schmalleger ch04 lecture
TRANSCRIPT
Criminal JusticeCriminal JusticeA Brief IntroductionA Brief Introduction
CHAPTER
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
ELEVENTH EDITION
Policing: Purpose and Organization
4
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
The Police MissionThe Police Mission
• Enforcing the law Majority of time is spent answering
nonemergency public service calls. Only about 10% to 20% of all calls
involve situations that actually require a law enforcement response.
Police cannot enforce all laws.
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
The Police MissionThe Police Mission
• Apprehending offenders Many offenders are only caught as the
result of extensive police work involving investigation.
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
The Police MissionThe Police Mission
• Preventing crime Anticipating, recognizing, and appraising
a crime risk and the initiation of action to eliminate or reduce it
Techniques and programs Prevention programs are organized
efforts that focus resources on reducing a specific form of criminal threat.
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
The Police MissionThe Police Mission
• Predicting crime CompStat• A crime-analysis and police-management
process built on crime-mapping that was developed by the NYPD in the mid-1990s
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
The Police MissionThe Police Mission
• CompStat process First, information from 911 calls and
officer reports is collected and analyzed. This information is then mapped using
special software developed for the purpose.
The resulting map sequences, generated over time, reveal the time and place of crime patterns and identify hot spots of ongoing criminal activity.
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
The Police MissionThe Police Mission
• Preserving the peace Focus on quality-of-life offenses as
crime-reduction and peacekeeping strategy• A minor violation of the law that
demoralizes community residents and businesspeople• Involve acts that create physical disorder
or that reflect social decay
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
The Police MissionThe Police Mission
• Preserving the peace Restore a sense of order, reduce the
fear of crime, and lessen the number of serious crimes that occur
Broken windows model of policing
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
The Police MissionThe Police Mission
• Providing services Calls received by 911 operators are
prioritized and then relayed to patrol officers, specialized field units, or other emergency personnel
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
American Policing Today: From the American Policing Today: From the Federal to Local LevelFederal to Local Level
• Federal agencies Law enforcement officers authorized to
perform any of the following:• Conduct criminal investigations• Execute search warrants• Make arrests
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
American Policing Today: From the American Policing Today: From the Federal to Local LevelFederal to Local Level
• Background of the FBI Began in 1908 as the Bureau of
Investigation. 13,000 special agents assigned to 56
field offices and 400 satellite offices Operates the Combined DNA Index
System (CODIS)
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
American Policing Today: From the American Policing Today: From the Federal to Local LevelFederal to Local Level
• State Agencies Centralized model The tasks of major criminal
investigations are combined with the patrol of state highways.
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
American Policing Today: From the American Policing Today: From the Federal to Local LevelFederal to Local Level
• State Agencies Centralized state police agencies
generally:• Assist local law enforcement in
investigations.• Operate a centralized identification
bureau.• Maintain a centralized criminal records
repository.
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
American Policing Today: From the American Policing Today: From the Federal to Local LevelFederal to Local Level
• Decentralized model Draws clear distinction between traffic
enforcement on state highways and other state level law enforcement functions by creating at least two separate agencies
Usually have a number of other adjunct state-level law enforcement agencies
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
American Policing Today: From the American Policing Today: From the Federal to Local LevelFederal to Local Level
• Local agencies Majority of agencies employ fewer than
ten full-time officers. Sheriffs are the elected chief officer of a
county law enforcement agency.
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
American Policing Today: From the American Policing Today: From the Federal to Local LevelFederal to Local Level
• Fusion Centers New concept in policing A multiagency law enforcement facility
designed to enhance cooperative efforts through a coordinated process for collecting, sharing, and analyzing information in order to develop actionable intelligence
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
American Policing Today: From the American Policing Today: From the Federal to Local LevelFederal to Local Level
• Private Protective Services Independent or proprietary commercial
organizations that provide protective services to employers on a contractual basis
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
American Policing Today: From the American Policing Today: From the Federal to Local LevelFederal to Local Level
• International Police Agencies International Criminal Police
Organization (Interpol)• International law enforcement
organization that began operations in 1946• 182 member nations today
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
American Policing Today: From the American Policing Today: From the Federal to Local LevelFederal to Local Level
• European Police Office (Europol) Integrated police intelligence-gathering
and information dissemination arm of the member nations of the European Union• Maastricht Treaty, 1992• Started limited operation in 1994• Works with Interpol on international
terrorism, drug trafficking, and human trafficking
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
Police AdministrationPolice Administration
• Police management The administrative activities of
controlling, directing, and coordinating police personnel, resources, and activities
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
Police AdministrationPolice Administration
• Organizations with line operations only Authority flows from top down. All line operations are involved in
providing field services.
• Staff operations Include support roles such as
administration
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
Police AdministrationPolice Administration
• Chain of Command The unbroken line of authority that
extends through all levels of an organization, from the highest to the lowest
• Unity of Command Every individual officer has only one
supervisor.
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
Police AdministrationPolice Administration
• Span of Control The number of police personnel or the
number of units supervised by a particular officer
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
Historical Developments in Historical Developments in American PolicingAmerican Policing
• The Political Era 1840s-1930 Close ties between police and public
officials. Police tended to serve the interests of
powerful politicians and their cronies.
• The Reform Era 1930-1970s Pride in professional crime-fighting.
Focused most of the resources on solving "traditional" crimes
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Historical Developments in Historical Developments in American PolicingAmerican Policing
• The Community Policing Era 1970s-Today Continues to characterize much of
contemporary policing today. Stresses the service role of police
officers and envisions a partnership between the police agencies and their communities
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Historical Developments in Historical Developments in American PolicingAmerican Policing
• The New Era 2001-Today Made its appearance only recently and
is still evolving.
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Historical Developments in Historical Developments in American PolicingAmerican Policing
• The Legalistic Style of Policing Enforce the letter of the law Hands-off approach to behaviors that
are simply bothersome Characteristic of the reform era
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Historical Developments in Historical Developments in American PolicingAmerican Policing
• The Watchman Style of Policing Primarily concerned with order
maintenance Control illegal and disruptive behavior Characteristic of the political era
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Historical Developments in Historical Developments in American PolicingAmerican Policing
• The Service Style of Policing Meet the needs of the community Police see themselves more as helpers
than as soldiers in a "war on crime". Common today
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
Police-Community Relations (PCR)Police-Community Relations (PCR)
• An area of police activity that recognizes the need for the community and the police to work together effectively
• Based on the notion that the police derive their legitimacy from the community they serve
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
Police-Community Relations (PCR)Police-Community Relations (PCR)
• Represents a movement away from an exclusive police emphasis on the apprehension of law violators and increasing the level of positive police-citizen interaction
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
Police-Community RelationsPolice-Community Relations
• Team policing The reorganization of conventional
patrol strategies into "an integrated and versatile police team assigned to a fixed district"• Was experimented with during the 1960s
and 1970s• Officers given considerable authority in
processing complaints, from receipt through resolution
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
Police-Community RelationsPolice-Community Relations
• Team policing The reorganization of conventional
patrol strategies into "an integrated and versatile police team assigned to a fixed district"• A technique to deliver total police
services to a neighborhood
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
Police-Community RelationsPolice-Community Relations
• Strategic policing Something of a holdover from the
reform era Emphasizes increased capacity to deal
with crimes that are not well controlled by other methods
Makes use of innovative enforcement techniques
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
Police-Community RelationsPolice-Community Relations
• Problem-solving policing Crimes are caused by existing social
conditions. Makes use of community resources Attempts to involve citizens in crime
prevention through education, negotiation, and conflict management
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
Police-Community RelationsPolice-Community Relations
• Community policing A philosophy that promotes
organizational strategies which support the systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques
Goes beyond strategic policing and problem-solving policing
Community policing is a two-way street.
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
Police-Community RelationsPolice-Community Relations
• Community policing involves at least one of four elements:1. Community-based crime prevention2. Reorientation of patrol activities to
emphasize the importance of nonemergency services
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
Police-Community RelationsPolice-Community Relations
• Community policing involves at least one of four elements:3. Increased police accountability to the
public4. Decentralization of command,
including greater use of civilians at all levels of police decision-making
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
Police-Community RelationsPolice-Community Relations
• Purposes of the Community Policing Act of 1994 Substantially increase the number of
officers interacting with the public Provide additional and more effective
training to enhance problem-solving skills
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
Police-Community RelationsPolice-Community Relations
• Purposes of the Community Policing Act of 1994 Encourage innovative programs to
permit community members to assist law enforcement
Encourage new technologies to assist law enforcement in preventing crime
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Police-Community RelationsPolice-Community Relations
• Critique of community policing Difficult to determine effectiveness and
citizen satisfaction with the program Not all police officers or managers are
willing to accept non-traditional images of police work.
Efforts to promote community policing can demoralize the department
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Evidence-Based PolicingEvidence-Based Policing
• Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) A now-defunct federal agency
established under Title I of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 to funnel federal funding to state and local law enforcement agencies
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Evidence-Based PolicingEvidence-Based Policing
• Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) Research-rich years of 1969 to 1982 Established a tradition of program
evaluation within police-management circles
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Evidence-Based PolicingEvidence-Based Policing
• Scientific police management The application of social science
techniques to the study of police administration for the purpose of increasing effectiveness, reducing the frequency of citizen complaints, and enhancing the efficient use of available resources• NIJ• BJS
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
Evidence-Based PolicingEvidence-Based Policing
• Scientific police management The application of social science
techniques to the study of police administration for the purpose of increasing effectiveness, reducing the frequency of citizen complaints, and enhancing the efficient use of available resources• NCJRS
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The Kansas City ExperimentThe Kansas City Experiment
• The first large-scale scientific study of law enforcement practices
• Focused on the practice of preventive patrol
• Divided the patrol zones into proactive, reactive, and control
• No significant differences in crime rate or citizen fear of crime
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
Evidence-Based PolicingEvidence-Based Policing
• Directed patrol A police-management strategy designed
to increase the productivity of patrol officers through the scientific analysis and evaluation of patrol techniques
Put the most officers on the street where and when crime is most prevalent.
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Evidence-Based Policing TodayEvidence-Based Policing Today
• Evidence-based policing involves the use of the best available research on the outcomes of police work to implement guidelines and evaluate agencies, units, and officers.
• EBP uses research into everyday police procedures to evaluate current practices.
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Evidence-Based Policing TodayEvidence-Based Policing Today
• EBP has been called the single "most powerful force for change" in policing today.
• Successful law enforcement executives will have to be consumers and appliers of research. They must use research in their
everyday work.
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Discretion and the Individual Discretion and the Individual OfficerOfficer
• Police Discretion The exercise of choice in the decisions
to investigate or apprehend, the disposition of suspects, carrying out of official duties, and the application of sanctions
• Patrolling officers often decide against a strict enforcement of the law, preferring instead to handle situations informally.