scholasticism, measure and light in gothic architecturedesignspeculum.com/historyweb/ha2 2.pdf ·...
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History of Architecture 2
Scholasticism, Measure and Light in Gothic Architecture
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History of Architecture 2
Ecclesiastical Architecture in Medieval Society
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History of Architecture 2
‘Gothic’
originated in present day France
spread to modern day Italy, UK, Spain, Germany, Austria etc
revived in 19c as a ‘style’
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History of Architecture 2
‘Gothic’
anatomy and nomenclature
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History of Architecture 2
‘Gothic’
differences to Romanesque interior
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late romanesque sanctuary
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Capella Palatina, Palermo c 1140 -60~Chartres c.1200compare the nature of the sanctuary
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History of Architecture 2
Perception and appearance of God
iconographic value is reduced
perceiving ‘God’ through His marvels, e.g. light, number, geometry
heightened symbolism of natural phenomena
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History of Architecture 2
early ‘Gothic’
St Denis, 1138 -1144
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Suger of Saint-Denis , supplicant on a medieval window
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Interior Photo of Saint Denis Church in north Paris
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We remember Abbot Suger because he opened up the heavy Romanesque walls and added stained glass and his use of more efficient vaults at Saint Denis. The pointed, rib vaults were no longer restricted to square compartments. Seven small chapels, called apsidal chapels, radiate around the ambulatory.
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St Denis
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History of Architecture 2
early ‘Gothic’
Notre Dame, Paris; 1165 - 1200
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Notre ~Dame
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History of Architecture 2
high ‘Gothic’
Chartres, 1194 -1220
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Cathedral of Chartres, western spires
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Chartres, West End elevation. From G. Dehio and G. von Bezold, Die
Kirchliche Baukunst des Abendlandes, Stuttgart, 1887-1902, plate 407
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Chartres. Floorplan, from G. Dehio and G. von Bezold, Die Kirchliche Baukunst des abendlandes, Stuttgart, 1887-1902, plate 383
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chartres nave
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Chartres
The center portal is slightly larger. The design of the portal is taken from a Roman triumphal arch. The center portal represents the second coming of Christ with the four Evangelists: the eagle stands for John, the angel for Matthew, the lion for Mark and the bull for Luke, All the figures on the Tympanum are stylized. Figures on the voussoir seem to float
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History of Architecture 2
high ‘Gothic’
Rheims; 1211 - 1260
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Rheims
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History of Architecture 2
‘Gothic’
Bourges; 1195 - 1220
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History of Architecture 2
high ‘Gothic’
Amiens; 1220 - 1247
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AmiensThree architects worked on Amiens. The facade is more elaborate and has more sculptural decorations than Chartres. The tracery in Amiens's rose window is more delicate and the center portal is dramatically larger than Chartres.
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Amiens
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History of Architecture 2
high ‘Gothic’
Beauvais; 1225 - 1272
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God the Geometer, Manuscript illustration.Clark, Kenneth. Civilization. NY: Harper, 1969. p. 52
The importance of number symbolism was matched by a dedication to geometry. Kenneth Clark points out that ". . . to medieval man geometry was a divine activity . . ."
According to Cowan, churches had been built on geometric principles since early Christian times. Geometry was the basis of all Gothic cathedrals, everything being created from basic relationships. We've seen that the ground plan was always cruciform, the baptism font always octagonal, and the baptistry itself often was, and the circle was everywhere.
This was symbolized in art by God holding a pair of compasses, a common motif in the Middle Ages. The art historian Ernst Gombrich credits a passage from the Old Testament as the inspiration for these portrayals. In Proverbs, Chapter 8 par. 27, Wisdom put forth her voice;
"When he established the heavens I was there: when he set a compass upon the face of the deep:"
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Walking the labyrinth at Chartres Cathedral (Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres) in Chartres, France
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MILAN
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