science 9 unit 2: chemistry reading logs – science focus · science 9 unit 2: chemistry reading...

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Science9Unit2:ChemistryReadingLogs–SCIENCEFOCUS

Topic# TopicTitle Science

FocusPageDue Complete

orX1

ExploringMatter 92-98

2

ChangesinMatter 99-105

3

WhatareElements? 106-115

4

ClassifyingElements 116-125

5

ThePeriodicTable 126-135

6

ChemicalCompounds 136-145

7

ChemicalReactions 146-152

8

ReactionRate 153-169

ALL

Review 170-173

Science9 MatterandChemicalChange

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Topic1–ExploringMatterAgoodlaboratoryisasafelaboratory.Yourknowledgeandactionsinthisunitwillhelpkeepyouandyourpeerssafe.Doyouknowwherethesafetyequipmentisstoredinourlab?

Fireextinguisher Aprons WHIMISchart TelephoneFireblanket Brokenglassbin Fireexit DustpanandbrushSafetygoggles First-aidkit Eyewashstation Sink(s)Chemistryisthestudyof___________________________________________________CanadianscientistshavewontheNobelPrizeinsciencemorethan10times!(GoCANADA).List3CanadianNobelLaureateswhowerechemists:1.2.3.BeforewebeginanyexperimentsinthisunitwemustALLbefamiliarwithWHMIS.WhatdoesWHMISstandfor?W H M I SListall5componentsoftheParticleModelofMatter


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SAFETYSKILLS-Readpage447inyourtextbookandcompletethetablebelow.Description Symbol(DRAWit) ExampleCompressedGas

Poisonousandinfectiousmaterialcausingimmediateandserioustoxiceffects

Poisonousandinfectiousmaterialcausingothertoxiceffects

Oxidizingmaterial

Flammableandcombustiblematerial

Corrosivematerial

Biohazardousinfectiousmaterial

Dangerouslyreactivematerials


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Theparticlemodelofmatterisoneexampleofascientificmodel.Scientificmodelshelpustovisualizeprocessesthatcannotbeseendirectly.Youalreadyknowthatmattercanbeclassifiedaccordingtoitsstate.Intheboxesbelow,drawwhattheparticlesineachmatterwouldlooklike.

Mattercanbefurtherclassifiedaccordingtoitscompositionasamixtureorapuresubstance.Each____________substancecontainsitsownuniquekindofparticle.Whereas__________________containatleasttwokindsofparticles.Mixturescanbeclassifiedbytheirproperties.Usingtheinformationfromyourtextbookandthechartbelow,writeadefinitionforeachofthemixturetypes.HomogeneousHeterogeneousSuspensionColloidsEmulsionsHowcanyoutellthedifferencebetweenasolutionandacolloid?

Gas Liquid Solid


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Topic2–ChangesinMatterGive2distinctcharacteristicsand2examplesofPHYSICALchange:Characteristics: Examples:1. 1.2. 2.Give2distinctcharacteristicsand2examplesofCHEMICALchange:Characteristics: Examples:1. 1.2. 2.Itcanbedifficulttodecideifachangeisphysicalorchemical.Hereisarulethatcanhelpyou:ifyoumaketwoormoreofthefollowingobservations,thenachemicalchangehasprobablytakenplace:----------Whydoestherulesayprobably?Anypropertythatcanbeobservedormeasuredwithoutforminganewsubstanceisa:_________________property.Hereisanexample:_____________________________Anypropertythatdescribeshowasubstancereactswithanothersubstancewhenforminganewsubstanceisa__________________property.Hereisanexample:_______________PhysicalpropertiescanbefurtherclassifiedaseitherQualitativeorQuantitative.


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Giveanexampleofhowyouwouldrecordyourresultsiftheywerequalitative:Giveanexampleofhowyouwouldrecordyourresultsiftheywerequantitative:Waterandgasolinearebothclearliquidsatroomtemperature.Describeonephysicalpropertyandonechemicalpropertythatmightbeusedtodistinguishbetweenthem:Physical->Chemical->Thetransformationofwaterfromasolidtoliquidtogasisaphysicalchange.DiagramthetransformationandclearlylabeltheTHREEstatesandtheSIXchangesthatoccurbetweenthem.

Definethefollowing(inyourownwords):Ductility Malleability Viscosity


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Topic3–WhatareElements?Fromveryearlytimes,peoplehavewonderedwhymatterbehavesasitdoes.AncientGreekphilosophersthoughtthatallmatterwasmadeoutoffire,water,earthandair.Theycalledthesefoursubstances“elements”.Hands-oninvestigationsofmatterwerecarriedoutformanycenturiesbypeopleknownasalchemists.Thesescientistssearchedforelementsbytakingapartmatterbyordinarychemicalmeansuntilitwouldnotbreakdownanyfurther.Inthiswaytheywereabletodetermineifasubstancewasapuresubstanceoramixture.Lavoisierdefinedelementsas__________________________________________________.

Give2examplesofmatterthatfollowthelawofdefinitecomposition–includepercentages.

Puresubstanceshaveconstantcomposition,andthereforetheyalsotendtohaveconstant,unvaryingproperties.Anunknownsubstancecanbeidentifiedbymeasuringapropertyandcomparingittoknownvalues.

TheLawofConservationofMass:

TheLawofDefiniteComposition:

Example1 Example2


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ELEMENTSVS.COMPOUNDSAn____________________________isapuresubstancemadeupofonlyonetypeofparticle,oratom.

Eachelementhasitsownuniquesetofdistinguishingpropertiesandcannotbebrokendownintosimplersubstancesbymeansofachemicalchange.

A____________________________isapuresubstancemadeupof2ormoreelementschemicallycombinedtogether.

Compoundscanbebrokendownintotheelementsthattheyarecomposedof.

ELECTROLYSISUsinga“voltaicpile”scientistscouldseparatecompounds.

Drawalabeleddiagramofthedevicethatusesavoltaicpiletodecomposewater.Showthedifferenceinamounts(composition)ofoxygenversushydrogen.ExplainhowLavoisierusedittodiscoverthe“definitecomposition”ofoxygen.

CHEMISTRY’SMOSTWANTED#1-_________________________________________Daltonthoughtofatomsas____________________________________________.Hedrewpicturesofwaterwithequalnumbersofsmallerhydrogenandlargeroxygenatoms.


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DALTONSATOMICTHEORYListall4Points:

1.

2.

3.

4.

#2-______________________________________Thoughtofatomsasnegativelychargedelectronsstucktoapositivelychargedmass“RaisinBuns”“_______________________________________”#3-______________________________________Thoughttheentiremassofanatomwasinthecenteroftheatom(calledtheatomicnucleus)Hethoughttherestoftheatomwasjustemptyspace


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Hecalledthepositivelychargedparticlesinthecenteroftheatom_________________.

Hecalledthenegativelychargedparticlesfloatingaroundtheatomicnucleus,________________.

#4-_____________________________________________Picturedtheatomlikeaminisolarsystem.Electronsrotatedaroundthenucleusliketheplanetsaroundthesuninthingscalled_____________________________

Lateron,_________________________________discovered___________________________

Hesaidtheseparticlesdidn’thaveachargebuthelpedmakeupthemassoftheatom.

Neutronsareintheatomicnucleuswiththeprotons.

ReviewTopics1-3

1. Writethedifferencebetweeneachofthefollowingterms.(a)aheterogeneousmixtureandahomogeneousmixture(1)

(b)aphysicalchangeandachemicalchange(2)

(c)thelawofconservationofmassandthelawofdefinitecomposition(3)

(d)anelementandacompound(3)

(e)anobservationandatheory(3)

2. Fillintheblanks:(a) Ifasubstancehastheabilitytoburninoxygen,ithasthepropertyof_____________(2).


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(b) Ahomogeneousmixturecanalsobecalleda__________________________.(1)

(c) Aheterogeneousmixturecanalsobecalleda__________________________.(1)

(d) Asubstancethatcannotbebrokendownintosimplersubstancesisan___________.(3)

(e) Thephysicalpropertyofmatterknownasmassperunitvolumeiscalled_______.(2)

3. Makeasketchoftheelectroncloudmodel.Labelthelocationsoftheelectrons,protons,neutrons,andatomicnucleus.(3)

Topic4–ClassifyingElements

Listthreedifferentwayselementshavebeennamed.1.2.3.Drawtheancientsymbolfortwodifferentelementsandgivetheirlettersymbol.

Copytable2.3,foundonpage118below Stateatroom

temp.Appearance Conductivity Malleabilityand

DuctilityMetals

Nonmetals


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Metalloids

Explainthephysicalpropertiesmalleabilityandductility.WhatarethetwomostcommonelementsintheEarth’scrust(nameandsymbols)Whatisthetermchemicalfamilyusedtodescribe?DescribethepropertiesoftheAlkaliMetalfamily.DescribethepropertiesoftheAlkalineEarthMetalfamily.DescribethepropertiesoftheNobleGasesfamilyandlistthenoblegases.


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DescribethepropertiesoftheHalogenfamily.Topic5–ThePeriodicTable

Whatisatomicnumber?Giveanexampleusinganelement.Iftheatomicnumberis6anditsmassis19.3howmanyneutronsdoesithave?Showyourwork.Whyareatomicnumberandatomicmassnotalwaysthesame?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________Acolumnintheperiodictableisa____________________or_____________________.Arowiscalleda_______________________.Thenumberof__________________isequaltothenumberofprotonsinanuncombinedatom.Thenumberofneutronsisfoundbysubtractingtheatomic_____________fromtheatomic


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__________________.

Fillinthemissinginformationonthechartabouteachelementusingyourperiodictable.

2protons:___neutronsElement?_________________electrons

Mass#18.998Element?_____________Atomic#?____________Symbol?_____________

IronSymbol?______Atomic#?___________Atomicmass?____________

ZnElement?___________Atomic#?_________Atomicmass?____________

11protons_____neutrons_____electronsElement?_____________

MercurySymbol?____Atomic#?______________neutrons

82protons____neutrons____electronsElement?_____________

GaswithsevenprotonsElement?_________________neutrons

18protons___neutronsElement?________________Symbol?__________

PotassiumSymbol?_____Atomic#?___________Atomicmass?___________

BaElement?__________________Period?_____Family?_____Atomic#?____________

Synthetic;AmElement?___________Atomic#?___________Mass?____________

ThreeprotonsElement?____________Mass?___________Period?_____Family?_____

29protonsSymbol?____Period?_____Family?_____Atomic#?____________

• ThemassofanatomisENTIRELYinthenucleus• SoforFluorine,theatomicmassis18.998.

o Weusemathrulesandeitherrounduporrounddown.

§ SoFluorinewouldhaveanatomicmassof__________

• Fluorinewillhave9protonsand9electrons

FLUORINE 9

F 18.998


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• Fluorinewillhave19(roundedup)–9=neutrons.

o SoFlourinewillhave______________neutronsTopic6–ChemicalCompounds• ______________________________arewhatholdelementstogetherandtheyareformed

whenelementsgain,loseorshareelectrons.• A______________________iswhentwoDIFFERENTtypesofatomscometogethertoform

amolecule.

Completethefollowingtable:

PropertiesofIonicCompounds PropertiesofMolecularCompounds

MostMolecularcompoundsdonotformlargestructures.Althoughthebondingbetweenatomsis_______________________,theattractionbetweenmoleculesis_________________________.Thereareseveralrulesyoucanlearntohelpyoucommunicateusingthelanguageofchemistry.Forexample,acompoundmadefromtwoelementsiscalledabinarycompound.Thenamesofmolecularbinarycompoundsfollowtheserules:

1.

2.

3.


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NamethefollowingMolecularcompounds

ChemicalFormula NameBCl3

CO

SO2

As4O10

N2O3

Giveadefinitionforthefollowing:

Conductivity

MolecularCompound

IonicCompound

DiatomicMolecule

Therulesfornamingbinaryioniccompoundsaresimilartothoseforbinarymolecularcompounds.However,thenameofthecompounddoesnotindicatethenumberofionsofeachelement.Followtheserules:

1.

2.


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3.

NamethefollowingIoniccompounds

ChemicalFormula NameKCl

Ca3N2

MgCl2

Ag3N

BeO

Intermsofelectrons,whatisthedifferencebetweenamolecularcompoundandanioniccompound?

IdentifyifeachcompoundisionicormolecularbyplacinganI(ionic)orM(molecular)nexttothecompound.NameeachcompoundaccordingtotheIUPACnamingrulesforeachtype.

ChemicalFormula IonicorMolecular

Name

NaCl

CO2

SF2

MgF

CaO

SiCl4

Ag2O

BN


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OF2

Canyoumakethefollowingmolecularcompoundsfromthename?

Chemicalformula Name

Diborontribromine

Tetraseleniumpentaiodide

Nitrogenmonoxide

Metalion Non-Metalion IonicCompound Name

BeF2

Na1+ P3-

Mg2+ MagnesiumOxide

Al3+ O2-

Al2S3

K1+ F1-

Na1+

SodiumPhosphide

Ca3N2

P3- PotassiumPhosphide

Na1+ SodiumNitride

Al3+ Cl1-


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Topic7–ChemicalReactionsReminder-IndicatorsofChemicalChange

1.Gasbubblesareformed2.Changeofcolor3.Precipitateisformed4.Itishardtoreversethechange

5.Anewsubstancewithnewpropertiesareformed6.Heatisproducedorabsorbed7.Startingmaterialisusedup

ChemicalReactions

• Ina_____________________________,twoormoresubstancesundergoare-organizationofatomstoformothersubstances.

– Thesubstancesthatgointoachemicalreactionarecalled_________________________– Thesubstancesproducedbyachemicalreactionarecalled________________________

DescribingReactions

1.WordEquations• Silver+BromineàSilverBromide

2.ChemicalEquations(Howwouldyoubalancethisequation,giventhatbromineisadiatomicelement?)

• Ag+BràAgBrEquations,ProductsandReactants

• 1.MagnesiumreactswithOxygentoproducemagnesiumoxide. Mg+O2à2MgO ReactantsàMgandO2 ProductsàMgO

• 2.2Ca+O2à2CaO– CalciumreactswithOxygentoproduceCalciumOxide

• Reactant:CaandO2• Produce:CaO

ReactionTypes

• Allchemicalreactionsinvolvechangesinenergy• Energyiseither___________________or__________________inachemicalreaction

• ________________________________arereactionsthatGIVEOFForRELEASEHEAT• Examples:


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– Nitroglycerineisusedinexplosives– CombiningOxygenandHydrogentogetwater

• 2H2+O2+Alittleenergy=2H2O+Alotofenergy– Heatpacks(usuallyusecalciumchloride)

• __________________________________arereactionsthatABSORBenergy• Examples:

– Photosynthesisinplants– Coldpacks(usuallyuseammoniumnitrate)– Cookingfoodswithbakingsoda.

• BakingsodaabsorbsenergyandreleasesitascarbondioxideandsteamPRACTICEA. FOREACHOFTHESTATEMENTSBELOWWRITEAWORDEQUATION.

1. Acidrain,sulfurousacid,isformedwhensulfurdioxidereactswithwaterintheair.

2. Theheatandpressureinsideanautomobileenginecausenitrogenandoxygentoreact;theresultingsubstanceisapollutant,nitrogenmonoxide.

3. Rustoncars,usuallyiron(III)oxidetrihydrate(3watermoleculesattachedtoit),isformedwhenironisexposedtooxygenandwaterintheair.

4. Potassiummixedwithchlorineproducespotassiumchloride

5. SilicondioxidechangestosiliconandcarbondioxidewhenincontactwithcarbonB.MATCHTHECHEMICALFORMULAWITHTHECOMMONNAMEOFTHESUBSTANCE.___bakingsoda(sodiumhydrogencarbonate) a.NaCl(s)___water b.NaOCl(aq)___carbondioxide c.O2(g)___carbonmonoxide d.C2H4O2(aq)___tablesalt(sodiumchloride) e.NaHCO3(s)___bleach(sodiumhypochlorate) f.H2O2(l)___chalkorlimestone(calciumcarbonate) g.C6H12O6(s)___oxygengas h.CO2(g)___hydrogenperoxide i.H2O(l)___vinegar(aceticacid) j.CaCO3(s)


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___glucose(sugar) k.CO(g)___sodiumhydroxide l.NaOH

1. Find3examplesofchemicalreactions(canbefromyourtextbook,oneofourlabsormaybeyoursciencefairproject).Foreach,writeoutthewordequationandthechemicalequation.Puttheseinyoursketchbook.Themorefamiliaryouarewithcommonreactions(photosynthesis,respiration,corrosion)thebetter!

Topic8–ReactionRate

Reactionrateis______________________________________________________________

Completethefollowingtable

Methodtochange

reactionrate

Howitworks?

(general)

Increaseordecrease

reactionrate?

Giveanexample

Increasetemperature

Decreasetemperature

Stirring

Catalyst

Inhibitor


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Grindingsolids

Whenmetalsareexposedtoairwhathappens-_____________________________

Thisistheoxidationofmetalsorrocksinthepresenceofairandmoisture.

Writeawordequationtorepresentthecorrosionofirontoironoxide(youneedoxygen)

Writeachemicalequationtorepresentthecorrosionofirontoironoxide(youneedoxygen).You

mustadheretotheLawofConservationofMass.

List3waystoprotectourfriendsthemetalsfromcorrosion:

1.

2.

3.

Writeoutthechemicalreactionforphotosynthesis.

Usingtheaboveequation,explainwhetherphotosynthesisisendothermicorexothermicandhowyouknow.

Atreeusesphotosynthesistogrow.Usingtheaboveequation,canyouexplainwhatmakesupthemassofatree?

science 9 unit 2: chemistry reading logs – science focus · science 9 unit 2: chemistry reading...

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