science 10f: atoms & elements€¦ · atoms & elements lesson #5: “the modern periodic...
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Science 10F:
Atoms & Elements
Lesson #5:
“The Modern Periodic Table”
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Basic Organization
Metals
• The Modern Periodic Table is broken
up into 2 general sections called
Metals and Non-Metals
• The 2 sections are separated by a bold
line called the Staircase
• All of the elements located on the left
side of the staircase
• 75% of the Periodic Table is made up
of metallic elements
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Properties of Metals
• All Metals have similar Physical Properties
1. Solid at room temperature
- except Mercury (Hg) which is liquid
2. Lustre (shiny)
3. Silver – Grey Colour (except gold and
copper)
4. Malleable – can be bent or hammered into
thin sheets
5. Ductile – can be shaped or stretched into wire
6. Conduct Heat
7. Conduct Electricity
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Non–Metals
Properties of
Non-Metals
• All of the elements on the Right of
the staircase
• 15% of the periodic table is represented
by non – metallic elements
• No Lustre (usually dull)
• Brittle (Not malleable, Not Ductile)
• Insulators (do not conduct electricity or
heat)
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Metalloids • Boron (B), Silicon (Si), Arsenic (As)
Germanium (Ge), Antimony (Sb)
Tellurium (Te), Polonium (Po),
Astatine (At)
• These elements are located on the
staircase
• All Solid at room temperature
• All Semi-conductors
– Conduct electricity BUT not heat
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Rows of the Periodic Table
• The rows of the Periodic Table are
called Periods.
• There are 7 Periods on the Periodic
Table
• Elements in the same Period have the
same number of electron shells
• The period that an element belongs to
also indicates how many shells the
element has
– Example: Calcium (Ca) is found in
Period 4, Calcium has 4 electron shells
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Columns of the Periodic Table
• Columns of the Periodic Table are
called Families or Groups
• There are 18 Families / Groups on
the periodic table
• Elements in the same family exhibit
similar properties
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Hydrogen • Hydrogen is considered as the family
of one
• Hydrogen has only one electron and
is the most reactive element on the
periodic table
• By nature Hydrogen is a non-metallic
gas and should be found in group 17
(the 17th column) of the table
• Often Hydrogen behaves like the
metals found in group 1 (the 1st
column) of the table
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Alkali Metals
• The 1st column of the periodic table
(group 1)
• Each member of this family has ONE
valence electron
• These metals are the most reactive
elements on the periodic table
• In nature, these elements are almost
always combined with other elements
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Alkaline Earth Metals
• The alkaline earth metals family is
located in the 2nd column of the
periodic table.
• All Alkali Earth Metals have Two
Valence Electrons
• Alkaline earth metals are less reactive
than the alkali metal family.
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Halogens • The halogen family is the 17th family
in the periodic table.
• Halogens are one electron away from
filling their outermost orbit.
• The halogens are the most reactive
non-metals in the periodic table.
• In their natural state, the highly
reactive halogens are found combined
with other elements, for example NaCl
• Fluorine and Chlorine are poisonous
gasses, Bromine is a Liquid and Iodine
and Astatine are very reactive and toxic
solids
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Chalcogens • The Chalcogen family is located in the
16th column of the periodic table.
• Chalcogens are two electrons away
from filling their outermost orbit
• The Chalcogen family is slightly less
reactive than the halogen family
• Each member of this family is a solid
except Oxygen which is a gas
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Noble Gases • The noble gas family is the 18th family
on the right of the periodic table.
• Each member of this family is a gas
• They are called noble gases (and
sometimes inert gases) because they
generally do not form compounds
with other elements.
• They are unreactive because their
outer orbits are completely filled
with electrons.
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Transition Metals
• These metals aren’t an official group or
family but they do exhibit similar
physical properties
• All of these metals are solid at room
temperature EXCEPT Mercury which
is a liquid
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Lanthanides, Actinides and Transactinides
• These are the weirdos of the periodic
table
• This is a quirky subgroup of the
transition metals.
• These elements are all solid
• Many are radioactive and many are
synthetic (not found in nature)
• This group of elements are unique in
that they are metals BUT do not exhibit
many of the general physical properties
of other metals