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Slide 2 Slide 3 Schedule March 6: The Cold War Foundation March 20: Beyond the Cold War April 3: Afghanistan & International Terrorism April 17: The U.S. & the Middle East after the Arab Spring May 1: The Constitution & the U.S. Role in the Current World May 15: The United States and Transnational Matters Slide 4 Slide 5 Slide 6 Slide 7 Slide 8 Slide 9 Slide 10 Slide 11 Slide 12 National Security Act (1947 and amendments) Creation of: --Department of Defense --Joint Chiefs of Staff --Central Intelligence Agency --National Security Agency --National Security Council Congress: Legislative Reorganization Act --creation of Armed Services Committee --strengthening international affairs powers of Appropriations Committee Slide 13 Slide 14 Slide 15 Slide 16 Slide 17 Slide 18 Slide 19 Slide 20 Slide 21 Slide 22 Slide 23 Slide 24 Slide 25 Slide 26 Slide 27 U NDERSECRETARY OF S TATE G EORGE B ALL :... Turkey creates more of a problem. We would have to work it out with the Turks on the basis of putting a Polaris in the water, and even that might not be enough, according to the judgments that weve had on the spot. Weve got one paper on it already and were having more work done right now. It is a complicated problem because these [Jupiter missiles] were put in under a NATO decision and to the extent they really now are... A SS T S ECRETARY OF D EFENSE P AUL N ITZE : The NATO requirement involves the whole question of whether we are going to denuclearize NATO. I would suggest that what you do is to say that were prepared only to discuss Cuba at this time. After the Cuban thing is settled and these things are out, were prepared to discuss anything. P RESIDENT K ENNEDY : No, I dont think we can... How much negotiations have we had with the Turks this week? Whos done it? U NIDENTIFIED : No, we have not. S ECRETARY OF S TATE D EAN R USK : We havent talked with the Turks. The Turks have talked with us. P RESIDENT K ENNEDY : Where have they talked with us? R USK : In NATO. Slide 28 P RESIDENT K ENNEDY : Yeah, but have we gone to the Turkish government before this came out this week? Ive talked about it now [in ExComm meetings] for a week. Have we had any conversations in Turkey, with the Turks? R USK : Well, weve asked [US ambassador to Italy Thomas] Finletter and [US ambassador to Turkey Douglas] Hare to give us their judgments on it. Weve not actually talked with the Turks. B ALL : We did it on a basis where, if we talked to the Turks, I mean, this would be an extremely unsettling business. P RESIDENT K ENNEDY : Well, this is unsettling now, George, because hes [Khrushchevs] got us in a pretty good spot here. Because most people would regard this as not an unreasonable proposal. Ill just tell you that. In fact, in many ways M C G EORGE B UNDY : But what most people, Mr. President? P RESIDENT K ENNEDY : I think youre going to have it very difficult to explain why we are going to take hostile military action in Cuba, against these sites, which is what were thinking about, when hes [Khrushchevs] saying, If youll get yours out of Turkey, well get ours out of Cuba. I think youve got a very touchy point here... B UNDY : It isnt as if wed got the [Jupiter] missiles out, Mr. President. It would be different. Or if we had any understanding with the Turks that they ought to come out, it would be different. Neither of these is the case. P RESIDENT K ENNEDY : Well, Id just like to know how much weve done about it; because, as I say, we talked about it B UNDY : We decided not to, Mr. President. We decided not to play this directly with the Turks. Slide 29 Rusk: Our own representative is B ALL : If we talked to the Turks, they would bring it up in NATO. This thing would be all over Western Europe, and our position would have been undermined. B UNDY : Thats right. B ALL : Because immediately the Soviet Union would know that this thing was being discussed. The Turks feel very strongly about this. We persuaded them that this [stationing of missiles, in 1959] was an essential requirement, and they feel that its a matter of prestige and a matter of real B UNDY : If we had talked to the Turks, it would already be clear that we were trying to sell our allies for our interests. That would be the view in all of NATO. Now, thats irrational and its crazy, but its a terribly powerful fact. F ORMER AMBASSADOR TO THE USSR T OMMY T HOMPSON : Particularly in the case that this is a [Soviet] message to you and [UN General Secretary] U Thant. A SS T S ECRETARY OF S TATE U. A LEXIS J OHNSON : It seems to me we ought to get word to [UN ambassador Adlai] Stevenson that, if this is put out up there, he should immediately saw we will not discuss this question of the Turkish bases. B UNDY : The problem is Cuba. The Turks are not a threat to the peace. Nobody tells the Turks as P RESIDENT K ENNEDY : I think it would be better, rather than saying that, until we get some time to think about it, just saying: Well, the fact of the matter is that we received a letter last night from Khrushchev and its an entirely different proposal. So, therefore, we first ought to get clarification from the Soviet Union of what theyre talking, at least to give us a... As I say, youre going to find a lot of people who will find this is a rather reasonable position. B UNDY : Thats true. P RESIDENT K ENNEDY : Lets not kid ourselves. Slide 30 Slide 31 Slide 32 Slide 33 P RESIDENT J OHNSON : I dont want to debate it with you, my friend. I love you. But you know goddamn well when I ask them not to make me notify them publicly so it wouldnt be in the papers... A LBERT T HOMAS : Well... P RESIDENT J OHNSON : You know that I know what Im doing. T HOMAS : Frankly, I P RESIDENT J OHNSON : You know, and we screwed it up. This damn fool [Minnesota senator Hubert] Humphrey put that paragraph on. T HOMAS : Thats right P RESIDENT J OHNSON : I told [House Majority Leader Carl] Albert to get it off, cut it off. T HOMAS : I think its your partners over on the Senate side. Now, old Otto [Passman] played ball. He told me he was going to do his damnedest to take it out. Have you got the language in front of you? P RESIDENT J OHNSON : Yes, sir, Ive got it front of me. And it oughtnt to be in there. Its just a damn T HOMAS : [hurriedly reading] Agency or national in connection with the purchase... [etc.]. P RESIDENT J OHNSON : Thats right. T HOMAS : Or national except when the President determines that such guarantees would be in the national interest. Slide 34 P RESIDENT J OHNSON : Thats all rightperiod. T HOMAS : And reports each P RESIDENT J OHNSON : No, no! No! Period, after national interest. T HOMAS : I know, but read your language further. And reports each determination. P RESIDENT J OHNSON : [loudly] Why should I want to report to everybody that I screwed a girl? You screwed one last night, but you dont want to report it. T HOMAS : [slyly] I wish I did. P RESIDENT J OHNSON : Well, you know what Im talking about. That made it come home to you, didnt it? T HOMAS : Well, it aint going to P RESIDENT J OHNSON : Dont you think Im a damned idiot, now. T HOMAS : Now, now P RESIDENT J OHNSON : Well T HOMAS : Now, now, now, now. Of course not. But I dont think its going to hamstring you a bit on P RESIDENT J OHNSON : It doesnt hamstring me. It just publicizes that Im pro-Russian right when [Richard] Nixons running against me. Thats all it does. Slide 35 T HOMAS : Well, he aint going to run, because he aint going to P RESIDENT J OHNSON : Well, listen, Albert T HOMAS : he aint going to get two or three P RESIDENT J OHNSON : Listen, Albert. You and I are buddies now. You understand politics, and I do, too. Im telling you that were working with the Republicans up there 100 percent. T HOMAS : Well, Im on your side. P RESIDENT J OHNSON : Well, all right. You just dont ever agree that thats a good clause, because you know goddamn well it aint. Dont try to shit me, because I know better. T HOMAS : Heres the Speaker. Well, Ive worked with it in the P RESIDENT J OHNSON : Yeah, youve worked with it, but youve been working with it under Republican presidents, not under Democrats. When a Democratic President has to report that he makes a determination that its in his interest to go with Russia, its not good when youre running for office. Now, you know that, dont you? Slide 36 Slide 37 Slide 38 Slide 39 P RESIDENT J OHNSON : I would say, in fairness, as a teacher, I would grade him about a B+ on discussions on armsthat is, offensive, defensive missiles, the ABM. He made one or two passes [that] I dont want to discuss with anyone but you. But he said, I want you to know that if you do not deliver Israel here on this [UN] resolution[immediate] withdrawaland you cannot pull these fighters back like you do two boxing men in the ring, separate the combatants, and you pull them back to where they were before this war started, then I want you to know theres going to be a big war, and theres going to be a great war, and its coming soon. And I said, Well, now, Mr. Chairman, I hope that theres not going to And he said, Theyll fight with their fists and theyll fight with arms. And I said, Now, if youre saying that the Israels [sic] and the Arabs are going to have some further difficulties, I hope they dont. Im going to do everything I can to keep em from fighting, and I hope you do everything you can to keep em from fighting. But if youre saying that it goes beyond that area, and others will be fighting, then youre speaking very serious business, and something that concerns me greatly. And I think it should concern you. And he backed away from it, and said, Well, I said that they would be fighting out there. And I said, Well, Ill do all that I can to keep em from fighting; hope you do, too. E ISENHOWER : Mm. Mr. President P RESIDENT J OHNSON : He made another pass this afternoon along the same line, and I met him the same way, and he backed off from it again. Slide 40 Slide 41 P RESIDENT N IXON : Henry, let me tell you about the Ivy League presidents. And Time, Newsweek, the New York Times, the Washington Post, and the [TV] network leaders. Theyre finished. And, incidentally, that includes the business elite. H ENRY K ISSINGER : Time has been a little better P RESIDENT N IXON : [unclear] yeah, but thats K ISSINGER : [Editor Hugh] Sidey has been a disaster. P RESIDENT N IXON : Thats right. Hes K ISSINGER : Life is a disaster. P RESIDENT N IXON : Thats right. But my point that Im making is this: theyre finished for this reason. That if, when its tough, they arent there, we dont want them. Now, weve got to build a new Establishment. Were going to. And it isnt going to come out of the Ivy League, you know. Let me sayIve already given instructions: you know, theres never going to be another Harvard man hired in our staff? Not any new ones. Weve got plenty already. No more. Its too badsome good men will be missed. But why do we take people that have had their minds poisoned by the...? K ISSINGER : We cant. P RESIDENT N IXON : Never, never, never. K ISSINGER : Weve got to put them to the sword, Mr. President. P RESIDENT N IXON : Im going to. K ISSINGER : Its just not P RESIDENT N IXON : I dont mean that wed get much better out of Ohio State. But, God, theres a chance. At Harvard, theres no chance. K ISSINGER : Youll get better out of P RESIDENT N IXON : [continuing] Yale! The same. Columbia K ISSINGER : Yale is worse than Harvard. P RESIDENT N IXON : Much worse. Princeton. But, you see, the whole bunch of people have no courage, no guts. 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