks the highest by value at 41% and wood makes up an even smaller percentage.

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Figure 3.4 Relative Resale Value of Reusable Items by Category

Building Ma-terials38%

Household Goods18%

Furniture41%

Clean Wood3%

Relative Value of Reuseable Items by Category

The associated value of common types of salvageable materials is presented in Appendix C.

Photos of salvageable materials by category

Used Building Materials

Sinks, Matsqui Countertop, Matsqui

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Household Goods

Toys, Coquitlam Weights, North Shore

Furniture

Furniture, Coquitlam Furniture, Surrey

Wood

Pallets, North Shore Clean Wood, Matsqui

3.4 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS: QUALITATIVE

Key insights from transfer and disposal facilities operations staff

Operators frequently see reusable items in the waste stream. Items most commonly observed include: hand tools, working appliances, toys, sports gear (e.g. bicycles), wood, furniture, barbeques, clothing, and packaged building materials .

People frequently dispose working or repairable appliances because the cost and time to repair the item is viewed as costing almost as much as replacing the item.

Staff like the idea of reuse but it carries significant liabilities because if someone takes a reusable item and injures themselves (e.g. a malfunctioning toaster that causes a house fire), Metro Vancouver could be sued.

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Space constraints make it difficult to site a reuse drop-off area. Long lines at some sites mean that customers have no patience for additional drop-off locations. If there is a reuse drop-off area, customers should not have to pay the tipping fee for donated

items. Sites should be run in a consistent manner so that it is streamlined and straightforward to

customers. Communication materials should clearly articulate what items are accepted in a reuse or recycling area.

Customer attitudes, behaviour and opinions

As part of the customer survey component of the research, interviews were conducted with about 400 customers, about 50 per site. Customers were asked “what more could be done to keep reusable materials from being disposed?” A broad range of responses were recorded and the most frequent responses include the following:

Metro Vancouver should do more to raise awareness and educate about opportunities to put materials aside for salvage at regional facilities. Improved signage would support such an effort.

Nothing should be done. Separating materials for reuse is not worth the time/hassle/money/space. There should be an area on site to drop reusable materials such as a “share shed” or “free store”.

The reuse area should be staffed full time, and ideally the area would be covered from the rain/snow, and offer free salvage opportunities for all customers. It should be very accessible to make it easy to pick up or drop off materials.

A website or database could be used, such as Craigslist, to advertise available reuse items at transfer stations.

Introduce a regular (monthly or seasonal) curbside pick-up, where households can leave their reusable items outside, and materials will be collected for donation or sale at reuse outlets.

Staff should be on hand at the disposal facilities to separate reuse items out of people’s loads or waste bins and pull out salvageable materials to put aside for collection by reuse outlets.

Customers should be permitted to salvage when they see salvageable materials while visiting the disposal sites. Most customers frequently see materials of value, oftentimes items that they would be interested in salvaging for reuse.

There should be an area where people can drop and pick up reusable wood for firewood or other forms of reuse.

Salvation Army Collection at Transfer StationsAs summarized in the site descriptions, there are Salvation Army reusable goods drop-off areas at the three Wastech sites and at the Vancouver Landfill within the tipping fee zone. None of the drop-off areas are staffed by Salvation Army employees but all are monitored by staff at the disposal facilities. The Salvation Army drop areas vary by size and location on the site, and frequency of use. The level of use varied and was related to the level customer awareness about the drop-off area, the location of the area for ease of item drop-off, and the availability of other reuse depots such as Value Village or a Salvation Army Store nearby. The biggest factor was awareness. The following table shows that average awareness was less than 30%.

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Awareness of Salvation Army Drop off at Regional Facilities

FacilityAwareness

Level

Average Annual Yield

(tonnes)Coquitlam 40% 9

Surrey 37% 1.25

Vancouver Landfill 20% 6

North Shore <3% 0.75

Average 28%

At the four sites without a Salvation Army drop-site, customers were asked if they would drop off reusable items if one was present. The results were highly favourable, as illustrated below. On average, 86% of customers indicated that they would drop off reusable items if they could.

3.5 FINDINGS FROM RECYCLING FACILITIES

Based on interviews with staff from various stand-alone recycling centres throughout the region (i.e. not at transfer facilities), these facilities generally see very similar reusable items come in for recycling as do the transfer stations. They have space constraints, but are interested in expanding reuse activities, if possible. Key comments from New Westminster, Ridge Meadows, Burnaby include the following:

Potentially reusable items such as furniture, appliances, toys, bicycles are frequently dropped at the recycling facilities.

If a dedicated reuse area was to be established, lack of space would be a likely constraint. Existing staff could likely manage a reuse area and ensure quality of materials. While a ‘share shed’ model has been identified, recycling facility operators do not permit customers

to salvage items from the facilities because of liability concerns.

3.6 BARRIERS TO EXPANDED REUSE

Based on interviews with transfer station customers, facility staff, Metro Vancouver staff, and operators of reuse enterprises, the following barriers to expanded diversion of reusable materials were identified:

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Would you drop off reusable items if there was a bin?Facility %Langley 86%Maple Ridge 77%North Vancouver 92%Matsqui 89%Average 86%


Lack of customer knowledge/awareness

When looking to discard household items and building materials, many people are unaware of: (a) the reuse potential and associated value of some items, (b) that there are end users or end markets that may want a particular item, and, (c) that there are organizations with drop-sites and pick up services that will take used items to sell, redistribute or donate to end users.

Inconvenience associated with dropping off or donating items

Even for people who are aware that there are markets for some of the items they are discarding, they find it inconvenient to drop them off or donate them because it requires them to drive across the city (or even to another city) to drop them off or to list them on a site like Craigslist and wait for people to come by to pick them up. In the case of drop-off locations, they may need to go to more than one location and sometimes the reuse outlet will refuse to take the items, causing them to then have to go to a disposal/transfer station.

Lack of time to go to a separate drop-off location for waste and reusable items

About 30% of the customers using the residential drop off area on the weekdays were carrying commercial loads of waste. These were typically landscapers, renovation contractors, or haulers for household renovations or moving trucks, or, less frequently, hotels or film studios. These customers are ‘on the clock’ either for themselves or for a company and thus concerned about minimizing the time required to dispose of items and return to their job site). Some expressed frustration, as they were aware of the potential value of the materials in their load, but could not afford or were not allowed to take the time to go to a separate reuse outlet to drop them off.

Higher labour costs to repair items versus buying replacement items

Many of the reusable items observed in the metals and appliance recycling areas were in usable condition. Customers and staff indicated that while people were aware that their item was in need of a new battery or part, they also knew that the cost of a new replacement item was comparable, and access to new items more readily available and more convenient than repair shop or battery supplier. Some items (e.g. lawn mowers, refrigerators, BBQs) were in good working condition and not in need of repair, but customers were disposing because they had purchased a newer, better performing model or they were moving and did not have space for the item.

Lack of interest or commitment to engage in reuse

About 5% of customers interviewed were simply not interested in making any extra effort to engage in reuse (e.g. “I am disposing of this because I can’t be bothered to separate it out for reuse. I have more important things to do with my time”).

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4. BUSINESS MODELS TO IMPROVE DIVERSION OF SALVAGEABLE MATERIALSBased on a review of other jurisdictions and interviews with key stakeholders, the following four business models for diverting waste from the transfer or recycling facilities were identified for further exploration:

1. Third party staffed drop-off area outside the tipping fee zone2. Third party collection of reusable items in the tipping fee zone3. Reuse drop-off area inside the tipping fee zone with free pickup4. Reuse store outside the tipping fee zone to collect and sell reusable items

The models were refined and prioritized by way of a stakeholder workshop (described below). There are benefits to each of the proposed models, and while the four are ranked according to relative potential to meet Metro Vancouver’s objectives, it would be prudent to test each of the models and evaluate the relative performance of each. Each is briefly described below.

4.1 MODEL 1: THIRD PARTY STAFFED DROP-OFF AREA OUTSIDE THE TIPPING FEE ZONE

An area immediately outside the tipping fee zone is established where customers can drop off reusable items and avoid the tipping fee. Key aspects of this model include:

A dedicated staff person employed by a third party reviews each item and accept or declines materials for donation.

The drop-off area would be covered from the weather situated where it would not impede the flow of traffic – ideally, in the recycling drop-off area.

A trailer or vehicle could be stationed in the drop-off area to remove the items as soon as the trailer/vehicle was full.

Multiple trailers or vehicles may be needed for different material types (e.g. household goods vs. building materials).

The collected materials would be distributed and sold through various reuse outlets.

Examples where this model is being used

Location and Organization

Details Information source

Urban Ore, Berkeley They have a small truck station at a landfill site in the Bay area

Staff communication during site visit to Urban Ore

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4.2 MODEL 2: THIRD PARTY COLLECTION OF REUSABLE ITEMS IN THE TIPPING FEE ZONE

Covered drop-off areas are set up in the tipping fee zone for customers to place items or transfer station customers are approached by a third party staff person within the tipping fee zone to determine if they have any reusable items on their load. Key aspects of this model include:

Trailers are stationed in the tipping fee zone with signs indicating which reusable items can be deposited there

Alternatively, third party staff collect reusable items from customers and place into carts. Staff transfer the materials in carts to a temporary storage area for daily sorting and removal by the

third party contractor.Examples where this model is being used



Salvation Army trailers at 4 Metro Vancouver transfer stations

The Salvation Army has trailers inside the tipping fee zone at a number of transfer stations.

Site visit to Metro Vancouver transfer facilities

Urban Ore, Berkeley, California

Urban Ore staff approach customers who are dropping off garbage loads to ask them if their loads contain any reusable materials. If the customers says yes, the Urban Ore staff review the item and, if they accept it, they load it onto carts. The items are removed every day and taken back to the Urban Ore reuse store.

Staff communication during site visit to Urban Ore

4.3 MODEL 3: REUSABLE ITEMS DROP-OFF AREA WITH FREE PICKUP

A reusable items “sharing” area is established within the tipping fee zone, likely near the tipping floor. Key elements of this model include:

Sharing area is monitored by transfer station staff (similar to the way they monitor the Salvation Army trailer).

Customers can both drop off and pick up reusable items. Periodically, third party reuse enterprises would come in after hours and remove items that they

can resell. Items that are not picked up are put back on the tipping floor after a period of time. The area could be in a separate “share shed” with shelving to better display the items and protect

from damage. This business model could potentially be implemented in conjunction with the first business model.

Customers who do not drop their reusables outside the tipping fee area, would have a second opportunity to drop materials for reuse once inside. This is similar to there being two areas for metals recycling drop-off off, one outside the tipping fee zone and one inside.

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Many free share/swap sheds at transfer stations in rural BC

The BC municipal solid waste tracking report highlights a number of communities that have free share sheds or swap sheds at their landfills or transfer stations (e.g. Smithers, Greenwood, Hazelton, Cranbrook)

http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/epd/epdpa/mpp/pdfs/tracking-rpt2006.pdf

Chittendon Solid Waste District, Vermont

7 staffed ReUse Zones, located in the recycling drop-off areas of their transfer stations or landfills. Customers can take items out of the ReUse Zone but customers dropping off items are sometimes charged the tipping fee.

http://cswd.net/reduce-and-reuse/cswd-reuse-zones/

Sonoma County Waste Management Agency, California

Reusable materials drop-off at three landfills http://www.recyclenow.org/disposal/visit.asp

4.4 MODEL 4: REUSE STORE OUTSIDE THE TIPPING FEE ZONE TO COLLECT AND SELL REUSABLE ITEMS

A reuse store is established outside the tipping fee zone, likely near the recyclables drop-off. Key elements of this model include:

It is operated by a third party enterprise It requires a building of about 5,000 to 20,000 square feet with customer parking Unsold items are disposed at the transfer station at the regular disposal fee




Whistler Reuse-It and Rebuild-It centres

At the recycling depot for Whistler, there are two reuse stores that generate over $1 million in revenues per year (see more details in case example)

Staff communication

Last Chance Mercantile, Monterey, CA

Retail facility for salvaged lumber, building materials, landscaping equipment and other durable goods located outside fee zone at the Monterey transfer station. Supply is from drop of, and staff at a nearby MRF successfully salvage roughly 800 tons annually from the MRF tipping floor.

Staff communication

Hamilton Ontario Hamilton Kilbride Road recycling centre has a drop n http://www.hamilton.ca/

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http://www.hamilton.ca/CityServices/Garbage-and-Recycling/Community-Recycling-Centres/

http://www.recyclenow.org/disposal/visit.asp

http://www.recyclenow.org/disposal/visit.asp







Drop N Shop shop reuse store CityServices/Garbage-and-Recycling/Community-Recycling-Centres/

Refindery Reuse Store in Oregon near Tillamook

This reuse store generated $147,000 in revenues in 2011

http://cartm.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/2011-e-Annual-Report.pdf

4.5 EVALUATION CRITERIA FOR THE MODELS

Metro Vancouver hosted a workshop on July 8th , 2014, attended by Metro Vancouver staff, transfer station staff, and reuse industry representatives. The purpose of the workshop was to evaluate the business models discussed above for increasing reuse at regional facilities, and determine which model(s) are the most viable based on a set of performance criteria. During the workshop, participants helped identify the following criteria to assess the merits of the various models:

Large amount of waste diversion achieved Small amount of space required Low cost to Metro Vancouver (and taxpayers) Minimal impact on traffic flow/congestion Minimal public safety/injury liability issues Not competitive with the existing industry

Participants also helped assign relative importance weightings to the criteria. The various models were then scored against the criteria on a scale of 1 to 10. The results of this evaluation are presented in Table 5.1.

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CASE EXAMPLE Whistler BC – Reuse Centre at Recycling DepotRevenue Category 12/13 11/12 10/11

Reuse-it-Centre Revenues 786,674 705,615 727,101Rebuild-it-Centre Revenues 178,274 137,490 0Recycling donations 39,642 23,299 16,743Total 1,004,590 866,404 743,844

Tonnes of waste diverted 219 166Revenues/tonne diverted $3,850 $4,380

Population 9,965 9,824 9,706Reuse revenues per capita $101 $88 $77




Table 5.1 Weighted evaluation of business models

The rationale for the scoring of each criterion is briefly described below:

Waste Diversion - Business models 1 and 4 scored highest on waste diversion because they create an economic incentive for the customer to avoid the tipping fee. Business model 4 scored slightly lower than business model 1 because a reuse store could be slightly less conveniently located. Model 2 scored better than 3 because a third party would encourage more items to be donated.

Space Required – Models 1 and 2 scored highest because only minimal space would be needed for temporary (daily) storage of the items for removal. A reuse shed in model 3 would require more space and a reuse store in model 4 would require a large amount of space.

Cost – Business models 1 and 2 scored highest because all the staffing would be done by a third party. Model 3 scored lower because landfill staff will need to monitor the reuse drop-off area. Model 4 also scored lower because a retail store that attracts more vehicles will impact on staff resources.

Traffic impacts – All four models scored similarly because that good traffic flow measures would be used in any business model. However, the reuse drop-off area and reuse store scored slightly lower because the cars will be going to more locations or additional cars will come to peruse the items to pick up or purchase.

Safety concerns – Business models 2 and 3 scored relatively low on safety because the salvage activity takes place on the tipping floor and there is therefore higher chance of injury associated with vehicles unloading and/or injury from the items themselves (e.g. sharp edges).

Competition – The first two business models scored highest in this category, posing less threat to the existing reuse industry because the diverted items are fed directly to the reuse industry participants. In business model 3 it could be argued the customers who pick up free items from the reuse area will diminish the amounts available to be sold by the reuse industry. Business model 4 scored the lowest because it could very well compete with the existing industry if a new operator is hired to run the store and receive the proceeds from the sale of the items. If the store is run by existing reuse industry participants, the scoring would be higher.

The weighted analysis shows that, when scoring the options on a standalone basis, business model 1 was the favoured option, followed by option 2. Even without weighting the individual criteria, Models 1 and 2 still

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emerged as the most viable approaches. This suggests that the preferred option has robust support because it remains the top choice even under different criteria importance weightings.

4.6 RECOMMENDED BUSINESS MODEL

Based on the above evaluation and the outcomes of the workshop, the recommended approach to increase diversion at transfer/disposal facilities is to establish an area outside the tipping fee zone where people can drop off reusable items and avoid the tipping fee. In addition, to complement this approach, a small area should be established adjacent to the tipping floor for drop off of reusable items that were not dropped off at the external drop-off area. Additional details about this business model are as follows:

The drop-off area will be divided into two sections, one for household goods and other items typically found in a thrift store and the other for used building materials, lumber and furniture that would typically be found in a used building materials store.

Ideally, the drop-off area will be located in or near a recyclable materials drop-off area outside the tipping fee zone. The benefit of this co-location is both customer convenience, and also higher diversion as some of the recyclable materials, particularly metal items, can be diverted from a lower-value recycling stream into a higher-value reuse stream.

Because it is important to protect the reusable items from weather-related damage, the drop-off area will need to be covered. Ideally, the drop-off area could be two trailers or truck (one for each of the two types of reusable items) that can easily be removed every 1-3 days to minimize the amount of space needed for the drop-off zone.

Once the drop-off area space has been determined and prepared at each site, Metro Vancouver (and the City of Vancouver for its sites) will issue a request for expressions of interest for 1 to 3 year contracts for reuse organizations to bid on operating one or two drop-off areas (one for household goods and one for used building materials and wood) at each facility.

Metro Vancouver will not generally pay the reuse organizations to conduct this service but will use the bidding process to select organizations that: o Have strong resale channels that allow them to achieve high levels of diversion,

o Have appropriate insurance coverage so Metro Vancouver is not exposed to liability,

o Have good procedures and equipment for efficiently and safely collecting and removing the donated items,

o Utilize data tracking systems to report back to Metro Vancouver the volume and value of items donated,

o Provide a high level of customer service in interacting with customers, ando Have a strong environmental and social policy.

Metro Vancouver will provide very visible signage so that all customers are aware that a drop-off area exists and how they can access it. Ideally, the signage will show the amount and value of reusable items diverted to reinforce the value of diversion (e.g. “100 tonnes diverted in 2014”).

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Inside the tipping area, Metro Vancouver will require facility operators to establish a safe and convenient area where people can drop off reusable items. Third party staff working outside the tipping fee zone will have an opportunity to collect the reusable materials accumulated inside the facility at the end of each day.

Metro Vancouver should engage in a proactive communications campaign to raise awareness among local residents about the drop-off areas. Information should include location, hours of operation, a list of materials that are accepted, and conditions of acceptance. The communication materials can explain how this initiative supports waste reduction objectives as well as stimulating the local economy and/or supporting populations in need. These materials could also provide information on the estimated waste diversion and reuse industry expansion that result from the increased diversion of reusable materials. A coordinated communications effort will ensure that the drop-sites are productive at the outset of operation, such that the third party operators see immediate returns for their effort and expansion of services.

Current and recommended site layout

Currently, the majority of facilities offer a recycling drop-off area within the tipping fee zone (see Figure 4.1), causing customers with recyclables to exit and re-enter after dropping off their recyclables to avoid the tipping fee. Three facilities have Salvation Army drop bins within the tipping fee zone, where reusable household items can be dropped. There is a single point of entry and exit.

Figure 4.1 Current flow of traffic/materials at most transfer and disposal facilities

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Two layout options are offered that meet the requirements of the recommended business model.

Figure 4.2 Proposed flow of traffic/materials at transfer and disposal facilities: Option

Option A incorporates a reuse area in the existing recycle area, located outside of the tipping fee zone. There is an additional reusables drop-off area adjacent to the tipping floor. There is a single point of entry and exit, and an opportunity for recycle and reuse customers to bypass the scales.

Figure 4.2 Proposed flow of traffic/materials at transfer and disposal facilities: Option B

Option B incorporates a reuse area in the existing recycle area, located outside of the tipping fee zone. There is an additional reuseables drop-off area adjacent to the tipping floor. In this option there is an

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entry and exit to the reuse and recycle area to reduce traffic and wait times for customers entering the tipping fee zone. This is the optimal design, however not all sites may be conducive to introducing a secondary entry and exit point.

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5. OTHER RECOMMENDATIONS TO INCREASE DIVERSION OF REUSABLE ITEMS

5.1 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS

Create an online directory of reuse outlets in or near Metro VancouverMetro Vancouver could create (or fund the creation and maintenance of) an online directory of all the reuse related outlets and enterprises that serve Metro Vancouver residents. This idea has been successfully implemented in the City of Edmonton.1 San Diego’s ‘Waste Free SD” website directs residents to repair shops, reuse outlets, recycling centres, and reuse/recycling events2.

The initial content for this directory could come from an updated version of the 2006 Metro Vancouver publication entitled: 101 Things to do with all your old stuff. This information could then be supplemented with new enterprises and goods sharing platforms that have emerged since 2006. This directory should include a strong search function that allows people to find reuse outlets by location and material type. Ideally, the website code for this directory could be given to individual municipalities so that they can provide reuse information on enterprises that serve their particular municipality.

Help promote community reuse initiativesWith the evolution of the sharing economy, many new enterprises are emerging to encourage and help facilitate reuse at a neighbourhood level. A good example is the Share Shed in North Vancouver.3 Another example is the Repair Café concept, which started in the Netherlands in 2009 and has now spread to more than 400 locations around the world.4 There are already eight repair cafes in Canada, including one in BC (Nanaimo). Other sites such as Yerdle and iFixit can be promoted to encourage materials swapping and repair. Metro Vancouver could help promote such initiatives and even prepare a guide on how to establish a successful neighbourhood sharing initiative.

Figure 5.1 Portland repair café “menu”5

1 http://edmonton.ca/for_residents/WMS_Reuse_Directory.pdf2 http://www.ilacsd.org/recycle/repair.php 3 http://www.shareshed.ca4 http://repaircafe.org5 http://ncrarecycles.org/sites/default/files/Polacok2%20-%20Portland_moving_upstream_3.18.14.pdf

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http://www.ilacsd.org/recycle/repair.php

http://edmonton.ca/for_residents/WMS_Reuse_Directory.pdf


Figure 5.2 Items repaired at Portland repair cafés

Encourage the industry to create a reuse network to coordinate reuse activitiesMetro Vancouver could host a workshop with industry participants to encourage the establishment of an industry led reuse network. This idea has been successfully implemented in New York City6 and London, England,7 offering the following types of programs and services:

An annual reuse conference dedicated to materials exchange and reuse A reuse directors roundtable that meets quarterly to discuss issues facing the reuse industry and

individual enterprises An online (and/or physical) materials exchange that matches in-kind donors of surplus or second-

hand materials with non-profit groups that can use them A free materials reuse certificate program for administrative staff of reuse programs A reuse sector data management product to help quantify the environmental, social and economic

benefits of reuse Information on how to increase reuse outlet revenues and profits (surpluses) A reuse newsletter, directory, and website supported by social media A reuse hotline that allows people to book pick-up of donations A “matchmaking” service that connects supply with end users (small enterprises, artisans) who

seek specific materials.

6 http://www.reusenyc.info7 http://www.londonreuse.org

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http://www.londonreuse.org/

http://www.reusenyc.info/


Such a group could also offer short term storage for reusable materials to facilitate pick up and drop off of materials.

Engage regional recycling facilities to encourage diversion of salvageable materialsMetro Vancouver should engage recycling facilities not located at the regional transfer/disposal facilities (whether publically or privately operated) to adopt a similar reusable items drop-off model. According to interviews with recycling centre operators, a similar selection and volume of reusable items pass through these facilities for recycling. Salvage drop-sites at recycling centres in addition to disposal and transfer facilities would increase the convenience of dropping salvageable items, by offering more locations to drop.

Engage with Waste Haulers and Moving Companies to encourage greater reuseWaste Haulers and Moving Companies dispose of a significant portion of salvageable materials (including some of the most valuable items that were disposed during the site visits) on the instructions of their clients. It would be worthwhile to work with the largest players within these two business sectors to identify ways they could support greater diversion of reusable materials. For example, they could include a clause in their client contracts that stipulates that they have the right to donate any salvageable materials that the client has asked them to dispose unless it poses any security or confidentiality risk. These types of firms could potentially be given priority drop-off privileges under the recommended business model at Metro Vancouver facilities in recognition that they have large quantities of higher value materials.

Establish agreements with EPR program operators to increase reuse of products covered under EPR programsMetro Vancouver could work with Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) program administrators to identify those products covered by EPR program that have reuse potential and identify ways to expand the level of reuse vs. recycling. The electronics recycling program is likely to have strong reuse potential, especially if combined with electronics repair services.

Help promote the RCBC online reuse resourcesThe Recycling Council of BC (RCBC) hosts a website called the RCBC Materials Exchange (MEX) that facilitates the exchange of reusable and recyclable materials throughout BC. It has two main components: the Residential Reuse program and the BC Industrial Materials Exchange (BC Imex). Currently, only three Metro Vancouver communities have residential reuse listings (Vancouver, Surrey and Langley). However, of those three municipalities, Surrey is the only municipality with an active user base. The BC Industrial Materials Exchange is also underused, with only eight listings at the time of this report.

Metro Vancouver could help conduct a blitz promotion of both the Residential Reuse program and the BC Industrial Materials Exchange to create a good base of listings. The organizers of similar exchange sites find that once a minimum number of listings have been created (e.g. a few hundred listings), the sites tend to become self-maintaining. This appears to be the case with the Surrey reuse site, which has over 400 active listings.

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5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS TO INCREASE SUPPLY AND/OR DEMAND

Conduct an annual reuse fair to encourage people to swap their goodsTo highlight and promote the benefits of reuse over recycling, organize an annual reuse fair where people can swap or donate items they no longer want at the transfer and disposal facilities or a nearby location. Within BC, this idea has been successfully implemented in Squamish, which holds an annual re-use-it fair. The fair started in 2012 and is currently held at the Brennan Recreation Centre.8 We note that Surrey offered residential pickup of reusable materials one weekend each spring from the 1990’s until 2005 but then switched to a “Large Item Pickup” Program because they were experiencing high volumes of non-reusable items.9 Residents can request free pick-up four times per year. Other municipalities also offer this program including Coquitlam, Langley, and Port Moody.

Create a model bylaw for a municipal property tax discount/rebate for reuse outlets that receive a significant percentage of donated reusable itemsWhile property taxes are controlled and administered at the municipal level, Metro Vancouver could prepare the wording for a municipal property tax rebate that could be used by reuse outlets that rent their premises but receive a significant percentage of their inventory from donated reusable items that might otherwise be disposed. Alternatively or in addition, Metro Vancouver could help develop the concept of creating a reuse business zone similar to an affordable housing zone for reuse businesses so that zoning is more flexible and the rents are below-market. Reuse stores are often classified as industrial, which restricts the amount of retail selling space they can make available on their premises. Finally, Metro Vancouver could create a model community amenity contribution requirement requiring big box retailers that sell consumer goods to provide on-site space for a reuse drop-off zone or reuse store.

Showcase repurposed itemsMetro Vancouver could provide exposure and recognition to architects, designers, manufacturers, and renovators who implement waste repurposing projects. This recommendation supports the promotion of the opportunities inherent in ‘upcycling’, i.e. essentially adding value to a used material by modifying it to a new product with higher resale value. Examples of such opportunities include turning scrap wood to furniture, scrap fabric to clothing or accessories, building materials to decorative items, such as broken tiles to mosaics, or sponsoring an art competition, modeled on Monterey’s “recycled sculpture competition.”

Use existing social media and web based tools Metro Vancouver could capitalize on the rapidly growing use of platforms such as Instagram by creating an account or a hashtag by which people can exhibit their used materials that they would like to sell or donate.

8 http://squamishcan.net/projects/current-projects/re-use-it-fair/

9 http://www.surrey.ca/bylawsandcouncillibrary/R032-0900.pdf

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http://www.surrey.ca/bylawsandcouncillibrary/R032-0900.pdf

http://squamishcan.net/projects/current-projects/re-use-it-fair/


6. INITIAL ACTIONS

6.1 PLANNING AND PREPARATION

Identify a potential space for a staffed reusable materials drop-off at all transfer stationsIdentify a space outside the tipping fee area at each transfer/disposal facility that can be used for drop off of reusable materials. The space must be protected from the weather and be off the ground. Ideally the items would be sorted into household goods and building materials. See Appendix A for recommended locations for drop-off areas both inside and outside the tipping fee zone.

Make a reuse drop-off zone a requirement for all new transfer facilities and any significant modification to existing facilities.At least two of the existing transfer stations will be either closed (Coquitlam) or significantly modified (North Shore) over the next two years. It is therefore important to ensure that a reuse drop-off area is incorporated into new facility or renovation plans.

Provide clear signage for the reusable materialsProvide clear signage to ensure that all customers are aware of the existence and location of the reusable materials drop-off area .

Develop communications strategyEnsure that disposal facility customers, and residents are aware of the new option for materials drop-off. Consider introducing a reuse hotline that people can call for information/instruction. Communications should clearly indicate which items are accepted at the drop sites. Collaborate with municipalities and transfer station operators to streamline communications and operational logistics so as to simplify user experience.

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APPENDIX A – TRANSFER AND DISPOSAL SITE VISITS AND PROPOSED REUSE AREAS

Site visit survey findings

Detailed Site Visit SummariesCoquitlam transfer Station

The Coquitlam Transfer Station is operated by Wastech and has a large residential drop-off area where recyclable materials can be dropped off. Based on observation, the following items observed in the recycling area were identified as having reuse value:

Appliances in working condition or in good physical condition but in need of repair BBQ in good condition New mattresses (in original packaging) A range of metal items such a bicycles, shelving units, in good condition Clean lumber

The staff at the transfer station reported that none of these items were currently being reused. All items dropped in the recycling area were destined for recycling, and are picked up by third-party recycling operators. While site staff are aware that some of the items have reuse value, items are not removed for salvage because there are no staff allocated to separate out items in the Residential Drop Off area. Also, the contractor does not want to be exposed to liability from someone using a piece of equipment and having it cause damage, such as fire or personal injury.

It is relevant to note that Wastech, which operates the Coquitlam Transfer Station under a management contract with Metro Vancouver, generates revenue from the sale of certain recyclable materials, particularly metals. If a portion of these materials were instead collected for reuse by a third party such as Habitat for Humanity, this would detract from Wastech’s revenues.

The Salvation Army maintains a large trailer on the site where people can drop off household goods. The trailer is not staffed although the staff say that they generally keep an eye on the kinds of materials being dropped off. The Salvation Army collects items when the trailer is full, which is on average once a month. They generally accept about 90% of the donated items.

The signage for the Salvation Army trailer is difficult to see. On the driveway leading to the weigh scale, a small sign notifies visitors about the trailer but it is too small to be read by drivers as they approach the scales. It would likely only be read if there was a line up for the weigh scales. Within the tipping fee area, drivers pass by the trailer on their left as they enter the recycling area, however the banner advertising donations is on the opposite (back) side of the trailer and is blocked by large tractors that are parked beside the trailer. Access via stairwell into the trailer is

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somewhat precarious, which may render it difficult for people to deposit heavy or cumbersome items. About 60% of customers surveyed during the site visit were aware of the Salvation Army trailer’s presence and its purpose.

Staff indicated that within the next few months, the residential recycling drop-off area will be separated from the rest of the transfer site with a separate entrance that is outside the tipping fee zone. At that time, the range of accepted materials will be expanded to include residential items covered by extended producer responsibility programs. Currently, the plan is to keep the Salvation Army reusable items trailer within the tipping fee zone.

The Coquitlam Transfer Station is scheduled to be closed in mid-2014 as the land has been sold to a developer. Metro Vancouver is currently assessing the need and possible future location for a replacement station in the vicinity.10

Coquitlam Transfer Station: Proposed reuse areas

10 Metro Vancouver update presentation, March 2014. http://media.wix.com/ugd/5e8b3e_07ed0e228bce4aa796e18c13d6e133d6.pdf

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http://media.wix.com/ugd/5e8b3e_07ed0e228bce4aa796e18c13d6e133d6.pdf


Langley Transfer Station

The Langley Transfer station is a large facility. There is no household garbage pickup in Langley, so all residents have to bring their household trash to the transfer station The scales and tipping floor are at the front, while recycling of metal, refrigerators, drywall, mattresses, green waste, and other materials takes place at the back, within the tipping fee zone. The recycling area is located after scales so customers have to exit and re-enter the faciity if they want to save money on their recycling load. Anecdotally, most customers are not willing to go through the process when there is a long line up or they are short on time. Some customers find the recycling area to be confusing. There is no reuse activity historically or currently at Langley Transfer Station.

Staff frequently report seeing the following reusable items:

construction materials (structural lumber 2x4, 2x6, 10ft, windows, plywood) furniture, (leather chairs and couches, wood furniture) bikes appliances (pressure washers, pumps) children’s toys, pallets motors

Once dropped off, salvageable items are often crushed within minutes by the compactor or the backhoe, thereby eliminating any opportunity to salvage them for reuse. Metro Vancouver does not permit salvage of materials by staff or customers. If there were a reuse facility put on site, staff indicated that the area would have to be manned by external party who knows what is reusable and sellable. They suggest that it would be useful and motivating if customers knew where the items will go once they are collected (for the ‘feel-good’ factor). A salvage area could be as simple as a covered 30 yard bin, emptied once per week. It would needs to be located outside the tipping fee zone, so people have economic incentive to drop off materials. They indicated that there is plenty of space for this purpose in front of the transfer station.

Staff recommended that all transfer sites should have the same general layout, for consistency. They recommend that the scales be moved further down the site and the recycling and reuse facilities be put outside the tipping fee zone, so people are only paying for trash disposal. They also recommend putting in a new road to allow a simple loop drop-off for customers. Staff are very interested in seeing Transfer Stations expanded to be able to take ALL recyclable and reusable items, making a one-stop-shop for customers. Sometimes customers dispose items on the side of the road before they get to the scale to avoid paying the tipping fee; this includes oil and paint, which they hide in their loads when they are told that the transfer station does not accept them.

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Langley Transfer Station: Proposed reuse areas

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Maple Ridge

The Maple Ridge Transfer Station is very space constrained and there is little room for expansion. There is no garbage pick-up in Maple Ridge, so all residents have have to drop off their own trash or have it delivered by private haulers. There are two dumping pits under a large enclosed structure. A privately operated recycling depot is located immediately adjacent to the Transfer Station.

Staff report routinely seeing the following reusable items:

metal items fabric lawn chairs windows good furniture (dresser) full length wood, carpet, and construction materials.

Despite the quality of materials, staff indicate that most people don't want to separate it all. Very few recyclable items are dropped at the Maple Ridge site due to the convenient location of the extensive recycling depot next door. The Maple Ridge Transfer Station has never attempted to introduce reuse activity, but staff ocassionally leave items out for a few days that have reuse value and allow people to take them. Ridge Meadows recycling sells used bicycles and lawnmowers.

If there was a reuse area at the transfer station, staff believe there would be liability issues, such as, if an electronic appliance causes fire or electrical shock at its end user’s location. They noted that ‘share shacks’ were introduced at transfer stations in Kamloops and Mission, however they were shut down due to damage and liability issues. Facility staff indicate that if an end user sues them, even if they are not liable, the incident would potentially threaten their eligibility for insurance. An additional issue cited is that there is not enough space to accommodate reuse on the site.

Staff noted the need to educate the public with flyers about what items can be reused. They suggest that one approach would be to expand the salvage material program at the recycling depot. If they were to have a reuse material drop off at the transfer station site, it would have to be outside the tipping fee zone and it would have to be locked and secure at night. Currently, no salvaging of wood is allowed because customers would be avoiding the tipping fee. Staff expressed concern about large items that are refused by Salvation Army, and concerned about who would be responsible for the disposal fee for the refused items, noting that this is the reason that charities are increasingly careful about what they accept and reject.

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Maple Ridge Transfer Station: Proposed reuse areas

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North Shore Transfer Station

The North Shore Transfer Station is operated by Wastech and has a separate residential drop-off area run by North Shore Recycling where recyclable materials can be dropped off. With the recycling area, there is a small area where people can drop off and pick up reusable items free of charge. These are typically items that the recycling depot staff see among the customer loads and then suggest that they can put them in the reuse area. This area did not have any signage. Over the course of the North Shore TF site visit, three items were dropped in this area. Other than the reuse area, almost no items with reuse potential, except for perhaps books, were being dropped off.

A large metal recycling area exists inside the Wastech transfer station area, . A number of potentially reusable items were being dropped off there, including:

Appliances in working condition or in good physical condition but in need of repair BBQs in good condition A range of metal items such a bicycles, shelving units, and so on in good condition There is also a green waste area within the transfer station that could potentially contain clean, reusable

lumber as well as a mattress drop-off area which sometimes receives unused mattresses still wrapped in plastic.

The Salvation Army maintains a small trailer on the site. However, unlike some other transfer stations, there is no signage to indicate the presence of the trailer and the trailer is located along the back fence behind other containers. According to a staff member, the only time that items are put in this trailer is when a weigh scale attendant happens to notice reusable household items in the customer load and directs the customer to put them in the trailer. On the day of the site visit, there were very few items in this trailer. The volume of items collected in 2013 was just 730 kilograms, less than 6% of the volume collected at the Coquitlam Salvation Army trailer, which is in a more visible location with signage.

It is relevant to note that in 2015 the recycling depot will be moved to the general area where the metals recycling is currently located. This is because a main water main that runs under the recycling area is going to be replaced, requiring extensive excavation.

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North Shore Transfer Station: Proposed reuse areas

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Matsqui Transfer Station Matsqui Transfer Station is small and well-maintained. The tipping area is located in a covered warehouse with one open wall where vehicles can enter. The tipping floor is cleared frequently by a loader. As such, salvage from this area would not be possible. Across from this building is a staff shelter and a metals recycling area. Over the course of the site visit, the following reusable items were identified in the recycling area:

BBQs ovens bicycles refrigerators

An independent recycling depot is located across the road from the transfer station.

Matsqui operations staff see reusable items on a daily basis, including bicycles, finished lumber (2x4), exercise equipment and tools. Staff report that waste composition varies significantly by season and even week-to-week. They have never attempted any type of reuse activity due to Metro Vancouver’s “no-salvaging” policy. For a period of time Matsqui allowed drop-off of green-waste and used tires, however, this was discontinued due to the tendency of customers to dispose other items in these bins to avoid the tipping fee. In terms of logistics, wait times and long lines are a big challenge, particularly on Saturdays.

According to the staff, if an opportunity for onsite reuse were introduced, staff indicate that any additional steps - such as exiting and re-entering the tipping fee zone once reusable items have been dropped –would likely be viewed as an additional inconvenience by customers. There is also concern that space limitations that may preclude introduction of a salvage area, and that a salvage area would not be effective unless staffed.

In light of the comments around lack of space, an option for the Matsqui site is that the adjacent space owned by Metro Vancouver be expanded to include a reusable items drop off area. This station should be staffed to avoid non-reusable item dumping, as well as located outside the tipping fee zone.

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Matsqui Transfer Station: Proposed reuse area

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Surrey Transfer Station

The Surrey Transfer Station is located in a large LEED Certified building with residential drop off on one side and commercial drop off on the other. Recycling areas for metal, drywall, wood, cardboard, and plastic are also located in the warehouse, before the tipping floor. The metal recycling area included many items with reuse potential, including

bicycles BBQs patio chairs

Garbage is tossed on the tipping floor by customers and the loader pushes it into a central pit.

Outside of the warehouse, just inside the tipping fee zone there is a Salvation Army tractor trailer for residential drop-off of reusable items. Because it is inside the tipping fee area, there is little incentive for customers to drop items in the trailer because they have already paid the tipping fee for the salvageable material. The trailer is unstaffed but Salvation Army staff come by periodically to sort through and reorganize the trailer. Transfer station staff also loosely manage the accumulation of items in the trailer. It is cleaned out gernally once a month when the staff at the landfill call the Salvation Army.

According to the transfer station staff, reusable items are seen multiple times a day, typically toys, sports equipment, bikes, and BBQs. They commented that, while useful, the Salvation Army drop-off trailer needs to be bigger. The staff indicated that having customers pay for dropping off reusable items was a good idea, because it prevents them from dropping off non-usable items. Transfer station staff indicated they would like to see another job created by setting up a permanent, diverse use shed to divert reusable waste (i.e. beyond the scope of what Salvation Army collects).

The Surrey Transfer Station is space-constrained based on the current layout. Staff indicated that the City of Surrey mandates having all separation occur within the warehouse. Based on recommendations from staff, a staffed reuse station larger than the current Salvation Army truck located outside of the building could be a possibility to increase diversion of reusable materials. Manning the station should allow the shed to be located outside the tipping fee zone. Discussions with Surrey and their mandate to have separation be done within the building would have to be facilitated for this to occur.

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Surrey Transfer Station: Proposed reuse area

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Vancouver Landfill

The Vancouver Landfill residential drop off area includes a well-organized outdoor recycling area with plenty of space. At the disposal and recycling area, staff members intercept many reusable items, but only on a voluntary basis, (i.e. they make sure that people are safe and can navigate the recycling area). Staff, by their own accord, also pull salvageable items out of the disposal stream, such as bikes, lawn mowers and other gardening appliances.

According to comments from the Landfill operations staff, reusable items, including electronic equipment and appliances in good working order, are frequently dropped at the recycling area, despite their reuse potential. Examples of frequent reusable materials include:

Hand tools Bikes and sports equipment Electronics, e.g. stereos and televisions Working lawn mowers and other gardening appliances.

In the past, landfill staff collected certain items for refurbishing by specific end use communities (i.e. bicycles for the fire department; motors for high school shop teachers). These arrangements were established informally, and while successful for a time, have since been discontinued. In terms of customer behaviour, staff have observed the some customers dump reusable/recyclables items along with their garbage rather than pull their car up to the different recycling areas located just meters away. While the RDO area at the landfill is larger and better organized than others, staff identified space as a limiting factor to expanding reuse.

There is a Salvation Army trailer on site, located at the far end of the recycling area, accessible on the way out. It is somewhat obstructed from view, and poorly signed. According to staff the trailer is emptied about every two months. For a period of time the truck was located outside the tipping area. It was well-used but customers tended to leave heavy, inappropriate items in the truck to avoid paying tipping fees on those items. Salvation Army then had to filter through to determine which items they could use. Currently landfill staff monitor what items are being put in the truck, which is located adjacent to the recycling area. At one time Salvation Army had a staff attendant onsite but this model proved to be unprofitable. Customers commented that access to the truck was a challenge. The Landfill staff commented that Salvation Army collection would be more effective if it were staffed by someone with expertise to assess value and usability of the items being dropped off. In terms of reuse potential, the Salvation Army Truck or other future reuse area should be located closer to the entrance to the site, and would benefit from improved signage.

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Vancouver Landfill: Proposed reuse areas

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Vancouver South Transfer Station

According to the VSTS operating staff, the site has been too small from the outset in 1989 and continues to be too small to serve its local community. As such, capacity to create new areas for reuse are severely limited. According to staff, the entire site needs to be 3 to 4 times larger. Staff see salvageable materials being disposed many times a day:

Furniture, household goods such as dishes, vases, glass ware Sports equipment Usable electronics and appliances: TVs, refrigerators Clothing Hand tools, drills Building materials: packaged flooring and insulation.

Staff reported that working, usable battery powered appliances and power tools are commonly recycled or disposed once battery life ends, as people are more inclined to buy a new appliance than purchase a replacement battery. The price of a battery versus that of a new appliance can be very similar. They have not introduce reuse activities due to liability concerns as well as space constraints. The tipping floor at VSTS is covered and there are very serious dust issues. A reuse area would have to be sited outside, so materials would not get contaminated with dust.

Staff suggested that Metro Vancouver could support the operation and increase reuse if they bought land on adjacent sites and allocated areas for collecting reusable materials. Community centre parking lots or other public spaces could be used as depots.

Many customers surveyed were aware that there is a Habitat for Humanity down the street that takes some used building materials. However, they indicated that Habitat for Humanity requires people with materials to call ahead before dropping off materials and sometimes their donations are refused because HFH does not have a market for particular items such as hollow core doors. Often renovators and contractors don’t have time nor the physical capacity to store materials that they pull out of buildings and, as such, cannot wait for Habitat to respond, opting instead to dispose the items at VSTS.

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Vancouver South Transfer Station: Proposed reuse areas

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APPENDIX B – INTERVIEW FINDINGSRecycling Programs

City of Burnaby

Burnaby runs an eco-centre where residents can drop off large quantities of recyclable materials, products covered through the Product Care program, clothing, books and appliances, which are picked up by third party charities (who each rent space at the eco centre) or sent to recycling. The centre often sees toys, bikes, furniture, working or fixable appliances that do have salvage value. They do not operate a ‘share shed’ because of liability issues. They also have space constraints that would make a reuse area challenging, but they are interested in any opportunities that would be low-risk, high diversion, and not detract from their revenues (e.g. metal recycling).

They also offer pick up of bulk items from single family homes and multifamily buildngs. Multifamily buildings must have an area accessible to the collector/hauler where bulky items are stored for pick up. Single family homes must call in to inform the City that they have bulky items for collection, and can do so for two items once a week, provided the items are protected from rain and meet certain safety parameters (e.g. no glass).

City of New Westminster

The New Westminster Facility receives some reusable items but not very often. Bicycles that are dropped at the metal recycling area are generally in poor condition and not fit for reuse. Toys, furniture appliances and electronics are commonly dropped off. It is likely that some of these items could be fixed up and reused. The facility does not have much space to accommodate a reuse operation. If there were a small reuse area, existing staff could probably manage it provided that they could adequately determine which reusable items have marketable value. The facility does not accept wood. Typically, the New Westminster community is good at finding an end user for reusable items, whether through a thrift shop or free on Craigslist, or leaving items in their yard. The City offers a pick up service for large items for disposal or recycling, charging $25 for the first item and $10 for each additional large item.

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Interview findings from selected non government organizations

Organization Jack’s New & Used

Location BurnabyOrg type Used building materialsOrg Profile Private retail enterprise with salvage crew and trucksGeneral Business Model & Logistics

Send out a crew to demolition and renovation sites, offer contractor/homeowner a quote for salvage.Some materials picked up for free, do not pay. Some dropped off at store. Mix of donation and payment depending on materials. Are working on developing a web store, but it is complicated.

Materials Used building materials. Little or no lumber. 60% used materials.Donors Renovation and demolition contractors, households.End Users Contractors, HouseholdsFacility 43,000 sf lotVolume of material diverted (annual):Value of material diverted (annual):

$650,000($500,000-$800,000)

Transactions & Number of Donors

200 houses per year

Employees: 6 FTE, 3p/t, 1 tempOther Interest in putting used items in home seems to be declining.

Lumber – two problems. Labour is costly to deconstruct unless house is already stripped. Don’t do lumber anymore. Labour costs used to be cheaper. Space to store. Glulams and engineered lumber is not worth anything. Secondly, there is not enough space to store or sell lumber.If Metro Vancouver was stockpiling lumber at transfer sites, between Jacks, Surrey, and their network on the Island (Coombs) and Chilliwack, they would be able to find a place to sell and reuse this material.

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Organization Surrey New & Used – [email protected]

Location SurreyOrg type Used building materials. Little or no lumber.Org Profile Private retail enterprise with salvage crew and trucksGeneral Business Model & Logistics

Send out an in house crew to houses being renovated or demolished. Sometimes pay for materials sometimes not. 40%-50% of sales are used materials.

Materials Used building materialsDonors Households, contractorsEnd Users Households, contractorsFacility 80,000 square feetVolume of material diverted (annual):Value of material diverted (annual):

$1,000,000


150-200 houses salvaged per year plus receive materials from the public via drop off.

Employees:Other Some room for more inventory, but space is cost prohibitive.

no, as with a lot of materials it does not pay to salvage lumber. while it is possible to divert more materials out of the landfill it comes at a cost that most cities are not willing to pay. it is also not possible for private upstarts to enter the market (too costly), in fact we have lost several competitors in the last several years due to economics.

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mailto:[email protected]


Organization Materials for the ArtsLocation Queens, New York City, NYOrg type City AgencyOrg Profile Materials for the Arts is based in Long Island City, Queens, New York City. The

organization is an agency of the City of New York`s Department of Cultural Affairs. It also receives support from the Board of Education and the Sanitation Department. MFTA accepts donations of used materials from individuals and organizations, which are then distributed for reuse to local arts organizations and school programs. MFTA employs two truck drivers who pick up donation loads at no cost.

General Business Model & Logistics

The donor indicates the value of the materials, and, once received, MFTA will issue a tax receipt for the value as indicated by the donor. Materials are collected, then processed, weighed, catalogued and stored in a 35,000 square foot facility.

Materials • Rolls of fabric• Trim & notion• Art supplies (paint, brushes, glue, tape, glitter, crayons, markers, etc.)• Paper, poster-board, foam-core• Art books• Chairs (especially office chairs)• Computers (NO MORE THAN 4 YEARS OLD)• Computer peripheral: scanners, printers, etc. (NO MORE THAN 4 YEARS OLD)• Projectors and screens• Video equipment• Flat screen TVs• Theater lighting & clip lamps• Digital camera & tripods• Household items like irons, dishes, silverware, vases, and lamps• Picture frames, stretcher bars, canvas, easels• Office supplies• Wallpaper and home decorating supplies• Miscellaneous – ladders, power tools, drop cloths, etc.• Flat files and file cabinets

Donors Individuals, Businesses, OrganizationsEnd Users Non-profit arts and cultural groups with at least a one year history of significant arts

programming; public schools; social service, health, and environmental organizations with an ongoing art program; government agencies

Facility 35,000 square feetVolume of material diverted (annual):

600+ tons (imperial)(warehouse 582 tons, direct donations 31.8 tons)

Value of material diverted (annual):

$7.6 million (2013-2014)(warehouse $7.2 million. Direct donations $359,000)


Transactions: 2860 donations from 1680 donors(Warehouse 2279 from 1264, direct donation 581 from 417)

Employees: 3 warehouse staff, 2 donations team, 1 operations manager, volunteer coordinator,

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development team, communications, education. Volunteers: special needs groups, life skills, regular volunteers 2hrs a time, New York Cares – placement org,

Other People who come in and `shop`for free, write thank you letters to donors.Arts and crafts, paper, buttonsFriends of materials for the arts – non profit that raises moneyThey are discerning about what they accept. Donations team determines. Drivers can also determine.Working on getting the word out. Word of mouth. Shoppers : non profit, non denominational, arts programs open to the public. Donors: long term relationships. Always trying to get more. Large fashion retailers, broadway shows, TV shows,Employees two truck drivers, Logistics is complicated.Online component – connects donors to recipients directly – the donor tells MTFA weight and valueWeb `direct donations` is a lot less volumeOther tenants in the building i.e. social services – not sure of rent situation but building is not city owned.Have relationships with other reusers in the city – refer materials to each other.Europeans, Germany, France Belgium exploring.

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Organization Bike KitchenLocation UBCOrg type Non Profit. Retail, refurbishing shop, education.Org Profile The Bike Kitchen is a community bike shop. They do basic repairs for a

fee, and also have a workshop space where people can come use their tools to work on their own bikes. They run educational sessions to teach bike mechanics and repair skills. They accept bike parts and whole used bikes and where possible will refurbish and re-sell, or use for parts, and recycle the remainder.


Bike Kitchen takes donations of used bikes and bike parts. They then sell refurbished bikes and or parts. Their repair and refurbishment shop also encourages reuse and refurbishment and upgrading of existing bikes. They take donations from stratas of abandoned bikes. They mostly get their supply through word of mouth, typically from UBC, Vancouver, Burnaby, Richmond area.

Materials Bikes and bike partsDonors Individuals and stratasEnd Users PurchasersFacility Retail and workshop at UBCVolume of material diverted (annual):

200 bikes donated annually; 60-80 are refurbished and sold as whole bikes; other parts are reused or sold; remainder is recycled (metal and rubber)


200 * value of used bike =


200 donations

Employees:Other If there was a used bike drop at the transfer station, not sure if they have

the capacity to pick up bikes from around the region, but would certainly scale up operations to take more bikes annually if there was an increased and easily accessible supply. They are limited by staffing and space in their shop, but otherwise would be interested in diverting more, refurbishing more, and selling more within limits of their current operation. They realize people are throwing out bikes, abandoning bikes, or keep bikes in storage and never use them, and don`t realise that there are community members that would like or need an affordable used bike.

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Organization Habitat for Humanity RestoreLocations Vancouver, Burnaby, North VancouverOrg type Non Profit Used (& New) Building Material RetailOrg Profile Retailer of used building materials, and new building materials donated from for-profit

retailersGeneral Business Model & Logistics

All materials are by donation. Few paid staff with many volunteers. Three locations currently with plans to expand to twelve stores by 2017. Exploring development of a deconstruction crew. Donors call to request pick up or drop off. Habitat vets materials.

Materials Furniture, household items, building materials, woodDonors Renovators, contractors, homeowners, film industry, Home DepotEnd Users Building/design industry and general publicFacility 3 stores: 8,000; 11,000; and 20,000 square feet respectivelyVolume of material diverted (annual):

1,550 tonnes


$1.8 million


~30,000 customers annually per storeAverage spend per customer: ~$30

Employees: 16 FTEOther -are working with Wastech and CoV to put bins at five transfer/disposal sites.

-potential supply of material vastly exceeds operational capacity today-plans to quadruple size of operation by opening nine more stores-plans to train deconstruction crew and wood regraders in house.-plans to establish better relationships with construction industry but currently cannot handle substantial volumes of additional supply.-if there were a drop-site outside of all facilities, would install bin and a FTE person to man each.

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Organization HomeStart FoundationLocation Vancouver 1530 Rand AvenueOrg type Non ProfitOrg Profile HomeStart Foundation is a non-profit Christian humanitarian organization helping people

re-establish a home. Working in partnership with over 70 member agencies, we give donated home furnishings to people in need.

HomeStart Foundation coordinates needs with generosity. We pick up furniture, store it in our warehouse, and then deliver the furnishings and household effects to those with specific needs to enable them to establish a comfortable home environment. We provide an opportunity for the people of Greater Vancouver to achieve the double objectives of generosity and stewardship (reduce, reuse and recycle), by making available surplus household effects, in good condition, to those in need. $260.00 furnishes a home.


HomeStart offers pickup service in Vancouver, Burnaby (west of Royal Oak) and Richmond. Donors must contact HomeStart with description and photos of materials. Pickup of furniture is by donation, cash donations are encouraged, tax receipts issued for >$25.

Donors hear about HomeStart through

End users (low-income households) are identified through 70 member agencies.Materials Night-tables & dressers

Kitchen & dining room tables Chairs & sofas (no sofabeds) Armchairs Coffee tables Bookcases TV’s & VCR/DVD players Radios Desks (not office-size) Microwave ovens Telephones & lamps Rugs No items with glass

Donors send photos of materials prior to pick-up, Home Start vets quality, driver then makes final decision.

Donors Households, Corporate: Hotels, Movie Sets, Cruiships, Conventions, MoversEnd Users Households (low-income)Facility 1,200 square foot ‘depot’, not warehouseVolume of material diverted (annual):

TBD


TBD


600 pickups600 homes furnished

Employees: 5 p/tOther

Organization JS Reclaimed Wood

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Location South VancouverOrg type Artisan - Wood WorkersOrg Profile Build furniture out of reclaimed woodGeneral Business Model & Logistics

People approach them, they keep an eye out, keep ears open.

City is requiring recycling. People might go in and start brokering lumber.East side Flea guy takes apart lath and plaster and makes art from it.Could imagine that a drop off of wood could work at the landfill, but would need to be monitored so people don’t drop junk. De-nailing is not necessary.Bins on job sites – some people pile up wood but won’t share with third party because of liability.If contractors had a list of people who wanted the supply and could call.If people knew you could get free wood at the landfill – they would. Some of the good wood is too big to drop and pick up with conventional vehicles.People are reuse minded and would want to get their hands on this stuff if it were easily accessibleNeed to introduce the opportunity, people might change their practices, e.g. take out flooring more carefully. Drop for reuse.

Materials Wood: Preference for non-nominal lumber. 2x4 longer than one foot. [2x4s once milled get smaller]. Older than 1940s. Better to work with because it’s already settled. Would pay up to $0.50 a board footShip lap lumber that’s used to support houses during renos, might be thrown out. 5 inches wideFlooring – some people take it out and salvageFloor joists are best for their work. 2x4 plus. But everything bigger is better.Wood tiles. Post and beam is not great material.

Donors Takes it out of buildings. Don’t always pay for it. Others pay $7.50/board-foot (western reclaimed price) they sell at $2.50/board-foot for corporate customers.

End Users Custom wood working, cabinetry, furniture. Retail furniture buyers. Web customers, sometimes.

FacilityVolume of material diverted (annual):

40-60 tonnes a year. (equivalent of one house).

Value of material diverted (annual):Transactions & Number of DonorsEmployees: 3 people, growing rapidly.Other

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Organization Union Wood CoLocation Vancouver – RailtownOrg type Workshop / retail / for profitOrg Profile Artisan – Furniture MakerGeneral Business Model & Logistics

Purchase high quality salvageable beams from buildings – often directly from a demolition/deconstruction site, process wood into furniture, sell at shop and online.

Materials Wood & other antiques – ceiling tiles, light fixturesDonors All materials are purchased. Found wood on Craigslist initially, now word of

mouth (e.g. my parents are taking their barn down), lumber brokers (e.g. Western Reclaimed), drive around and look for sites to be demolished – get in contact with contractors.

End Users Retail customers, custom furniture customers, web customers.Facility 900 square feet, with plans to growVolume of material diverted (annual):

Not tracked.


Not tracked.


Not tracked … or not willing to share.

Employees: Five.Other Upcycle! The value of their furniture is high. Five years ago they had less

trouble finding materials, but now that demand is high for “artisan” and “salvage” – it is at a premium and more competitive.

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APPENDIX C: SALVAGEABLE MATERIALS, VALUES AND END MARKETS

Materials Value(HfH numbers)

Unit (Per piece, $/lb, $/ft)

Rounded average value per unit

Conditions Key Markets

Building materialsBathtub 50 to 150 per unit 75 plain tub vs jetted tub used building materials storeCabinet - Bathroom 30 to 150 per unit 30

depending on size, age and quality

used building materials store

Cabinet - Kitchen 25 to 65 per unit 25

a complete kitchen or single pieces size and age


Clothes Washer 55 to 400 per unit 100

top load vs front load age and general condition


Clothes Dryer 35 to 300 per unit 100top load vs front load age and general condition


Refrigerator 65 to 1000 per unit 150size, age, side by side with ice and crushed ice


Stove 65 to 500 per unit 100apartment 24 " to analog to digital and with glass top


Dishwasher 35 to 100 per unit 50depending on age quality condition


Door - Closet 5 to 75 per unit 20Ranges from flat panel to sold profile


Door - Inside 15 to 150 per unit 30Ranges from flat panel to sold profile


Door - Outside 35 to 500 per unit 100Ranges from flat panel to sold profile


Door - Screen 5 to 15 per unit 10depending on condition size and condition


Door - Shower 25 to 65 per unit 30 plain to etched designer used building materials store

Lighting 5 to 250 per unit 20 single plane to chandelier used building materials storeSink - Bathroom 15 to 150 per unit 25 older metal to newer porcelain


Sink - Kitchen 30 to 150 per unit 60single sink to two sink style to ceramic


Toilet $85 per unit 406 lt flush or less, high boy or elongated


Window (standard dimensions) 3 to 5 sq. ft. 30 aluminum to vinyl


Window (odd dimensions) 3 to 5 sq. ft. 30 aluminum to vinyl


Carpet .50 to 2 sq. ft. 20 depending on size and quality used building materials store

Laminate .50 to 2 sq. ft. 20laminate to engineered to actual hardwood


Linoleum .50 to 2 sq. ft. 20size and quality large is easier to sell


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Tile1.00 to 4.00 sq. ft. 0.5

ceramic vs porcelain and now glass


Trusses 20 to 200 per unit 50have to see could be shed vs shop or house


Engineer Beams 5 to 200 per unit 50 have to see larger the better


Siding2.00 for a 12' sheet per unit 2 standard price


Pressboard 3 to 5 per unit 3 standard price used building materials store

Shingles 1 a piece per unit 1 asphalt used building materials store

Furniture

Area Rug 5 to 75 sq. ft. 30 depending on qualitythrift or used building materials store

Bed frame 35 to 75 per unit 40metal to wood designer bed frame

thrift or used building materials store

Bookshelf 10 to 75 per unit 20 press board to oakthrift or used building materials store

Chair - Dining Room 5 to 75 per unit 15 older 60's to oak dinning room


Chair - Living Room 25 to 400 per unit 25 cloth vs leather condition too


Chair - Office 20 to 75 per unit 25 cloth vs leather condition toothrift or used building materials store

Chair - Outside 20 to 75 per unit 25 steel with cushion to wickerthrift or used building materials store

Couch 55 to 1000 per unit 75 cloth vs leather condition toothrift or used building materials store

Desk 40 to 500 per unit 50 partial board to solid oakthrift or used building materials store

Dresser 40 to 500 per unit 40 partial board to solid oakthrift or used building materials store

Table - Coffee 15 to 150 per unit 30partial board to solid oak, glass tops


Table - Kitchen 25 to 400 per unit 75partial board to solid oak, quality counts


Table - Picnic 25 to 100 per unit 25 wood or plastic fold upthrift or used building materials store

Table - Side 25 to 75 per unit 25 partial board to solid oakthrift or used building materials store

Household Goods

Electronics 15 to 750 per unit 25ghetto blaster to high end audio file

thrift store

Lighting 5 to 250 per unit 20single light to high end chandler

thrift store

Small Appliance 5 to 250 per unit 15

toaster to expresso makers, residential or commercial

thrift store

Camping 5 to 75 per unit 15in good condition to be acceptable

thrift store

Children's Toys 1 to 25 per unit 5 must be in good safe condition thrift store

Fishing Rod 5 to 75 per unit 10 quality thrift store

Garden 5 to 200 per unit 20 planters wood to porcelain thrift store

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Golf Clubs 2 to 200 per unit 30 single club to a really nice set thrift store

Ski Poles (Pair) 1 to 500 per unit 10in good condition to be acceptable

thrift store

Snowboard 1 to 500 per unit 20in good condition to be acceptable

thrift store

Art 2 to 2000 per unit 25 poster to a print to beyond thrift store

Mirror 2 to 200 per unit 15 size, condition and quality thrift store

Wood

Pallet NAused building materials store;artists

Wood- (studs and plywoods) .15 to 100 Sq. Ft.

2 per board depending on dimensions

used building materials store;artists

Wood- (hardwoods and exotics) .75 to 400 Sq. Ft.

5 per board depending on dimensions

used building materials store;artists

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APPENDIX D: LIST OF REUSE OUTLETS IN METRO VANCOUVERUsed Building Material StoresBurnaby Habitat Restore Burnaby 2475 Douglas RoadVancouver Habitat Restore Vancouver 69 69th Avenue WNorth Vancouver Habitat Restore North Vancouver 126 Harbour AveJack's New and Used Burnaby 4912 Still Creek AvenueSurrey New and Used Surrey 17861 64th AveTony's New and Used New West 823 Twelfth Street3R Demoltion Burnaby 5735 Beresford Street

Repurposed/reclaimed wood furniture outlets

Vancouver Heritage society VancouverVarious pop-up store locations

Union wood Co - reclaimed wood Vancouver 503 railway streetSalvaged wood furniture Vancouver 1324 Franklin StreetVancouver Reclaimed VancouverWest Coast Wood Slabs Vancouver 79 West 3rd AvenueJ and S reclaimed custom wood furniture Vancouver Unit 43 - 1640 Kenta Ave

Western Reclaimed timber Maple Ridge26324 River Road Maple Ridge

Vancouver Tiimber Services Ltd. Coquitlam 225 Schoolhouse Street

Chain Thrift StoresSalvation Army Thrift StoresLougheed Burnaby 9952 Lougheed HwyHASTINGS Burnaby 4099 E. Hasting StreetLANGLEY Langley City 19868 Langley BypassVANCOUVER RECYCLING CENTRE Langley Tnship 19733 96th Avenue

NEW WESTMINSTER New Westminster 774 Columbia Street

CAPILANO North Vancouver 1451 Fell AvenuePOCO Port Coquitlam 2275 Elgin StreetSURREY Surrey 7155-138th StreetSurrey - King George Surrey 7093 King George Hwy.,Surrey - 2 Surrey 14887 – 108th Ave.KERRISDALE Vancouver 2021 West 41st Ave.MARPOLE Vancouver 8384 Granville StreetKITSILANO Vancouver 1906 W. 4th AvenueWEST BROADWAY Vancouver 2714 West Broadway

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NORTH VANCOUVER Vancouver 241 Lonsdale AvenueMOUNT PLEASANT Vancouver 261 E. 12th AvenueWEST VANCOUVER West Vancouver 1582 Marine DriveWHITE ROCK White Rock 1327 Johnston StreetMaple Ridge Maple Ridge 12011 – 224th St.,Maple Ridge- Lougheed Maple Ridge 108 – 20110 Lougheed Hwy.,Richmond Richmond 5491 No. 3 Rd.,

Value VillageHastings Vancouver 1820 E Hastings StSouth Vancouver Vancouver 6415 Victoria DrRichmond Richmond 8240 Granville AveBurnaby Burnaby 7350 Edmonds StQueensborough New Westminster #110- 1135 Tanaka CourtCoquitlam Coquitlam 552 Clarke Rd Suite 301South Coquitlam Coquitlam 1301 United BoulevardN. Coquitlam Coquitlam 2739 Barnett HighwaySurrey Surrey 10642 King George HwyNewton Surrey 6925 King George BlvdMaple Ridge Maple Ridge 11998 207th St, Unit #4Langley Langley City 20501 56th Ave

SPCA Thrift StoresCoquitlam Thrift Store Coquitlam 1071 Ridgeway AveNew Westminster Thrift Store New Westminster 1113 – 6th AveNorth Vancouver Thrift Store North Vancouver 1523 Pemberton Ave.Richmond Thrift Store Richmond 5400 Minoru Blvd.Surrey Thrift Store Surrey 5626 177B Street SurreyVancouver (East) Thrift Store Vancouver 5239 Victoria Dr.Vancouver (West) Thrift Store Vancouver 3626 Broadway

Canadian Mental Health AssocationTreasure Chest Thrift Store New Westminster 435v6th streetCanadian Mental Health Association Richmond 7351 Elmbridge Way

Independent thrift stores in the lower mainlandSOS Children's Village BC Thrift Store Vancouver 2319 41st Ave W, V6M 2A3MCC Thrift Furniture & Appliance Shop Vancouver 5914 Fraser St, V5W 2Z7Lady Madonna Thrift Store Vancouver 432 Homer St, V6B 2V5Vancouver General Hospital Thrift Shop Society Vancouver 120 Broadway E, V5T 1V9

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Our Community Thrift & Vintage Ltd Vancouver 311 Carrall St, V6B 2J4YWCA Metro Vancouver Vancouver 4399 Main St, V5V 3R1Still Fabulous Thrift Shop Vancouver 4355 Main St, V5V 3R1Community Thrift & Vintage Ltd Vancouver 41 Cordova St W, V6B 1C8Hob Too Thrift Store Vancouver 3470 Dunbar St, V6S 2C2Fabtabulous Thrift Vancouver 3190 Cambie St, V5Z 2W2HOB Thrift Store Vancouver 4255 Dunbar St, V6S 2G1First United Thrift Store Vancouver 340 Hastings St E, V6A 1P4Wildlife Thrift store Vancouver 1295 Granville StreetMy sister's Closet Vancouver 1092 Seymour streeetUnion Gospel Thrift Store Vancouver 671 E Hastings StreetSociety of Saint Vincent de Paul Thrift Store Vancouver 2743 Main StreetWest End Senior Network Clothes and Collectibles Vancouver 1030 Denman St411 Seniors Centre Society – 411 Thrift Store Vancouver 411 Dunsmuir Street

Aunt Leah’s Urban Thrift Store Vancouver 177 East Broadway (at Main Street)

The King's Way Church - Thrift Store Ministry Vancouver 4259 Fraser St.

SOS Children's Village BC Thrift Store Richmond Rear-3800 Moncton St, Richmond, BC V7E 3A6

Richmond Hospital/Healthcare Auxiliary Thrift Store Richmond 3731 Chatham St, Richmond,

BC V7E 2Z1Richmond Animal Protection Society Thrift Store Richmond 140-8260 Granville Ave,

Richmond, BC V6Y 1P3Surrey Hospice Society & Fire Fighters Community Thrift Store Surrey 7138 King George Blvd,

Surrey, BC V3W 5A3

Kims Village Thrift Store Surrey 10579 King George Blvd, Surrey, BC V3T 2X5

MCC Thrift Shop Surrey 10653 King George Blvd, Surrey, BC V3T 2X6

White Rock South Surrey Hospice Thrift Store Surrey 15562 24 Ave, Surrey, BC

V4A 2J5

Worldserve Thrift White Rock 1401 Johnston Rd, White Rock, BC V4B 3Z4

Joy Thrift Store Coquitlam 1206 Ridgeway Ave, Coquitlam, BC V3J 1S9

BASES Family Thrift Store Burnaby 7666 Kingsway, Burnaby, BC V3N 3C6

The Burnaby Hospice Society Thrift Store Burnaby 6843 Kingsway, Burnaby, BC V5E 1E4

Orphan Aid Thrift Store Burnaby 7889 Edmonds St, Burnaby, BC V3N 1B9

Journey Home Thrift Burnaby 7337 Edmonds St, Burnaby, BC V3N 1A7

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http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/Richmond/Richmond-Hospital-Healthcare-Auxiliary/7960412.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC&expandMap=direction

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/Richmond/Richmond-Hospital-Healthcare-Auxiliary/7960412.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC&expandMap=direction

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/Richmond/Richmond-Hospital-Healthcare-Auxiliary/7960412.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/Richmond/Richmond-Hospital-Healthcare-Auxiliary/7960412.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/Richmond/SOS-Children-s-Village-BC-Thrift-Store/7287089.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC&expandMap=direction

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/Richmond/SOS-Children-s-Village-BC-Thrift-Store/7287089.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC&expandMap=direction

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/Vancouver/First-United-Thrift-Store/6018193.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC&expandMap=direction

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/Vancouver/First-United-Thrift-Store/6018193.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/Vancouver/HOB-Thrift-Store/7810961.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC&expandMap=direction

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/Vancouver/HOB-Thrift-Store/7810961.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/Vancouver/Fabtabulous-Thrift/8068434.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC&expandMap=direction

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/Vancouver/Fabtabulous-Thrift/8068434.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/Vancouver/Hob-Too-Thrift-Store/6752871.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC&expandMap=direction

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/Vancouver/Hob-Too-Thrift-Store/6752871.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/Vancouver/Community-Thrift-Vintage-Ltd/7572765.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC&expandMap=direction

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/Vancouver/Community-Thrift-Vintage-Ltd/7572765.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/Vancouver/Still-Fabulous-Thrift-Shop/7067046.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC&expandMap=direction

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/Vancouver/Still-Fabulous-Thrift-Shop/7067046.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/Vancouver/YWCA-Metro-Vancouver/3543967.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC&expandMap=direction

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/Vancouver/YWCA-Metro-Vancouver/3543967.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/Vancouver/Our-Community-Thrift-Vintage-Ltd/7833627.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC&expandMap=direction

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/Vancouver/Our-Community-Thrift-Vintage-Ltd/7833627.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC


Delta Hospital Auxiliary Thrift Shop Delta 4816 Delta St, Delta, BC V4K 2T6

Penny Savers Thrift Shop Delta 11961 82 Ave, Delta, BC V4C 2C6

The Littlest Thrift Shop New Westminster 305 Cedar St, New Westminster, BC V3L 3N9

Meadow Ridge Women In Need Thrift Store Maple Ridge 22362 119th Ave

Cythera Thrift Store Maple Ridge 140-22255 Dewdney Trunk Rd, Maple Ridge, BC V2X 3J1

Langley Memorial Hospital Auxiliary Thrift Shop Langley Twnship 20211 - 56 Ave, Langley B.C.

Bibles For Missions Thrift Store Langley City 5785 200 St, Langley, BC V3A 1M7

The Lions Gate Hospital Thrift Shop North Vancouver 128 15th St W, North Vancouver, BC V7M 1R5

SHARE'd Treasures Thrift Store Port Moody 2404 St.Johns Street

Specialty Reuse stores (only inlcudes those that sell reused items - not just service them)B-Line Appliance Recycling Vancouver 776 KingswayLangara Used Appliances Burnaby 4739 Hastings StreetOur Social Fabric -textile recycling Vancouver 871 East Hastings StreetHomestart Foundation furniture reuse Vancouver 1530 Rand AveFree geek computer recycling Vancouver 1820 PandoraClutter guys- haulers specializing in reuse NO ADDRESS?Urban Source - alternative art materials Vancouver 3126 Main Street VancouverOur Community Bikes Vancouver 3283 Main St.,Corner Sports Port Coquitlam 2276 Elgin Avenue

Repair ShopsTorn Piano Coquitlam 1249 Benneck WayKevin’s Used Computer Ltd Coquitlam #8 – 970 Westwood StSunwood Vacuums Coquitlam 3035 Anson AveNew Tech Applianc Repair Coquitlam 731 Gatensbury St.Brookswood Appliance Service Langley City 6-20701 Langley BypassComputer Center Langley City 20237 Industrial Ave.Langley Vacuum and Sewing Center Langley City 107-6039 196 StGreg's Appliances and Refridgeration Aldergrove 26985 25 Ave, AldergroveBudget Appliances Surrey 13515 108th AveHeritage Office Furnishings Vancouver 1588 Rand AvenueThe Office Shop. Burnaby 7620 Winston StreetOfficewise Burnaby #3 - 2909 BainBridge Ave

72

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/North-Vancouver/The-Lions-Gate-Hospital-Thrift-Shop/2377748.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC&expandMap=direction

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/North-Vancouver/The-Lions-Gate-Hospital-Thrift-Shop/2377748.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC&expandMap=direction

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/North-Vancouver/The-Lions-Gate-Hospital-Thrift-Shop/2377748.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/Langley/Bibles-For-Missions-Thrift-Store/189646.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC&expandMap=direction

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/Langley/Bibles-For-Missions-Thrift-Store/189646.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC&expandMap=direction

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/Langley/Bibles-For-Missions-Thrift-Store/189646.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/Maple-Ridge/Cythera-Thrift-Store/7976604.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC&expandMap=direction

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/Maple-Ridge/Cythera-Thrift-Store/7976604.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC&expandMap=direction

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/Maple-Ridge/Cythera-Thrift-Store/7976604.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/New-Westminster/The-Littlest-Thrift-Shop/100226263.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC&expandMap=direction

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/New-Westminster/The-Littlest-Thrift-Shop/100226263.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC&expandMap=direction

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/New-Westminster/The-Littlest-Thrift-Shop/100226263.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/Delta/Penny-Savers-Thrift-Shop/1214343.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC&expandMap=direction

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/Delta/Penny-Savers-Thrift-Shop/1214343.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC&expandMap=direction

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/Delta/Penny-Savers-Thrift-Shop/1214343.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/Delta/Delta-Hospital-Auxiliary-Thrift-Shop/490339.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC&expandMap=direction

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/Delta/Delta-Hospital-Auxiliary-Thrift-Shop/490339.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC&expandMap=direction

http://www.yellowpages.ca/bus/British-Columbia/Delta/Delta-Hospital-Auxiliary-Thrift-Shop/490339.html?what=Thrift+Stores&where=Vancouver+BC

salvaged materials market study at regional facilities august 28 final

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