SATELLITE

COMMUNICATIONS

..

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SATELLITE

COMMUNICATIONS

Robert M. Gagliardi

CBS

CBS PUBLISHERS & DISTRIBUTORS PVT. LTD. New Delhi • Bangalore • Pune • Cochin • Chennai (India)

ISBN : 81-239-0919-5

First Indian Edition : 1987 Reprint: 2000, 2002, 2004

Copyright «:l 1984 by Wadsworth Inc.

This edition has been reprinted in India by arrangement with Van Nostrand Reinhold Company fnc., USA

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system without permission, in writing, from the publisher.

Sales Area : India oniy

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In dedication to the memory of my beloved mother,

and father,

Louise Musco Gagliardi and Michael Gagliardi,

Hamden, Connecticut

Contents

PREFACE xv

CHAPTER 1 SATELLITE SYSTEMS 1

1 .1 Historical Development of Satellites

1.2 Communication Satellite Systems 4

1.3 Communication Satellites 7

1.4 Orbiting Satellites 11

1.5 Satellite Frequency Bands 17

1.6 Satellite Multiple-Access Formats 20

Problems 23

References 24

CHAPTER 2 MODULATION, ENCODING, AND DECODING 25

2 .1 Analog Modulation 26 Modulated Carrier Waveforms 26 Key Parameters of Modulated Carriers 27

2.2 Analog FM Carriers 31

2.3 Digital Encoding 34 Encoding Schemes 35

Binary Phase Shift Keying 38

vii

2.6

Contents

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Frequency Shift Keying 43

Spectral Shaping

Digital Decoding

Error-Correction Encoding 60 Block Encoding 60 Convolutional Encoding 63

Block Waveform Encoding 65 Orthogonal Encoding 65 Multiple Phase Shift Keying 67 Multilevel CPFSK Encoding 70 Multiple Frequency Shift Keying

Multiple

Digital Throughput

Problems 79

References 80

Shift Keying

75

40

73

CHAPTER 3 THE SATELLITE CHANNEL 83

3.1 Electromagnetic Field Propagation 83

· Power Flow 83

3.4

Polarization

Antennas 87

Gain Patterns 87

Common Antenna Types 88

The Parabolic Dish 90

Atmospheric 94

Power Loss

Rainfall Effects

Receiver Noise 101 Noise Temperature 101 Noise Figure

1.5 CarrieHo-Noise Ratios 104

3.6 Satellite Link Analysis 106

Satellite Uplink 107

Satellite Downlink 110

Direct Home TV Broadcasting 113

Up-Down Link Analysis (Ideal Amplifier) 115

Satellite Crosslinks

3.7 Frequency Re-Use by Dual Polarization 122

Depolarization 123

3.8 Spot Beams in Satellite Downlinks 126

Frequency Re-Use with Spot Beams 126

Multiple Beams 128

Problems 130

References 132

CHAPTER 4 THE SATELLITE TRANSPONDER 134

4.1 T he Transponder Model 134

4.2 The Satellite Front End 136

Front-End Noise 137

Front-End Filters 140

Front-End Waveforms 145

4.3 RF Filtering of Digital Carriers 147

4.4 Satellite Signal Processing 154

RF-RF Translation ,54 RF-IF-RF Translation ,;:;a IF Remodulation 159

Demodulation-Modulation Conversion 161

4.5 Transponder Limiting 163

4.6 Nonlinear Satellite Amplifiers 171

AM/ AM Conversion 17 4

AM/PM Conversion 176

Contents ix

x Contents

Nonlinear Model 179

4.7 Effect "',.,'"m'�" Amplification on Digital

Problems

References

CHAPTER 5 FREQUENCY-DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS 192

5.1 The FDMA System 192

5.2 Nonlinear Amplification with Multiple FDMA Carriers 199 Hard-Limiting Amplifiers 201 Soft-Limiting Amplifiers 209

5.3 FDMA Nonlinear Analysis 212 212

5.4 FDMA

5.5 with FDMA 220

5.6 Satellite-Switched FDMA 223 Problems 225 References 227

CHAPTER 6 TIME-DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS 229

6.1 The TOMA Syste'TI 229

6.2

TOMA i=n,rnz,!c

Unique Word Detection 24 7

6.3 Satellite Effects on TOMA Performance 250

6.4 Network Synchronization 252

Synchronization Subsystem 255

6.5 SS-TOMA 257

Problems 264

References 265

v

CHAPTER 7 CODE-DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS 267

7 .1 Direct-Sequence CDMA Systems 268

Synchronized OS-CDMA 272

Nonsynchronized CDMA 27 4

7.2 Performance of OS-CDMA Satellite Systems 276

Orthogonal CDMA Systems 277

Nonorthogonal CDMA Systems 279

7 .3 Frequency-Hopped CDMA 282

FSK Modulation 284

Hopping Patterns 287

7.4 Antijam Advantages of Spectral Spreading 288

Satellite Jamming 293

Jamming in Frequency-Hopped Systems 294

7 .5 Code Acquisition and Tracking 297

OS-CDMA Acquisition and Tracking 298 Code Generation 299 Code Acquisition 301 Code Tracking 305

FH-CDMA Acquisition and Tracking 310

Problems 315

References 317

Contents xi

CHAPTER 8 PHASE COHERENCY IN SATELLITE SYSTEMS 320

8.1 Carrier Phase-Noise 321

Phase Noise Spectra 322

xii Contents

Carrier Frequency and Phase Stability 324

Generators, Multipliers, Frequency Generators

Multipliers 329 Synthesizers 329

Errors in Carrier Referencing

Phase Coherency

8.5 Pilot-Tone Frequency Corrections 346

8.6 Satellite Return-Link Phase Coherency 349

Problems 354

References 355

OPTICAL SATELLITE

of Optical Beam Transmission 361

Filters 361 Photodetection 363

Detector Efficiency 364 Gain 365 Responsivity 365 Bandwidth 366

Optical Receiver Noise 366 9.2 Optical Background-Noise Power 368 9.3 Optical-Link Analysis 372

Direct Detection Systems 373 Systems 376

Atmospheric Effects 378

Crosslink Analysis 381 Optical Crosslinks 385

Pulsed-Laser Encoding 387

9.5 Beam Acquisition, Tracking, and Pointing 392

328

356

357

Acquisition 394 Tracking 398 Point-Ahead 400 Pointing 401

Problems 401

References 403

Contents xiii

APPENDIX A REVIEW OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS 405

A.1 Baseband Digital Waveforms 405

A.2 BPSK Systems 407

A.3 QPSK Carrier Waveforms 410

A.4 FSK 413

A.5 DPSK 415

A.6 MPSK 416

A. 7 Correlation Detection of Orthogonal BPSK Waveforms and Phase-Sequence Tracking 416

A.8 MFSK 419

A.9 Average PE with Phase Noise 420

A.10 MASK 421

References 4.22

APPENDIX B CARRIER RECOVERY. AND BIT TIMING 424

8.1 Carrier Recovery 424

B.2 BPSK Carrier Recovery 430 Squaring Loops 430 Costas Loops 434 Modified Costas Loops 436

B.3 QPSK Phase Referencing 437 Fourth-Power Loops 437

Satellite Communication

Publisher : CBS Publications ISBN : 9788123909196 Author : Robert M Gagliardi

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Satellite Communication