A letter from the king of Tarhundaradus Arzawan ( Noms1 1268 ) to

Amenhotep III . ( 1390-52 BC ) and his answer was the

first evidence of an unknown language , the first Arzawan

Called language ' . They were found in the Tontafelarchiv

Amarna in Egypt, which came to light from 1887 , and the overwhelming

rich document archives of Bogazky soon showed

that this did not concern the language of Arzawan but

the language , which the great kings of Hattusa availed themselves :

that Hittite ', as then the Hittites mentioned in the Bible

called . The Kingdom Arzawan was against the West

Asia Minor and at that time was a competitor of the Hittite Empire

become . The letter of Tarhundaradus but the only direct

Testimony to his Kings remained ; their archives are not yet discovered .

2 His end was this very shrunken Kingdom

to 1300 when the King II Mursilis Uhha LU is ( Noms 1412 ) and

his son -ra # SUM - DKAL - tfs ( Noms 980 ) defeated . later donated

A Piyamaradus ( Noms 981 ) in the far west restlessness , perhaps descended from the royal house of Arzawan (see the history of

Arzawan and its successor states now Starke 1997 and 2001 ,

Hawkins , 1998). And IV under tuthaliya usurped an OU naradus

( Noms 1262 ) temporarily to the throne of Sehaflulandes (one of the

Arzawan countries).The first of these Arzawan name , as I here for brevity

want to call , with Tarhunt , the Luwian name of the weather god ,

formed in the Lycian trqqnt - equivalent (of Knudtzon

in 1902 compared with the king 's name) and in the Kara

trq ( u) : trque is in the consecration inscription (38 * a) on the fragment

an Attic crater from the last quarter of the 6th Century . occupied,

which was found in the sanctuary of Zeus of LASOS , trqo - appears - in

the later inscription D 11 of Kildara (see Adiego 1994 , 383 ) . ago

According to the change, from , laryngeal ' h different Tektale

sent forth ( the two characters of the circumscribed with q

Lycian and Carian alphabet correspond to each other in other

Cases not ) , these forms should not have made a difference .

In the last of the listed name appears instead a variant

* Tarhunn - without dental , the form of the Hittite weather god name

equivalent , but also occurs in Luwian name ( Starke1990 , 143 f.).

The second element is - Aradu - be separate , because in the

Anatolian languages in initial position is very rare. It returns in the

penultimate name again , where the first element of piya Luwian , Lycian

is derived from " provide " pije , whether it be "given" to the past participle

or a noun * piyamman " gift" is ( as Strong 1990 270

following a suggestion Carrubas ) . At the third last name

it is a logogram < z written SUM - ra, and it follows the

also spelled logographic name of the stag god . compare

are so DKAL -SUM , hieroglyphenluwisch CERVUS2 - / p /

at Tarsus ( Noms , 1748, with the circumscribed with pi hands

also logographic ARE D can be read ) , later -

which often occurs in the long list of priests Korykos ( likewise in Cilicia ; KPN 1339-3 ), but also Lycian name of the 4th

Century that are safe formed with the past participle . Natrbbijemi that in

the Trilingue from Letoon (N 320) and translated with

to gr zisiert as the name of a Kauniers is occupied (see

Bl mel , 1990, 30 f in line 20 and 6 of the inscriptions ) , and mahanepi [ ,

in the bilingual Korydalla of (N 302) [ ] (Gen. )

is reproduced ( and corresponding ) .With Piyamaradus probably lt also compare Pimenami, the

with other Luwian M nnernamen on an Assyrian T whitefish

of the 7th Century. occupied from Tarsus is (Goetze, JAOS 59, 1939, 8;

Noms 999) .4 Even the second element of the name to return

a theonym again, namely the name of the Deer God:

Code (CVC 1338), twice in the list of priests Korykos.

And as is Erstglied-nami-also not used.In contrast to the Cilician - nami - name element is the

- Aradu " so far only in the personal names of the dynasty arzawischen

witness " ( Starke 2001.42 ) . , but it can be very much occupied ter sp

Carian people named vergleichen.5 Zun grows berliefert Stephanos

of Byzantium in the 6th Century AD lived

as a city of Caria , noting :

(only the father's name is posted at Bl mel 1992).

This Masanorados is derived from a legend who is unfortunately lost. In other cases, cases are at Stephanos Ortsgr ndungen to

Greek myths angekn pft ; Bargylia on the west coast coast of Caria is

designated for example as Gr mouth of the Bellerophon , it

was named after a vascular hardships Bargylos . The Carians w Myself

but Andanos call and call Gr mouth of the Achilles. in

Say such a context and time horizon

may also Masan rados

have been embedded. And his name could simply be added to the place name invented as in the case Bargylos

is : The name is indeed to Hitt. parku " high" include , but

Bargylia is located on a very shallow hill - in contrast

to Kindya whose port city it was - so that the name probably

actually explain only as a derivative of a personal name

leaves .

Thanks to the now successful deciphering the Carian script

We are no longer limited to the Carian Greek tradition

Instructed name. And so now has the opportunity , Arzawan

Compare names with the names of Carian inscriptions

most of which were found in Egypt, because there

Psammetichus I Carian mercenaries had taken into his service . the

Carian inscriptions put in there towards the end of the 7th Century . a .

Masanrados that is not actually invented , now already shows the

Name of father : He will return to one of the Egyptian dead Carian stelae

Saqqara (M 7) as kibsi again , and is in the

Lycian language, the poet Adjectivum geneuvale xntabasi correspond

in the , Nordgedichtc inscription on the pillar of Xanthos

is occupied (TL 44c , 41 , the end of the 5th century . ) . It is formed from taba ,

which has a similar meaning as - (320 ) in

Should have Normallykischen and as personal name

etc. recurs in Lycia ( KPN 576 ) and ( thus formed by

Place names ) is also in Caria (see Bluemel 1992). is Kindabsi

So as " the ruler of the " mean ( Schurr 1991-93 , 170

Anm.16 in 1998 , 156; 2001.106 ) .

The Brussels stele MY D and on the stele M 40 (both

of the plainest kind ) is assigned a name according to the reading

Masson msnori is described . Adiego (1990 , 136) has him with

the space occupied in Ugarit Luwian name Massana -ura ( Noms 774 )

equated and the place name as a derivative Masanrada * massana -

ura nt- conceived , with a typical ON- suffix in Greek

Reproductions sometimes without nasal appears ( though

not at Stephanos ) . But M 40 is not a perfect inscription

(see Masson , 1978, PL XXIII , Photo 2 , PL XXXVII , 3 drawing): The

Characters are specified for the most part only with points , and the

last character constituting the only one sheet , contrary to the i

in the line above , where the arc closing vertical

and the horizontal line are indicated . Masson's equation with the

Based ; characters ( called a questionable point by 1978 , 44)

only at the Brussels stele , which he has not seen : He followed

in 1953 , 35 f and Masson- Yoyotte 1956 , 10 of the reading Sayces

(1906 , 174 and pl. II , no. VIII). It certainly has a role

played that Carian names are not rare - out / '.The photograph of the stele in Masson- Yoyotte 1956 Pl IX shows at

closer examination , that this reading is wrong : instead of a clear /

are a bow without a slash ( as well as playing back at Masson

Yoyotte 1956.10 ) 6 and a normal to see the arc of the

does not reach the top , and cuts down a good bit about is ( as

reproduced by Sayce ) . These are obviously only the

Edge of a wider scratch. This ensures both steles

msnord to read (in both cases the grandfather - the same person ? )

the unstressed with the usual in the Carian inscriptions omission

Vowels corresponds exactly to that of Stephanos .

With the Luwian name cited by Adiego ( and Lycian

mahanepi [ ) has this name , however only the first term in common ,

in which it is the word for "God" in the Luwian

Lycian and is occupied for themselves. So we have the Carian

To segment names in Masan rad , and thus it is more likely a

Form a counterpart to Arzawan name Tarhund - Aradus . For the

Carian long o equivalent in other cases a Luwian

Lycian and in a way likely Bilingue of Caunos ( free - Marek

1998), line 9 oirP the [ ] in Z. f 6 of the Greek text

and comply with lyk . atr , Atru , hieroglyphenluwisch a-tara/ii-

na = [ atrin ] (both accusative singular c . ) be equated (see Neumann

1998.19 ; Melchert 1998 , 34; Hajnal 1998.102 , 1998.144 Schurr ;

Adiego 1998 , 21) . Moreover otonosn in line 4 and 6 corresponding to the

Greek ' .

Checks are now the only other case in which Masson

-on is to read 7 so it turns out that even as the - / questionable

's . In M 21 is in the photo at 1978 Masson , PL XIII , 2

nemori at (name of father ) again only one sheet visible.

Masses punctuates its inscription s as in M 40 and noticed

" Meme final qu'en 40 " (1978 , 34) , so that the reading of this

T d is likely to be influenced inscription . Consequently, then, Carian NEM - ord

the Arzawan name Piyam - Aradus are placed on the page .

And the Carian first element could an equivalent in the

Second element of the name ( KPN 355-7 with note 58)

find that is occupied in the Iron Age in Xanthos - time approx hr

as far removed from the Carian name as Piyam - Aradus .

Since / ( ) ( ) - in Lycia further names are formed ,

is - be separate , although in Tyberissos also -

( KPN 43) is occupied ( since could the initial sound of the vowel

have been elided second member , so that it is not above the

Customized hardships Luwian - nami equate w er) . It is likely to d

there be a participle as in / - ( ) ( KPN

97-1 and 355-2 , 3: Lycia , Simena , Antiphellos and Tlos ) , the

Customized to the above hardships Lycian name with this last elementt connect . Therefore, I would also like to Piyam m ( a) -X rather than a participle

a - unassigned - Noun suspect , so that the space occupied in Lycia

Name type X * pijemi represents the reversal . Is roughly comparable

hieroglyphenluwisch Pi f TONTTRUS -to TONITRUS against over -p / - /

(see Neumann 1996 , 10 note 34 , at 988 and 1267 even with Noms

a instead of paraphrased ) , later ( KPN 1512-13 , only

Genitive is also in the list of priests Korykos ) that a

Greek entspricht.8

And there is yet another case in which very probably

- ord is read Masson waived at the end of M 2 at the sign ,

that follows ...] us or on a Umschrift.9 The photograph PL

1.1 seems to me a highly curved arch mmter quite clearly , and he is

also reproduced on the drawing PL XXXI , second Add ...] usord d is likely

a three -element name with the typically Carian name element

us- us- or should refer especially gr zisiert , the

is occupied with various leading members , including multiple

, .

Among the Carian S ldnern that the 7th Century to Egypt

had come , and nally in Memphis were to the SSIG , are

So with the hindlimb - ord yet been named sh uchlich ,

two of which are also an analog front leg as the Arzawan name

have . The second name is au pair lt addition zisierten with gr

together Lycian name , where the front limbs as

Hind limbs return ( and the initially compared Lycian

equivalent to Theodotus taught again between ihnen10 and the

Carian Masan rad) . I use for comparison, the Luwian

Pair of names from Cilicia next :It may be due to the random berlieferung because not properly trq *

and * are piemord occupied, in which the Arzawan name directly

this to continue w . Noteworthy is in any case , because of this

Carian name for he subsequently let s . Among the many Carian

Names that are later is in Greek inscriptions come

they do not longer present . But one of them is approx hr a millennium

ter sp nlike occupied as the name of a legendary and Ortsgr

testified as to the ckreichende a tradition. The previously only

Stephanos recorded place name Masan rada au addition has a

Parallel in Paremb * rda , which from the name for

in a Mylasa multiplefunction Syngeneia bar is open up ( KON

1007 and Bl mel 1998). D is likely to turn a person's name

underlie the like [ ...] was usord tripartite : * Par - embr (

a) d

Since Arzawan probably more or less l ngs of the M different

covered , COVERED it te at least partially also the pretty little

Area in which the Iliad ( 867 ff ) remarkable detail the Carians

localized:

" Nastes but has led the Carians , the barbarophonen ,

which Miletus and mountain Phtheirer , the leaves were rich ,

and the meander Gestrm and Mykales rugged collection . "

This does not mean that the language of Arzawan now a proto-

Should be postulated Karisch - the spread in southern Anatolia

Languages and probably more names have indeed

many similarities , and only because of the name of

a king of the dynasty can be used in an area

Language does not really judge . These names must not safe

his proto- Carian origin, but may also eventually

have been taken over by Carians . But in any case they may

not be taken simply for the ' Luwian to complete:

It is indeed common Carian and Lycian as Luwian languages

call , but the Proto - Lycian has certainly later

2 Millennium BC by Keilschriftluwischen and Hieroglyphenluwischen

distinction , and that might also Proto

Kara apply even if you find the language development has not yet

is clear enough to confirm to knnen.11 some evidence

that Carian and Lycian against the actual Luwian

are close together , and it is at least conceivable that the

Time of the Hittite Empire still a common southwestern Anatolian

Source language has been considered . In the field of Arzawan is the

Have been at that time already indigenous proto- ( Lyko ) Kara when

perhaps not the only language: Southern Anatolia from the

Languages differ greatly Lydian would also question 12 next

in the east perhaps the Luwian . But it is not clear how far

Cilicia about this addition to the west reichte.Direct evidence for the domestic Arzawan in the area (s) Speech )

There is only after the adoption and adaptation of the Greek

Alphabet from the 7th Century , as in the tradition of the East

Hieroglyphenluwischen was already canceled. From the second millennium

but there are also a few in the West hieroglyphenluwische

Inscriptions. In Lydian heartland , Sipylum in Manisa, where

in addition to the 6 -meter high " mother of the gods " (Pausanias III22 ) a " king's son "

has perpetuated the center of the Sehaflulandes could located

have . In the inscription of King reliefs on the Karabel Pass in Smyrna

Hawkins has now acquired through the one in Smyrna silver seal with

cuneiform and hieroglyphenluwischer legend and also by

Seal impressions in Bogazky occupied Tarkassanawas King ( emended

Reading) of Mira detected (see Hawkins 1998) , and in Caria

are in field research of the German Archaeological Institute

now more hieroglyphenluwische inscriptions have been found (see

provisionally Peschlow - Bindokat 2001 and 2002) : On the east Suratkaya

appears from Latmos on a rock wall by a projection

is protected , top left " man in the country Mira " ( in the plural

understanding , a kind of headline? ) , and there are three " sons of kings "

at a central location and a "great prince " Ku -xx- i (a) 14

perpetuated. Mira is in the annals of the kingdom Mursilis II

Arzawan distinction (his king is Mashuiluwas ) and was to

the downfall of the most important Arzawan countries .

In the opinion of A. Peschlow - Bindokat support this

Inscriptions " the view of F. Starke , that in western Asia Minor

in the 2nd Millennium BC Luwian was spoken . If such an inscription was placed in the rocky wilderness of the Latmos , it can be

assume that the population living in this area and thus

also that of Millawanda understood this language and

has spoken " ( 2002.211 ; Millawanda is identified with Miletus ) .

But through the use of the font hieroglyphenluwischen

Close ruler , " the people of the area have Luwian

speaking, is hardly admissible " ( Neumann 1999 , 20 ), see also

the above- mentioned Hittite Arzawan letters that are not safe

the language of Arzawan testify . For the hieroglyphenluwische

Scripture and its use are for representation purposes

have also been taken from the Hittites , and certainly

not for linguistic reasons : It was the only of such

Purposes available font , the cuneiform it was in Anatolia

not used. A message to the people were just

the inscriptions in this " wild rock " certainly not , and their

Understanding was required less knowledge of the language than reading ability.

For because of the highly non - phonetic nature of Scripture

and at least largely due to the limitation of this

Inscriptions on names and titles as they are almost legends Seal

or regardless of language . But why they are

not really literate , but with such inscriptions or more

have been at least partially understood less familiar :

You could easily recognize titles and names.

It may also not be automatically assumed

that the hieroglyphic writing always to use one and the same

Language bound war.15 Even with long and more of

phonetic spellings use -making hieroglyphenluwischen

Inscriptions of the time as those of the United Kingdom Tuthaliyas

IV remains unclear whether behind them a precursor of the language of the hieroglyphic inscriptions of the 1st Old millennium or about the

Keilschriftluwische of 2 Millennium : Linguistic differences

between jHieroglyphenluwisch ' and can only Keilschriftluwisch

recognize the later inscriptions. For example, in the

United Kingdom of time " sky " always with a logogram ( CAELUM )

written , only the later inscriptions prove ti -pa -sa- against

keilschriftluwisch tap- pa -sa- .16 It is therefore easy to imagine that even

that the related Proto - Luwian ( Lyko ) Kara with this

Scripture was written, but linguistic differences do not

However, as soon auffallen.17 This is a completely until further notice

theoretical consideration , as can be practically probably the most some

say to the linguistic origin of the names in the inscriptions

occur , and for this we have this little Anhaltspunkte.18

So merely supplement the inscriptions from the cuneiform texts

small repertoire of known name in the West.

One can but hope that someday a happy excavation

more insight into the linguistic situation in the West before 1200

Anatolia will be . Cuneiform archives there must have been here

have , and especially in urban centers should Miras Tonbullen

be found with the imprints of Scripture sealing, as in

Hattusa came to light by the thousands. Then could at least

determine how far the so tangible personal names of which

differ in the east and also with later in western Anatolia

can connect occupied name. So far there is no single

Fund Art.19 this example, we only provisionally at Amarna correspondence between cuneiform and Bogazky occupied Arzawan

Name , occupied in Egypt Carian names and place names

in Caria itself - including the preserved of the myth name of a

Local founder, Masanrados : evidence for a linguistic continuity

in western Anatolia , the nature is still undetermined.