sandia brief

7/28/2019 SANDIA Brief

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Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company,

for the United States Department of Energy under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Taking Reconnaissance toTaking Reconnaissance toAnother LevelAnother Level

Margaret Murray

Sandia National Laboratories

Albuquerque, NM505-844-7432

[email protected]

UAVs: The Way Ahead

Washington, DC

October 2004


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2UAVs: The Way Ahead

Outline

Radar Capabilities

Brief tutorial

Sample Images and Products UAV Applications

UAV Radar Capabilities


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4/324UAVs: The Way Ahead



Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging

Transmit Bandwidth for RangeResolution

Movement in Azimuth Creates aSynthetic Aperture ProvidingAzimuth Resolution

Slant Range Images Layover/ Height Ambiguity Shadow

Coherence Ability to form interferometric

SAR products Produces Speckle

Important Imaging Parameters Frequency Resolution

Polarization Depression Angle Aspect



Imaging Geometry

altitude

nadir

range

swath

depression angle

shadow regionconstantrange

contour



Broad and Spot Coverage

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Resolution Comparison

T-62 tank: 1, 6, and 4 Ku-Band images

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Frequency Comparison Ku vs. UHF

6-inch resolution

Ku-band

VV polarization

.5 meter resolution

UHF band (570MHz)

VV polarization

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Polarimetric SAR

H H H V

V H V V

Sandia solar collection

tower and Heliostat array.

(X-band)

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Bi-static SAR places Transmitterand Receiver on separatevehicles

Allows unusual geometries stationary transmitter orreceiver,

looking straight ahead

Bi-static SAR

Transmitter SystemTransmitter System

Receiver SystemReceiver System

Ground SceneGround Scene



Coherent Change Detection - CCD

Reference SAR Image: Grassy Field

CCD Image Changes denoted by dark areas

Current SAR Image: Grassy Field

El ti M d O th tifi d


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Elevation Map and OrthorectifiedSAR Image

Twin Lakes, NM; DTED Level IV

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D t D li d t S t S i d FEMA


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Data Delivered to Secret Service and FEMAfor Olympic Security

RTV IFSAR -- 3 Meter Terrain Park City, Utah

USGS 30-m DEMDTED II

DTED IV

For Additional Information Contact Director JPSD at (703) 704-1940 http://peoiews.monmouth.army.mil/jpsd/home.htm14


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Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED)

DTED I(90 m spacing)

DTED II

(30 m spacing)

DTED III

(10 m spacing)

DTED IV

(3 m spacing)

DTED V

(1 m spacing)

Absolute X, Y, Z

Accuracy (meters)

Relative X ,Y, Z

Accuracy (meters)

DTED

LevelIV

Post

Spacing

(meters)

X-Y Position

(Circular

Er ror 90%

prob.)

Z Position

(Linear

Er ror 90%

prob.)

X-Y Position

(Circular

Er ror 90%

prob.)

Z Position

(Linear

Er ror 90%

prob.)

Spec 3 10 5 2 0.8

RTV 3 2.8 1.6 1.4 0.7


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Stereo SAR


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High Resolution Range ImagingGround Moving Target Indication

Doppler Bin

Range

Bin[4

inches/bin]

MTI Image o f a 2.5 Ton Truck

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

2.5 Ton TruckGround

Clutter


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Expanded View of 2.5 Ton Truck

Dop pler Bin

Range

Bin[4

inches/bin]

Expanded V iew of a 2.5 Ton Truck

20 40 60 80 100 120 140

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Stakes On

Truck Bed

Truck Cab

GMTI M d SAR I


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GMTI Map and SAR ImageGMTI Disp lay Centered on a Bridge Carrying Traff ic

Moving Targets are presentin the Region of Interest

SAR Image of the Brid ge

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Radar illuminates the ground scene Tag modulates, amplifies and

returns signal

Radar processor recovers tag

signal from return Radar determines tag location and

recovers data

Tag appears on radar display

Radar Responsive Tag System

Radar Applications


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Radar Applicationsfor UAVs

Civilian Applications Damage assessment for

hurricanes and fires Monitor urban growth

Snow Cover Assessment Search and Rescue Monitoring Oil Slicks Monitoring Earth

Resources Vegetation Sea ice

Security (mapping) Nonproliferation and treaty

verification

Military Applications Intelligence, Surveillance,

Reconnaissance Mission Planning

Force protection Targeting Battle Damage

Assessment

Mapping Counter CC&D Mine Detection Tags

Combat Identification

(CID) Blue Force Tracking


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UAV Migration

Two capabilities facilitate the migration of radar capabilitiesto UAVs.

Miniaturization of all components.

Increase in real time processing capability.

1991500 lbs, 15 GHz

6-in resolution

16 km range1998

120 lbs, 16.7 GHz

4 -in resolution

35 km range

CCD & GMTI2005

25 lbs, 16.7 GHz

4-in resolution

15 km range

2009(?)

2x2x0.75 REA

16.7 GHz, 4-in res.~10 km range

MiniSAR

MESA SAR


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Baseline Manned Aircraft SAR

GPS

PilotGuidance

HostUser Interface

Display

Data Recording

Phase HistoryData Recording

Antenna GimbalAssembly

Antenna

Gimbal

IMU

RF Front End

Radar ElectronicsAssembly

Radar Control PPC

Motion Measurement

Image Formation PPC

Digital Receiver

RF AssemblyDigital Waveform Synthesizer

RADOME23


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Baseline Unmanned Aircraft SAR

GroundStation

GPS

RadarElectronicsAssembly

Flight Computer& Data Storage

Telemetry

Radar Ground Station

User InterfaceRadar Display

Data Recording / DatabaseMission Planning

AntennaGimbalAssembly

RADOME

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Lynx SAR


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Lynx SAR

Predator UAV

Radar

ElectronicsAssembly

General Atomics AN/APY-8 Lynx Radar in production

High-resolution Ku-band spotlight SAR: 0.1mresolution

Stripmap SAR at arbitrary angles: 0.3mresolution

Exoclutter Moving Target Indicator (MTI)

Near-real-time coherent-change detection (CCD)

Extended range operation: 33 km with 4 mm/hrrain or 55 km without rain at 0.3-m resolution

Low weight and power: 119-lb total weight, < 1.2-kW prime power


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IFSAR Mapping ACTD Radar Sensor

Resolution Elevation 3 m and Imagery 0.75 m

Accuracy Absolute Horizontal & Vertical Accuracy ~ 3m

Currency Most Up-to-Date Geospatial Data Available

3-Dimensional 3D Analysis and Mission Planning

Wide-Area Coverage Up to 9,800 sq km per day

Day/Night and All-Weather Not Affected by Clouds

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Miniature SAR


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SSNLs Next Generation SAR

Goal: Develop a fully-functional, high-performance SAR with atotal weight less than 20 pounds.

Real-time SAR image processing

Resolutions down to 0.1-m

Image quality comparable to current SNL systems Package weight includes:

RF hardware, real-time image processing hardware, motionmeasurement system, and antenna assembly

Approach: 5x size/weight/component cost reduction

(compared to current Sandia systems)

Digital radar elements

Radar receiver Waveform synthesizer

Advanced electronics packaging

High density programmable logic

Novel microstrip patch array Ultra-broad band: > 20%

Lightweight gimbal Lightweight Gimbal

Digital

Waveform

Synthesizer

MiniSAR Specifications


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MiniSAR Specifications

Spec if icat ion Value Notes

Weight 25 lbs (phase 1), 04/05 18 lbs (phase 1b), 12/05

Size ~ 7 cube (REA)

~ 10 cube (AGA)

REA - Radar Electronics Assembly

AGA Antenna Gimbal Assembly

Frequency 16.7 GHz Readily extensible to X/Ka bands

Resolution 4 in. minimum Spotlight mode, real-time

Range 24 km @ 12-in. res.

17 km@4 in. res.

Longer ranges possible with larger

antenna

Transmitter Power 60 W

Modes Spotlight (phase 1) Stripmap, GMTI, CCD (phase 1b)

MiniSAR Radar

Electronics

Chass is (REA)

and Antenna

Gimbal

Assembly

(AGA)

MESASAR:

C lli T h l d S t I ti


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Compelling Technology and System Innovation


Technology: Fully Integrated Radar Element (FIRE module) Integration Level: Revolutionary leap in integrated RF/digital technology for Radar. Functionality: Incorporate advanced radar waveform generation, power amplification, digital

receiver technology, and bandwidth compression and filtering in small, integrated module.

System: FIRE facilitates multiple, unprecedented Radar system capabilities

Size and Cost: Extreme miniaturization and affordability (Lynx/10) Performance: Broad bandwidth, high fidelity signal generation and data acquisition. Independent Phase Centers:

Combine in large conformal ESAs, with hyper concurrent (multiple, simultaneousbeams/modes).

Single Fiber optical/digital I/O.

FIRE Module Simplified Block DiagramFIRE Module Simplified Block DiagramSolid-

State

Power

Amp

DownconverterReceiver

Digital

Receiver

X4

Exciter

Quadrature

DWS

UpconverterT/R

Switch

Data

Processing

Antenna

CONTROLLER

Optical

Interface

STALO

Fully Integrated Radar Element

Application Architectures


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Application Architectures Scalable Radar Architectures

Single Fire module with RF Mems-based ESA:Ultra-miniature, low cost SAR

4-8 Fire modules with RF MEMs-based ESA:

Current generation radar /10 with enhanced GMTI and IF SARcapability

Tomographic SAR (true 3-D w/ foliage peak through

capabilities)

100+ Fire modules: Large, conformal, agile arrays

Subarray-based true-time delay beam steering

Hyper-concurrency: multiple simultaneous beams and modes

Self-calibrating space-based arrays

Applications

Small UAVs (down to 5 lb payload):

Persistent Surveillance

Medium/large UAVs:

Multi-sensor fusion

Hyper-concurrency (multiple simultaneous modes)

All weather, GPS-denied weapon guidance

Relative targeting coordinates

Loiter-attack munitions (line between weapons and UAVsblurring)

Sensor cost < $60K

2 x 2 FIRE

modules

Summary


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Summary

Radar Remote Sensing provides manycapabilities applicable to UAV missions.

Current and developmental UAV capabilities

include imaging, ground moving target indication,coherent change detection, and mapping.

These are made possible by the combination of

UAV compatible size/weight profiles and real timeprocessing capability.

Expect to see the migration of greater radarcapabilities to UAVs as component andsubsystem sizes shrink.

Further Information


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on Sandia Radar Remote Sensing

For further information regarding Sandia SAR

Programs visit www.sandia.gov/radaror contactBrett Remund at [email protected] or (505)-844-1767.

To receive our E-magazine contact KatelynMileshosky at [email protected] or (505) 844-0378

For further information on MiniSAR and MesaSAR contact Kurt Sorensen [email protected] or (505)845-9583
http://www.sandia.gov/radarmailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.sandia.gov/radar

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