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ABSTRACTS10th National Symposium

on

Managing Natural Resources for Enhancing Agricultural & Allied Productivity in

Coastal Region under Changing Climate

December 11-14, 2013

at

Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Bharuch, Gujarat

Organized by

Indian Society of Coastal Agricultural ResearchCSSRI, Regional Research Station, Canning Town,

West Bengal

In collaboration with

Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana

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ABSTRACTS

10th National SymposiumOn

Managing Natural Resources for Enhancing Agricultural & Allied Productivity in Coastal

Region under Changing Climate


Organized by

Indian Society of Coastal Agricultural Research

CSSRI, Regional Research Station

Canning Town, West Bengal



at

Central Soil Salinity Research Institute

Regional Research Station, Bharuch, Gujarat

Published byHony. Secretary, Indian Society of Coastal Agricultural Research

Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station

Canning Town 743 329, West Bengal (India)

Edited and CompiledBy

S. K. Sarangi1, B. Maji, D. Burman1, S. Mandal1, K. K. Mahanta1,

G. Gururaja Rao2, Indivar Prasad2, Shrvan Kumar2 and

Nikam Vinayak Ramesh2

Central Soil Salinity Research Institute1 Regional Research Station, Canning Town, West Bengal

2 Regional Research Station, Bharuch 392 012 (Gujarat)

Acknowledgements

The Indian Society of Coastal Agricultural Research (ISCAR) is grateful to

the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, National

Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), Mumbai,

Gujarat Council on Science and Technology (GUJCOST), Gandhinagar,

Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Limited (SSNNL), Gandhinagar, Coastal

Salinity Preventio Cell (CSPC), Ahmedabad and Council of Scientific &

Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi for sponsoring this Symposium.

Generous financial support received from M/s Pelican Equipments, Chennai

and M/s Nutech Instruments, New Delhi is gratefully acknowledged. The

auditorium facilities provided by Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilizers and

Chemical Ltd., Bharuch is gratefully acknowledged.

CONTENTS

Technical Session Name of Theme/Session Abstract No. Mode of

Presentation Page No.

IAdvances in soil, water and crop management for enhancing production in coastal region

SWCM 1 - 10 Oral 7

SWCM 11 - 20 Poster 15

IIRecent advancement in field, horticultural and plantation crops and forestry for coastal areas

FHPF 1-8 Oral 23

FHPF 9-15 Poster 28

IIIAdvanced management of aquaculture, livestock and allied activities for enhancing farm income

ALAA 1-7 Oral 35

ALAA 8 Poster 39

IVEmerging ecological threat, mitigation measures and coastal forestry manage-ment

ETMF 1-8 Oral 41

ETMF 9 Poster 47

VTransfer of technology, livelihoods improvement and impacts

TOTL 1-8 Oral 49TOTL 9-11 Poster 55

VICoastal saline Vertisols -problems and perspectives with special reference to Gujarat

VPPG 1-6 Oral 59

VPPG 7-14 Poster 67

10th National Symposium

5Managing Natural Resources for Enhancing Agricultural & Allied Productivity in Coastal Region under Changing Climate

Session - 1: Theme :

Advances in soil, water and crop management for enhancing production in coastal region

6 Managing Natural Resources for Enhancing Agricultural & Allied Productivity in Coastal Region under Changing Climate

ABSTRACTS



Eastern and western coast together with the Island of Andaman &Nicobar, Lakshadweep, Puducherry and Karaikal constitute the coastal region of India. Eastern coast spreads over in the states of West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, covering an area of 42924km2, whereas Western coast extends in the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, and Kerala on 24889 km2 area. In the Eastern coast, the largest area affected with coastal line occurs in the state Odisha (50,824 km2) and the smallest in Tami Nadu (7,424 km2), whereas the corresponding states are Gujarat (17465 km2) and Goa (220 km2) in the Western coast. Entisols, Inceptisols, Vertisols, Alfisols and Aridisols constitute the dominant soil system of the region. Vertisols and vertic intergrades in Andhra Pradesh; Inceptisols, Entisols and vertic intergrades of Inceptisols in Odisha and West Bengal; Entisols and Alfisols in Tamil Nadu are the dominant soils of Eastern coast. Entisols in Kerala and Karnataka; Alfisols in Maharashtra; Inceptisols in Goa and Aridisols in Gujarat are the major soils of Western coast. Entisols are the dominant soils of A&N, Lakshadweep, Puducherry and Karaikal Islands. The soils of the coastal region are saline. These have been categorized into coastal saline, deltaic saline, marine saline and acid sulfate soils. The recent estimate suggests that coastal saline soils cover an area of 8000 km2 in the coastal region of Gujarat, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh states. Deltaic salinity occupies 5384 km2 area in the Eastern coast. Acid sulfate soils cover about 2100 km2 area occupying lagoons and lake type situations in Malabar Coast of Kerala and also spotted in Sundarbans delta of West Bengal. Marine saline soils cover 22426 km2 area mostly in Rann of Kutch and a minor part in Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Soils of the coastal region suffers from abiotic stress arising due to soil salinity, acidity, acid sulfate layer at varying depth, high content of iron, alumina and arsenic, high salt content in ground water, waterlogging due to rains, water deficit in

winter, cyclone and weather storms alone or in combination. Coastal region as a whole is prone to climate change. It is projected that different kind of stresses are expected to be magnified on account of predicted climate change. Vulnerability to climate change is expected to be more pronounce in Eastern than the Western coast. The various technologies of water harvesting, nutrient management and improved crop varieties made inroad in the region for the management of coastal soils. These isolated efforts of stress management without considering soil and site characteristics accentuated the problems of human health, bio-diversity and environmental sustainability. The assessment of potentiality of these soils have been made in the past by employing land capability classification, land irrigability classification and soil site suitability evaluation scheme without considering various technologies developed to overcome the constraints. Therefore, another approach involving soil-land use model based on the concept of holistic management consisting of land use, nutrient management, liming and water harvesting technique in site specific mode as a package is thought to be attempted towards rationalizing land use. In this approach, the selection of land use and technologies varies from place to place depending upon the problems and potentialities of soil and site characteristics. For example in a case study of managing acid sulfate soils in Sunderbans, primary focus of soil-land use modeling was to locate and characterize acid sulfate layers and to store good quality of rainwater through creation of on-farm reservoir. Soil survey report on 1:10,000 scale indicated that acid sulfate layer occurred between the depths of 40 to 80 cm from the surface. Among the available technologies of water harvesting, benefits of farm pond may not be fruitful because of environmental problem likely to arise by exposing the acid sulfate layer. Similar problem may also occur upon the execution of deep furrow and high

SWCM 1 (InvIted)

ReSouRCe ChaRaCteRIzatIon and SoIl-land uSe ModelIng foR SuStaInable land uSe PlannIng undeR CoaStal eCo-SySteM

S.K.SIngh and dIPaK SaRKaR

National Bureau of Soil Survey and land Use Planning, Regional Center Kolkata, Salt Lake, Kolkata-700091, West Bengal, India

E-mail:[email protected]


ABSTRACTS

ridges. Shallow furrow and medium ridge technology may be the most appropriate. In this technology, furrows are used for rain water harvesting and paddy-fish cultivation during Kharif, whereas ridges are used for cultivating vegetable round the year and may also be used for raising horticultural crops. Deep trench and dyke technology may also be used; however, sub-soil acidity may be detrimental for aquatic fishes. Therefore, medium ridge and shallow furrow technology is most likely to be useful for increasing the productivity as well as preventing the degradation likely to occur on destruction of acid sulfate layer. Once the land shaping model is perfected, it opens new corridors of growing multiple and diversified crops almost throughout the year. Improved rice varieties can be grown both in Kharif (tall, long duration and high yielding) and Rabi (short duration, salt tolerant and high yielding)

seasons. Multiple crops like vegetables and other low water requiring crops (like cotton, sunflower, ground nut etc.) can be grown in the fields almost throughout the year with the support of adequate nutrient and water management practices. Fish cum rice cultivation is another option for maximizing productivity and profitability. Such type of judicious soil and water management in the coastal region is likely to increase cropping intensities, employment and economic return of the land without hampering bio-diversity and environment. Therefore soil-land use model based on soil information extracted from 1:10,000 scale mapping together with the available technologies in site specific mode is one of the promising management option for managing coastal region for high productivity as well as environmental sustainability.

SWCM 2 (InvIted)

PRoSPeCtIve uSe of PooR QualIty WateR foR hIgheR PRoduCtIvIty In CoaStal aReaS

S.K. aMbaSt

AICRP on Management of Salt Affected Soils & Use of Saline Water in AgricultureCentral Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal (India) - 132001

India has 8,129 km long coast line. Its peninsular region is bounded by the Bay of Bengal on the east, the Indian Ocean to its south and the Arabian Sea on the west. In addition, it has two distinct major island ecosystems, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal and the Lakshadweep Islands in the Arabian Sea. The hinterland of the coastline has varied geomorphic and topographical features of coastal plains, mountains, valley, reverine systems, climatic conditions, soil conditions and water budgets, and a wide range of cultivated crops. The agriculture in coastal area is plagued with adverse land and water conditions. It include (i) intense rainfall at early and prolonged drought spell at later crop stage, and severe surface drainage problem due to non-availability of land gradient, low permeable sub-soils, inadequate field drainage and siltation of river beds causing cultivation of low productive, traditional tall varieties during kharif season, and (ii) delay in sowing due to excessive soil moisture and excessive salt accumulation in the soil profile due to tidal waters, lack of assured water supply and poor quality groundwater causing low crop productivity during

rabi season. Therefore, the answer to the problem of improving agricultural production and productivity in the coastal area primarily lies with the tackling of surface drainage problem during monsoon season, and improving water availability and controlling salinity during post-monsoon season.

Although agriculture in the coastal ecosystem is predominantly rain fed, it is seen as potential areas for bridging the expected national food shortages due to low agricultural productivity and high rainfall. Management of rainwater is, therefore, central and crucial that forms the basis for improvement in the region. Integrated natural resource management is good for planning strategy, watershed management is good for program implementation and farming system approach is more suiting to beneficiaries. However, looking to the small land holdings in coastal ecosystem, farming system approach seems to be more appropriate. It is an integrated approach on rainwater management dealing with on-farm storage of excess rainwater during monsoon season and recycling the same for irrigation of crops during deficit periods



in dry season with the objective to introduce multi-cropping and multiple uses of water in the otherwise predominantly mono-cropped rice areas. Since rice is the main cropping system in the entire coastal region, focus needs to be re-oriented towards an integrated planning for rice-based crop planning which may be compatible with the available land and water resources for improved and sustainable productivity. The various strategies suggested to combat the surface drainage problem are (i) channelization of the catchment and regulated operation of the sluice gates (ii) land and water management through leveling, bunding, land shaping alternatives and improved crop planning, and (iii) adopting improved crop varieties tolerant to high submergence and salinity. Harvesting

of excess rainwater through on-farm reservoirs, land shaping alternatives, derelict channels, surface drains and river estuaries during monsoon season would not only provide the means of assured water supply during post-monsoon season but also create the scope of fresh water aquaculture. In addition, instead of saline groundwater alone, conjunctive use of harvested rainwater with saline groundwater through efficient irrigation application techniques like micro-irrigation will be of great use for higher crop productivity and economizing the stored rainwater. However, in this paper, greater emphasis is given on various experiences on use of poor quality groundwater with good quality water so as to enhance the crop productivity and farm profitability in the coastal areas of the country.

SWCM 3 (InvIted)

foRage PRoduCtIon baSed teChnologIeS foR natuRal ReSouRCe ManageMent undeR ChangIng ClIMate

P.K. ghoSh, R.v. KuMaR and h.v. SIngh

Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi- 283003, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaE-mail:[email protected]

Global warming is the observed increase in the average temperature of the earth’s atmosphere and oceans in recent decades. Changing climate and their impact has great impact directly or indirectly on agriculture of developing country like India. Climatic change primarily affects livestock production through its effects on forage production. In India the direct impact of climate change will be effect on plant growth development and yield due to change in rainfall and temperature. Of all the major ecosystems, which contributes in agriculture production, ‘coastal’ has a significant role, wherein about 50-70 % of the global population lives within 100 km of the coastline covering only about 4 % of earth’s land. Costal wasteland of India is about 27.12 per cent of total wasteland and Gujarat comes next to West Bengal in total salt affected soil. Coastal salt affected soils of India extending about 3.1 m ha constitutes about 30 per cent of the total salt affected soils of the country. Agriculture, on the coastal plain is constrained by a number of technological, social or anthropological, and climatic factors limiting the productivity. All 73 coastal districts of India are vulnerable to coastal hazards and are regarded as highly threatened. Resource productivity over the

years has declined due to low inputs, poor technology, and lack of communication and marketing facilities. Another significant issue in the rural coastal areas is accelerated erosion of coastal land, which threatens the sustenance of coastal agriculture, and built habitats. Coastal areas in India today face multiple environmental degradation issues due to ever increasing anthropogenic pressures and over extraction of natural resources.

The integration of trees and shrubs with annual/perennial crops is an age old management system practiced by farmers to provide shade, a steady supply of food/fodder/feed/fuel/timber and/or income throughout the year, arrest degradation and maintain soil fertility, diversify income sources, enhance use efficiency of soil nutrients, water and radiation, and provide regular employment. The systems have some obvious advantages for maintaining production during climate hazards years. Trees are less susceptible than annual crops to weather variability and extremes like droughts or floods, deliver products such as fruits, fodder, fuel wood and timber and also store significant amounts of carbon. Combined yields of tree, crop and livestock products


ABSTRACTS

from well planned and well managed Multi-purpose tree based production systems (MPTs) tend to be higher than those from sole systems due to increased and efficient use of scarce resources. Tree species like Casuarina equisetifolia, Acrocerus zizanioides, Agrosystis brachiate, Prosopis spicigera etc are highly salt tolerant and grows in coastal regions and on inland saline soils. Grasses like Imparata sp., Phramites karka etc has potential to grow with these trees. Casuarina species can be used for good shelter belt plantation and also helps in stabilizing sand dunes. Extensive shelter belt plantations can

be raised in coastal areas of West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka. Besides, providing, fodder, fuel, wood, it can be used in coastal region for soil reclamation and for soil erosion control. By planting this species, numerous stretches of land on the sea coast can be reclaimed, where other species can be subsequently introduced. This is suitable for grassy banks, estuaries, river banks and water ways also. It is also grown as evergreen hedges, shelter belts, wind breaks, avenue trees and as sand binder.

SWCM 4 (dR. JSP yadav beSt PaPeR aWaRd)

RubbeR daMS foR ManageMent of CoaStal WateRShedS

S.K. Jena, a. KuMaR, P.S. bRahManand, a. MIShRa, d.u. PatIl, n. Sahoo, S.K. ChattoPadhyay, a.K. bhaRIMalla, K. RaJKuMaR and M.K. taluKdaR

Directorate of Water Management, Opposite Rail Vihar, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar-751023, Odisha, India

E-mail: [email protected] watersheds are very fragile and prone to frequent natural disasters like, cyclone, flood, tsunami, high intensity and uneven distribution of rainfall and many times agricultural drought due to long dry spells. Check dams are engineering measures which are mainly used for soil and water conservation in watersheds and in general they are made of steel, concrete, soil, rock (permanent) or with vegetation (temporary). To give more flexibility in release and control of water flow across the streams, research efforts were made at Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar in collaboration with Indian Rubber Manufacturers Research Association, Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, and Kusumgar Corporate Private Limited, Mumbai to design, fabricate and install rubber sheets instead of cement material for check dams and to study their impact on hydrology and crop performance. Five rubber dams were installed as different hydraulic structures for various uses in coastal watersheds at different locations of Khurda district, Odisha i.e. Mendhasal, Baghamari, Badapokharia and Chandeswar with innovative manufacturing, fabrication and installation technology. These are the first indigenous rubber dams in our country. A rubber dam or flexible check dam is an inflatable structure build across a stream used for water conservation,

flood control and regulating flow of water in the stream. When it is inflated, it serves as a check dam/weir. And when it is deflated, it functions as a flood mitigation device and sediment flushing. The head or height of rubber dam is variable. According to the requirement its height can be increased or decreased. This variable head also regulates the depth of flow in the irrigation diversion channel present in the upstream side of the check dam or in irrigation canals and distributaries. The main advantages of the rubber dam are its ability for better water conservation, soil erosion control (stream bed as well as stream banks or side of channel) and flood control during excess runoff water flow (flood). It also acts as a dam/ reservoir for storing water during scanty rainfall period (dry spells) so that supplemental irrigation can be provided to the crops. This technology has a potential to benefit farmers in rainfed agro-ecosystems as well as in coastal areas susceptible for sea water ingress, natural calamities like cyclone, flood, high tide, tsunami etc. The adoption of technology has enhanced the rural livelihood options. It has enhanced the crop productivity, crop production, crop diversification, cropping intensity thus increasing the rural income. It stores an additional amount of water in the range of 4500m3 to 10000 m3 and irrigates around 20 to 30 ha during Kharif to 5 ha during summer depending



upon the slope and capacity of the stream. The productivity of rice was found to be increased up to 62% due to assured irrigation provided through rubber dams during dry spells during Kharif season. Similarly, the productivity of pulses, and vegetable crops was enhanced up to 25% and 40% during Rabi and summer seasons respectively due to assured

irrigation provided from the stored water in rubber dam. It generates employment and reduces migration of labour. This is also acting as a cushion for crop insurance by providing assured irrigation, life saving irrigation and multiple use for enhancing water productivity.

SWCM 5

ReClaMatIon, ManageMent and PRoduCtIon PotentIal of CoaStal SalIne SoIlS of MahaRaShtRa

K. d. PatIl, K. P. vaIdya, d. K. boRSe, S. S. gangan and l. S. Chavan

Khar Land Research Station, Panvel, Raigad - 410206, Maharashtra, India E-mail: [email protected]

The extent of coastal saline soils are 65,000 ha occurs in Maharashtra. Unproductively of coastal saline soil is mainly due to salinity, even though the soils are fertile. The reclamation of coastal saline soil can be carried out by providing and maintaining embankment, surface, subsurface drainage, providing surface dugout ponds and cultural practices. Salt removed by sub surface drainage revealed that salt removal is related to spacing of drains, closer the drains more salt removal. Due to construction of dyke, excavating the drains, horizontal and vertical desalinization reduces soil salinity. Salt tolerant rice varieties PNL – 1, 2, 3 are adopted by farmers of the

region. Application of recommended NP & FYM produced significantly higher rice yield and help to reduce soil salinity. Application of organic manures, green manures observed to reduce the adverse effect of salinity on crop. Application of Urea DAP briquettes found beneficial in reducing the N and P dose by 50%. The stored rainwater in surface dug out pond can be use as protective irrigation for short duration and salt tolerant crops like spinach, radish, mustard, linseed, sugar beet, tomato, cucurbitaceous vegetables and to reduce soil salinity. Simultaneously culturing fish in field and in the ponds is extensively adopted and proving profitable farming in the region.

SWCM 6

length of gRoWIng PeRIod and WateR PRoduCtIvIty of IMPoRtant CRoPS and CRoPPIng SySteMS of haldIa, PaRadeeP and

vISaKhaPatnaM PoRt aReaS

S. K. SaRangI, K. K. Mahanta, S. Mandal and b. MaJI

Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Canning Town – 743 329, West Bengal, India

E-mail: [email protected]

The length of the “growing season” or “growing period” (LGS or LGP), as defined by the Agro-Ecological Zones project (FAO, 1978) is the period (in days) during a year when precipitation exceeds half the potential evapotranspiration. On this basis the LGP was 150 (last week of May to last week of October), 170 (first week of May to third week of October) and 165 (first week of July to last week of December)

days for Haldia, Paradip and Visakhapatnam respectively. The reference evapotranspiration (ET0) for the three locations were computed by the modified Blaney-Criddle, radiation, modified Penman and Pan evaporation methods. The ET0 was highest for Radiation method for all the locations and the total annual ET0 were 2112.6, 2032.5 and 2075.5 mm for Haldia, Paradip and Visakhapatnam


ABSTRACTS

respectively. The distribution of rainfall over pre-monsoon (April-May), monsoon (June-October) and post monsoon (November –March) was studied and it was found the though the annual rainfall was lowest at Visakhapatnam the distribution was more uniform i.e. 14.6, 63.1 and 22.3% during the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon period respectively. The crop evapotranspiration (ETcrop) was computed for potential crops of the major port areas of West Bengal, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh taking into consideration the ET0 computed by Modified Penman method. Highest ETcrop was observed in case of Rabi rice (604.8 mm) at Haldia, for brinjal (507.2 mm) at Paradip and for sugarcane (1178.9

mm) at Visakhapatnam whereas water productivity on the basis of economic yield was highest in case of potato at Haldia (7.21 kg m-3) and Paradip (6.59 kg m-3) and sugarcane at Visakhapatnam (4.85 kg m-3). In order to find out suitable cropping systems for the study areas the water productivity was calculated for potential cropping systems on the basis of gross as well as net return basis. It was found that suitable cropping systems like rice-potato, rice-sunflower for Haldia, rice-tomato, rice-brinjal for Paradip and rice-chilli, rice-horse gram for Visakhapatnam may be followed to get higher water productivity on net return basis.

SWCM 7

SCReenIng of neWly ReleaSed RICe vaRIetIeS foR SalInIty toleRanCe

P. venKata Rao and g.v. laKShMI

Saline Water Scheme, Agricultural College Farm, BAPATLA- 522 101, Andhra Pradesh, India.


Salinity is considered as one of the important physical factors influencing rice (Oryza sativa L.) production. Knowledge of salinity effects on rice seedling growth and yield components would improve management practices in fields and increase our understanding of salt tolerance mechanisms in rice. A field study was conducted at Ramanayapalem village of Parchuru mandal of Prakasam district (Andhra Pradesh) to test the tolerance levels of the newly released rice varieties on clay loam soils during Kharif, 2011. The treatments comprised of five varieties; S1: NLR-3041, S2: NLR-3042, S3: NLR-28523, S4: NLR-33892 and S5: NLR-34449. The experiment was laid out in RBD design and the treatments were replicated four times. The data revealed that higher grain yields were recorded with the var. NLR-33892 (6300 kg

ha-1) which was significantly superior over the rest of the varieties (NLR-3041, NLR-3042 and NLR-28523) but, it was on a par with the var. NLR-34449 (5886 kg ha-1) under the field conditions having the soil salinity of 5.96 dSm-1. The salinity level reduced in soil after harvest of the crop and it was ranged from 2.06 to 2.48 dSm-1. The highest uptake of sodium at harvest (41.72 kg ha-1) was observed with the var. NLR-3042 (susceptible) and the lowest in the tolerant var.NLR-34449 (17.83 kg ha-1). The sequence of tolerance based o uptake of Na followed in the descending order NLR-34449 (17.83 kg ha-1), NLR-3041(24.21 kg ha-1), NLR-28523 (26.40 kg ha-1), NLR-33892 (28.32 kg ha-1) and NLR-3042(41.83 kg ha-1).



Studies were conducted on two-dimensional Solute Transport estimation using a finite difference model. The theoretically generated data were then compared with the experimental data. In the experimental part the studies were carried out under non-steady infiltration from a trickle source on repacked soil columns of four widely different textural composition covering a range of silt + clay content from 33.0 to 95.0 %. Two irrigation water qualities (EC 1.5 and 6.4 dS m-1) of similar ionic composition were used. Trickle irrigation were applied at 0.3 lph which included 12 h ‘on’ during the day time alternated with 12 h ‘off’ during night, and continued for 7 days. The theoretical data showed vertical distribution of salt concentration increasing exponentially with depth at each spacing and decreasing gradually at each depth with time. Consequently, a gradual displacement of

salts to each depth with time was observed, faster with the decrease in silt + clay content. Horizontal distribution of salts showed increase with distance at a given depth, and a gradual decrease with time. The horizontal displacement was, however, least in the soil having the lowest silt + clay content. In the experimental study salt concentrations in the in-situ soil solutions were measured periodically at different distances and depths non-destructively by soil salinity sensors in soil columns of 56 cm in diameter and 60 cm in height. The comparison between the theoretical and experimental data showed fairly satisfactory agreement. Following rigorous checking the finite difference model tested appears to be useful in scheduling trickle discharge in such way as to maintain a predetermined salinity regime at a given spacing and depth of the soil.

SWCM 8

tWo-dIMenSIonal Solute tRanSPoRt undeR tRICKle IRRIgatIon In dIffeRent textuRed SoIlS

d. Pal and K. K. Mahanta

Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Canning Town– 743 329, West Bengal, India


SWCM 9

evaluatIon of vaRIed agRonoMIC ManageMent PRaCtICeS In RICe-RICe CRoP SeQuenCe undeR Changed ClIMatIC CondItIon

SuboRna Roy ChoudhuRy, KouhIK bRahMaChaRI, R.P. ShaRMa and Md. RIton ChoWdhuRty

Department of Agronomy, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur-813210, Bihar, India

E-mail- [email protected]

In the present perspective it can undoubtedly be opined that the indiscriminate rather over use of different agro inputs like irrigation water, chemical fertilizer, pesticides etc. has affected the agro ecosystems enormously, ultimately, increases the levels of greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as CO2, CH4 and N2O in the atmosphere leading to global warming affecting the climate as a whole. Keeping all these thoughts in background an experiment was carried out during 2009-10 and 2010-11 at Sambhunagar, Gosaba, Sundarbans (22º16’N,

88º48’E) with the objectives of estimating the amount of greenhouse gases emitted from the rice fields under different agronomic management practices and evaluating the feasibility of different agronomic management practices for mitigating the ill effects of climate change on rice- rice cropping sequence. The experimental results revealed that the maximum CH4 and N2O emission was observed in the nutrient management NM4 i.e. 25% of RDF through inorganic sources +75% of RDF through organic sources of nutrients and NM1 i.e. 100% RDF


ABSTRACTS

through inorganic sources of nutrients respectively. In general the nutrient management NM3 i.e. 50% RDF through inorganic and 50% RDF trough organic sources of nutrients may be recommended for lowering down the emission of CH4 and N2O. The plots planted with variety V1 i.e. Shatabdi showed

higher values of CH4 and N2O emission with respect to those planted with variety V2 i.e. Kalinga III. Likewise, planting method PM2 i.e. transplanted puddle rice recorded higher values of these two gases with respect to planting method PM1 i.e. SRI.

SWCM 10

CoMPuteRIzed databaSe of Salt affeCted SoIlS foR CoaStal StateS In IndIa

a.K. Mandal

Central Soil Salinity Research institute, Karnal -132001, Haryana, IndiaE-mail: [email protected]

Computerized database on salt affected soils was developed based on the analogue maps of salt affected soils (1997) on 1:250,000 scale (published by CSSRI, Karnal, NBSS&LUP, Nagpur and NRSA Hyderabad). The ILWIS.GIS (Integrated Land and Water Information System) software was used to digitize salt affected soils maps for eight states viz, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Andaman and Nicobar islands. The salt affected soils maps were georeferenced using UTM coordinate system and digitized to develop a base map integrating administrative and political boundaries (state/district), infrastructure (road/railways), irrigation/drainage (canal / river) and settlements (state/district HQ). The salt affected soils polygons showing spatial coverage of salt affected soils were digitized and overlaid the thematic layers of base map to develop State Map of Salt Affected Soils. The attribute datasets for physiography, physico-chemical properties of soils, nature (saline, sodic, saline-sodic), degree (slight, moderate and strong) and the extent of soil salinity/alkalinity (<1/3, 1/3 to 2/3 and >2/3) were entered in tabular format and linked with the map data to develop a relational database. In Gujarat, salt affected soils covered 1401507 ha (saline 1,18,5822 ha and sodic 2,15,685 ha) that is distributed in four physiographic regions (A, B, D and H), covering eleven districts viz, Kachchh (620766 ha), Surendranagar (233429 ha), Junagadh (109158 ha), Bhavnagar (99663 ha) Jamnagar (95778 ha), Bharuch (62561 ha), Rajkot (57634 ha), Amreli (42952 ha), Kheda (37852 ha), Surat (26287 ha) and Valsad (15427 ha). The salt affected soils in Andhra Pradesh covered 191016 ha

(saline 77202 ha and sodic 113814 ha) in coastal zone and distributed in three physiographic regions (D, G and F) covering nine districts viz, Nellore (56481 ha), Krishna (42796 ha), Prakasam (35161 ha), East Godavari (26207 ha), Chittoor (11742 ha), Guntur (10430 ha), Srikakulam (5960 ha), West Godavari (1349 ha) and Vishakhapatnam (890 ha). In Tamil Nadu, salt affected soils covered 320109 ha (saline 14153 ha and sodic 305986 ha) and distributed in two physiographic regions (D and F) that covered seven districts viz, Ramanathapuram (83380 ha), Cuddalore (65069 ha), Kanchipuram (51623 ha), Tirunelveli (48335 ha), Thanjavur (46864 ha), Pudukottai (23916 ha) & Kanyakumari (922 ha). In Maharashtra, saline soils covered 51381 ha which is distributed in three physiographic regions (D, G and F) covering two districts viz, Thane (34967ha) and Rayagad (16414 ha). In West Bengal, saline soils covered 441272 ha which is distributed in two physiographic zones (D and G) covering four districts viz, 24 Parganas-S (315448 ha), Medinipur (124766 ha), 24 Parganas-N (1017 ha) and Howrah (40 ha). In Orissa, saline soils covered 147138 ha distributed in three physiographic regions (C, D and G) covering seven districts viz, Kendrapara (39760 ha), Bhadrak (38256 ha), Puri (26095 ha), Baleswar (16132 ha), Jagatsinghapur (14538 ha), Ganjam (11627 ha) and Khordha (729 ha). In Andaman and Nicobar islands, saline soils covered 77000 ha and distributed in two physiographic zones (D and G), covering four islands viz, North Andaman and Mayabandar (31745 ha), South and Middle Andaman (32845 ha), Little and Great Nicobar (6208 ha), and Car Nicobar and Nancowry (6330 ha). In Kerala, saline soils (20000



ha) are distributed in Coastal plain (D) covering Alleppy (5690 ha), Ernakulam (1056 ha), Kottayam (6676 ha), Malappuram (1852 ha), and Trichur (4725

ha) districts. Thus, salt affected soils covered 2, 64, 9453 ha of which 2, 01, 3968 ha and 6, 35, 485 ha is saline and sodic respectively.

SWCM 11

a SoftWaRe tool foR dRIP IRRIgatIon SySteM

anuRadha beheRa, aShWanI KuMaR and Ranu RanI SethI

College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, Bhubaneshwar - 751003, Odisha, India


Drip irrigation is essential to utilize scare irrigation water. It is also important to improve water use efficiency, water productivity, fertilizer use efficiency and quality of agricultural produce. Simple interactive software in visual basic has been developed for design of drip irrigation system and tested with field data. It can be used for all types of crops. The

software requires basic data such as area of farm, its length and width, type of crop, row to row and crop to crop spacing, location of irrigation source, etc. The software provides design of drip system and works out material requirement for installation of the system. The engineers and farmers can design the system with help of this simple software.

SWCM 12

effeCt of IntegRated nutRIent ManageMent on yIeld, QualIty and nutRIent uPtaKe by gaRlIC undeR CoaStal

Salt affeCted SoIl

J.v. PolaRa, b. M. butanI and n. b. babaRIyaDepartment of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Junagadh Agricultural University,

Junagadh – 362 001, Gujarat, IndiaE-mail: [email protected]

A field experiment was conducted during Rabi-2011 at Agricultural Research Station (Fruit Crops), J.A.U., Mahuva, Dist: Bhavnagar to study the effect of integrated nutrient management on yield, quality and nutrient uptake by garlic under coastal salt affected soil. The eight treatments comprised of T1: Control, T2: 100% R.D. (50:50:50 kg N:P2O5:K2O ha-1), T3: 100% RD + FYM@ 5 t ha-1) , T4: 50% RD + FYM @ 10 t ha-1, T5: 100% RD + poultry manure @ 2 t ha-1, T6: 50% RD + poultry manure @ 4 t ha-1, T7: FYM@ 10 t ha-1 and T8: poultry manure @ 4 t ha-1 were tried in randomized block design having four replications. The experimental soil had clay texture besides pH2.5, EC2.5 (dSm-1) and ESP values 8.8, 0.41 and 27.8, respectively. The

experimental results revealed that garlic bulb yield, bulb girth and number of cloves per bulb significantly influenced by the different INM treatments, however, straw yield of garlic, plant height, bulb height and TSS remains unaffected. The N content in bulb, N, P and K content in straw and the uptake of N, P, K and S by garlic bulb and straw were significantly influenced by different INM treatments. After harvest of the crop, soil samples were analyzed for their chemical properties. The EC (dSm-1) and ESP were significantly influenced by different INM treatments, however, soil pH remain unaffected. The available N, P2O5 and S status in soil were also significantly influenced by different INM treatments.


ABSTRACTS

A field experiment was conducted during Kharif-2011 at Dry Farming Research Station, Junagadh Agricultural University, Khapat, Dist : Porbandar to study the effect of different soil amendments (A1: No amendments, A2: FYM @ 10 t ha-1, A3: Gypsum @ 50% GR and A4: FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Gypsum @ 50% GR) on grain and stalk yields of three varieties of castor (V1: GCH-4, V2: GCH-6 and V3:GC-3) in randomized block design having four replications. The experimental soil had clayey texture with EC2.5 (dSm-1)-1.41, pH2.5-8.25 and ESP-19.48. The experimental results revealed that grain and stalk yield, Na/K ration in grain and stalk of castor were significantly influenced by different soil amendment

treatments. Application of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + gypsum @ 50 % GR produced significantly higher grain (2305 kg ha-1), stalk yield (2876 kg ha-1) and lowest Na/K ration in grain. Significantly the lowest Na/K ration in stalk was observed in control plots. Among the different varieties of castor, the variety GC-3 recorded significantly higher grain (2648 kg ha-1) and stalk yield (3459 kg ha-1) and lowest Na/K ration in grain while incase of stalk in was in GCH-6. The interaction effect between soil amendments and different varieties of castor on stalk yield was found significant and the highest stalk yield (3650 kg ha-1) was recorded with the application of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + gypsum @ 50% GR in variety GC-3.

SWCM 13

effeCt of SoIl aMendMentS on dIffeRent vaRIetIeS of CaStoR undeR CoaStal Salt affeCted SoIl

b. M. butanI, J.v. PolaRa and n. b. babaRIya

Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Junagadh Agricultural University,Junagadh – 362 001, Gujarat, India


SWCM 14

PeRfoRManCe of Wheat vaRIetIeS undeR SalIne IRRIgatIon thRough dRIP SySteM

b.l. KuMaWat, I. J. gulatI, n. S. yadava and a. K. SIngh

AICRP on Management of Salt Affected Soils and Use of Saline Water in Agriculture, Agricultural Research Station, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner - 334006, Rajasthan, India,


A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Bikaner during Rabi season of 2012-13 on sandy soils to test the performance of wheat varieties under saline irrigation water through drip system for maximizing yield potentials. The treatments consists with four levels of saline irrigation water (0.25, 4, 8 and 12 ECiw dSm-1) kept in main plot and four wheat varieties (Raj-3077, Raj-4188, KRL-210 and KRL-213) as sub plot treatments laid out in split plot design with four replications. Results indicated that salinity of irrigation water and wheat varieties showed significant effect on growth, yield attributes and yield of crop. The plant height, earhead length, grains per ear and grain and straw yield decreased significantly at ECiw 12 as compared

to 0.25, 4 and 8 dSm-1 whereas test weight could not affected significantly with increasing levels of ECiw. Maximum grain yield was obtained under ECiw 0.25 dSm-1 which decreased significantly with increasing levels of ECiw. However, a non significant decrease in grain yield was observed between ECiw 0.25 and 4 as well as 4 and 8 dSm-1, respectively. The highest straw yield was obtained at ECiw 0.25 dSm-1 which decreased significantly with successive increase in ECiw levels. The plant height, grains per ear and test weight was not affected significantly due to wheat varieties. However, maximum earhead length was found in KRL-210 which is significantly higher over rest of the wheat varieties. Significantly higher yield was obtained with Raj- 3077 followed



by KRL-210, KRL-213 and Raj-4188. Wheat variety KRL-210 and KRL-213 remained at par to each other. The highest straw yield was obtained in KRL-213 which is significantly higher over rest of the varieties. Straw yield of wheat variety Raj-3077 and Raj-4188 and KRL-210 remained at par among themselves. The ECe of soil at harvest of wheat was affected by salinity levels of irrigation water in different soil layers up to 45 cm depths measured at 0, 15 and 30 cm lateral distances from the drippers.

The maximum salinity was observed at 30 cm distances from drippers with application of ECiw 12 dSm-1 while minimum salinity was found just below the dripper with canal water (ECiw 0.25 dSm-1). The salt concentration in soil profile increased with increase in lateral as well as vertical distances from the drippers. It can be inferred that salts have leached away from the active root zone of the plant providing better growth conditions.

SWCM 15

RevISed feRtIlIzeR doSe foR RICe-RICe SySteM on CoaStal flood PlaInS of andhRa PRadeSh

a.uPendRa Rao, K.M. daKShIna MuRthy and t.v. SRIdhaR

Andhra Pradesh Rice Research Institute & RARS, Maruteru- 534122, Andhra Pradesh, IndiaE mail: [email protected]

Field experiments were conducted on rice (Oryza sativa L.) for three consecutive Kharif and Rabi seasons of 2006-07, 2007-08 and 2008-09 on Godavari alluvials (Vertic chromusters) at Andhra Pradesh Rice Research Institute, Maruteru, with an objective to revise the existing fertilizer doses of major nutrients for double cropped rice in coastal flood plains of A.P. There was increase in grain yield by 13.1 and 6.3% due to increase in recommended dose of N from 100 to 125 and 125 to 150%.Increase in P & K doses from 100 to 125% improved grain yield significantly . Higher agronomic efficiency

and energy use efficiency of K and P were observed with first incremental dose (125%). Increase in levels of N, P and K by resulted in an additional net income of Rs. 8056, Rs. 3108 and Rs. 4501, respectively. Incremental doses of N, P and K over the recommended dose recorded significant improvement in uptake, post nutrient status and quality parameters. While considering the economics, nutrient depletion and quality parameters, 50% increase of N P K over the existing dose of 60 -40 - 40 kg ha-1 appears to be the optimum dose for Kharif in deltaic alluvial soils of Andhra Pradesh.

SWCM 16

effeCt of SeaWeed SaPS on gRoWth and yIeld IMPRoveMent of CRoPS undeR RICe-lentIl-gReengRaM SeQuenCe In CoaStal SalIne zone of

WeSt bengal

bISWaJIt PRaManICK, KouShIK bRahMaChaRI, aRuP ghoSh, St zodaPe and SRutI KaRMaKaR

Department of Agronomy, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Mohanpur - 741252, West Bengal, India,

E-mail- [email protected]

To conquer the curse of low productivity and combat the adverse edaphic vis-à-vis climatic conditions of the coastal saline zone of West Bengal a field experiment was carried out during 2011-12 and 2012-13 at Regional Research Station (Coastal Saline Zone) of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Akshaynagar,

Kakdwip, South 24-Parganas, West Bengal (21°90′ N, 88°10′ E, 5.5 m above the MSL) for evaluating the bio-efficacy vis-à-vis economic feasibility of applying seaweed saps on the crops under rice-lentil-green gram sequence. The soil of the experimental field was silty clay loam in texture having 2.11 dSm-1


ABSTRACTS

EC; 6.87 pH; 173.3 kg ha-1 available N; 17.1 kg ha-1 available P and 491.7 kg ha-1 available K. Extracts of seaweeds like Kappaphycus (K) and Gracilaria (G) at different concentrations (0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 15.0% v/v) were applied on crop canopy thrice for rice and twice for lentil and green gram. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with nine treatments (T1: 2.5%K-sap + RDF, T2:5%K-sap + RDF, T3:10%K-sap + RDF, T4:15%K-sap + RDF, T5:2.5%G-sap + RDF, T6:5%G-sap + RDF, T7:10%G-sap + RDF, T8:15%G-sap + RDF and T9:Water spray + RDF) replicated thrice. Foliar applications of seaweed extracts significantly enhanced the growth, yield and nutrient uptake by

the crops in sequence. The highest seed yields of all the crops and the maximum value of NPV were documented with the application of 15%K-sap + RDF and this treatment was closely followed by 15%G-sap + RDF. Improved nutrient uptake was also noticed with the combined use of seaweed extracts and chemical fertilizers in comparison with sole application of chemical fertilizers. Due to the presence of sufficient amount of macro nutrients like potassium in particular, different micro-elements and plant growth regulators, especially cytokinin in the aforementioned saps, their foliar application augments the overall growth of different crops in sequence ultimately reflecting through yield.

SWCM 17

StudIeS on the effeCt of aPPlyIng oRganIC ManuReS In a CeReal-leguMe CRoP SeQuenCe undeR SalIne SoIl of CoaStal WeSt bengal

SRutI KaRMaKaR, KouShIK bRahMaChaRI, SudeShna KaR and bISWaJIt PRaManICK

Department of Environmental Science, Ashutosh College, Kolkata-700 026, West Bengal, India

The coastal saline zone of West Bengal is enriched with natural resources and its agroclimatic conditions may favour multiple cropping. Low cropping intensity along with the productivity of crops far below the national average are the crucial problems at this juncture. Farmers of this region are habituated to carry on agriculture with traditional rice based cropping systems and they are reluctant to cost effectiveness and sustainability with respect to crop productivity and soil health management. Keeping all these facts in mind with the focal objectives of utilizing the locally available low cost organic resources for preparing and using organic manures to substitute the inorganic fertilizers partly or entirely in an economically sound cereal-legume sequence of two crops (rice and lentil) for achieving food vis-à-vis nutritional security of the coastal people and maintaining soil health, a field experiment was carried out at Mathurapur-II, South- 24 Parganas,

West Bengal during the year 2010-11 and 2011-12 using six treatments (T0= without fertilizer or manure, T1=100% organic through vermi-compost, T2=100% organic through FYM, T3=50% chemical fertilizer+50% organic through vermicompost, T4=50% chemical fertilizer+50% organic through FYM, T5= 100% chemical fertilizer) replicated four times. Soil of the experimental site was clayey (sand12%, silt 33% and clay 55%) in nature having pH and EC of 7.33 and 2.2 dSm-1 respectively. From the results it has been observed that the yield of rice and lentil was the maximum under the treatment T3 (50% chemical fertilizer+50% organic through vermi-compost) followed by the treatments T4 (50% chemical fertilizer+50% organic through FYM) and T1 (100% organic through vermi-compost) respectively. It has been found that the application of vermi-compost improves the physico- chemical properties of soil to a considerable extent.



The Gosaba island is located in 22.16˚ N latitude and 88.8˚ E longitude formed by the deltaic alluvium in Sundarbans eco-system of West Bengal, covering an area of 285.85 sq.km on an average elevation of 4 m above mean sea level. The climate is sub tropical humid with annual rainfall of 1700-1800 mm. Soils are very deep (>150 cm) and silty loam to silty clay texture. Soil colour varied from dark gray to gray in surface matrix; (subsurface) mottles yellowish brown to olive yellow. Four soil series namely Chandipur, Bipradaspur, Pathankhali and Manmathanagar were selected for this investigation. Soil pH and salinity were most critical in the island. Soil pH varied from 4.3 to 4.9 and electrical conductivity (ECe) varied from and 4.5 to 20.2 dS m-1 in 0 to 25 cm depth. The acidity in the soil profile increased down to the depth in 25-150 cm while salt content decreased with depth. Exchangeable acidity varied from 0.1 - 3.95

me/100 gm of soil. Cation exchange capacity was moderate; ranging from (12 - 18 cmol (+) kg-1). Organic carbon content ranged from 0.9 - 1.51 % in 0 - 25 cm and 0.24 - 3.44 % in 25 - 150 cm soil depth. Available N, P and K varied from medium to high (N, 209-502, P, 1.1-44.6 and K, 284 - 462 kg ha-1) on the surface; low to medium (N,45- 383, P, trace - 51.7 and K, 296 - 572 kg ha-1) in the sub surface layers. Sulphur content was high ranging from 83 to 610 ppm. Available micro nutrients were adequate both in the surface and subsurface. Strong soil acidity was in lower part of the profile while salt content was maximum in the surface. Acidity at the sub-surface was significantly correlated with exchangeable Al (r= -0.814) and available sulphur (r = -0.613). The study concludes that acidity and salinity were the major constraints for crop production in the island.

SWCM 18

dIStRIbutIon of SoIl aCIdIty, SalInIty and nutRIentS StatuS In SoIlS of goSaba ISland, WeSt bengal

R. SRInIvaSan, S. K. SIngh, K. d. Sah and dIPaK SaRKaR

National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Salt Lake, Kolkata-700091, West Bengal, India,


SWCM 19

long teRM SoIl feRtIlIty ManageMent In gRoundnut – gRoundnut CRoPPIng SySteM In alfISolS

a.lalIta KuMaRI, g. KIShoRe babu and P. Sandhya RanI

Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, IndiaE-mail: [email protected]

Groundnut is one of the major crops grown on light soils of Andhra Pradesh. Continuous use of inorganic fertilisers may affect the soil fertility and productivity. With this view, one long term experiment was initiated at ARS, Darsi to study the effect of conjunctive use of organic and inorganic manures as against their independent application on soil fertility and crop productivity in groundnut – groundnut cropping system in Alfisols during the year 1991-92. The treatments included 0,50,100 and 150% RD of NPK (T1 to T4), 100%NP(T5), 100%N(T6),T3+groundnut shells 2.5t/ha (T7), T3+FYM 10/ha (T8), T3+ZnSO4 50kg/ha (T9), FYM 10/ha alone (T10), groundnut

shells 2.5t/ha alone(T11) and Green manuring 25 t/ha (T12). The results of four seasons of experimentation from Kharif, 2007 to Rabi, 2008 were compiled to assess the effects of treatments on yield and soil nutrient status. During Kharif, 2007-08 the highest yield of 575 kg ha-1 was recorded in T5 treatment (100% RD of N & P). Different soil characters at flowering indicated significant effect on available K2O. Nutrient composition and uptake of NPK in whole plant at flowering indicated significant effect on plant K content, N uptake and K uptake. Soil parameters at harvesting were studied and variations were significant only in case of available N. During


ABSTRACTS

Rabi 2007-08, the highest yields of 623 and 620 kg ha-1 were recorded in the treatments of 150%RDF and 100% RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 treatment with 35.6 and 35.3 percent increases over control. Post harvest soil analysis after harvest of Rabi groundnut crop indicated a significant variation in soil pH, avail. N and P2O5 contents due to different treatments while variations in EC, organic carbon and available secondary nutrients were non-significant. The highest soil available N content of 291kg/ha were recorded in T7 (100%RDF + Groundnut shells @ 2.5 t ha-1). The highest available P2O5 (37.1 kg ha-1) and K2O (398 kg ha-1) were recorded in 100% RDF treatment. In case of micro nutrients, Fe ranged from 1.40 to 2.01 ppm, Zn ranged from 0.590 to 4.61 ppm, Mn ranged from 1.69-5.00 ppm and Cu ranged from 0.186 to 0.791 ppm.The treatment of 100%RDF +ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1 recorded the highest available Zinc and Mn content of 4.61 ppm and 5.00 ppm. The treatments effects were non-significant on available Fe and Cu contents where as the treat mental-variations were significant in case of available Zn and Mn.

In Kharif 2008-09, the pod yields varied from 419 to 1568 kg ha-1. The highest yield of 1568 kg ha-1 was recorded in 150% RDF treatment followed by

1544 kg ha-1 in T8(100%RDF+FYM@ 10 kg ha-1) treatment. Analysis of post harvest soils indicated significant treatment effects on soil available N, P2O5 and K2O contents. The highest available N content of 267kg/ha was recorded in T8 (100%RDF+FYM@10 t ha-1). Similarly the highest P2O5 content of 35 kg ha-1 was recorded in T4 (150%RDF) treatment. The highest available K2O content of 429 kg ha-1 was recorded in T7 (100%RDF+Znso4@50 kg ha-1). During Rabi 2008-09, the highest pod yield of 1025 kg ha-1 was recorded in the treatment of T8(100% RDF +FYM @ 10 t ha-1) followed by 985 kg ha-1 in T4 (150% RDF) treatment with significant increase (35.6 and 30.3 percent respectively) over control. The highest available P2O5 content of 44.1 kg ha-1 was recorded in T8(100%RDF+FYM @10 t ha-1) and the highest K2O content of 407 kg ha-1 was recorded in 150% RDF treatment .In case of micro nutrients, available Cu ranged from 0.217 to 0.300 ppm. The results indicated that sustainable pod yields were obtained in the treatments where organics were used along with 100% RDF and were on par with the yields obtained with higher doses of fertilisers (150% RDF). Post harvest soil analysis indicated significant effects on available P2O5 and K2O contents when compared to other soil parameters.

SWCM 20

ChaRaCteRIzatIon of aCId SalIne SoIlS In goSaba ISland of SundaRbanS IndIa

K.d. Sah, S.K. SIngh, t. baneRJee, K. daS and dIPaK SaRKaR

National Bureau of Soil Survey and land Use Planning, Regional Center Kolkata, Salt Lake, Kolkata-700091, West Bengal, India


Gosaba Island in Sundarbans, West Bengal is located in between 22017’11” to 21032’13” N latitude and 88042’15” to 8906’15” E longitude, covering an area of 1992.8 km2 on an average elevation of 4 meter. Climate is hot moist sub-humid with mean maximum temperature of 35.20C,mean minimum temperature of 14.30C and rainfall of 1920 mm. Soil resource inventory of Gosaba island was conducted on 1:10,000 scale with remote sensing data LISS-IV merged with cadastral map used as base map. Adequate number of soil profiles was studied and horizon-wise samples were collected. Five soil series namely Uttardanga, Pakhirala, Dayapur, Birajnagar, and Bali were established. Morphologically soils

were very deep to deep, poorly drained, dark gray to gray in surface matrix, yellowish brown to olive yellow in subsurface mottles, silt loam to silty clay texture on the surface and clay loam to silty clay loam texture in the sub-surface. However, a distinct variation was noted with respect to salinity, acidity and occurrence of acid sulfate layer in the subsurface soils. Electrical conductivity and pH, respectively varied from 3.6 to 3.8 and 8.7 to 10.1 dSm-1 on the surface and 4.1 to 5.4 in the sub-surface in Uttardanga series, whereas the corresponding values were 4.5 to 6.5 and 5.7 to 12.1 dSm-1 on the surface; 3.4 to 5.7 and 5.5 to 15.7 dSm-1 in the sub-surface soils of Pakhirala, Dayapur, Birajnagar and Bali series. Acid



sulfate layers were mapped at the depth of 45 to 82 cm in Pakhirala, Birajnagar and Bali series. Electrical conductivity and pH ranged from 7.45 to 14.15 dSm-1 and 4.1 to 4.5 in acid sulfate layer of Uttardanga series however the corresponding values were 8.1 to 13.0 dSm-1 and 3.9 to 4.2 in Pakhirala series 11.6 to 15.7 dSm-1 in Birajnagar series and 13.2 to 15.0 dSm-1 and 3.4 to 3.5 in Bali series respectively. Cation exchange capacity of the soils varied from 14.5 to 15.6 cmole (p+) kg-1 in the surface and 11.2 to17.6 cmole (p+) kg-1 in the subsurface soils. Exchangeable Ca2+ was the dominant cation in the exchange complex followed by Na+, Mg2+ and K+ in all the series. Available N and K ranged from

338 to 553 kg ha-1 and 342 to 513 kg/ha in surface and 146 to 599 kg ha-1 and 319 to 576 kg ha-1 in subsurface soils of Uttardanga, Pakhirala, Birajnagar and Bali series whereas lower values (147 to 282 kg ha-1) of available N was observed in Dayapur series. Available P remained low and varied from 1.2 to 21.6 kg ha-1 in all the series. Available S and DTPA extractable Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn were found to be above critical limit varied from 110 to 713 ppm, 1.01 to 4.6 ppm, 1.97 to7.63 ppm, 53.0 to 314.7 ppm and 6.1 to 36.6 ppm respectively. pH of soils was significantly correlated with exchangeable Al3+ (r = -0.74), Available S (r = -0.73) and available Fe2+ (r = -0.58).


ABSTRACTS

Session 2:Theme:

Recent advancement in field, horticultural and plantation crops and forestry for coastal areas



Climate change is projected to increase global annual mean temperatures in the range of 1.8–4.0oC; increase the variability in rainfall; and enhance frequency of extreme weather events such as heat waves, cold waves, droughts and floods. This along with the poor soil physico-chemical properties may lead to fluctuations in productivity of agricultural/horticultural crops. Coconut, being a C3 crop, is likely to benefit due to an increase in CO2. The studies have shown that the coconut productivity can be increased in the changing climate scenario by adopting proper agronomic management strategies. The management strategies should include improvement in soil physico-chemical properties and utilization of scarce resources judiciously. The coastal sandy soil, which occurs all along the coastal tract of the West and East coasts of the Peninsular India lying mostly in Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and Maharashtra is the most predominant soil type with respect to coconut cultivation. The general weather prevailing along the coast is conducive for growing coconut. However, coconut productivity is very low in the coastal sandy soils ranging from 20 to 40 nuts/palm/year, mainly

due to poor physico-chemical properties of the soil. Under these conditions, sustainable crop production in such soils requires quality improvement in terms of soil physical, chemical and biological environment. To make coconut cultivation economically viable and sustainable under coastal sandy soil, more emphasis should be given to improve the soil conditions physically and chemically. In this regard, Central Plantation Crops Research Institute has successfully developed a number of agro techniques viz., moisture conservation practices using husk/coir pith for growing different intercrops, alley cropping of Glyricidia, green manuring with Glyricidia loppings, basin management with leguminous crops, direct utilization of coconut wastes for soil moisture conservation measures, vermicomposting of coconut plantation wastes and recycling and micro irrigation for increasing the yield of coconut palm. All these techniques need to be adopted in an integrated manner to improve the productivity of the system. By adopting such agro techniques in the coastal sandy soil, the yield of coconut was increased by four – five fold.

fhPf 1 (InvIted)

CoConut- an Ideal CRoP foR CoaStal eCoSySteM undeR ChangIng ClIMatIC CondItIonS

RavI bhat, geoRge v. thoMaS and P. SubRaManIan

Central Plantation Crops Research InstituteKasargod – 671124, Kerala, India


fhPf 2 (InvIted)

ReCent advanCeMentS In tRoPICal tubeR CRoPS foR CoaStal aReaS

C.S. RavIndRan and S.K. ChaKRabaRtICentral Tuber Crops Research Institute, Sreekariyam,

Thiruvananthapuram-695017, Kerala, IndiaE-mail:[email protected]

Cassava, sweet potato, yams (greater yam, lesser yam and African white yam) and aroids (elephant foot yam, Colocasia and Xanthosoma) are the important tropical tuber crops cultivated in India, besides several minor tuber crops. They are extensively

cultivated in coastal areas of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal, Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra and Andaman and Nicobar islands. In fact, tuber crops such as swamp taro, colocasia and sweet potato come up well in coastal and wet lands.


ABSTRACTS

These crops are mainly used for human consumption either as primary food or as processed product like sago. Besides, they are also used as animal feed and for manufacturing several industrial products. CTCRI has standardized production, protection and utilization technologies for cultivation of tropical tuber crops in coastal areas. Highest productivity of cassava has been achieved primarily due to improved production technologies developed by the institute. Large scale multiplication and distribution of good quality planting material of high yielding and short duration varieties using minisett technology has been developed. Efficient cropping systems involving short duration cassava and pulses, rice-pulse-short duration cassava have been developed for the coastal areas of Kerala that also facilitate conservation of soil organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. Low input integrated practice of cultivating potassium efficient cassava genotypes like Aniyoor and 7 III E3-5 could increase the yield for consumption and industrial purpose respectively. Organic farming was found to be equally productive as that of conventional practice in taro and dwarf white yam. Use of power weeders or weed control ground cover (black plastic mat) reduce the damage caused by weeds, improves soil water storage and increase the

cassava tuber yield. Integrated Nutrient Management (INM), Site Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM) and soil test based fertilizer application were evolved to economize use of fertilizers. Water being the most limiting resource in tuber crops, precision approaches in irrigation and fertigation and its response to Cassava were investigated. Correction of soil acidity by the application of liming material in high rainfall areas resulted in higher productivity of tuber crops. CTCRI identified salt tolerant sweet potato varieties CIP-440127, Samrat and Pusa Safed suitable for cultivation in salt affected areas that helped in promotion of varieties in coastal saline soils. A host of health foods having high nutraceutical content like carotene and anthocyanin could be developed from orange and purple fleshed sweet potato which will enhance its value in coastal regions. The possibility to further enhance scope of tuber crops in coastal areas through quality planting material production, evolving resistant/tolerant tuber crop varieties to biotic and abiotic stresses, adopting small scale mechanization particularly in the areas of weeding and harvesting, biointensive pests/disease management, value addition and up scaling of technologies is also discussed in the paper.

fhPf 3

SIte SPeCIfIC nutRIent ManageMent foR SWeet Potato (IPoMoea batataS l.) In CoaStal SalIne SoIlS of eaSteRn IndIa

K. laxMInaRayana and d. buRMan

Regional Centre, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Bhubaneswar-751019, Odisha, India

E-mail:[email protected]

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) occupies 12th, 8th and 5th rank in area, production and productivity, respectively in India, having high yield potential and tolerant to drought, salinity, low soil fertility. Sweet potato varietal improvement against salinity stress with optimum usage of costly inputs is necessary to improve its potential as a food security and famine relief crop. Field experiments were conducted for two Rabi seasons during 2009-11 in an Entisol of Odisha and an Inceptisol of West Bengal in order to optimize the NPK doses for sustainable production and proximate composition of sweet potato in coastal saline soils. Five genotypes of sweet potato (Pusa Safed, Kishan, Samrat, Sree Bhadra and CIP-440127) were evaluated under four levels of nutrients

{control, 50% NPK (38-11- 31 kg NPK ha-1), 75% NPK and FYM/ poultry manure @ 5.0 Mg ha-1}. Among the genotypes, significantly highest mean tuber yield was recorded by CIP-440127 (15.0 Mg ha-1) in the Entisol followed by Samrat (13.1 Mg ha-1), whereas Pusa Safed has recorded highest mean vine yield (13.8 Mg ha-1). However, the mean tuber yield was found highest in Samrat (23.5 Mg ha-1) in the Inceptisol followed by CIP-440127 (20.3 Mg ha-1), whereas highest vine yield was observed in Samrat (27.1 Mg ha-1) followed by CIP-440127 (23.3 Mg ha-1). Addition of 75% NPK has recorded highest tuber yields (13.4 & 20.4 Mg ha-1) across all the varieties in respect of Entisol and Inceptisol. Incorporation of FYM has recorded at par tuber yield



in comparison to 50% NPK in Entisol, however, poultry manure showed higher yield response rather than 50% NPK in Inceptisol. Highest starch content was observed in Kishan (21.3) in Entisol, while it was highest in CIP-440127 (20.4%) in Inceptisol. Total sugars and dry matter in the genotypes ranged from 2.86-3.63% and 21.5-28.1%, respectively in Entisol, while it was varied from 2.94-3.74 and 21.6-28.1%,

respectively in Inceptisol. Incorporation of organic manures has shown equivalent response in terms of yield and proximate composition as compared to 50% NPK. The genotypes Samrat and CIP-440127 were tolerant to moderate salinity and offers good scope for food and nutritional security in the coastal saline soils of eastern India.

fhPf 4

CoMPaRatIve effICaCy of dIffeRent feRtIlIzeR bRIQuetteS and oRganIC ManuReS on ChIllI (CaPSICuM annuuM l. Cv. PuSa JWala) In

lateRItIC SoIlS of KonKan

v. g. KoKaRe, M.C. KaStuRe, R.v. dhoPavKaR and S. S. PRabhudeSaI

Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Dr. B.S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli,

Ratnagiri- 415712, Maharashtra, India

The field experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design comprising of twelve treatments replicated thrice at Central Experiment Center, Wakawali during Rabi season 2010-2011.Treatments comprised of T1 (control), T2 (RDF), T3 (Urea-DAP briquettes first two at transplanting and second one at 30 DAT), T4 (Urea-DAP briquettes First at transplanting, second at 30 DAT and third at 60 DAT), T5 (Urea-Godavari briquettes first two at transplanting and second one at 30 DAT), T6 (Urea-Godavari briquettes First at transplanting, second at 30 DAT and third at 60 DAT), T7 (Urea-Suphala briquettes first two at transplanting and second one at 30 DAT), T8 (Urea-Suphala briquettes First at transplanting, second at 30 DAT and third at 60 DAT), T9 (RDF based on soil test), T10 (FYM N based), T11 (Vermi-compost N based) and T12 (Poultry manure N based). It is observed that the application of Urea-Godavari briquettes (3 briquettes per plant) first at transplanting, second at 30 DAT and third at 60 DAT was found significantly superior over rest of all the treatments in respect of yield and recorded higher plant height and number of pods per plant. It was also observed that the quality of the pods in terms of ascorbic acid and capsaicin content

increased with application of organic manures alone. Application of Urea-Godavari briquettes first at transplanting, second at 30 DAT and third at 60 DAT recorded higher total N and P uptake while application of Urea-Suphala briquettes first at transplanting, second at 30 DAT and third at 60 DAT recorded higher total K uptake. However, the total uptake of micronutrients was found non-significant except Cu. The available nutrient status (N, P and K) in soil after harvest was found to be improved due to application of all three types of briquettes as compared to RDF and RDF based on soil test. While RDF based on soil test significantly increased the available nutrient status over manure application. However, DTPA extractable micronutrient content in soil viz. Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu was found non-significant except Fe at 90 DAT. In general, it is observed that the applications of fertilizers briquettes were found beneficial for getting higher yield of green chilli. It is concluded that the application of Urea-Godavari (14:35:14) briquettes, first briquette at transplanting, second at 30 days after transplanting and third at 60 days after transplanting was found promising to enhancing the green chilli pod yield of Pusa Jwala variety in lateritic soils of Konkan.


ABSTRACTS

Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) is an important tree spice component in palm based farming systems in Goa. Such nutmeg plantations are of traditionally perpetuated seedling progeny mostly seen in arecanut gardens, which possess a lot of variability in it. Potential genotypes with commercial traits need to be characterized, catalogued through morphological as well as molecular data base. Forty four nutmeg genotypes, selected from different sources, were studied for understanding the diversity using RAPD marker. Out of 195 RAPD markers, 162 produced by 19 primers showed on an average of 77.47 per cent polymorphism. Jaccard’s similarity coefficients observed in the range of 0.54 – 0.92 indicated only 46 percent dissimilarity at molecular level among the genotypes studied. The genotypes namely,

Keri-A and Keri-B (Sl. Nos. 10 & 19) and Keri-C, a male genotype formed two extreme ends of the dendrogram, in between which all other genotypes formed clusters at various levels depending on the their relatedness. The genotypes namely, N-2/4, 1/5, 2/5 and 4/5 having medium sized fruits and vigourous growth formed a cluster together which recorded more than 80 per cent genetic relatedness. On the other hand, genotypes such as N-6/2, 7/2, 2/3, 3/3 and 1/2 (SL.Nos 33-36 and 44) all from the same source, having genes for medium fruit size and dwarf canopy structure, scattered in different clusters in the dendrogram. This study generated the molecular data base for taking up future line of work on molecular breeding in nutmeg.

fhPf 5

loCal genetIC ReSouRCeS of nutMeg (Myristica Fragrans houtt) and dIveRSIty analySIS uSIng RaPd

adavI Rao deSaI, vaIdehI, S KelKaR and naRendRa PRataP SIngh

ICAR Research Complex for Goa, Ela, Old Goa – 403 402, Goa, IndiaE-mail: [email protected]

fhPf 6

yIeld and yIeld CoMPonentS of SoMe MaIze hybRIdS undeR SalIne WateR IRRIgatIon In veRtISolS

IndIvaR PRaSad, ShRvan KuMaR, g. guRuRaJa Rao and d. K. ShaRMa

Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Bharuch- 392 012, Gujarat, India


Salinity of land and water is a major constraint in our ability to ensure food security. Salt affected soils occur to a tune of 6.73 million ha in India of which Gujarat accounts for 2.22 million ha which needs a holistic approach for sustainable crop production. Black cotton soils (Vertisols) due to their inherent physicochemical characteristics such as poor hydraulic conductivity, low infiltration rate, high clay content, and narrow workable moisture range pose serious problems for arable farming. Among many approaches, introduction of high yielding salt tolerant varieties of field crops could be the best management strategy for sustainable crop production on saline Vertisols because of its economic viability and cost effectiveness. In India, maize is cultivated in

more than 8 million ha area with annual production of 21 million tonnes and productivity of 2.47 t ha-1. Maize is the only crop which can be taken in every season of the year. It serves dual purpose as feed and fodder. Maize is categorized as the salt sensitive crop and identification of fairly salt tolerant lines is of paramount importance for increasing its production on saline soils. Plant breeding may provide a relatively cost effective short-term solution to the salinity problem by producing cultivars that are able to remain productive at low to moderate levels of salinity. Identifying the morphological, biochemical and physiological traits imparting salt tolerance and thus high yield pave a basis for further selection and breeding strategies. In order to identify mechanism



of salt tolerance and its effect on yield attributes of maize, experiments were conducted in Rabi season of 2012 at research farm of CSSRI, RRS Bharuch in Randomized Complete Block Design with nine accessions; 8 high yielding hybrids and one local check in three replications. The plot size was 4m by 3 m with 4 rows in each plot. The existing soil salinity at the start of the experiment was 4.2 dSm-1 and field was irrigated with saline water having E.C. of 3.2 dSm-1. All the maize hybrids responded well to saline water irrigation in Vertisols. Among all the maize accessions, the hybrid DKC 8101 followed by IL 8534, IJ 8214 and JI 8212 were found to be superior among the hybrids. However, all the 8 hybrids performed exceedingly well (16-101%) when compared to local check, which farmers have been growing in this region. Of the 8 hybrids, based on their performance and yielding ability, they were ranked DKC 8101 > IJ 8214 > IL 8534 > JI 8212 > 900 M GOLD. Hybrids like DKC 8101 gave twice the yield (18 kg plot-1) when compared to the local variety suggesting its possible introduction in this area mainly due to its superior yielding ability in spite of irrigation provided with saline water of 3.2 dSm-1 (2050 TDS). In order to understand the basis of salt tolerance in these hybrids, a plethora of biochemical attributes like leaf chlorophyll, leaf sugars, proline, protein and ions likes sodium, potassium and chloride

were measured using physiologically mature leaves. Interestingly, the hybrids, DKC 8101, IL 8534, IJ 8214 and JI 8212 showed higher amount of above biochemical constituents which helped these hybrids in maintaining better turgor and correspondingly osmoregulation and hence the growth. The hybrids DKC 8101 and DKC 9117 maintained higher chlorophyll content both during pre- and post-anthesis stages suggesting the possibility of better photosynthate production and hence the higher seed yields. This is reflected further in terms of increased leaf sugars and other biochemical attributes. The relationship between chlorophyll and sodium content in leaves among different hybrids indicated decline in chlorophyll with increase in sodium content, more particularly in IL 8537 and local white type. The decrease in chlorophyll, however, was found to be less in rest of the hybrids suggesting their better tissue tolerance too. The study, though preliminarily in nature, clearly elucidate the possibilities of growing hybrids like DKC 8101, DKC 9117, IL 8534, IJ 8214 and JI 8212 in areas affected by low to moderate salinity or that have ground water of moderate salinity. The farmers who have been taking the local white check, poor yielder, may now adopt better maize accessions which would enable them to obtain higher yield under moderate saline conditions.

fhPf 7

evaluatIon of RabI CRoPS undeR dRIP IRRIgatIon In CoaStal SalIne SoIlS

K.K.Mahanta, S.K.SaRangI, u.K.Mandal, d.buRMan, and b.MaJI

Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Canning Town - 743 329, West Bengal, India


West Bengal coast is mainly mono-cropped with cultivation of paddy during the rainy season. The top soil is heavy in texture. The lands are flat with little or no slope and often suffer from inadequate drainage. Farmers are able to grow vegetables only around 10% of cultivable land during the Rabi season due to salinity and scarcity of irrigation water. Sometimes these crops fail due to stresses caused by water deficit, salinity, flood etc. A field experiment was carried out at CSSRI, RRS, Canning Town farm in the year 2012 with an objective to find out a suitable Rabi crop under drip irrigation system. The irrigation

treatment was same for all the crops. The crops such as Cowpea, Beet, Okra, and Basella were sown in the first week of February. The normal dose of fertilizers was applied in three splits during the crop growing period. There was flash flood three times during the cropping period. The cowpeas suffered from insects and water stagnation. The growth of beets in terms of biomass yield was good but affected by flood. The leaves of Basella crop became yellowish suffering from water stagnation. Overall, the okra crop was the best crop which coped up well with agro-meteorological adversaries such as soil salinity,


ABSTRACTS

water deficit, and water stagnation. The yield of all the crops was converted into okra equivalent yield (OEY) by taking the prevalent market price. Highest equivalent yield was obtained in Okra (0.42 kg plant-1) followed by Basella (0.19 kg plant-1),

lowest OEY was observed in case of Beet (0.07 kg plant -1). Therefore, it may be concluded that Okra is the most suitable Rabi crop under drip irrigation in coastal saline soils.

fhPf 8

genetIC vaRIabIlIty and CoRRelatIon analySIS foR yIeld and gRaIn QualIty ChaRaCteRS of RICe (oRyza SatIva l.) gRoWn In CoaStal

SalIne SoIlS of goa

K. K. ManohaRa, K. ChattoPadhyay and n. P. SIngh

Crop Improvement & Protection Section, ICAR Research Complex for Goa, Ela, Old Goa – 403 402, Goa, India E-mail: [email protected]

Soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses affecting the yield of rice crop in the coastal regions of the country. In India, of the total 8.5 M ha of land which is affected with soil salinity, about 2.10 M ha are coastal saline and the yield reduction is estimated to be around 30-50%. In Goa, rice is the principal food crop accounting for more than 39% of the total cultivated area in the State. The State has 18,000 ha of land affected with coastal salinity of which more than 12.000 ha of land are under rice cultivation. The pH of these soils is slightly acidic to neutral (6.0-7.0) with electrical conductivity 4 to 15 dS m-1. Rice varieties grown in these areas are mostly landraces and the productivity of these landraces are very low

due to multiple stresses viz., salinity, partial and complete submergence and water logging situations occurring in these soils during the crop growth. There is a need for development of rice varieties with improved productivity, quality and tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses prevailing in these areas. Enriching germplasm resources and to understand the magnitude of variability and association of various agro-morphological characters with grain yield is a prerequisite for initiating any breeding programme. Hence, in this study, genetic variability and character association were studied for yield and grain quality characters in rice germplasm under coastal salinity situation.

fhPf 9

enhanCIng yIeld and WateR uSe effICIenCy of StevIa

(StevIa RebaudIana, beRtonI) thRough dRIP IRRIgatIon SySteM

M.S. beheRa, P.K. MahaPatRa, R.b. SIngandhuPe, d.K. Kundu, d. baRMan and S. SatPathy

Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Barrackpore, Kolkata-700 120, West Bengal, India


The field experiment was conducted at the Research farm of the Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar (Odisha) during Rabi seasons of 2005-06 and 2006-07 to study the effect of drip irrigation regimes and fertigation levels onstevia (Stevia rebaudiana, Bertoni) grown in rice fallow. The treatments included three irrigation regimes (I1- drip irrigation at 100% PE, I2

at 80% PE and I3 at 60% PE) and three fertility levels (F1-100%, F2– 75% and F3- 50% recommended dose of 110-45-45 kg N-P2O5-K2O ha-1) with an extra (control) treatment having surface irrigation and soil application of fertilizer. It was conducted in a Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications. Drip irrigation reduced consumptive use of water by



40%, increased water use efficiency by62% and water productivity by 68% compared to surface irrigation. Application of irrigation at 100% pan evaporation (PE) with 100% recommended dose of fertilizer

fhPf 10

CoRRelatIon and Path analySIS In MuSKMelon (cucuMis Melo l.) In the CoaStal RegIon of KaRaIKal

a. ShanthI and Sella. aShoK KuMaR Reddy

Dept. of Horticulture, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture and Research Institute, Karaikal – 609 603, U. T. of Puducherry, India

Twenty four genotypes of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) were evaluated for variability, correlation, path analysis and divergence for yield and its contributing characters. Analysis of variance showed significant variation for all the characters, indicating presence of sufficient variability in the material studied. Genotypic correlations were higher than those of their respective phenotypic correlation coefficients in majority of the cases, suggesting that genotypic correlations were stronger, reliable and free from

environmental influences. In the present study, path analysis revealed that node number at which first male and female flower appears, days to first female flower anthesis, fruit bipolar length, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, fruit cavity and total sugars were found to be the most important yield determinants, since these traits showed positive direct effect towards yield. The direct selection for these characters is likely to bring about an overall improvement in fruit yield per plant.

produced 9,131 kg fresh or 2, 903 kg dry leaf yield per hectare. The consumptive use of water was 780 mm with water use efficiency 3.73 kg ha-mm-1 and water productivity Rs. 746 mm-1.

fhPf 11

Efficacy of Γ-irradiation in dEvEloping dEsirablE Mutants in fIngeRMIllet (eleusine coracana gaeRtn.)

S. v. SaWaRdeKaR, n. b. goKhale, a. R. aMbavane, S. a. SaWantdeSaI, S. S. SaWant and S. g. bhave

Plant Biotechnology Centre, College of Agriculture, Dapoli, Maharashtra Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli,

Ratnagiri - 415 712, Maharashtra, IndiaE-mail: [email protected]

Seeds of two cultivars of finger millet viz., Dapoli-1 and Dapoli Safed were irradiated with four doses of gamma-rays viz., 400 Gy, 500 Gy, 600 Gy and 700 Gy at BRNS, BARC, Mumbai. In laboratory test, root and shoot length of seedlings were decreased with increase in dose of gamma-rays from 400 Gy to 700 Gy. Similarly, germination and survival of seedlings were also decreased with increased dose of irradiation during field study. In M1 generation, three type of chlorophyll mutations viz. Albino, xantha and viridis were observed. Albino and xantha were observed

in all treatments, whereas, viridis observed only in lower doses of irradiation. Based on the chlorophyll mutation frequency on M1 generation, mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency were computed. Among the gamma irradiated population, 400 Gy dose was more effective in inducing the variation in both varieties. In M2 generation, the mutagenic treatments were effective in inducing various types of chlorophyll and morphological macro-mutation and a few of those affecting flowering, maturity and plant height were some of breeding value. In


ABSTRACTS

Dapoli-1 variety, two early maturing mutants and three potentially high yielding mutants were reported from 600 Gy dose and 700 Gy dose, respectively, Estimate of blast disease scoring was also done in all

treatments and five plants from irradiated population

recorded resistance against blast disease in Dapoli-1

variety.

fhPf 12

PRoMISIng CaSheW (anacardiuM occidentale l) SeleCtIonS fRoM CoaStal State of goa

adavI Rao deSaI, naRendRa PRataP SIngh and v. S. KoRIKanthIMath

ICAR Research Complex for Goa, Ela, Old Goa – 403 402, Goa, India.E-mail: [email protected]

The objectives of crop improvement in cashew were redefined to include nut and apple quality, tree size, coupled with reaction to biotic and abiotic stress, besides higher nut yields. In view of this, collection, evaluation and utilization of potential cashew germplasm assumed significance with special emphasis for developing cashew varieties with high yield potential, bold nut size, higher shelling percentage with export grade kernels and big sized apples. In this direction, long-term evaluation of local cashew accessions culminated in the clonal selection of three promising accessions namely Tiswadi -3 (Goa Cashew -2), Ganje-2 (Goa Cashew -3) and KN 2/98 (Goa Cashew -4). Tiswadi-3, a Clonal progeny of a plus tree located in Tiswadi zone during 1997, is a selection for its characteristic features like jumbo nut size (9.48g) with higher shelling percentage of 28.82 to 29.55 per cent, bigger sized (115-125g) yellowish orange juicy (68-72%) apples with 10.8-12.2 oB. Trees have vigorous growth habit with semi spreading canopy and have early to mid season (December to February) bearing . Mean nut yield of last 7 harvests is 6.8 kg tree-1. On the other hand the

selection ‘Ganje -2’ has mid season bearing (fruiting season : Mid February – April ), high yielding traits (mean nut yield of >7.5 kg /tree for last seven harvests ), with higher number of bisexual flowers resulting in bunch bearing habit (> 5 nuts bunch-1). Nuts are bold ( 8.2g ) and well filled to yield higher Kernel out-turn (29.8% ) of exportable grade of W210-240. Bigger yellow apples (85 - 95g) with 11.8-12.2 oB are juicy (69.17 %). Trees are vigorous with spreading canopy and extensive branching pattern. Similarly, the third promising selection , ‘KN 2/98’ is the selection from a plus tree located in Quepem taluk of South Goa, for its higher nut yield traits ( 46.26 kg tree-1 of cumulative nut yield for last seven harvests). Nuts are bold (8.24 g ) with violet tinge, yielding kernel out turn of ( 29.54 % ). Red coloured bigger sized (105-110g) apples are juicy (71.14 %) having total soluble solids of 12.2-13.8 o Brix. Trees of this selection are vigorous with upright and compact growth habit and mid season (December to January) flowering. Bunch bearing habit is conspicuous. Scion banks of these selections are established for production of nucleus planting material.



fhPf 13

effeCt of boRon aPPlICatIon on CRaCKIng of aReCanut In CoaStal SalIne SoIl of MahaRaShtRa

M. C. KaStuRe, a. a. dadeMal and S. S. PRabhudeSaI

Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Dr. B.S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri – 415 712, Maharashtra, India


A field experiment was conducted on effect of boron application on cracking of Arecanut at Arecanut Research Station, Shrivardhan, Dist. Raigad (Maharashtra). The experiment was carried out in coastal saline soils of Maharashtra comprising of twelve treatments. This experiment was started in the year 2010-11 and concluded in year 2012-13. Boron was applied through soil as well as foliar application to the Arecanut. In soil application 1.0 (T2), 2.0 (T3), 3.0 (T4) and 4.00 (T5) kg B ha-1 and in foliar application 0.025 (T6), 0.050 (T7), 0.075 (T8) and 0.1 (T9) % boron was applied and compared to control treatment (T1). The recommended dose of NPK was applied to all treatments. From the pooled analysis, it was evident that the lowest split nuts (5.94) were recorded in T5 i.e. 4 kg B ha-1 treatment which was found superior over control. However, in the pooled analysis it was observed that the effect of B application on Arecanut yield was found statistically non significant. But it was observed that the T5 treatment recorded maximum yield (8.85 kg palm-1). The non significant results were obtained in pooled data regarding the number of nuts per palm with different boron application. The pooled data regarding the per cent cracking in Arecanut the lowest cracking (1.95%) was recorded in T5 treatment which was significantly superior over all the treatments except T9 treatment. The highest nitrogen content (0.88%) in nut was recorded by T4 treatment which was at par with T3 and T5 treatments. In the pooled data,

in husk, the highest P content (0.38%) was recorded by T8 treatment that was found at par with rest of all the treatments except T1, T3, and T4 treatments. In pooled data, the highest potassium content (6.61%) was recorded in T5 treatment that was at par with T6 treatment. But, in husk, potassium content showed non significant results. The boron content in both, nut and husk showed significant results in pooled analysis. The highest boron content (28.67 ppm) in nut was recorded by treatment T5 which was found superior over rest of all the treatments except T9 which was at par with T5 treatment. In husk, T9 treatment recorded highest boron content (20.99 ppm) which was at par with T4, T5 and T8 treatments. In pooled analysis, the soil reaction, electrical conductivity, available nitrogen, phosphorous showed non significant results to the different boron application to the Arecanut. But the available potassium and boron in the soil after harvest showed the significant results. The highest B: C ratio (1.91) was recorded by T5 treatment i.e. 4 kg ha-1 B through soil application followed by T2 and T3 treatments. The above data showed the treatment T5 recorded the highest B : C ratio with higher yield and lowest percentage of cracking in the Arecanut of North Coastal Zone of the Konkan region. From the above data, it is concluded that the application of boron @ 4 kg ha-1 through the soil application along with the recommended dose of fertilizer plays significant role in the reducing the splitting of Arecanut.


ABSTRACTS

fhPf 14

effeCt of feRtIlIzeR levelS and Weed ManageMent MeaSuReS on gRoWth and yIeld of WhIte onIon (alliuM cepa) undeR noRth KonKan

CoaStal zone of MahaRaShtRa State

d.K. boRSe, l.S. Chavan, K.d. PatIl and v.n. Khade

Khar Land Research Station, Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli-415712, Maharastra, India E-mail: [email protected]

A field experiment was conducted at the District Fruit Nursery, Alibag (Maharastra) to study the effect of fertilizer levels and weed management measures on growth and yield of white onion (Allium cepa) under North Konkan Coastal Zone of Maharashtra state. The crop was fertilized with four levels viz., 75% RDF, 100% RDF(100:50:50 kg NPK ha -1), 125% RDF and fertilizer application on the basis of soil analysis. Six weed management measures comprised weedy check, one hand weeding at 20 DAT, two hand weeding at 20 and 50 DAT, oxyfluorfen spray @ 0.176 kg ha -1, oxyfluorfen spray @ 0.176 kg ha -1 + one hand weeding at 50 DAT and weed free check. Application of fertilizers on the basis of soil test (150:75:25 kg NPK ha -1) recorded significantly higher bulb yield (239.17 q ha -1) as compared to remaining fertilizer levels except

125% RDF. Significantly higher bulb yield (253.33 q ha -1) was recorded in weed free check as compared to weedy check and one hand weeding at 20 DAT. The highest weed control efficiency (95.03%) was recorded in weed free check followed by application of oxyfluorfen combined with one hand weeding at 50 DAT while the highest weed competition index (66.14%) was recorded in weedy check. Maximum net returns (Rs.399612.75 ha -1) with higher B: C ratio (1:3.11) were obtained when onion crop was fertilized on the basis of soil analysis and herbicide oxyfluorfen @ 0.176 kg ha -1 was combined with one hand weeding at 50 DAT. Significantly higher nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake were recorded when onion crop was fertilized on the basis of soil analysis and crop was kept weed free throughout the growth period.



Recent estimates indicate that 6.73 Mha area in India is affected by soil salinity and alkalinity and about 25% of ground waters are sodic and/or saline. More than 80% of the ground water resources are of poor quality in the state of Rajasthan and are unfit for irrigation to general agricultural crops. However, seed spices may be an option for these conditions and their degree of salinity tolerance vary from crop to crop and cultivar to cultivar. Keeping in view, seed germination study was carried out using thirteen fennel cultivars with EC 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, 12.0, 14.0 and 16.0 dSm-1 (± 0.1). The saline medium was created by using chlorides, sulphates and carbonates of calcium, magnesium and sodium. The thirteen cultivars used for study were CO-1, AF-1, RF-143, GF-1, GF-2, Pant Madurika, GF-11, Hisar Savroop, Rajendra Surbhi, RF-125, Azad Souf, RF-101, AF-178. The overall mean germination per cent was 82.1, 79.0, 60.3, 37.7, 17.4, 4.4, 1.3, 0.0 and 0.0 with corresponding salinity level 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, 12.0, 14.0 and 16.0 EC dSm-1.

At 0.0 salinity level, highest germination percentage was in CO-1 and Azad Saunf and least in RF-143. However, at EC 2.0 dSm-1, AM-1 showed highest germination and CO-1 least over the rest of cultivars. At EC 4.0 highest germination observed in RF-125 and GF-1. Moreover, highest germination per cent of GF-1 was with EC 6.0, 8.0, 10.0 and 12.0 over the other cultivars. Fennel cultivars- Co-1, RF-143, Pant madurika, GF-11 and AF-178 not germinated even at EC 10 dSm-1, while most of the fennel cultivars germinated up to the EC 8.0 dSm-1. However, none of the cultivars germinated beyond the EC 14.0dSm-1. Over all germination percentage at higher salinity level was highest in GF-1 followed by GF-2 and RF-125 and least in GF-11 and CO-1. The duration of germination max and coefficient of variation increased with increase in salinity, while germination per cent decreased with increase in salinity. The change in coefficient of variation of germination with salinity indicates the genetic stability of cultivars for GxE interaction.

fhPf 15

Seed geRMInatIon Study of fennel CultIvaRS WIth extended exPoSuRe to hyPeR SalIne CondItIonS

o.P. aIShWath, R.S. Mehta, R.S. Meena, R.K. yadav, R.l. Meena, b.K. Jha and balRaJ SIngh

National Research Centre on Seed Spices, Tabiji, Ajmer – 305 206, Rajasthan, IndiaE-mail: [email protected]


ABSTRACTS

Session 3:Theme:

Advanced management of aquaculture, livestock and allied activities for enhancing farm income



India stands first in total milk production with 121.8 million tonnes in 2010-11. Milk production is anticipated to reach 127.3 million tonnes at the end of 11th Plan (2011-12) as compared to 107.9 million tonnes at the beginning of the 11th Plan (2007-08). The per capita availability of milk has increased from 260 gram per day in 2007-08 to 281 gram per day in 2010-11. Coastal agriculture is diversified with different animal husbandry practices to increase income generation in the farming community under integrated farming system. However, productivity of the animals (cattle, buffalo, goat and sheep) are poor in the coastal region as compared to upper Indo-Gangetic plain in spite of having rich feed resources. Generally, coastal region receives higher rainfall which resulted greater output of feed resources from rangeland/grassland. So, we have to augment these natural resources for greater output through scientific animal husbandry practices. Under Indian condition we have to prioritize the type of animals selected for higher milk production, agro-climatic condition and feed resources available in that particular coastal area. Indian farmers mostly depend on crop residue based feeding system with concentrate and green fodder

supplementation. Despite a greater capacity of the modern dairy cow to eat and produce milk, decision rules around the appropriateness of supplementary feeding have not changed. Supplements will benefit milk production and reproduction when cows do not have sufficient pasture (i.e. grazing residuals are less than 1,500-1,600 kg DM ha-1). Milk production responses to supplements will be low and, likely, uneconomic when residuals are greater than this and reproduction will not be improved. In many coastal part of India farmers are reluctant to cultivate green fodder, as they consider it as low valued crop as compared to rice, vegetables and horticulture plantation. Balancing among the components of genetic potential of animals, agro-climatic condition of the particular zone and availability of feed resources is a real challenge to Animal Scientists in India. It is considered that suitable indigenous breed of livestock (cattle, buffalo, goat and sheep) having good genetic potential for either growth or milk may be reared in the coastal regions of India for higher income generation of the farmers under integrated farming model.

alaa 1 (InvIted)

augMentIng faRM InCoMe thRough lIveStoCK undeR CoaStal RegIon of IndIa

t.K. dutta

Eastern Regional Station, National Dairy Research Institute, Kalyani-741235, West Bengal, India


alaa 2 (InvIted)

ClIMate ReSIlIent aQuaCultuRe StRategy foR IndIan CoaStal RegIon

R K tRIvedI

West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata- 700 037, West Bengal, IndiaE-mail: [email protected]

Fisheries and aquaculture sector support the livelihoods of 660-820 million people, about 10-12 percent of the world’s population. It supplies 15 percent of the world’s protein and essential nutrition for around 4.3 billion consumers. Climate change is projected to impact broadly across ecosystems,

societies and economies, including those in the fisheries and aquaculture sector. Among different ecosystems, coastal areas are most vulnerable to climate change. It could affect coastal areas in a variety of ways. Coasts are sensitive to sea level rise, changes in the frequency and intensity of


ABSTRACTS

storms, increases in precipitation, and warmer ocean temperatures. The Coastal zone occupies less than 15% of the Earth’s land surface, yet it accommodates more than 60% of the world’s population. India has a coastline of about 7,500 km. With less than 0.25% of the world coastline, India houses 63 million people, approximately 11% of global population living in low elevation coastal areas. The coastal districts (73 out of a total of 593 districts) have a share of 17% of the national population, and nearly 250 million people live within 50 km of the coastline. The frequency and intensity of extreme weather events like cyclone and storm surge have increased over the period of time, bringing sudden influx of saline water into the fresh water aquaculture areas leading to loss of fish crop. Resilience of the coastal communities to extreme

weather events had been low. Essential to resilience is adaptive capacity which in turn depends on vulnerability and sensitivity. Integrated ecosystem-based approaches to fisheries and aquaculture are needed to develop any such sustainable climate resilient strategies. Study is being conducted in the coastal Sundarbans areas of West Bengal to develop climate resilient aquaculture strategies which can be employed in the different coastal zones of the country and for sustainable production. The paper discusses several adaptation strategies, which, if applied, can make the coastal fresh water aquaculture systems resilient and can provide livelihood security to vulnerable coastal communities in the event of extreme weather events.

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CoMPaRatIve PeRfoRManCe of Vanaraja- a baCKyaRd dual PuRPoSe ChICKen vaRIety WIth ItS Male PaRent lIne and ContRol bRoIleR

PoPulatIon

M. K. PadhI, R. n. ChatteRJee, S. haunShI, u. RaJKuMaR and M. nIRanJan

Project Directorate on Poultry, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad- 500030, Andhra Pradesh, IndiaE-mail: [email protected]

Backyard poultry farming using Vanaraja dual purpose birds is popular amongst the farmers in most parts of our country. This birds is found to be suitable for different agro-climatic condition of India which include coastal region. Vanaraja is produced by a two way cross and the male parent is being selected for higher shank length keeping in view that the higher shank length may helps the birds to run faster thus helping then to protect from predators. In the present study a comparative evaluation is being made for different juvenile traits in Vanaraja, male line of Vanaraja (PD1) and a colour control broiler population (CB). For the study a total of 1274 chicks of three genetic groups were produced in a single hatch and kept on deep litter with standard feeding and management practices. Pedigree chicks of PD1 were produced using 50 sire and 250 dams. Other two genetic group’s chicks were produced by random mating. Body weight was recorded at 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks of age and shank length was recorded at 6 weeks of age. Vanaraja recorded significantly lower body weight at two and four weeks of age compared to other two genetic groups. The gain in body weight improved significantly between

four to six weeks of age irrespective of the genetic groups. The body weight of the Vanaraja and CB improved in the present generation compared to last generation and CB (837±12.62 g) recorded highest body weight followed by PD1 (667±3.24 g) and Vanaraja (622±10.06 g). Similar trend was observed for shank length at 6 weeks of age. Shank length at 6 weeks of age for CB, PD1 and Vanaraja were 79.94±0.43, 76.24±0.15, 73.16±0.48 mm, respectively. Improvement in shank length was observed in CB and Vanaraja in the present year and remains static in PD1. The mortality from 0 to 6 weeks of age were 3.73, 1.55, 2.03 % in CB, PD1 and Vanaraja, respectively. Genetic parameters were estimated for PD1 line and heritability estimates for most of the traits were low in magnitude. Genetic and phenotypic response for primary traits 6 week shank length in PD1 were positive in magnitude. The results indicate that there is improvement of shank length in the terminal cross Vanaraja compared to previous year which is desirable. Further, improvement of shank length in male line through selection may also improve the shank length in commercial Vanaraja in future.



The traditional knowledge can be judiciously blended with the scientific knowledge to ensure its wide scale application. Though most of the traditional knowledge has been practically put to use it should be subjected to assessment and validation before it is used in any development programme. The present study was conducted to gain access to the indigenous knowledge of the fishermen engaged in the bivalve fishery practiced in the region and its subsequent assessment by experts working in area of fisheries management. A total of 100 fishermen constituted the sample size of the study. The data were gathered

through a combination of personnel interview and non-participant observation methods. The study has documented rich, varied and potential indigenous knowledge associated with the management of the bivalve fishery. Most of the indigenous knowledge on variety specific habitats, fishery season for bivalves, preference timing and depth of operation, effect of different abiotic phenomenon on condition and availability of bivalves, methods of their exploitation, etc. is based by and large on scientific rationality, efficacy and use of local resources as evidenced from the ratings of the experts.

alaa 4

aSSeSSMent of IndIgenouS KnoWledge uSed In the ManageMent of bIvalve fISheRy of South KonKan CoaSt of MahaRaShtRa

S. S. gangan, v. h. nIRMale, K. d. PatIl, n. d. Chogale, S. y. MetaR, R. PaI and a. K. balange

Khar Land Research Station, Panvel, Raigad - 410206, Maharastra, India E-mail: [email protected]

alaa 5

IMPaCt of bRaCKISh WateR ShRIMP CultuRe on natuRal ReSouRCeS – a CaSe Study In CoaStal odISha

MadhuMIta daS, P. SWaIn, o. P. veRMa and d P SInhababu

Directorate of Water Management, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar- 751023, Odisha, IndiaE-mail: [email protected]

Brackish water shrimp aquaculture is a favorable and lucrative livelihood option for farmers in coastal area. The practice is reported to produce unfavorable impact on the coastal environment. Discharge of shrimp wastes degrade the quality of local water bodies, seepage loss of saline water from shrimp farm ponds increases salt level of soil and water resulting to low yield of rice as reported by several rice farmers in coastal area. Nonetheless, by exporting brackish water shrimp India earned handsome amount of foreign exchange @ 16.67% growth rate from 1997 to 2000. It is an emerging export driven production system, generating income, creating employment opportunities and thereby provides a livelihood

security for rural communities. The practice is therefore expanding exponentially and encroaching the rice cultivated land in coastal areas. Some of the issues pose concerns are location specific, as in Odisha the coastal flat land serves the ‘rice basket’ of the state, it is the gift of three rivers. Impact of the practice is not friendly with soil and water qualities in rice field area. It is a remunerative farming option. Regulating the farming to produce minimum possible impact on soil and water qualities is thus required to restore the quality of coastal ecosystem. The purpose of the investigation was take a stock of soil and water qualities appraisal and study the extent of impact of brackish water shrimp farming in coastal area.


ABSTRACTS

Crop, livestock and fish cannot be separated for small holder agriculture in coastal areas of India as crop + livestock is the pre-dominant farming system existing in the country and livelihood of 117 million marginal and small farm holdings revolves around this system. Integrated Farming System (IFS) is considered to be powerful tool and holds the key for ensuring income, employment, livelihood and nutritional security in a sustainable mode for small and marginal farmers who constitute 84.97 % of total operational holdings and has 44.31 % operational area. Integrated system meets the above goals through multiple uses of natural resources such as land, water, nutrients and energy in a complimentary way thus giving scope for round the year income from various enterprises of the system. The initial results of on farm farming system modules evaluated in various NARP zones through AICRP on Integrated Farming Systems promises

6.8 times increase in net returns over variable cost of interventions in improved farming systems with value of household consumption (produced within the farm) increasing by 51.4 %. Further, the per day profit of marginal and small households can be increased by 69.2 % through low cost interventions such as improved varieties, balanced recommended nutrient application, integrated pest management, good quality round the fodder supply, area and species specific mineral mixture supplementation in feeds, cleaning /grading of farm produces and kitchen gardening in farming systems perspective. Additional employment of 53.6 man days/year can also be generated for the household through these interventions. Land manipulation based farming systems are found to be highly beneficial for coastal areas in managing the soil, water and crop effectively.

alaa 6

faRMIng SySteMS aPPRoaCh foR ManagIng SoIl, WateR and CRoP In CoaStal aReaS

b. gangWaR and n. RavISanKaR

Project Directorate for Farming Systems Research, Modipuram, Meerut-250110, Uttar Pradesh, India

E mail: [email protected]

alaa 7

lIvelIhood oPtIon thRough aQuaCultuRe PRovIded at ‘aila’- Ravaged balI ISland, sundarbans

P. P. ChaKRabaRtI, d. n. ChattoPadhyay, R. n. Mandal, b. C. MahaPatRa and P. JayaSanKaR

Regional Research Center, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Rahara, Kolkata-700118, West Bengal, India


Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA) has come forward to support the populace residing at Bali Island, Sunderbans by establishing scientific aquaculture and thus enabling them to have assured livelihood. In effect, 51 water bodies of small to medium ponds covering 5.0 ha area have been brought under composite aquaculture, involving around 50 families and more than 250 individuals with a view to making them self-reliant. Besides, 38 integrated farming units with ducklings have been set up at

backyard ponds to engage around 200 individuals to have daily earnings. A gloomy picture was prevalent in Bali Island along with entire Sundarbans just three years back when CIFA took initiative to establish aquaculture. ‘Aila’, a strong cyclonic storm, ravaged Sundarbans, virtually wiping out the entire area and causing considerable damage to agriculture and aquaculture. In order to retrieve the normalcy as before, a team of Scientists of RRC, CIFA conducted a study to identify the local problems, present



status, feasibility and possible solution in relation to development of livelihood through aquaculture by applying Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) technique. The study collated social status, farming system, agro-ecosystem analysis, SWOT analysis, economy, and weight analysis, etc. in relation to fishery activities. Consequently, it could rank and prioritize village needs. It has recorded 138 ponds belonging to 114 pond owners of which 50%, 20%, 20% and 10% may be used for nursery, rearing, brood stock and miscellaneous purposes, respectively. Ingress of saline water into all the ponds caused the total loss of fish germplasm. Following PRA, the specific needs

of the farming communities were identified and an action plan has been formulated. Establishment of hatchery, along with creation of skilled man power for its operation through practical training, a series of demonstrations, and various extension measures have been undertaken for the implementation of aquaculture programme. CIFA’s intervention has rekindled the hope of Bali inhabitants for an assured livelihood option. This would hopefully detract them from venturing into dense forests for honey and firewood collection, which usually result in loss of life from Bengal tiger and crocodile attacks.

alaa 8

PhySICo-CheMICal ChaRaCteRIStICS of SeaWateR aSSoCIated WIth MudflatS

at naRaRa and InteRtIdal WateRS of PIRotan ISland

(MaRIne natIonal PaRK, guJaRat)

a. J. bhatt, a. y deSaI and n.h. JoShI

Department of Fisheries Recourses Management, College of Fisheries sciences, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh – 362001, Gujarat, India

E-mail : [email protected]

Physico-chemical parameters like pH, dissolve oxygen, salinity, Nitrate nitrogen, Nitrrite Nitrogen, Seawater temperature, optically active substances, Total suspended matters and coloured dissolved organic matters, bio-optics were measured for mud flat areas of Narara and inter tidal waters of

Pirotan Island. The data is compared with open sea water of Gulf of Kutch (Collected from mid-point of both this site). The variation in each parameter is discussed, relationship between the parameters and species diversity is discussed thoroughly this research paper.


ABSTRACTS

Session 4:Theme:

Emerging ecological threat, mitigation measures and coastal forestry management



The changing climate poses a challenge and threat to humanity as a whole and the evidences and events suggest that the developing countries are also more vulnerable in addition to small Islands. Other than temperature rise and green house effects most of the available impact estimates, however, do not account for impacts due to extreme climate events such as cyclones and droughts, whose frequency and intensity could also increase under climate change conditions. UNEP (1989) has identified India among the 27 countries that are most vulnerable to sea level rise. Small islands are among the most vulnerable to future sea level rise and climate change. Despite negligible contribution to global climate change, small islands bear the maximum brunt of climate associated disasters, it is therefore, important to examine the significant impacts of changing climate on agriculture, forestry, fishery and rural livelihoods. Andaman & Nicobar Islands represent a typical tropical ecosystem that includes

unspoilt fragile marine biota exhibiting an extreme degree of endemism and endless stretch of massive, primordial forests bordered by mangrove swamps. Extreme events such as earthquake (9.0 Richter scale) which struck Andaman and Nicobar Islands on 26 December 2004 and the consequent tsunami have caused considerable changes in ecosystem of Islands. Immediately after the tsunami, mortality of shellfishes such as prawns and crabs was observed in the vicinity of mangrove areas due to leaching of acid sulphate salts and water quality deterioration. Sea water ingression in paddy fields also created situations where paddy fields are inundated with sea water either occasionally or permanently. The extreme impact of inundation and flooding is to make the very low-lying islands uninhabitable. People’s proper understanding of future threats with regard to climate changes and participation in planned counter measures is needed to implement adaptive options.

etMf 1 (InvIted)

eCologICal thReat to ISland eCoSySteM undeR ChangIng ClIMatIC CondItIonS

S. daM Roy

Central Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair - 744101, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India


etMf 2 (InvIted)

ClIMate Change adaPtatIonS foR faRMeRS of CoaStal RegIonS- ISSueS and oPtIonS

b. K. bandyoPadhyay



Agriculture which is the primary livelihood of huge population of coastal rural sector is under great threat due to climate change and sea level rise following increase in global temperature. Since the last few decades the average surface temperatures of the earth has risen appreciably. Global warming is primarily caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O) produced

by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, industrial production, agricultural activities, etc. Increase in global temperature will result in erratic weather patterns and the impacts are already being manifested in many parts of the world. Some of these impacts are also being felt with greater frequency in the Indian subcontinent e.g. extreme weather events such as cyclones in coastal regions and


ABSTRACTS

droughts in western states like, Rajasthan, Gujarat, etc. The sea level rise in coastal regions will lead to increased salinity of land-water system, higher tidal surges, and permanent submergence of land masses with saline water, changing rainfall patterns and low agricultural yield thus, increasing the vulnerability of communities with an untold impact on the ecosystem and biodiversity of the area. It will pose a great threat to food security and livelihood system of the people due to decreasing crop, fish and meat yields. Higher temperatures will challenge many agricultural systems. Plants are sensitive to high temperatures during critical stages such as flowering, seed development, etc. Often combined with drought, high temperatures can mean disaster to crop yield. The aquaculture production will also be under great challenge due to increased water temperatures, increased sea water acidity, extreme weather events, environmental hazards, harmful algal bloom, sea

level rise, changes in phytoplankton-zooplankton population and sea currents. There will be lot of uncertainties about the location and magnitude of these changes. In order to limit global warming it is necessary to adopt policies that will limit greenhouse gas emissions by human activities. There are already good numbers of technologies for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Of the many technological options for climate change adaptations in agriculture the most important ones are: development of drought- heat- salt- and flood-tolerant improved crop varieties, new ways to irrigate crops, improved soil management practices with increased use of organic manures, integrated nutrient management, adjusting sowing time of crops, integrated paste & disease management, land shaping, rain water harvesting & its multiple usages, aforestation, agro-forestry, improve management of aquaculture, etc.

etMf 3

MItIgatIon of PRobleM of CoaStal SoIl SalInIty:

a MICRobIal InteRventIon aPPRoaCh

Renu, hIllol ChaKdaR, udaI bhan SIngh, ManISh S bhoyaR and aRun KuMaR ShaRMa

National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Micro-organisms, Kusmaur, Mau Nath Bhanjan - 275101, Uttar Pradesh, India


Soil salinity is one of the most serious agricultural problems worldwide. It is due to the accumulation of salts in soil capillaries leading to a sharp decrease in plant fertility. Salt concentration left in plant capillaries, with insufficient amount of nourishing substances leads to plants dying. Strategies for alleviation of salt stress involve leaching excess soluble salts from upper to lower soil depths, developing salt-resistant cultivars, flushing soils that contain soil crusts at the surface, reducing salt by harvesting salt-accumulating aerial plant parts in areas with negligible irrigation water or rainfall for leaching, and amelioration of saline soils under cropping and leaching. Another attractive alternative is to alleviate salt stress by inoculating crop seeds and seedlings with plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB). Looking into the perspectives of crop losses

due to the severity of abiotic stresses, especially salinity, tolerance to stress provided by microbial inoculants becomes more important. Beneficial effect of PGPB under salinity has been related to hydraulic conductance, osmolyte accumulation, sequestering toxic Na+ ions, maintaining higher stomatal conductance and photosynthetic activities. The long-term goal of improving plant–microbe interactions for salinity affected fields and crop productivity can be met with an understanding of the mechanism of osmo-adaptation in various microbes like Azospirillum sp. The synthesis and activity of nitrogenases in A. brasilense is inhibited by salinity stress has been reported. It has been reported that in Azospirillum sp. there is an accumulation of compatible solutes such as glutamate, proline, glycine-betaine and trehalose in response to salinity/osmolarity; proline plays a



major role in osmo-adaptation through increase in osmotic stress that shifts the dominant osmolyte from glutamate to proline in A. brasilense. More water content, higher water potential, and lower canopy temperature in their foliage was found to be in Azospirillum-inoculated sorghum plants making them less drought-stressed than non-inoculated plants.

In India few studies have already been conducted to assess the diversity of indigenous Azospirillum sp. associated with rice cultivated along the coastline of Tamil Nadu. The present paper discusses various approaches and mechanisms adapted by microbes which can be useful in mitigating problem of coastal soil salinity.

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IntenSIve WateR haRveStIng haS ReduCed Sea WateR IntRuSIon In SauRaShtRa RegIon of guJaRat: a SuCCeSS StoRy

P. g. vadheR, h.d. RanK and n. K. gontIa

Department of Soil and Water Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Junagadh agricultural university, Junagadh -362001, Gujarat, India

E-Mail: [email protected]

The Gujarat has a vast area under costal agro-ecosystem with low productivity having the 1600 km long coastline, out of which Saurashtra and Kachchh has about 1125 km. In Saurashtra region the excess withdrawal of the groundwater has created the reverse hydraulic gradient of groundwater towards the land. This has created the seawater intrusion in the coastal aquifers and deteriorated the ground water by mixing into groundwater. Seawater intrusion reached inland by 10-15 km from seacoast and reduction in drinking and irrigation water supplies of good quality water affected the agricultural and other economical activities and caused environmental degradation of this coastal area. Prolonged use of saline water for irrigation has led to decline in agricultural productivity and decreased soil fertility, rendering the land unsuitable for future cultivation and forced

migration of people. To overcome this situation the Government of Gujarat took a massive program of rainwater harvesting with people participation for increasing surface storage and artificial groundwater recharge in the region. The program got a big success and an assessment has been made to determine the impact of intensive water harvesting activities on sea water intrusion and groundwater quality in coastal aquifers. Seawater intrusion effect was observed in vicinity of sea coast and high salinity was found in the region and it was decreased with increase of distance from seacoast. It was also observed that salinity decreased year to year from 2005-2009. The decreasing trend was due to intensive ground water conservation activity and annual rainfall above normal in compare to previous years.


ABSTRACTS

An ever increasing population places enormous demands on land resources. There is need to rehabilitate and enhance the productivity of degraded lands to fulfill the needs of increasing population and to counter balance the impacts of climate change and to conserve land & water resources for sustaining and improving the production and productivity through various agro forestry, horticultural based interventions. A study has been conducted to determine the effect of bamboo plantation based interventions with supportive staggered trenches for enhancing the productivity and sustainable natural resource management in degraded gully lands of costal Gujarat in 2007-2012 with the with financial assistance by National Bamboo Mission, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India . Based on the results of the study it is conducted that, higher survival and plant growth were recorded in bamboo plantation with earthen gully plugs and supportive staggered trenches. These are mainly due to absorption of rainfall thereby increase in moisture availability. Bamboo plantation based interventions absorbs more

than 80% of rainfall. Lowest runoff, soil loss and nutrient loss were occurred in bamboo plantation with small earthen check dams followed by bamboo with trenches. Bamboo based interventions reduced the runoff and soil losses up to 60, 80% respectively. Maximum silt deposition was recorded in gully treating with bamboo plantation with earthen gully plugs. Annual return worked to be from the bamboo based interventions for gully beds are Rs. 88,780, Rs.70,000 and Rs.63910 in ‘bori-bund reinforced with bamboo’, ‘trenching’ and ‘bamboo live check dam’ treatments, respectively. Benefit cost ratio works out to be 2.09, 2.05 and 1.96 in ‘bori-bund reinforced with bamboo’, ‘trenching’ and ‘bamboo live check dam’ treatments, respectively. The bamboo based interventions with supportive SWC measures were proved to be quite promising both in terms of controlling runoff and soil loss, carbon sequestration and economic returns. These techniques can be implemented for reclamation of degraded gullied lands in various States.

etMf 5

enhanCIng the PRoduCtIvIty of degRaded landS by baMboo PlantatIon WIth SuPPoRtIve SoIl and WateR ConSeRvatIon MeaSuReS

b. KRIShna Rao, R. S. KuRothe, v.C. Pande, goPal KuMaR, M.l. gauR, v.n. ShaRda and P. K. MIShRa

Central Soil and Water Conservation Research & Training Institute, Regional Centre, Vasad-388 306, Gujarat, India




According to the Report on Development of Coastal Areas Affected by Salinity, the problem of salinity in coastal areas is a national problem and requires detailed studies in all the coastal states. Gujarat has the longest coastline (1600 km) of all the states in India and Gulf of Khambhat is 70 km wide and 130 km long indentation on the western shelf of Indian coast between Saurashtra Peninsula and the main land of Gujarat. The characteristics of the Gulf are unique and the Gulf is known for its vast saline mudflats and an estuarine complex along the coast. The Gulf receives 45% of silt along with the water that flows into the sea and the stretches of the mud flats are influenced by marine deposition and river action. The region is locally known as Bhal meaning barrenness, which is because of the high salinity. This paper discusses the case of a coastal village in Gulf of Khambhat where the increasing salinity in soil has impacted negatively on agricultural production systems of the area. The natural systems of salinity control mechanisms in the area like mangroves and coastal vegetation have degraded severely, making the communities susceptible to serious threats from the increasing salinity of land and water resources. The mangroves and the coastal vegetation, which once acted as natural barrier for the salt-laden winds, have disappeared totally and now the agriculture system has become susceptible to several problems - the most severe being high salt levels both in the soil carried in wind and water sprays, and physical damage faced by the vegetation from strong winds. Big tides, observed in the ocean two-three times a year and having a velocity of about 40 km per hour

and waves up to 3 to 4 meter, get spread across the mudflats along the coastal villages and sometimes also inundate the agricultural lands. As the tidal waves recede, a large amount of tidal water is trapped in the mudflats near the villages, which on evaporating, leaves behind a loose sheet of salt deposit on the mudflats. This high amount of salt deposited on the mudflats, is carried inland by the coastal winds to the farmlands, especially during summer. Salt carried by wind is deposited on the plants and onto the soil and problem gets compounded as salt accumulates in the soil, adversely affecting agriculture. This paper also discusses the case of a coastal village in Gulf of Khambhat where the issue of increasing salinity was addressed through creation of a vegetative shelterbelt on the common land adjoining the farmland, reducing the salinity and improving agricultural productivity of the farmlands adjoining the mudflats. The initiative involved strengthening community institutions for better governance of their natural resources and thereby restoring saline mudflats through soil and moisture conservation and revegetation measures. These efforts provide an ideal case of replication in more than twenty thousand hectares of saline mudflats all along the Gulf of Khambhat and other thousands of hectares of such lands across the country. The Vegetative Shelterbelt, allowing for reclamation of fallow farmlands, also helps in improving the productivity of the saline common lands, aiding the regeneration of native species and providing habitats for local fauna.

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addReSSIng SalIne MudflatS thRough ShelteRbelt aPPRoaCh and ItS IMPaCt on IMPRovIng PRoduCtIvIty In adJoInIng faRMlandS

R. n. Patel, KIRan KuMaRI, SatISh MaCWan and dInKaR PanChal

SHT/FES Anand, A-1 Madhuram Park, Ganesh crossing- Mangalpura Road, Anand 388001 E-mail: [email protected]


ABSTRACTS

The experiment was conducted at Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Bharuch to assess the salt removal potential of Salvadora persica, Salvadora oleoides and Suaeda nudiflora. The experiment with S. persica was carried out in field condition by irrigating with saline water of different salinity levels, whereas the study of Salvadora oleoides and Suaeda nudiflora was carried out in pots under imposed salinity. Fresh and dry weight of leaves and shoot of all three halophytes viz. Salvadora persica, Salvadora oleoides and Suaeda nudiflora was found to increase with salinity levels. With increasing salinity up to 15 dSm-1, shoot height increased in Salvadora persica. Further increase in salinity causes shoot retardation. In all three halophytes, sodium and potassium content showed positive response to increasing salinity up to 35 dSm-1. Maximum Calcium uptake was observed in S. persica in comparison of S. oleoides and Suaeda

nudiflora. Among all three halophytes, leaves of Suaeda were more efficient for chloride ion uptake from soil followed by S. persica and S. oleoides. Leave of Suaeda nudiflora showed maximum 19.50 meq l-1 chloride uptake. With increase in salinity level of soil, total Sulphur content in the leaves of Suaeda nudiflora and S. persica was observed to be decreasing to the extent of 47% and 34%. Proline accumulated in all three halophytes studied, when salinity stress was imposed. Maximum level of proline content (840 µg g-1) was measured in Suaeda nudiflora which shows that this species have more potential to resist salinity stress in comparison of S. oleoides and S. persica. The halophyte plant species having potential to remove salt from environment could prove to be helpful in remediating saline soils that are dominant in coastal and inland areas of Gujarat and other parts of nation. This can result in enhancing the economic returns from the saline lands.

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bIo-ReMedIatIon PotentIal vIS-a-vIS Salt ReMoval effICaCy of eConoMICally uSeful haloPhyteS fRoM CoaStal SalIne SoIlS

SanJay aRoRa, ChIRag g. bhuva, R. tRIvedI, g.guRuRaJa Rao,

anIl R. ChInChMalatPuRe and d.K. ShaRMa

Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station,Bharuch – 392012, Gujarat, India


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CoMPaRatIve eCologICal StudIeS of KaRanJa and Panvel CReeKS adJoInIng to ShRIMP CultuRe PondS In RaIgad dIStRICt of

MahaRaShtRa

P.e.ShIngaRe, K.J.ChaudhaRI and h. SIngh

Maharashtra Council of Agriculture Education & Research, Bhamburda, Pune - 411007, Maharashtra, India

Email : [email protected]

Coastal aquatic systems are important resources for enhancing aquaculture production, exhibiting diverse ecological conditions. These resources could be utilized for food production with proper maintenance of ecological balance. Several studies have been made pertaining to characteristics of brackish water ecosystems of east coast of India,

viz. Hoogly-Matlah estuary; Vizhingam Bay; Chilka lake; Cauvery estuary; Pulicat lake. Along the west coast of India, such as coastal waters of Bombay, Mandovi-Zuary estuary and Netravati-Gurupur estuary have been investigated for ecological characteristics. The present study was undertaken to study the different physico-chemical characteristics



and heavy metal content of two different creeks viz. Karanja and Panvel, which are main source of intake for brackish water shrimp culture ponds of Uran - Panvel area in Raigad districts of Maharashtra. The water parameters such as temperature, transparency, specific conductivity, total dissolved solids, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, total

alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, dissolved organic matter; ammonium-nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen and nitrate-nitrogen were studied. The heavy metals such as mercury, zinc, cadmium, lead, and copper were also estimated to understand the pollution level of creek water.

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envIRonMental MonItoRIng of Jute geotextIle utIlIty In CoaStal aReaS

SuJaI daS and K. K. Mahanta

National Institute for Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology, Kolkata- 700040, West Bengal, IndiaE-mail: [email protected]

Jute geo-textiles are flexible, biodegradable, hydrophobic, and water-resistant in nature, and suitable for rain-fed, flood-prone climatic conditions. The coastal regions are susceptible to high rainfall induced soil erosion. The geo-textiles are used as geo-technical engineering products like fibre drains, separators, filters and reinforcement of soil to control soil erosion. It has high strength and non-hazardous properties in the environment. Traditionally, environmental monitoring is carried out by a number of expensive instruments. At present, high precision sensing unities have been developed. The data is retrieved directly from the equipment after the unit is recovered at the end of the experiment. The implementation of a wireless sensor network provides

an alternative solution by deploying a larger number of disposable sensor nodes. Nodes are equipped with sensors with high precision, however, the network as a whole provides better spatial resolution of the area and the users can have access to the data immediately. This paper surveys a comprehensive review of the available solutions to support wireless sensor network geotextile monitoring applications in coastal region for controlling soil erosion, soil moisture conservation using mulching, etc. It has benefit to online wirelessly monitoring using various sensor like moisture, nutrient, light intensity, position, accelerometer etc. which fitted in nodes. Nodes send the information to base station.


ABSTRACTS

Session 5:Theme:

Transfer of technology, livelihoods improvement and impacts



The integrated farming systems provide scope not only to augment income of the farmers but also bring improvement in soil health through recycling of organic wastes and thereby increase the overall productivity of the farms. The energy obtained from an IFS in various forms is much higher than energy input, as the by- products/wastes of these allied enterprises provide all the raw material and energy required for the food chain in another system. This complimentarity when carefully chosen, keeping in view the soil and environmental conditions, ushers in greater dividends. There is a need to study the sustainability of the identified systems under different agro-climatic situations in the long run including high value crops. There is an urgent need to study the nutrient dynamics of soil with continuous cropping and recycling of manurial resources with different

systems over time. Modeling of the identified farming system options to suit a given agro-climatic and socio-economic situation, needs to be attempted. In addition, there is a need to identify the constraints in adoption of identified farming systems by the farmers for further refinement. Farmer participatory approach is the need of the hour in identifying and adopting specific farming systems based on the needs, aspirations of both the producers and consumers and marketability of various crops and commodities. Thus, integrated intensive farming systems (IIFS) are the need of the day in India to help our small and marginal farmers to make a living out of their avocation. The green revolution followed by white revolution could be sustained only through IIFS on a micro as well as macro level.

totl 1 (InvIted)

InnovatIve faRMIng SySteM foR IMPRovIng lIvelIhood of

CoaStal faRMIng CoMMunItIeS

n.P. SIngh and b.l. ManJunath

ICAR Research Complex for Goa, Ela, Old Goa – 403 402, Goa, IndiaE-mail: [email protected]

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WateR ManageMent thRough CoMMunIty PaRtICIPatIon In the CoaStal RegIon of bangladeSh

ManoRanJan Mondal and elIzabeth huMPhReyS

International Rice Research Institute, Manila, PhilippinesE-mail: [email protected]

The coastal zone of Bangladesh is the most vulnerable region of the Ganges basin, occupies about 30% of the country’s land area and is home to some of the world’s poorest and most food insecure 39 million people, whose livelihoods depend primarily on agriculture and aquaculture. Key challenges to both agricultural and aquacultural productivity include excessive flooding during the rainy season, lack of access to fresh water and soil salinity during the dry season, and severe cyclonic storms and tidal surges throughout the year. These challenges will be exacerbated as a result of climate change and is

expected to leave the communities most vulnerable and food insecure in the coming years. The rivers of the coastal zone of Bangladesh are tidal, and this effect extends up to about 150 km inland. The tidal fluctuation is more extreme (up to several metres) in the rainy season, resulting in tidal flooding of adjacent lands. About one million hectares of the agricultural lands of the coastal zone of Bangladesh were therefore poldered during 1960s and 1970s, to prevent inundation during the rainy season and enable production of a tall statured, low yielding Aman crop, and to prevent saline water intrusion


ABSTRACTS

during the dry season. Poldering involved building large embankments around the perimeter of the islands formed between the spaghetti of rivers in the delta. Inside the polders, there are also dense, natural drainage networks, and some of the larger internal canals were connected to the surrounding rivers by sluice gates installed in the polder embankments. Thus, with judicious management of the sluice gates, water can be taken into or drained from the polders. However, despite enormous investment, the polders (population about 8 million) are home to some of the world’s poorest and most vulnerable people. The CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food Ganges Basin Development Challenge research shows that with the advances in agricultural and aquacultural technologies and available coastal water resources there is tremendous potential to improve food security and livelihoods of the coastal communities of Bangladesh. However, these new options cannot reach their potential unless there is a fundamental change in how the water resources inside polders are viewed and managed. Water resources in the coastal zone have largely been mis-conceived and under-utilized for increasing productivity and improving livelihoods of the coastal communities. Water management, especially drainage is the key to increasing the productivity of both agriculture and aquaculture in coastal polders. Each polder needs to be considered as an integrated water management unit, serving the production systems,

rather than simply as a structural unit comprising the surrounding embankment and sluices. With the changing scenarios, the polder functions should be changed to satisfy the water requirements for improved production system which include good drainage to avoid prolonged deep inundation of the Aman crop, to allow rapid drainage prior to Aman harvest for timely establishment of Rabi crops and to allow adequate leaching of salt from the shrimp ghers prior to transplanting the Aman crop; ability to intake and conserve water of the desired quality for dry season irrigation by dredging of canal networks within the polders. This will serve to improve drainage as well as increase storage capacity; and provision of access to brackish water in regions where this can be a beneficial resource rather than a constraint to productivity and livelihoods. An individual has little role to play in improving the drainage; rather community approach is essential to accomplish the task for cropping systems intensification and diversification to achieve food and livelihoods security of the vulnerable coastal communities of Bangladesh. A pilot study in a 6 ha mini-watershed in polder 30 of the Khulna district in the southwest region of Bangladesh showed that productivity of rice and Rabi crops could be increased through community’s participation in water management, especially improved drainage expedite establishment of Rabi crops and consequently safe harvest otherwise they are often damaged by pre-monsoon rainfall.

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PRobable CRoP dIveRSIfICatIon oPtIonS foR PRoduCtIvIty enhanCeMent of Salt affeCted SoIlS In CoaStal RegIon

y.P. SIngh, d. K. ShaRMa, v.K.MIShRa and dhananJay SIngh

Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Lucknow-226002, Uttar Pradesh, India


Recent development and future demographic projections suggest that the need to produce more food will demand for effective utilization of salt affected lands. As reported by Ghassemi and co-workers, about 20 percent of the world’s irrigated land is salt affected. Productivity enhancement of salt affected soils in coastal region through crop- based management has the potential to convert them from environmental burdens in to economic use.

Research efforts have led to the identification of a number of field crops, vegetables, forage grasses and shrubs, medicinal and aromatic crops, multipurpose tree species and fruit trees, which are profitable and suit a variety of salt affected coastal environments. Several of these species have agricultural importance in terms of their cultivation in the location specific environments. Therefore, crop diversification systems based on salt tolerant plant species are likely to be the



key to future agricultural and economic growth for coastal areas where salt affected soils exist. With the adoption of these systems and involving farmers in the most suitable and sustainable crop diversifying systems can increase the productivity per unit of salt affected lands and mitigate the apparent risks. The studies highlighted the role of cropping as a major contribution to the management of salt affected environments. Among the crops evaluated under salt affected soils Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are the important crops recommended for cultivation during the initial 3 years of the amelioration process. In the post reclamation phase, moderately tolerant crops such as sorghum, pearl millet, oilseed and medicinal and aromatic crops may be grown. In addition, growing of high quality salt tolerant forage grasses like Para grass (Brachiaria mutica), Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) and Gutton panic (Panicum maximum) in a forage-livestock system on salt affected soils could increase the availability of quality feed to the

livestock population. Several medicinal and aromatic plant species like Palmarosa (Cymbopogan martini), Lemon grass (Cymbopogon flexuousus), Vetivar (Chrysopogan zizanioides), Isabgol (Plantago ovata), Tulsi (Osimum basilicum) and Matricaria( Matricaria recutita) have the ability to tolerate salt affected soils as well as to produce adequate biomass of economic value. Among the bio-fuel and bio-energy plant species, Jatropha curcas considered as potential bio-fuel plant can be grown in salt affected soils. Several fruit tree species like Guava (Psidium guajava), Jambolin (Syzygium cumini), Karanda (Carisa carandus), Aonla (Amblica officinalis) and ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) perform better under salt affected soils. A number of multipurpose tree species like Arjun (Terminalia arjuna), Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora), Acacia (Acacia nilotica), Casuarina (Casuarina equisetifolia) and Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus tereticornis) have shown promise under salt affected environments.

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eConoMIC ConSIdeRatIonS of agRICultuRal dRaInage- SoMe CaSe StudIeS

PRabhaKaR nanda

Directorate of Water Management, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar - 751 023, Odisha, IndiaE-Mail: [email protected]

Water logging and coastal salinity reduces agricultural income in coastal tracts of the country considerably. Water logging due to excess rainfall in a saucer shaped agricultural land and in the canal commands due to profligate use of water in the head end, results in yield loss thereby increasing private as well as social cost. The coastal tracts of the country are prone to water logging in the event of excess rainfall due to saucer shaped topography there by reducing yield potential of major crops that varies from 20% to as high as 100% in some water sensitive crops. To combat the effect of water logging, provision of surface and sub surface drainage has been scientifically proved effective. In the early period prior to the advent of state planned barrage controlled irrigation system, rational farming which maximised the return per unit of scarce water by increasing the cultivated area, helped to prevent water table to build up as seepage losses in the fields were negligible. However, the consideration of maximisation of

private gains out of public supplied irrigation system led to excessive application of irrigation water at the head end and water logging at the tail end of canal systems as the field to field irrigation was mode of water application in the absence of well laid out field channels. To evaluate the benefit to the farmers due to the drainage system, the changes in the productivity, production, cropping pattern, increase in the efficiency of input use, increase in the gainful employment which combined increase the income of the farmer have been considered as indicators by different surface drainage and sub surface drainage studies. The present paper deals with case studies where water logging has been alleviated through interventions and its economics. A case study by WTCER (Presently DWM) in Kushabhadra-Bhargavi doab reflected that the yield benefits increased by as high as 30% in comparison to pre surface drainage scenario, increasing in cropping intensity was recorded to be as high as 100% for different size class of farmers.


ABSTRACTS

Economic assessment of technology adoption in case of summer rice has been examined in present study. An attempt has been made to estimate input gap, cost reduction, yield gap and profitability among different levels of adoption. Study is based on primary data collected from 120 summer paddy growers. An attempt is also made to suggest a methodology for excess use of inputs upto 500 per cent more than the recommended level of input use. The study, revealed that seed was utilized in excess quantity in all groups and use of fertilizers was more in higher adoption group. Input gap was ranging from 33 per cent to 48 per cent which was higher in low adoption group. The total yield gap was 10.42 quintals which was 22.53 per cent less than the recommended level. However,

it was observed to be only 8 per cent in high adoption group which was less than all other groups it is due to technology adoption. The increase in yield was 17.25 per cent more in high adoption group than the check (low adoption). The per quintal cost in high adoption group was significantly less (i.e. Rs.282) as compared to low adopters. The formulae suggested to work out the adoption index in case of excess adoption gives conceptually appropriate results. As the per cent use of inputs more than the recommended level increases, the technology adoption index decreases in same proportion. It was starts from zero reaches to one at recommended level of input use and then decreases and reached to zero at maximum level of input use in a given data set.

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teChnology IMPaCt aSSeSSMent of SuMMeR RICe PRoduCtIon In the KonKan RegIon (M.S.) - Methodology foR exCeSS adoPtIon

S.R. toRane, J.M. talathI and S. S. toRane

Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth,Dapoli, Ratnagiri - 415712, Maharastra, India


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aQuatIC WeedS aS PoSSIble futuRe foodS and lIvelIhood SuPPoRt foR the PeoPle of CoaStal aReaS

R. n. Mandal, P. P. ChaKRabaRtI and P. JayaSanKaR

Regional Research Center, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Rahara, Kolkata -700 118, West Bengal, India


India is endowed with vast areas of wetlands which are habitats of a wide range of aquatic plant resources. These valuable plant bio-resources, treated as aquatic weeds, may be considered for possible future foods classified into four groups viz. food, feed, fodder and vegetables catering to the basic societal needs for the maintenance of good health through intake of appropriate nutritional requirements. Most of these aquatic plant bio-resources contain substantial nutrients (dry weight basis): crude protein, 15-35%; crude fat, 2-2.5%; carbohydrate, 9-35%; ash,

8-25%, with caloric value, 2.5-4.2 kcal g-1. As food, makhana plays an important role of providing both nutritional and therapeutic constituents, in addition to potential economic benefits to rural people. One kg of powdered seed costs Rs. 350 to 400. Makhana cultivated fields are also ideal for fish culture, especially for cat fish, which can yield high production. Lotus is of diverse utility as food, fodder and vegetable, apart from utilization for indigenous practice of Ayurveda treatment; lotus flowers have economic importance to rural



folks. By cultivation of Water chest nut, one farmer can earn Rs. 15,000 - Rs. 20,000 ha-1 yr-1 during lean period of crop season. As food and vegetable, Colocasia has wide acceptance to common people because of its substantial nutritional properties. More than seven aquatic plant bio-resources are used as ornamental plants in Aquarium: Vallisneria spiralis, Hydrilla verticillata Aponogeton natans Aponogeton undulates, Hygrophilla polysperma, Cobomba caroliniana and Ottelia alismoides; all these species are freshwater plants, commonly available, with potential market value for livelihood. Different items of Sola (Aeschynomene aspera) can also boost economy in rural areas, if properly managed. About 35 numbers of monocotyledon, 12 numbers of dicotyledon, 2 numbers of pteridophyte and bryophyte

each, and 1 number of algae have been identified as fish food directly fed by herbivorous fishes. Macrophyte like duck weeds, such as Lemna minor, L. gibba, Spirodella polyrrhiza and Wolffia arrhiza occupy an important place as food components to herbivorous fish due to their high protein contents ranging from 20-35% on dry weight basis. Azolla culture is profitable since a developed Azolla mat can fix nitrogen daily in the range of 1.0-2.6 kg ha-1. Its application @40 t ha-1 yr-1 in aquaculture pond can provide 100 kg of N2, 25 kg of P, 90 kg of K and 1500 kg of organic matters, which has been estimated to be substitute of any chemical fertilizers required. The present article emphasizes importance of aquatic weeds in the context of aquaculture and livelihood development.

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SoCIo-eConoMIC IMPaCt of SeleCted land ShaPIng teChnIQueS In CoaStal aReaS of SundaRbanS, WeSt bengal

SubhaSIS Mandal, d. buRMan, S. K. SaRangI, K. K. Mahanta, u. K. Mandal, b. K. bandyPadhyay and b. MaJI



The National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP) has been implementing sub-project on ‘Strategies for Sustainable Management of Degraded Coastal Land and Water for Enhancing Livelihood Security of Farming Communities’ in coastal areas of Sundarbans since 2009. One of the key interventions has been construction of different kind of land shaping models in farmers field to enhance cropping intensities, employment and farm income. Primary focus under these technologies has been to create on-farm reservoir for rainwater harvesting and creating the opportunities to grow multiple crops through utilization of harvested rainwater. Besides, salt tolerant rice verities and other suitable crops have been suggested to enhance the farm income. The study pertains to primary survey on farm

households in South & North 24 Parganas districts of West Bengal where the NAIP project has been implemented. Results indicated that the land shaping techniques have been highly suitable for enhancing the farm income and employment in the coastal region. Such techniques are financially viable for long-term investment in the region. Farmers’ have shown keen interest to adopt these techniques in their own land. However, meeting the initial investment for construction of these techniques has been major constraints of poor farmers’ for larger adoption of these technologies. Up-scaling of these techniques to large number of farmers’ field can be made possible through converging many of the Govt. schemes, such as MGNREGA, BGREI etc, that are continuing in this region.


ABSTRACTS

The agricultural productivity in the coastal ecosystem is generally lower than the country’s average. The land in the coastal region is vulnerable to degradation due to combinations of natural, hydrological and anthropogenic factors. Soil salinization, waterlogging and drainage congestion besides the climatic constraints are the major processes of land degradation in agricultural land in the coastal region. The restoration of degraded lands over large coastal areas is highly expensive and to be taken up by the Govt. / Govt. agencies, which has not yet been possible. Attempts have been made to alleviate the land degradation processes of salinization, waterlogging and drainage congestion through land shaping technology adoptable at farmers’ level. Different land shaping techniques like farm pond, deep furrow & high ridge, paddy-cum-fish, broad bed & furrow, three tire system, pair bed system have been implemented in disadvantaged areas in Sundarbans region of Ganges delta (West Bengal) and Tsunami affected Andaman & Nicobar Islands covering 32 villages in 12 Clusters in 4 districts (North 24 Parganas & South 24 Parganas in West Bengal and, South Andaman and North & Middle Andaman in Andaman & Nicobar Islands).These techniques reduced the process of land degradation in coastal

areas by alleviating soil salinity and waterlogging and drainage congestion problems. Raising of land and creating water harvesting facilities reduced the problem of drainage congestion and salinity build up in soil during dry months. Soil salinity was reduced by 40-65% due to these techniques. Reduction of salinity and drainage congestion and increase in availability of fresh water for irrigation helped the farmers to grow multiple and diversified crops round the year instead of mono-cropping with rice in monsoon season (Kharif). The cropping intensity has been increased up to 300 %) from a base level value of 100% due to implementing the land shaping techniques in the study area. Compared to base line value the income of the farmers has increased by manifolds. Net return has been increased from Rs.22,000 to Rs. 1,00,000-1,39,000 ha-1 in Sundarbans region. Farmers in degraded areas in Andaman & Nicobar Islands were realising net return of Rs. 1,47,000-2,21,000 ha-1 by implementing land shaping techniques compared to their income of Rs.24,000 before implementation of land shaping techniques. This technology has greater scope to create employment in own farm or in local area, e.g. in Sundarbans region, one hectare of land with this land shaping technique generated employment of around 400 man-days.

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land ShaPIng teChnology: an oPtIon foR ManageMent of degRaded land foR enhanCIng agRICultuRal PRoduCtIvIty In CoaStal RegIon

d. buRMan, SubhaSIS Mandal, K.K. Mahanta, S.K. SaRangI, u.K. Mandal, b. K. bandyoPadhyay, b. MaJI, d.K. ShaRMa, n.J. MaItRa, t.K. ghoShal, b. Man-

dal, a. velMuRugan, S. de, P. PatRa and S. PatRa





Canal irrigation has played an important role in bringing green revolution in India. In absence of irrigation water other inputs lose their effectiveness in agriculture. India is having good networks of canals. These canals are mostly unlined and experience heavy water losses due to seepage. Introduction of high water demanding crops and over irrigation coupled with excessive seepage have resulted in extensive waterlogging in large canal commands. More than 12 million hectares of land is waterlogged. Salt accumulation in root zone is another associated problem with waterlogging in low to medium rainfall area. Nearly 6.23 million hectare is salt affected in India alone. When salts like NaCl and Na2SO4 are present in excess (EC> 4 dSm-1) the soil is called as saline and when salts like NaHCO3 and Na2CO3 are present in excess (pH>8.5) the soil is called sodic soil. Saline soils can be easily reclaimed by leaching excessive salts into the deeper soil profiles by applying good quality irrigation water or through subsurface drainage system. Sodic soils require soil amendments such as gypsum for its reclamation. Amendment based sodic land reclamation technique is not sustainable under waterlogging conditions due to quick secondary salinization. Subsurface

drainage though proven technology for reclamation of salt affected soils over the globe but it cannot be planned for small parcel of land unless natural outlet is adjacent to the field. Raised and sunken bed based integrated farming system could become a practical and viable technological option to restore agricultural productivity in waterlogged, waterlogged salt affected soils and flood prone areas. An experiment was conducted in waterlogged sodic soils prone to frequent flooding during rainy season at Kashrwan village in Sharda Sahayak Canal Command of U.P. gave an extremely good result. Rice and water chest nut were successfully grown in sunken beds and over raised beds all sort of vegetables were grown. Banana, guava and papaya were also grown on the boundary embankment. Banana and papaya gave a good return. Cost:Benefit ratio for third year came out to be 1:3.63. The raised and sunken bed model has ability to increase food and nutritional security. The system once brought into the existence it improves internal drainage of the field. Developed mathematical relationship could be used for calculating width of raised bed to avoid accumulation of salts in the middle. Such model may be quite useful for reclaiming costal saline soils as well.

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RaISed and SunKen bed: an alteRnatIve aPPRoaCh to ReClaIM WateRlogged Salt affeCted SoIlS

ChhedI lal veRMa, y. P. SIngh, t. daModaRan and v.K. MIShRa

Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Lucknow-226002, Uttar Pradesh, India

Email: [email protected]


ABSTRACTS

An attempt has been made to understand the prevailing practices of groundwater market and the factors affecting farmer’s decision to buy irrigation water. Multistage stratified purposive sampling design used to select blocks, villages and sample households. Further, it was classified based on holding size and water user groups. The study reveals that 78.45% of samples are the small holder with size of holding of 0.57-1.31 ha. More than 90% of the total sample farmers have entered into one or the other form of water market activities. Water buyers are the dominant participants (53.59%) in the water market and majority of marginal farmers (93.47%)

and small farmers (31.11%) in the sample are found to be the buyers. The number of buyers have inverse relationship with the farm-size and vice versa in case of water sellers. The costs and returns structure has been found more in favour of owners’category than buyers’ category. Sellers of water earned a net profit of Rs 11.92 hr-1 over the total cost and Rs 25.00 hr-1 over the total operational cost of water extraction, making selling of water as a remunerative business. Farm size and fragmented holding are found to be the important determinants for buying irrigation water by small holder.

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deteRMInantS of faRMeR’S deCISIon foR buyIng IRRIgatIon WateR In CoaStal odISha

MuKeSh KR. SInha, S. Mohanty and aShWanI KuMaR

Directorate of water Management, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar-751 023, Odisha, IndiaE-mail: [email protected]

totl 11

hoMeStead PRoduCtIon SySteMS In CoaStal aReaS of noRth 24 PaRganaS – CuRRent StatuS and oPPoRtunItIeS

SubhaSIS Mandal, d. buRMan, S. K. SaRangI, b. K. bandyPadhyay and b. MaJI



Homestead Production Systems (HPS) are an integral part of the daily household activities and way of life. They contribute significantly towards meeting the daily needs of food and nutrition, cash income, and employment for the whole family, mitigating price or output shocks due to unforeseen events and the overall fight against poverty. A survey was conducted in coastal blocks in North 24 Parganas district of West Bengal to understand the current status and opportunities to improve the HPS towards better livelihoods of the farming communities. Resource use of HPS can be more productive and contributing to the goal of regional food security. There is a need to

enhance the production capacity of HPS. To achieve this, farmers need assured supply of quality inputs and training on production management of all enterprises, fish, vegetables and livestock. Since HPS is an all-out family affair, training programs should focus on the whole family, including men, women and children (12-18 years of age). In addition to training, farmers need technical and financial support to enhance their investment capacities as well as technical support to make the resources use more productive. Enhancing production level would increase the quantity of marketable surplus and thereby more contribution to the regional production. Therefore, the role and



contribution of HPS deserves more importance and attention at the national level. Quantification of tangible outputs and valuation of the intangible outputs from HPS is quite complex and difficult. There is a need to develop quantitative techniques and protocols for its valuation. However, production of commodities from HPS is small in quantity, non-capital intensive, and the scope for increasing the area under HPS is limited. Therefore, HPS are

weakly linked with market demand. In general, the HPS in the study area could not be termed as market responsive i.e., the supply-demand situation has very limited scope to alter the production level of these commodities. However, vegetable production systems under HPS are more intensive, using more modern technology (seeds, chemicals) and more market demand responsive than the aquaculture production systems which were more of traditional.


ABSTRACTS

Session 6:Theme:

Coastal Saline Vertisols - Problems and Perspectives with special reference to Gujarat



Salt affected Vertisols and associated soils pose serious problems if not managed properly. These soils exhibit differential response to management practices and crop growth and development mainly due to its high smectite (montmorillonite) clay content. Clay mineralogy along with concentration and composition of equilibrium solution play a major role in determining the behavior of these soils. Experiments conducted in India and abroad showed that the sodium content and ionic strength of the soil solution has the direct bearing on d-spacing of clay lattice, which determines stacking arrangement of the clay platelets and ultimately decides the extent of swelling at a given ESP level. The most serious issue is the physical deterioration of the soil structure even at a low ESP level (<6). However, this can be averted in the presence of salts, but the solute concentration required maintaining a stable structure is normally so high that crop roots get adversely affected due to high osmotic potential. Dispersion of clay particles along with sodium-induced swelling makes these soils vulnerable to the crust formation in low rainfall events or to the soil loss in high rainfall events. Though the saline Vertisols maintain a very good structure due to presence of calcium leading to aggregation and rapid transmission of water as the hydraulic conductivity and infiltration is high, sodic Vertisols exhibit surface water stagnation in the presence of excess sodium. Experiments on Indian Vertisols showed that the other physical properties like unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, soil-water diffusivity, soil-water penetrability, penetration resistance and aggregate stability are highly sensitive to the concentration and composition of equilibrium solution. Researchers have shown the sensitivity of various hydraulic conductivity models to solute content, number of clay

platelets, overburden potentials and swelling. These models clearly suggest applicability of threshold electrolyte concentration concept for maintaining stable hydraulic conductivity in these soils. The threshold electrolyte concentration concept can be adopted in the areas where Vertisols are sodic in nature and groundwater is saline in nature. Vertisols are also highly sensitive to the quality of irrigation water. At equilibrium, exchange phase and solution phase relationship explains the sensitivity of Vertisols and its proneness to deterioration. Selectivity coefficients that relate the exchangeable sodium ratio to sodium adsorption ratio largely depend on the ionic strength of the soil solution. Ion excess concept applied to a charged interface also explains this disparity to certain extent. Irrigated Vertisols in different command areas of arid and semi-arid regions of India are exposed

10th National Symposium of ISCAR, Bharuch, December 11 – 14, 2013 to the varying degree of deterioration mainly due to secondary salinization. It is the need of the hour that the immediate curative and reclamative measures be adopted soonest possible, as these soils once deteriorate are very difficult to improve. There is also a need for reassessing the classification criteria to differentiate saline and sodic Vertisols as the physical deterioration start in these soils much below the reported threshold values of ESP and pH, further the threshold is also a function of amount and quality of clay content in the soil. Waterlogged saline and waterlogged sodic Vertisols in central India require attention of researchers to device agronomic and bio-reclamative management strategies to increase crop diversification and crop intensification on these potentially productive areas, which are presently under utilized due to soil physical problems.

vPPg 1 (InvIted)

PhySICal ConStRaIntS and ManageMent StRategIeS foR

Salt affeCted veRtISolS In IndIa

SK ChaudhaRI

Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, 132 001 (India)E-mail: [email protected]


ABSTRACTS

The state of Gujarat is the western most part of the country and lies between 200 10’ and 240 7’ N latitude and 680 40’ and 740 4’ E longitude covering an area of 20,000 km2 and furnish a mosaic of geologic, physiographic, soil and climatic variations. The state has the longest coastal line in India with stretch of 1600 km overlooking the Arabian Sea. Within the coastal belt of Gujarat considerable variations with respect to climate (arid in Kutch to sub humid in Valsad district), soil and vegetation including crops are encountered. Because of variation in rainfall, the water resources in coastal areas also vary considerably. In coastal tract of Kutch and Saurashtra, the water resources are scanty and mostly rain fed farming is in vogue. While in middle and South Gujarat, though perennial canal irrigation facility is available, yet this area experiences unassured canal water supply owing to its location in tail end of the command. The ground water resources of the coastal tract are invariably of poor quality i.e., not fit for irrigation particularly in heavy textured soils.

Because of diversified agro climatic conditions within the coastal tract of Gujarat, variety of crops

are grown ranging from pearl millet in Saurashtra to transplanted paddy in South Gujarat. The irrigation water management technologies for wheat, paddy, cotton, castor (rabi), mustard, dill seed, brinjal, okra etc crops have been developed for different agroecological situations of coastal Gujarat. Apart from scheduling of irrigation based on climatic and CGS approaches for 10th National Symposium of ISCAR, Bharuch, December 11 – 14, 2013

different crops, technologies related to pressurized irrigation methods (drip and sprinkler) 69including mulching and fertigation have also been developed and popularized among the farmers. Similarly, the practice of using pond water (rain/canal) for irrigating rabi crops is also being demonstrated to the farmers. Not only this, but the same water can also be used for fish culture. Apart from fresh water, marginally poor quality waters can also be safely used for irrigation through drip method of irrigation coupled with mulching. It is also attempted to use the sea water for irrigating halophyte like Salicornia grown in coastal areas of South Gujarat. The results obtained so far are encouraging.

vPPg 2(InvIted)

IRRIgatIon WateR ManageMent foR CRoP PRoduCtIon In CoaStal guJaRat

R.g. PatIl., v.R. naIK and J.M. Patel

Soil and Water Management Research UnitNavsari Agricultural University, Navsari- 396 450 (Gujarat)

vPPg 3 (InvIted)

PRoSPeCtS of Cotton CultIvatIon In CoaStal guJaRat

v.KuMaR, d.M.Patel, b.g.SolanKI, SanJay aRoRa and g. guRuRaJa Rao1

Main Cotton Research Station, Navsari Agricultural University, Surat1Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Station, Bharuch

Cotton, the most important fiber crop of India plays a dominant role in its agrarian and industrial economy. It is the backbone of our textile industry, accounting for 61% of total fiber consumption in textile sector and 30% of the country’s export, fetching over rupees 76,000 crores. Gujarat on the western coast of India with a 1600 km long coastal line contributes 32-35% to the cotton production

from about 24% area of the country. It stands first in production and productivity despite the fact that only 40% area is irrigated and entire coastal belt is salt affected where cotton is widely grown except in Navsari and Valsad districts. Therefore, cotton is the most prospective crop as far as salinity is concerned. Traditionally, desi cotton Gossypium herbaceum is grown in most of these areas except in Bhavnagar



and Amreli districts where G. arboreum cotton is grown. Since last 15 years, hirsutum cotton hybrids and more so Bt cotton hybrids have made inroads in these areas. It was therefore felt pertinent to evaluate some of the popular cotton hybrids and varieties and promising genotypes for their salt tolerance and to see their prospects of cultivation on the salt affected coastal areas of Gujarat state. Studies carried out at Main Cotton Research Station, NAU, Surat and Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Bharuch for two years (2010-12) under RKVY clearly showed that G. Cot 23, G. Cot.

DH-7, GBav 105 and GBav 106 as very promising salt tolerant ones. In terms of per se performance, G. Cot 23, KCH 14 BG II and AKKA BG II were found very good at high salinity (10.2 dS/m) and could be recommended for cultivation. In Bharuch district, GShv 378/05, GShv 297/07, GBav 120, GBav 123 and GBav 124 yielded seed cotton in the range of 1700-1900 kg/ha at in situ salinity of 8.9 dS/m2. The salt tolerance was found to be associated with higher uptake of K and low uptake of Na, which plays an important role in ormosregulation.

VPPG 4

ManageMent StRategIeS foR IRRIgated agRICultuRe In the veRtISolS of bhal and baRa tRaCK aReaS of SSP CoMMand

R. b. MaRavIya and J. n. SIngh

Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Ltd., Sachivalaya, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, IndiaE-mail: [email protected]

The SSP command area has been divided into 13 agro- climatic Regions out of which Region 4 is known as Bara Track & Region 7 is known as Bhal area. The topography is flat surface drainage as well as internal drainage is very poor. The moisture range at which tillage can take place in Vertisols is narrower than for most soils, and the difficulties of tillage outside this range are greater, due to the rather extreme consistency properties shown by Vertisols. Their physical properties are greatly influenced by soluble salts and/or adsorbed sodium. The seasonal fluctuations and temporary water stagnation in

smooth relief cause deep cracking, churning of soils and in certain case self-mulching. Major constraints to crop production include soil water management, tillage operation etc. The efficient use of available water, removal of excess surface water, appropriate farming systems, tillage and use of proper implements to improve drainage, coupled with the selection of proper crops and cropping system while maintaining soil health are the specific measures for the management of irrigated agriculture in Vertisols of Bhal area and Bara Tract of Gujarat.


ABSTRACTS

Gujarat state has 1,600 km of coastline which is almost 1/3rd of the country’s total coastline. Saurashtra and Kutch with around 1,300 km of coastline in the state fall under semi-arid region with 70% rain fed areas. The agriculture productivity has been affected with diversified geographical issues such as high inherent soil salinity and saline ground water; whereas on the other hand water logged areas in Bhal and Ghed areas allow farmers to take only one crop in a year. Thus, the agricultural development in the coastal areas is constrained by various physical, chemical and social factors which have direct impact on rural livelihood, especially on on-farm based income. The major agricultural constraints in coastal areas of Gujarat comprise (a) Soil salinity, the most dominant limiting factor in the region which affects growth and crop yields of important crops, (2) low fertility status particularly in organic matter content, nitrogen, phosphorus and micronutrients like zinc and copper. The crop yields obtained in these soils are also low. Presence of saline water and scarcity of quality irrigation water during dry season affects crop production in the saline belt. Input costs towards fertilizers and plant protection measures are also high in this region. Lack of appropriate mechanism affects diffusion of modern technologies and subsequently their adoption by the farmers. Considering coastal areas having unique issues as far as farming is concerned, there are very little or negligible efforts/projects on promoting sustainable agriculture practices in coastal saline areas. Thus, there is an urgent need to bridge knowledge gap by bringing improved technologies and farming practices at door step of farmers. CSPC has initiated addressing these issues by adopting multi-prolonged approach through various measures. In many parts of coastal areas, salinity in soil and at sub-surface is high and the possible solution to bring down the salinity is by leaching the salts by conserving rainwater in the farms by constructing the water harvesting structures which minimizes the sea water ingress. With the interventions like low-cost soil and moisture conservation through farm pond, there is an average increase in the income of farmers observed by Rs. 7,423 acre-1 (for groundnut crop by getting protective critical irrigation). Further, with an

increase in the availability of the water through check dams and reservoir has resulted in average increase in the productivity by 10% to 15% (in groundnut crop).Through partnership with CSSRI, Bharuch, CSPC had piloted introduction of salt resistant and low water intensive crop varieties during Rabi and summer seasons such as wheat (KRL-210) and cotton (G.Cot 23 and G. cot 25). It was observed that there is reduction in the number of irrigations by 30% in case of KRL-210 wheat crop and there is an average increase of 30% in the yield of G.Cot 25 during low rainfall year i.e. 2012. The salinity ingress is directly linked with ground water extraction. The appropriate use of water for irrigation is prerequisite which could be done through various methods like alternate furrow irrigation, use of micro irrigation system (MIS) etc. Experiences have indicated that irrigation in alternate furrow has saved the water by 30% and the use of MIS has resulted in water saving by more than 40% over flood irrigation. Looking at the dependency of farmers on mono-cropping farming practices which severely affected by variability of rainfall, availability of support irrigation, pest and disease management, etc. which most of the time results in low economic gain from the crops. Hence, diversification cropping is essential which could be done through promotion of horticulture plantation especially Date Palm, Coconut, Chiku on salinized farmlands. The survival rate of the plants was observed as 70-90% for plants like Coconut, Jamun, Badam and Chiku in the area of Okha mandal, Jamnagar. Vegetable cultivation is another option that provided substantial returns to the resource-poor farmers. The management in agriculture in saline areas require multi-prolonged and multi-stakeholder approach which not only focuses on supply side of problem but also keep demand management through community institutions; as farmers themselves are key players in addressing issues of salinity mitigation in a sustainable manner. Coastal Salinity Prevention Cell being a nodal player and act as a knowledge resource agency, has ability to provide a common platform to all stakeholders to work together for addressing issues pertained to salinity mitigation in the coastal region.

vPPg 5

ManageMent of agRICultuRe In CoaStal aReaS of guJaRat

dIvyang Waghela and devShRee PuRohItCoastal Salinity Prevention Cell, Ahmedabad -380 006, Gujarat, India




Land degradation due to climatic vagaries like erosion, sea ingress resulting in salty lands, industrial pollution further add vows to the agricultural sector, mainly because of lowered crop production. The limitation of geographical area has compelled the Government to try to enhance the crop production through wasteland reclamation, their management for crop production by meeting the irrigation water needs. Deterioration of agricultural lands due to physical and chemical processes necessitate to identify strategies for their reclamation, in-situ resource conservation, enhancing water availability through rainwater harvesting, arresting salinity ingress in coastal areas, improving the ground water table situations, searching for stress-tolerant, low water requiring and high yielding crops etc. The problems of environmental degradation in Gujarat state are as diverse and complex as the ecological fabric of the state. Soil and water salinity problems are essentially multi-sectorial and are complex in nature. Excessive withdrawal of ground water in coastal region has led to the intrusion of seawater leading to salinisation of ground waters and agricultural lands, pollution of drinking water supplies, thus hampering over all agricultural production. Gujarat State with 2.22 M ha of salt affected soils accounts for about 32 per cent of the country’s total of 6.73 Mha, and thus warrants a holistic approach for their management. The coastal areas of Gujarat especially the villages lying within 20-25 km from the seashore are suffering from the problem of salinity ingress. Most of the rivulets that drain this region are seasonal at best and their water does not last beyond monsoon. Water storage structures like ponds, which get water from these rivers, also dry up as early as October. This problem of water shortage has worsened over the last few years because of the cultivation of water intensive crops like Sugarcane, Banana, Betel nut Leaves and other field crops. This has had far reaching implications for both household and agricultural uses of water as the availability of fresh water has steadily

declined. In order to circumvent this problem, several interventions to mitigate salinity in coastal areas were taken up by Gujarat State Land Development Corporation, Gandhinagar that comprise (1) Construction of reclamation bund for arresting ingress of sea water and also to conserve rain/fresh water for crop production and (2) Water conservation measures like farm ponds, dug out ponds, earthen water harvesting structures, deepening of village ponds, check dams, percolation tanks, field bunding, contour bunding, tidal regulators, etc., mainly to conserve as much fresh water as possible for irrigation purposes. Analysis of different interventions in coastal areas of the districts comprising Valsad, Surat, Bharuch, Vadodara, Anand, Bhavnagar, Jamnagar, Porbandar, Amreli, Rajkot, Junagadh, Kutch and Jamnagar indicated that: Increase in crop yields mainly resulting from improved ground water table, water quality and use of the fresh water harvested in water storage devices for providing irrigation at strategic times of crop growth. Paddy showed increase in order of 60 per cent followed by sugarcane (33 %) while Kharif and Rabi pulses showed 41 and 37 per cent increase, respectively. Both Rabi and summer vegetables showed about 35-40 per cent increase indicating the overall agricultural improvement resulting from the interventions. Stored surface water brought additional area under cultivation with less salt tolerant and highly remunerative crops. Sea water ingress on to the agricultural land was found curtailed by the long reclamation bunds constructed. Improved sub-soil water quality in terms of pH and EC was primarily due to ground water recharging. Fallow lands have been brought under cultivation in Kharif due to soil and water conservation measures likes field bunding, land leveling and land shaping. Creation of supplementary irrigation facility through water harvesting structures, percolation tank and farm pond etc has brought additional area under cultivation, creation of additional drinking water facility for humans and livestock. Thus, from

vPPg 6

SalInIty IngReSS In CoaStal guJaRat: aPPRaISal of ContRol MeaSuReS

g. guRuRaJa Rao, M.K. KhandelWal, SanJay aRoRa and d.K. ShaRMa

Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Bharuch - 392 012, Gujarat, India



ABSTRACTS

the interventions it is evident that water being an important constraint, its conservation and judicious use have become a clear possibility in the coastal

Gujarat which finally resulted in increased cultivated area, household income and improved employment generation.

vPPg 7

aPPReCIatIng agRICultuRal PotentIal of CoaStal aRea of baRa tRaCt : CaSe Study of SaRdaR SaRovaR PRoJeCt of guJaRat

vIveK P. KaPadIa and R.b. MaRvavIya

Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Limited, Block No - 12, New Sachivalaya, Gandhinagar, Gujarat - 382010

Ensuring food security for large population of India needs utilization of every possible piece of land available for agriculture. Coastal states of India have large areas facing issues like salinity ingress, poor drainage characteristics and unsuitable soil characteristics. The paper discusses a case study of Sardar Sarovar Project of Gujarat which contains some areas with many challenges in its command wherein special irrigation strategy and innovative technical detailing of canal network have been

adopted that have produced promising results. The paper outlines the situation of one such coastal area name by Bara Tract located in Bharuch district of Gujarat and discusses as to how serious issues of that area have been addressed and what kind of results have been obtained. The paper is aimed at looking for multifaceted aspects to be taken care of while attempting to achieve long term goals in coastal saline areas.

vPPg 8

eStIMatIon of gRoundWateR ReChaRge ReQuIReMent to IMPRove the WateR QualIty In South WeSt CoaStal SauRaShtRa

Ranu RanI SethI, M.J.KaledhonKaR, aShWanI KuMaR, M. daS, n.K.gontIa and a.K.nayaK

Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar -751023, Odisha, IndiaE-mail: [email protected]

The development and management of fresh water in coastal aquifers is always threatened by saline water intrusion. The problem of sea water intrusion is being experienced in pockets of coastal belt of Sahurashtra region of Gujarat, resulting in faster deterioration of groundwater quality. As natural recharge is not sufficient to maintain groundwater quality, additional groundwater recharge is required to flush out the salts from shallow coastal aquifers. A study was carried out to estimate natural groundwater recharge by Water Table Fluctuation (WTF) and standard empirical methods for coastal belt of Saurashtra.

An analytical approach was used to quantify the time required to flush out the salts/ to reclaim these aquifers for different blocks of coastal Gujarat. It was used by considering natural recharge and inadequate mixing process in aquifer under no pumping condition. Amount of groundwater, which would be mixing with fresh water, was estimated based on safe pumping depth. Thus groundwater available between safe pumping depth elevation and post monsoon water level elevation could be treated as dynamic storage. Considering natural groundwater recharge rate, time period (number of years) to improve



quality of dynamic groundwater storage is estimated. If groundwater recharge is enhanced, time to reclaim the dynamic storage will be reduced accordingly. In this approach complete mixing of fresh water - dynamic storage and no pumping is assumed. The result showed that under natural condition, aquifer can be reclaimed in 17 years approximately in South West Part of Coastal Saurashtra (Gujarat). It was assumed that during reclamation process there won’t be any ground water pumping, which is not practiced under real life situation. While calculating

the fresh water requirement to flush salt from affected aquifer we have considered the complete mixing of the recharge & inherent groundwater. However in reality such mixing may not take place. Also there will be solute movement through diffusion, dispersion process, with this background the problem becomes very complex & finding of solution to this problem require greater understanding of water solute transport modeling. However, this developed analytical approach gives approximate answer to complex situation with simple calculations.

vPPg 9

WateR ManageMent foR SuMMeR SeSaMe CRoP In CoaStal dIStRICt-Junagadh

h. d. RanK, teJlal yadav, P. a. Pandya, K. n SonadaRva, P. b veKaRIya, P. g vadheR, R. SubbaIah and n. K. gontIa

College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh-362001, Gujarat, India

Email: [email protected]

The productivity of sesame during summer season is very high due to favorable thermal regime. But during the summer season, the water requirement is very high. The water application efficiencies under surface, sprinkler and drip irrigation are generally 30-40%, 60-70% and 80-90% respectively. In this region, water is very scarce during the summer. Therefore, there is need to adopt the water saving technologies like drip irrigation with mulching. A field experiments was conducted at instructional farm of soil and water engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh (100 km from sea coast) during summer season of three years-2010, 2011 and 2012 to study the “water management for sesame crop in coastal District Junagadh. Keeping in view the problems discussed above a study has been undertaken with the objectives: (a) to find the optimal water requirement of summer sesame crop with and without mulching under drip irrigation and (b) to determine the optimal irrigation scheduling through drip and (c) to develop the models for sesame crop yield response to irrigation. The experiment consisted of eight treatment combinations comprised of three levels of irrigation viz. 0.6 IW/ETc (DI1), 0.8 IW/ETc (DI2) and 1.0 IW/ETc (DI3) under drip and one level viz. 1.0 IW/ETc (SI3) under surface (control) levels of mulch viz. 5 t ha-1 (M1) and no

mulch (M0) were embedded in Strip-Plot design with four replication. The water meters were used to metered quantity of irrigation water. The pan evaporimeter was apply near the experimental crop area and the evaporation was measured daily at 8.00 IST. The irrigation scheduling was decided based on the irrigation application rate required to wet the entire area between two laterals. The weeds intensity was measured under all treatments by counting the number of weed in respective treatment plot during the season. The crop parameters like plant height, no. of braches per plant, no of pods per plant, grain and straw yield and quality parameters like 1000-grain weight. The yield response to irrigation scheduling level with and without mulch for summer sesame crop can be described by the following yield prediction model: Y = -400.0 (IW/ETc)2 + 998.3 (IW/ETc) + 592.2 for no mulch application. Y = -808.6 (IW/ETc)2 + 1874 (IW/ETc) + 355.7 for mulch application. Where, Y is the sesame grain yield (kg ha-1) and IW/ETc is the ratio of irrigation water depth (mm) to crop evapo-transpiration depth (mm). Using the above models, the optimal drip irrigation scheduling level (IW/ETc) can be 1.24 and 1.15 for getting the maximum grain yield of summer sesame under no mulch and mulch respectively. The yield response to seasonal irrigation depth under no mulch and mulch application for summer sesame


ABSTRACTS

crop can be described by the yield prediction model: Y = -0.002 (W)2 + 2.537 (W) + 652.8 for no mulch application. Y = -0.006 (W)2 + 4.977 (W) + 444.6 for mulch application. Where, Y is the sesame grain yield (kg ha-1) and W is the seasonal irrigation depth (mm). Using the above models, the optimal seasonal irrigation depth (W) can be 634 mm and 415 mm for getting the maximum grain yield of summer sesame under no mulch and mulch respectively. The highest net return and benefit cost ratio can be obtained when summer sesame crop is irrigated by drip at IW/ETc of 1.0 with mulch application. When land is the limiting

resource but irrigation water availability is enough for summer sesame crop cultivation, the irrigation through drip should be scheduled at IW/ETc of 1.0. The highest net return with water saving values can be obtained when summer sesame crop is irrigated by drip at IW/ETc of 0.6 with mulch application. When irrigation water availability is limiting resource but land availability is enough for summer sesame crop cultivation, the deficit irrigation through drip should be schedule at IW/ETc of 0.6 for getting maximum net return (including values of water saving through deficit irrigation).

vPPg 10

endoPhytIC baCteRIa fRoM leaveS of haloPhyte and otheR Salt toleRant Plant SPeCIeS fRoM CoaStal guJaRat

SanJay aRoRa, PuRvI n. Patel, Meghna J. vanza, g.guRuRaJa Rao and R. tRIvedI

Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Bharuch- 392012, Gujarat, India


Halophytes are generally defined as rooted seed-bearing plants that grow in a wide variety of saline habitats from coastal sand dunes, salt marshes and mudflats to inland deserts, salt flats and steppes. These highly adaptable plants, which can accrue relatively large amounts of salts. Endophytes are largely unexplored component of biodiversity, especially in the tropics. Endophytes are constantly exposed to intergeneric-genetic exchange with the host plant. Although the presence of endophytic fungi in leaves of some of the halophytes from coastal region is somewhat known but endophytic bacteria and their bioprospecting potential from halophytes like Salicornia brachiata, Sphaeranthus indicus, Salvadora persica, Cressa cretica and Suaeda nudiflora is largely unknown. The present study was aimed at isolateion. characterization and exploration of the biological activity of endophytic bacteria from the leaves of 5 different salt tolerant plant species. For the isolation of endophytic bacteria, healthy leaf samples of five dominant halophytes and other salt tolerant plant species were collected from coastal salt affected soils of Gujarat, India. Five sub-samples from each plant species growing in different locations were collected. After pretreatment, leaves were crushed, serially diluted and the plate spread onto nutrient agar medium in duplicates. After incubation morphologically different bacterial

colonies were selected and streaked on nutrient agar slants and incubated at 28oC for 48 h. The isolates were characterized and screened for enzymatic activities. Nutrient agar plates inoculated with 5 halophytes or salt tolerant plant leaf samples showed morphologically different bacterial colonies. Twenty isolates were selected for further investigations based on their fast growth. It reveals that, the counts were found maximum in Spharanthus indicus (40%) and were minimum in Salicornia brachiata (10%). Of the 20 viable and salt tolerant isolates selected, 3 were pigmented and 17 were non-pigmented isolated. Regarding cell shape and gram staining, 7 were gram-negative cocci, 2 gram-positive cocci, 4 gram-negative bacilli and 7 gram-positive bacilli. In total 11 isolates showed positive results for oxidase test whereas all cultures showed negative catalase test. The enzymatic activity of endophytic isolates revealed that 50% isolates exhibited amylase activity and only 15% isolates showed urease activity. All the 20 endophytic showed good growth at 2.5 % NaCl concentration 18 (90%) isolates grow upto 5% NaCl, seventeen (85%) isolates showed growth at 7.5% NaCl and fifteen (75%) tolerated upto 10% NaCl concentration. Overall, the growth rate of endophytes decreased with increasing salt concentrations.



A field experiment was conducted during Rabi-2010 at Agricultural Research Station, Junagadh Agricultural University, Ratia, District Porbandar to study the effect of different soil amendments (A0= No amendment, A1= FYM @ 10 t ha-1, A2= Gypsum @ 50 % G.R and A3= FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Gypsum @ 50 % G.R.) on grain and stover yields of three varieties of gram (V1=GG-4, V2=GG-1, V3=Kak-2) in randomized block design having four replications. The experimental soil had clayey texture with EC2.5 (dSm-1) - 0.87, pH2.5 = 8.27 and ESP = 21.1. The experimental results revealed that grain and stover yield of gram, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, Na/K ratios in grain and stover, soil

EC, pH and ESP were significantly influenced by soil amendment treatments. Among the different varieties of gram, the variety GG-4, showed significantly higher values of grain and stover yield of gram and number of branches per plant, but it was at par with variety GG-1 in case of stover yield. Significantly the highest plant height, number of pods per plant and the lowest Na/K ratios in grain and stover was recorded in variety Kak-2. The significantly lowest value of pH and ESP in soil was recorded under the variety GG-4 and GG-1, respectively, but both were at par for ESP. The interaction effect between different soil amendments and varieties were found non-significant in terms of yield, yield attributes and soil properties.

vPPg 11

effeCt of SoIl aMendMentS on dIffeRent genotyPeS of gRaM undeR CoaStal Salt affeCted SoIl

n. b. babaRIya, J. v. PolaRa, M. S. SolanKI and b. M. butanI

Dept. of Agriculture Chemistry & Soil Science, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh – 362001, Gujarat, India


vPPg 12

Clay MIneRal CoMPoSItIon of SoMe baSaltIC CalCaReouS entISolS and InCePtISolS In dIffeRent landfoRMS of CoaStal belt of

SoutheRn SauRaShtRa In guJaRat

S. g. SavalIa

Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh – 362 001, Gujarat, India


Clay mineral composition of some basaltic calcareous Entisols and Inceptisols of different landforms of coastal belt of Southern Saurashtra in Gujarat has been studied for identification of clay minerals. The smectite was the predominant clay mineral observed in soils of different land forms of southern Saurashtra. The dominant clay minerals identified in hill slope were in sequence of smectite > kaolinite and illite > mixed layer while the associated minerals were vermiculite and chlorite. The chlorite was dominant mineral next to smectite in upper piedmont area whereas associated minerals identified

were kaolinite, illite, vermiculite and beidellite. The smectite was the dominant mineral in the lower piedmont and piedmont plain areas. The associated minerals identified in the soils of lower piedmont were kaolinite, chlorite, vermiculite, beidellite, mixed layer and illite whereas in the piedmont plain were kaolinite, chlorite, vermiculite and mixed layer. The dominant clay minerals identified in the coastal plain were in the order of smectite > chlorite whereas the associated minerals were vermiculite, kaolinite, mixed layer, illite and beidellite.


ABSTRACTS

Major soils of coastal area of Jamnagar district of Saurashtra region in Gujarat were evaluated for their soil constraints and soil-site suitability for cotton cultivation. The major soil constrains identified in different talukas of Jamnagar district were shallow soil depth, poor soil fertility (low O.C.), high pH, salinity and low saturated hydraulic conductivity. The soil over piedmont slope belongs to Vertic Troparthents (P5) of Kalavad taluka are moderately suitable (S2) for cotton only. The soils over piedmont plain belongs to Lithic Troparthents (P1) of Jamjodhpur taluka, Lithic Ustorthents (P2,) of Bhanvad taluka, Typic Ustochrepts (P4) of Dwarka taluka, Lithic Ustochrepts (P6 and P7) of Jamnagar & Lalpur talukas as well as alluvial plain belongs to Lithic

Ustorthents (P9) of Jodiya taluka are marginally suitable (S3) for cotton. The soils over piedmont slope belongs to Lithic Ustorthents (P3 and P8) Kalyanpur and Jamkhambhalia talukas are currently not suitable (N1) for cotton cultivation. However the soils over piedmont plain belongs to Lithic Ustorthents (P2) Mevasa of Bhanvad taluka & Typic Ustochrepts (P4, and P6) Vervala of Dwarka and changa of Jamnagar taluka, piedmont slope belongs to Vertic Troparthents (P5) Jamvali of kalavad taluka, alluvial plain belongs to Lithic Ustorthents (P9) rasnal of Jodiya taluka are marginally suitable (S3), whereas the piedmont plain belongs to Lithic Troparthents (P1) Chiroda of Jamjodhpur taluka is currently not suitable (N1) for cotton.

vPPg 13

evaluatIon of SoIl ConStRaIntS and SoIl-SIte SuItabIlIty of Cotton In the SoIlS of CoaStal belt of JaMnagaR dIStRICt of

noRtheRn SauRaShtRa RegIon of guJaRat

S. t. ShIRgIRe and S. g. SavalIa

Department Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh-362 001, Gujarat, India


vPPg 14

evaluatIon of SoIl ConStRaIntS and SoIl-SIte SuItabIlIty of SeSaMuM In dIffeRent landfoRMS of CoaStal belt In Meghal IRRIgatIon

CoMMand aRea of SoutheRn SauRaShtRa RegIon of guJaRat

h. P. Patel, S. g. SavalIa, S. t. ShIRgIRe and a. P. ItalIya

Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science,Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari-396450, Gujarat, India


The soil constraints and soil-site suitability for sesamum cultivation was evaluated in different landforms of coastal belt in Meghal Irrigation Command area of Southern Saurashtra region of Gujarat. The soils of study area were moderately alkaline in reaction and highly calcareous in nature. The soils at higher elevated topography have low pH, EC, CaCO3 and ESP than lower elevated topography. The soils at higher elevation have the major soil

constraints like shallow depth, fine texture, pH and poor soil fertility (low OC), whereas at lower elevation have high pH, poor drainage as well as soil fertility (low OC) and high bulk density. The limitation levels of the land characteristics varied from crop to crop. The suitability classes can be improved if the correctable limitations (soil fertility characteristics) are altered through soil amelioration measures. The soils belong to undulating upper



pediment (Typic Ustorthents) and coastal plain (Fluventic Haplustepts) were placed in sustainable class (S2), whereas soils associated with upper pediment (Typic Ustothrents), lower pediment (Vertic Haplustepts) and alluvial plain (Calcic Haplustepts) were placed in sustainable with high input class (S3). The soils over undulating upper pediment (P1) are

not suitable (N2) for sesamum crop. All the soils (P2, P4, P5) associated with upper pediment, alluvial plain as well as coastal plain were currently not suitable (N1) for sesamum cultivation. While, the soils over lower pediment (P3) was marginally suitable (S3) for sesamum cultivation.

vPPg 15

Salt toleRanCe of baCteRIa ISolated fRoM the RhIzoSPheRe SoIl of haloPhyteS and otheR Salt toleRant Plant SPeCIeS

fRoM CoaStal guJaRat

RIddhI M. Mehta1, SanJay aRoRa2 and Meghna J. vanza11Department of Biotechnology, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat,, Gujarat, India

2Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Bharuch- 392012, Gujarat, India


Soil samples from the rhizosphere of dominant halophytes and salt tolerant plant species were collected and analyzed for physical, biochemical and microbiological properties. It was found that the pH of soil samples varied from 8.3 to 9.6 with EC ranging from 0.55 dS/m to 82 dS/m. This indicates that almost all the soils are salt affected with exchangeable sodium content varying from 968.75 ppm to 16312.5 ppm and K content from 150 ppm to 4550 ppm. Microbial biomass C content of different rhizospheric soil samples representing halophytes/salt tolerant plant species ranged between 25 mg kg-1 and 600 mg kg-1. Labile C was found in the range of 36-53 µg g-1, in which the highest value was found in the rhizospheric soil sample of Tamarix ericoides. The highest water soluble carbon (63.7 mg kg-1) was present in the rhizospheric soil sample of Avicennia marina, while the lowest WSC (7.5 mg kg-1) was found in the rhizospheric soil sample of Atriplex nummularia. From the analysis of various halophyte plant samples collected, it was found all of them contained high amounts of Na and K and also Ca and Mg. The highest Na content (i.e. 50.50 g kg-1) was found in Cressa cretica and the highest K (20.63 g kg-1) was found in Salvadora persica and the lowest amount (2.32 g kg-1) was found in Aleuropus lagopoides. Plant Ca content ranged between 8.0 g kg-1and 90.0 g kg-1, while the value of Mg was found to be in the range of 3.60 g/kg-22.80 g kg-1. From the microbiological analysis of

various rhizospheric soils from salt affected areas, it was found that all soils contain abundance of microorganisms. The highest CFU per gram soil (1.38×108) was found in the rhizoshperic soil sample of Salvadora persica plant species followed by 4×107 CFU g-1 and 2.86×106 CFU g-1 in Sphaeranthus indicus and Suadea maritima species, respectively. Most of the isolated bacteria were Gram-positive and of rod shaped. There was a great variation in their colony characteristics. 7 out of 44 isolates were also able to produce amylase enzyme. Indole production was not found in any of the isolates. Only 4 isolates were positive for methyl red test, while 29 isolates were positive for Voges-Proskauer test. 19 bacterial isolates were positive for nitrate reductase test. From the triple sugar iron (TSI) agar test, it was found that 12 isolates were able to utilize all the sugars from the triple sugar iron agar medium. Gas production was not found by any of the isolates and only 1 isolate from the rhizospheric soil sample of Suadea maritima showed H2S production in TSI test. By determining the salt tolerance of various isolates, it was found that 7 out of 44 isolates of various rhizoshperic soil samples were able to tolerate salt concentration upto 10%, while 29 isolates were able to tolerate salt concentration upto 5%. So, from the rhizosphere of various halophytes and other salt tolerant plant species, various halotolerant bacteria, which were able to tolerate salt concentrations upto 10%, have been isolated.


ABSTRACTS

Coastal areas of the Bara tract are saline in nature primarily due to the sea ingress and these soils are used for growing different crops, horticultural and woody biomass species. Highly saline soils possess only the native vegetation like shrubs and some coarse grasses. Different land use practices affect the distribution and supply of nutrients by directly altering soil properties and by influencing biological activities. Land use, thus has significant impact on soil condition and microbial communities. Soil samples were collected from different land use systems in the coastal saline soils viz., uncultivated, horticulture, cultivated and scrub/waste lands. Soil

properties (physical and chemical characteristics, exchangeable cations and anions, available nutrient status, biochemical characteristics, carbon pools etc.) varied considerably across land use types and the composition of bacterial communities was most strongly related with specific soil properties. The study indicates that soil microbial biomass, a source of C and N, microbial population and enzyme activities were much higher in cultivated and horticultural land use systems and preferred option for maintaining soil health and soil quality for achieving food and environmental security apart from sustainable and healthy environment.

vPPg 16

StudIeS on SoIl MICRobIal aCtIvIty undeR dIffeRent land uSe SySteMS In CoaStal SalIne SoIlS of baRa tRaCt, guJaRat

ManSI Mehta1 and SanJay aRoRa2

Department of Biotechnology, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat-395007, Gujarat, India

2Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Bharuch- 392012, Gujarat, India


vPPg 17

CoaleSCed IMPaCt aSSeSSMent of ClIMate Change thRough SIMulatIon ModelIng (dSSat Model)

neeRaJ KuMaR, SuMan KuMaR, a.S. naIn, SuMana Roy, R.R. PISal, a. l. Chal-odIa, o.u. vadavIa, ManJuShRee SIngh and S.S. Patel

Department of Agricultural Engineering, N.M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navasari- 396-450, Gujarat, India

The study aimed impact assessment of climate change through CROPGRO-black gram and CERES-wheat model for Tarai region of Uttarkhand, India. CERES-wheat and CROPGRO-black gram model v4.5 were used in this study for assessment of climate change. The results revealed that the CERES-wheat and CROPGRO-black gram models satisfactorily simulated the temperature, solar radiation, day length and CO2 concentration effects on yield. Increase in solar radiation from 1 to 3 MJ m-2 day-1 for black gram showed decrease in yield by 12 to 28% while decrease in solar radiation by 1 to 3 MJ m-2 day-1 showed gradual increase in yield by 1 to 23% of

black gram. Enhancement in CO2 levels showed gradually increase in yield by 1803 to 2083 kg ha-1, even though decrease in CO2 level by -120, -220 and -320 ppm the yield decreased by 28 to 90% for black gram crop. CERES-wheat model results exposed that increase in solar radiation from 1 to 3 MJ m-2 day-1 corroborate increase in yield while decrease in solar radiation by 1 to 3 MJ m-2 day-1 showed gradual decline in yield. Decrease in CO2 level by -120 ppm the wheat yield was 2832 kg ha-1, -220 ppm the yield was 608 kg ha-1 and at -320 ppm the simulated yield was only 29 kg ha-1.



CERES-wheat, CROPGRO-black gram (DSSAT version v4.50) were used in this study for assessment of ETo. Urd season accumulated ETO mm during the years 2007 and 2008 for simulated, Jenson-Haise method and Blaney-Criddle method were 39.04 and 38.39, 37.66 and 39.19 and 40.83 and 36.56 respectively. Wheat season accumulated reference evapo-transpiration for 2007 and 2008 for simulated, Jenson-Haise method and Blaney Criddle method

vPPg 18

RefeRenCe evaPo-tRanSPIRatIon (eto): blaney-CRIddle and JenSen-haISe MethodS foR uRd and Wheat CRoPS

neeRaJ KuMaR, SuMan KuMaR, a.S. naIn, SuMana Roy, R.R. PISal, a. l. Chal-odIa, o.u. vadavIa, ManJuShRee SIngh and S.S. Patel

Department of Agricultural Engineering, N.M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navasari- 396-450, Gujarat, India

were 40.83 and 41.76, 35.61 and 39.64, 40.82 and 46.08 respectively. Overall the calibrated ETo by Jensen-Haise method gave closer percentage over simulated ETo with higher correlation and lower error percentage as compare with Blaney-Criddle method. The results revealed that the CERES-wheat, CROPGRO-black gram satisfactorily simulated the ETo mm/day.


ABSTRACTS

AUTHOR INDEXAISHWATH O.P. 33

AMBAST S.K. 8

AMBAVANE A.R. 29

ARORA S. 46, 60, 63, 66, 69,70

BABARIYA N.B. 15, 16, 67

BABU G.K. 19

BALANGE A.K. 37

BANDYOPADHYAY B.K. 41, 54

BANERJEE T. 20

BARMAN D. 28

BEHERA A. 15

BEHERA M.S. 28

BHARIMALLA A.K. 10

BHAT R. 23

BHATT A.J. 39

BHAVE S.G. 29

BHOYAR M.S. 42

BHUVA C.G. 46

BORSE D.K. 11,32

BRAHMACHARI K. 13,17,18

BRAHMANAND P.S. 10

BURMAN D. 24,27,53,54,56

BUTANI B. M. 15,16,67

CHAKDAR H. 42

CHAKRABARTI P.P. 38,52

CHAKRABARTI S.K. 23

CHALODIA A.L 70,71

CHATTERJEE R.N. 36

CHATTOPADHYAY D.N. 38

CHATTOPADHYAY K. 28

CHATTOPADHYAY S.K. 10

CHAUDHARI K.J. 46

CHAUDHARI S.K. 59

CHAVAN L.S. 11,32

CHINCHMALATPURE A.R. 46

CHOGALE N.D. 37

CHOUDHURY S.R. 13

CHOWDHURTY M.D.R. 13

DADEMAL A.A. 31

DAMODARAN T. 55

DAS K. 20

DAS M. 37,64

DAS S. 47

DE S. 54

DESAI A.R. 26,30

DESAI A.Y. 39

DHOPAVKAR R.V. 25

DUTTA T.K. 35

GANGAN S.S. 11,37

GANGWAR B. 38

GAURM.L. 44

GHOSH A. 17

GHOSH P.K. 9

GHOSHAL T.K. 54

GOKHALE N.B. 29

GONTIA N.K. 43, 65

GONTIA N.K.1 64

GULATI I.J. 16

HAUNSHI S. 36

HUMPHREYS E. 49

ITALIYA A.P. 68

JAYASANKAR P. 38,52

JENA S.K. 10

JHA B.K. 33

JOSHI N.H. 39

KALEDHONKAR M.J. 64

KAPADIA V.P. 64

KAR S. 18

KARMAKAR S. 17,18

KASTURE M.C. 25,31

KELKAR S. 26

KHADE V.N. 32

KHANDELWAL M.K. 63

KOKARE V.G. 25

KORIKANTHIMATH V.S. 30

KUMAR A. 10,15, 56, 764

KUMAR G. 44

KUMAR N. 70,71



KUMAR R.V. 9

KUMAR S. 26

KUMAR S.1 70,71

KUMAR V. 60

KUMARI A.L. 19

KUMARI K. 45

KUMAWAT B.L. 16

KUNDU D.K. 28

KUROTHE R.S. 44

LAKSHMI G.V. 12

LAXMINARAYANAK. 24

MACWAN S. 45

MAHANTA K.K. 11, 13,27, 53,54

MAHANTA K.K.1 47

MAHAPATRA B.C. 38

MAHAPATRA P.K. 28

MAITRA N.J. 54

MAJI B. 11,27,53,54,56

MANDAL A.K. 14

MANDAL B. 54

MANDAL R.N. 38,52

MANDAL S. 11,53,54,56

MANDAL U.K. 27,53,54

MANJUNATH B.L. 49

MANOHARA K.K. 28

MARAVIYA R.B. 61

MEENA R.L. 33

MEENA R.S. 33

MEHTA R.M. 69

MEHTA R.S. 33

MEHTAM. 70

METAR S.Y. 37

MISHRA A. 10

MISHRA P.K. 44

MISHRA V.K. 50,55

MOHANTY S. 56

MONDAL M. 49

MURTHY K.M.D. 17

NAIK V.R. 60

NAIN A.S. 70,71

NANDA P. 51

NAYAK A.K. 64

NIRANJAN M. 36

NIRMALE V.H. 37

PADHI M.K. 36

PAI R. 37

PAL D. 12

PANCHAL D. 45

PANDE V.C. 44

PANDYA P.A. 65

PATEL D.M. 60

PATEL H.P. 68

PATEL J.M. 60

PATEL P.N. 66

PATEL R.N. 45

PATEL S.S. 70,71

PATIL D.U. 10

PATIL K.D. 11,32,41

PATIL R.G. 60

PATRA P. 54

PATRA S. 54

PISAL R.R. 70,71

POLARA J.V. 15,16,67

PRABHUDESAI S.S. 25,31

PRAMANICK B. 17,18

PRASAD I. 26

PUROHIT D. 62

RAJKUMAR K. 10

RAJKUMAR U. 36

RANI P.S. 19

RANK H.D. 43,65

RAO A.U. 17

RAO B.K. 44

RAO G.G. 26,46,60,63,66

RAO P.V. 12

RAVINDRAN C.S. 23

RAVISANKAR N. 38

REDDY S.A.K. 29

RENU 42

ROY S. 70,71

ROY S.D. 41

SAH K.D. 19,20


ABSTRACTS

SAHOO N. 10

SARANGI S.K. 11,27,53,54,56

SARKAR D. 7,19,20

SATPATHY S. 28

SAVALIA S.G. 67,68

SAWANT S.S. 29

SAWANTDESAI S.A. 29

SAWARDEKAR S.V. 29

SETHI R.R. 64

SHANTHI A. 29

SHARDA V.N. 44

SHARMA A.K. 42

SHARMA D.K. 26,46,50,51,63

SHARMA R.P. 13

SHINGARE P.E. 46

SHIRGIRE S.T. 68

SINGANDHUPE R.B. 28

SINGH A.K. 16

SINGH B. 33

SINGH D. 50

SINGH H. 46

SINGH H.V. 9

SINGH J.N. 61

SINGH M. 70,71

SINGH N.P. 26,28,30,49

SINGH S.K. 7,19,20

SINGH U.B. 42

SINGH Y.P. 50,55

SINHA M.K. 56

SINHABABU D.P. 37

SOLANKI B.G. 60

SOLANKI M.S. 67

SONADARVA K.N. 65

SRIDHAR T.V. 17

SRINIVASAN R. 19

SUBBAIAH R. 65

SUBRAMANIAN P. 23

SWAIN P. 37

TALATHI J.M. 52

TALUKDAR M.K. 10

THOMAS G.V. 23

TORANE S.R. 52

TORANE S.S. 52

TRIVEDI R. 46,66

TRIVEDI R.K. 35

VADAVIA O.U. 70,71

VADHER P.G. 43,65

VAIDEHI 26

VAIDYA K.P. 11

VANZA M.J. 66,69

VEKARIYA P.B. 65

VELMURUGAN A. 54

VERMA C.L. 55

VERMA O.P. 37

WAGHELA D. 62

YADAV R.K. 36

YADAV T. 65

YADAVA N.S. 16

ZODAPE S.T. 16



Advisory CommitteeDr. S Ayyappan Secretary, DARE & DG, ICAR, New Delhi

Dr. M.V. Rao Former VC, ANGRU, Hyderabad

Dr. S.B. Kadrekar Former VC, Dr. BSKKV, Dapoli

Dr. A.K. Bandyopadhyay Former Director CARI, Port Blair

Dr. J. N. Singh IAS, MD, SSNNL, Gandhinagar

Dr. A. K. Singh VC, RVSKVV, Gwalior

Dr. A.R. Pathak VC, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari

Dr. A. M. Shekh VC, Anand Agricultural University, Anand

Dr. N.C. Patel VC, Junagarh Agricultura University, Junagadh

Dr. Kisan E. Lawende VC, Dr. BSKKV, Dapoli

Dr. C.R. Kole VC, BCKV, Mohanpur

Dr. Swapan Kumar Dutta DDG (Crop Science), ICAR, New Delhi

Dr. A.K. Sikka DDG (NRM), ICAR, New Delhi

Dr. Gurbachan Singh Chairman, ASRB, New Delhi

Dr. S.R. Choudhary MD, GSLDC, Gandhinagar

Dr. J.S. Sandhu Agriculture Commissioner, Govt. of India, New Delhi

Dr. P. Jayasankar Director, CIFA, Bhubaneswar

Dr. D.K. Sharma Director, CSSRI, Karnal

Dr. Satyabrata Maiti Director, DMAPR, Boriavi, Anand

Dr. J.B. Mishra Director, NRC Groundnut, Junagadh

Dr. A.G. Poonnaiah Director, CIBA,Chennai

Dr. Deepak Sarkar Director, NBSSLU&P, Nagpur

Dr. N.P. Singh Director, ICAR Research Complex, Goa

Dr. S. Chakraborty Director, CTCRI, Thiruvnanthapuram

Dr. G.V. Thomas Director, CPCRI, Kassargod

Dr. T. Mahapatra Director, CRRI, Cuttack

Dr .B.P. Bhatt Director, ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna

Dr. D.K. Damray Director, CARI, Port Blair

Dr. Ashwini Kumar Director, DWM, Bhubaneshwar

Dr. A.P. Sharma Director, CIFRI, Barrackpore


ABSTRACTS

Dr. D. Nag Director, NIRJAFT, Kolkata

Dr. Subrata Satapathy Director (Acting) , CRIJAF, Barrackpore

Dr. T.G. K. Murthy Director, CTRI, Rajamundry

Dr. B.K. Bandyopadhyay Emeritus Scientist, ICAR

Organizing CommitteeDr. D.K. Sharma Director, CSSRI, Karnal

Dr.G. Gururaja Rao Head, CSSRI,RRS, Bharuch

Dr. D. Burman CSSRI, RRS, Canning Town

Dr. K.K. Mahanta CSSRI, RRS, Canning Town

Dr. S. Rout CSSRI, RRS, Canning Town

Dr. B. Maji Head, CSSRI, RRS, Canning Town

Dr. S. Mandal CSSRI, RRS, Canning Town

Dr. U.K. Mandal CSSRI, RRS, Canning Town

Dr. S.K. Sarangi CSSRI, RRS, Canning Town

Dr. D. Pal CSSRI, RRS, Canning Town

Local Organizing CommitteeDr. G. Gururaja Rao Head, CSSRI,RRS, Bharuch

Shri Indivar Prasad Scientist, CSSRI, RRS, Bharuch

Shri Shrvan Kumar Scientist, CSSRI, RRS, Bharuch

Dr. Nikam Vinayak Ramesh Scientist, CSSRI, RRS, Bharuch

Dr. V.I. Patel Associate Research Scientist, NAU, Bharuch

10th National Symposium on

Managing Natural Resources for Enhancing Agricultural and Allied Productivity

in Coastal Region Under Changing Climate

11-14 December, 2013


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ABSTRACTS10th National Symposium

on

Managing Natural Resources for Enhancing Agricultural & Allied Productivity in

Coastal Region under Changing Climate


at

Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Bharuch, Gujarat

Organized by

Indian Society of Coastal Agricultural ResearchCSSRI, Regional Research Station, Canning Town,

West Bengal





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Science & TechnologyGovernment of Gujarat

Investing in scienceInvesting in the future! Gujarat Council on

Science & TechnologyDepartment of Science & Technology

Government of Gujarat

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