science acs epa · 2015-05-02 · [10 ] 本期导读 science：砍伐森林会增加湿地的...

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本期导读

Science：砍伐森林会增加湿地的

湿润程度

ACS：纳米塑料颗粒影响淡水生物

的生长和繁殖

国际团队开发预测安第斯山脉洪

水的新方法

EPA 启动 2015-2019 年五大湖恢复

行动计划

第十四届世界生命湖泊大会在南

昌举行

10-12

2014 年第 4 期(总第 6 期)

中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所

湖泊与环境国家重点实验室，图书馆

联合编制

月

湖泊科学动态（10-12 月）

1. The hydrological legacy of deforestation on global wetlands ........................................................................ 1

2. Ecosystem regime change inferred from the distribution of trace metals in Lake Erie sediments................ 1

3. Defining drivers of nitrogen stable isotopes (delta N-15) of surface sediments in temperate lakes ............. 2

4. Recent anthropogenic impact in ancient Lake Ohrid (Macedonia/Albania): a palaeolimnological approach2

5. Sedimentary pigments as indicators of cyanobacterial dynamics in a hypereutrophic lake ......................... 3

6. Locating cryptotephra in lake sediments using fluid imaging technology ..................................................... 4

7. Depositional evidence for the Kamikaze typhoons and links to changes in typhoon climatology ................. 4

8. Modern seasonality in Lake Challa (Kenya/Tanzania) and its sedimentary documentation in recentlake

sediments ................................................................................................................................................................ 5

9. Recent changes in production in oligotrophic Uinta Mountain lakes, Utah, identified using paleolimnology

................................................................................................................................................................................. 5

10. Supraglacial lakes on the Greenland ice sheet advance inland under warming climate ............................. 6

11. A regime shift in Lake Superior ice cover, evaporation, and water temperature following the warm El

Nino winter of 1997-1998 ....................................................................................................................................... 6

12. Stratification and horizontal exchange in Lake Victoria, East Africa ............................................................ 7

13. Physical controls of oxygen fluxes at pelagic and benthic oxyclines in a lake.............................................. 7

14. Interannual variability of circulation under spring ice in a boreal lake ........................................................ 8

15. An investigation of enhanced recessions in Poyang Lake: Comparison of Yangtze River and local

catchment impacts .................................................................................................................................................. 8

16. Large lakes as sources and sinks of anthropogenic heat: Capacities and limits ........................................... 9

17. Prediction of surface temperature in lakes with different morphology using air temperature .................. 9

18. 青藏高原不同类型湖泊温度季节性变化及其分类 ............................................................................... 10

19. 1956-2010 年中国可更新水资源量的变化 ............................................................................................. 10

20. Lakes’ state and abundance across the Tibetan Plateau ........................................................................... 11

21. 洱海湖气界面水汽和二氧化碳通量交换特征 ....................................................................................... 11

22. Stable isotope estimates of evaporation: inflow and water residence time for lakes across the United

States as a tool for national lake water quality assessments ................................................................................ 12

23. Regional-scale variation of dissolved organic carbon concentrations in Swedish lakes ............................ 12

24. Role of a groundwater-lake interface in controlling seepage of water and nitrate ................................... 13

25. Parallel evolution of Nicaraguan crater lake cichlid fishes via non-parallel routes .................................... 13

26. Is coarse woody debris in lakes a refuge or a trap for benthic invertebrates exposed to fish predation? 14

27. Ecological tracers reveal resource convergence among prey fish species in a large lake ecosystem ........ 14

28. Depth gradients in food-web processes linking habitats in large lakes: Lake Superior as an exemplar

ecosystem .............................................................................................................................................................. 15

29. Trait-based community assembly of aquatic macrophytes along a water depth gradient in a freshwater

lake ........................................................................................................................................................................ 15

30. Biomechanical properties and morphological characteristics of lake and river plants: implications for

adaptations to flow conditions .............................................................................................................................. 16

31. Seasonal-dependence in the responses of biological communities to flood pulses in warm temperate

floodplain lakes: implications for the "alternative stable states" model ............................................................... 16


32. Phosphorus in sediments of high-elevation lakes in the Sierra Nevada (California): implications for

internal phosphorus loading .................................................................................................................................. 17

33. Phosphorus speciation in a eutrophic lake by P-31 NMR spectroscopy .................................................. 17

34. Benthic flux of dissolved organic matter from lake sediment at different redox conditions and the

possible effects of biogeochemical processes ....................................................................................................... 18

35. Dissolved organic carbon concentration controls benthic primary production: Results from in situ

chambers in north-temperate lakes ...................................................................................................................... 19

36. Widespread variability in overnight patterns of ecosystem respiration linked to gradients in dissolved

organic matter, residence time, and productivity in a global set of lakes ............................................................... 19

37. Regional variability among nonlinear chlorophyll-phosphorus relationships in lakes ............................. 20

38. Cyanobacterial bloom termination: the disappearance of Planktothrix rubescens from LakeBourget

(France) after restoration ...................................................................................................................................... 20

39. Contrasting effects of nutrients and climate on algal communities in two lakes in the Windermere

catchment since the late 19th century .................................................................................................................. 21

40. Using a Bayesian hierarchical model to improve Lake Erie cyanobacteria bloom forecasts .................... 21

41. Bayesian inference of a lake water quality model by emulating its posterior density ............................. 22

42. Quantifying storage changes in regional Great Lakes watersheds using a coupled subsurface-land

surface process model and GRACE, MODIS products .............................................................................................. 22

43. Cholera in the Lake Kivu region (DRC): Integrating remote sensing and spatially explicit epidemiological

modeling ................................................................................................................................................................ 23

44. Collaborative modelling and integrated decision support system analysis of a developed terminal lake

basin ...................................................................................................................................................................... 23

45. Simulating the hydrological response of a closed catchment-lake system to recent climate and land-use

changes in semi-arid Mediterranean environment ............................................................................................... 24

ACS：纳米塑料颗粒影响淡水生物的生长和繁殖 ........................................................................................ 25

国际团队开发预测安第斯山脉洪水的新方法 .............................................................................................. 26

全球多处发现古老富氢地下水 ...................................................................................................................... 26

科学家造出水的第十七种结晶形式 .............................................................................................................. 27

喀喇昆仑山冰川增长之谜揭开 ...................................................................................................................... 28

好奇号：重现古老火星 “湖泊时代” ........................................................................................................ 28

美国丕平湖(Lake Pepin)磷污染过程研究 ...................................................................................................... 30

美国太浩湖（Lake Tahoe）水体流动研究 .................................................................................................... 30

水质缺钙导致湖泊变成“果冻” ...................................................................................................................... 31

惰性金电极会“拉拢”水分子 ...................................................................................................................... 32

EPA 启动 2015-2019 年五大湖恢复行动计划 ............................................................................................... 33

第十四届世界生命湖泊大会在南昌举行 ...................................................................................................... 33

南水北调中线工程展倡导珍惜水资源 .......................................................................................................... 34

中国工程院重大咨询项目《新疆可持续发展中有关水资源的战略研究》 ............................................... 34

2020 年全国节水灌溉面积占比将超 60% ..................................................................................................... 35

排污入海：生态修复真的那么无奈？ .......................................................................................................... 36

欧水资源研究和利用中心确定明年工作重点 .............................................................................................. 36


中国水资源危机比治霾更迫在眉睫 .............................................................................................................. 37

丹麦企业迎中国商机：拟分羹 1.8 万亿水资源政府投资 ........................................................................... 38

气候对黄淮海地区水资源的影响评估课题通过验收 .................................................................................. 39


1

热点文章

The hydrological legacy of deforestation on global wetlands

C. Woodward; J. Shulmeister; J. Larsen; et al.

Increased catchment erosion and nutrient loading are commonly recognized impacts of deforestation on

global wetlands. In contrast, an increase in water availability in deforested catchments is well known in

modern studies but is rarely considered when evaluating past human impacts. We used a Budyko water

balance approach, a meta-analysis of global wetland response to deforestation, and paleoecological

studies from Australasia to explore this issue. After complete deforestation, we demonstrated that water

available to wetlands increases by up to 15% of annual precipitation. This can convert ephemeral

swamps to permanent lakes or even create new wetlands. This effect is globally significant, with 9 to 12%

of wetlands affected, including 20 to 40% of Ramsar wetlands, but is widely unrecognized because

human impact studies rarely test for it.

（来源：Science, 346 (6211) :844-851 doi:10.1126/science.1260510）

中文点评

Science：砍伐森林会增加湿地的湿润程度

据一项新的研究报道，将世界上湿地——如沼泽和湖泊——中的树木清除会让那些环境

变得显著更湿。但研究人员说，这种现象在很大程度上未被人们所意识，因为大多数的有关

人类对环境影响的研究不是设计成观察这种现象的。（养分载荷和流域侵蚀是最常报道的砍

伐湿地森林所造成的影响。）Craig Woodward 及其同事如今显示，砍伐世界湿地森林的主

要作用是每年降雨量上扬 15%。研究人员应用一个地球与大气间水交换的详细模型、一个

对全世界 24 万 5000 个湿地的荟萃分析以及来自澳大利亚和新西兰的化石记录显示，砍伐森

林一直在制造新的湿地，并增加了已经存在数千年之久的湿地的水含量。他们的结果表明，

湿地保护及管理措施因为这一作用而需加以修订，而湿地森林再造--一个目前在世界许多地

区计划实施的策略--可能会有意想不到的后果。据研究人员披露，有时，9-12%的世界湿地

森林被砍伐，其中包括由 1971 年 Ramsar 条约列为重要湿地中的 20-40%。他们说，在那些

地方，水产出量已经增加多达 460 毫米。

摘要精选

Ecosystem regime change inferred from the distribution of trace metals in Lake Erie sediments

Fasong Yuan; Richard Depew; Cheryl Soltis-Muth

Many freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems across the world may have undergone an ecosystem

regime change due to a combination of rising anthropogenic disturbances and regional climate change.


2

Such a change in aquatic ecosystems is commonly seen as shifts in algal species. But considerably less

detail is known about the eutrophication history in terms of changes in algal productivity, particularly for a

large lake with a great deal of spatial variability. Here we present an analysis of trace metals (Cu, Ni, Cd,

and Pb) on a sediment core recovered from Lake Erie, off the Vermilion coast of northern Ohio, USA, to

reconstruct the eutrophication history of the lake over the past 210 years. Following a slow eutrophication

during European settlement, Lake Erie experienced a period of accelerated eutrophication, leading to an

ecosystem regime transition into a eutrophic lake state in 1950. Our results suggested that the lake's

biological productivity has ever since maintained fairly high even though a significant input reduction was

realized from rigorous nutrient abatements that began as early as in 1969. This work underscored the

role of in-lake biogeochemical cycling in nutrient dynamics of this already eutrophic lake.

（来源：SCIENTIFIC REPORTS, 2014, doi:10.1038/srep07265）

Defining drivers of nitrogen stable isotopes (delta N-15) of surface sediments in temperate lakes

Botrel, Morgan; Gregory-Eaves, Irene; Maranger, Roxane.

The nitrogen stable isotopic signature (delta N-15) of sediment is a powerful tool to understand

eutrophication history, but its interpretation remains a challenge. In a large-scale comparative approach,

we identified the most important drivers influencing surface sediments delta N-15 of 65 lakes from two

regions of Canada using proxies that reflect watershed nitrogen (N) sources, internal lake microbial

cycling and productivity. Across regions, we found that water column total nitrogen (TN), %N in the

sediments and lake morphometric variables were the best predictors of sedimentary delta N-15,

explaining 66 % of its variation. Significant relationships were also found between sediment delta N-15

and human-derived N load ( = 0.23, p < 0.001), the latter being a strong predictor of TN ( = 0.68, p <

0.001). Despite a relatively strong overall relationship, variation partitioning revealed an interesting

difference in the dominant variable that influenced regional delta N-15. Alberta lake sedimentary delta

N-15 signature was dominated by human derived N load. In contrast, internal processing appeared to be

more important in Quebec lakes, where sediment delta N-15 was best explained by %N in the sediments

and lake volume. Overall, our findings support the use of delta N-15 in paleolimnological investigations to

reconstruct changing N sources to lakes but also highlight that regions may have distinctive drivers.

Interpretations of sediment delta N-15 are likely to be strongest when multiple lines of evidence are

employed and when placed in a regional context.

（来源：JOURNAL OF PALEOLIMNOLOGY, 2014, 52(4): 419-433）

Recent anthropogenic impact in ancient Lake Ohrid (Macedonia/Albania): a palaeolimnological approach

Lorenschat, Julia; Zhang, Xiaosen; Anselmetti, Flavio S.; et al.

Ancient lakes, which are important centres of biodiversity and endemism, are threatened by a wide

variety of human impacts. To assess environmental impact on ancient Lake Ohrid we have taken short

sediment cores from two contrasting site locations, comprising a site of urban pollution and an apparently

pristine area. Recent impacts on water quality and ecology were assessed using sediment, geochemical,

ostracode, and diatom data derived from analysis of two Pb-210-dated sediment cores spanning the

period from 1918 to 2009. According to the index of geoaccumulation, sediments were often moderately


3

contaminated with As. Fe and Ni concentrations often exceeded reported maximum limits above which

harmful effects on sediment-dwelling organisms are expected. Productivity in the (pristine) south-eastern

part of Lake Ohrid (Sveti Naum) is generally lower than in the north, probably due to the strong influence

of spring discharge. Low ostracode and diatom concentrations, low abundance of the epilimnetic diatom

Cyclotella ocellata, and low values of TOC and TIC indicate a lower productivity from the early 1920s to

the late 1980s. Since the mid 1970s, increased relative abundance of C. ocellata and increasing diatom

concentration indicate increasing productivity in the south-eastern part. Rising numbers of ostracode

valves and higher TIC and TOC contents in both sediment cores indicate an increase in productivity

during the late 1980s. A slight increase in productivity near Sveti Naum continued from the early 1990s

until 2009, witnessed by rising TC, TIC, and TOC content and a generally high number of ostracode

valves and ostracode diversity. The area near the City of Struga (site of urban pollution) is also

characterized by rising TOC and TIC contents and, furthermore, by increasing Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn

concentrations since the early 1990s. The recent reduction in the number of ostracode valves and

ostracode diversity is probably caused by a higher heavy metal load into the lake. This suggests that

living conditions for the endemic species in Lake Ohrid have become less favourable in the northern part

of the lake, which might threaten the unique flora and fauna of Lake Ohrid.


Sedimentary pigments as indicators of cyanobacterial dynamics in a hypereutrophic lake

Deshpande, Bethany N.; Tremblay, Roxane; Pienitz, Reinhard; et al.

Lac Saint-Augustin is an urban lake located on the outskirts of Quebec City, one of North America's

oldest cities. Anthropogenic inputs from land clearing, agriculture, highway development and

urbanization in the surrounding catchment have resulted in strong impacts on the limnology of the lake

throughout the past three centuries. In recent years, this lake has experienced severe eutrophication,

including persistent cyanobacterial blooms. In winter 2011, a sediment core was extracted from the

deepest area of the lake. A detailed paleopigment analysis was used to assess eutrophication processes

in the lake and to determine the timing and appearance of cyanobacterial blooms and their subsequent

variability. Extracted chlorophyll a, its degradation products and 11 carotenoid pigments were identified

and quantified via reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography to examine relative changes in

the phytoplankton. The results revealed large variations in the phytoplankton community structure of Lac

Saint-Augustin over the past 356 years. Chlorophyll a concentrations per unit organic matter (OM)

increased significantly from the base of the core to present day, rising more than 15-fold from 18.4 A mu

g (g OM)(-1) at the base of the core to 287 A mu g (g OM)(-1) in the most recent strata. Biostratigraphical

analysis revealed three major periods of enrichment, with episodes of cyanobacterial abundance from

the 1890s onwards. The greatest changes occurred in the most recent period (from the 1960s to the

present) relative to earlier periods, with pigment increases for all phytoplankton groups. The

cyanobacterial pigments canthaxanthin, echinenone and zeaxanthin (also a marker for green algae)

showed concentrations in the surface sediments that were significantly above values at the bottom of the

core, and these differences were large, even giving consideration to the lesser pigment degradation near

the surface. Overall, the results indicate that cyanobacterial blooms are not a recent feature of Lac

Saint-Augustin but began to occur soon after catchment modification 150 years ago. The pigment

records also imply that cyanobacterial and associated algal populations have risen to unprecedented


4

levels over the last few decades of ongoing development of the Lac Saint-Augustin catchment. This

study highlights the utility of multiple pigment analysis of lake sediments for identifying the timing and

magnitude of anthropogenic impacts.


Locating cryptotephra in lake sediments using fluid imaging technology

D'Anjou, Robert M.; Balascio, Nicholas L.; Bradley, Raymond S.; et al.

We report a new approach to locate and quantify cryptotephra in sedimentary archives using a

continuously-imaging Flow Cytometer and Microscope (FlowCAM(A (R))). The FlowCAM rapidly

photographs particles flowing in suspension past a microscope lens and performs semi-automated

analysis of particle images. It has had primarily biological applications, although the potential

sedimentological applications are numerous. Here we test the ability of this instrument to image

irregularly shaped, vesicular glass shards and to screen sediment samples for the presence of

cryptotephra. First, reference samples of basalt and rhyolite tephra (sieved < 63 mu m) were analyzed

with the FlowCAM, demonstrating the ability of the instrument to photograph individual tephra shards.

The highest-quality images were used to create a reference library of tephra particles, against which

other particle morphologies could be automatically compared. Lake sediment samples with known

concentrations of tephra were then analyzed. The tephra image library was used to perform pattern

recognition calculations, automatically distinguishing tephra-like images from other particles in the

sediment samples. The number of tephra shards identified by the FlowCAM technique was compared to

manual counting using a polarizing light microscope, demonstrating that this rapid approach is capable of

determining the relative concentrations of tephra in a given sediment sample. However, the FlowCAM

systematically underestimates tephra concentrations relative to manual counts. We conclude that with a

well-developed image library, the FlowCAM can be an effective tool for cryptotephra and

sedimentological applications, but it may be inappropriate for large volume samples or if particle

morphologies are outside the range of the image library.


Depositional evidence for the Kamikaze typhoons and links to changes in typhoon climatology

J.D. Woodruff; K. Kanamaru; S. Kundu; et al.

In the late 13th century, Kublai Khan, ruler of the Mongol Empire, launched one of the world's largest

armadas of its time in an attempt to conquer Japan. Early narratives described the decimation and

dispersal of these fleets by the "Kamikaze" of 1274 CE and 1281 CE, a pair of intense typhoons "divinely"

sent to protect Japan from invasion. These historical accounts are prone to exaggeration, and significant

questions remain regarding the occurrence and true intensity of these legendary typhoons. To provide

independent insight, we present a new 2000 yr sedimentary reconstruction of extreme coastal flooding

from a coastal lake near the location of the Mongol invasions. Two marine-sourced flood deposits date to

the Kamikaze typhoons and are the events of record in the reconstruction. The complete reconstruction

indicates periods of greater flood activity relative to modern beginning ca. 250 CE and extending past the

timing of the Kamikaze events to 1600 CE. Comparisons with additional reconstructions are consistent

with greater regional typhoon activity during the Mongol invasions due to the preferential steering of


5

storms toward Japan, and driven by greater El Niño activity relative to modern. Results are consistent

with the paired Kamikaze typhoons being of significant intensity, and support accounts of them playing

an important role in preventing the conquering of Japan by Mongol fleets. The Kamikaze typhoons may

therefore serve as a prominent example for how past increases in severe weather associated with

changing climate have had significant geopolitical impacts.

（来源：GEOLOGY, 2014, doi: 10.1130/G36209.1）

Modern seasonality in Lake Challa (Kenya/Tanzania) and its sedimentary documentation in recentlake sediments

Wolff, Christian; Kristen-Jenny, Iris; Schettler, Georg; et al.

From November 2006 to January 2010, a sediment trap that was cleared monthly was deployed in Lake

Challa, a deep stratified freshwater lake on the eastern slope of Mt. Kilimanjaro in southern Kenya.

Geochemical data from sediment trap samples were compared with a broad range of limnological and

meteorological parameters to characterize the effect of single parameters on productivity and

sedimentation processes in the crater basin. During the southern hemisphere summer

(November-March), when the water temperature is high and the lake is biologically productive

(nondiatom algae), calcite predominated in the sediment trap samples. During the "long rain" season

(March-May) a small amount of organic matter and lithogenic material caused by rainfall appeared. This

was followed by the cool and windy months of the southern hemisphere winter (June-October) when

diatoms were the main component, indicating a diatom bloom initiated by improvement of nutrient

availability related to upwelling processes. The sediment trap data support the hypothesis that the

light-dark lamination couplets, which are abundant in Lake Challa cores, reflect seasonal delivery to the

sediments of diatom-rich particulates during the windy months and diatom-poor material during the wet

season. However, interannual and spatial variability in upwelling and productivity patterns, as well as El

Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-related rainfall and drought cycles, exert a strong influence on the

magnitude and geochemical composition of particle export to the hypolimnion of Lake Challa.

（来源：LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY, 2014, 59(5): 1621-1636）

Recent changes in production in oligotrophic Uinta Mountain lakes, Utah, identified using paleolimnology

Hundey, E. J.; Moser, K. A.; Longstaffe, F. J.; et al.

We use multiple proxies from lake sediment records of six remote alpine lakes in the Uinta Mountains,

Utah, to investigate primary production and potential drivers of changes in trophic status over the last two

centuries. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll a flux, and percentage of organic matter (determined by loss on

ignition) increase beginning in the mid-20th century in five of the six alpine study lakes, indicating

increasing production. These changes tend to coincide with decreasing sedimentary delta N-15 and

increasing abundance of the nitrophilous diatom Asterionella formosa. An earlier, more subtle change in

diatom community composition and delta N-15 indicates that human activities prior to 1950 had

measurable effects on these lake ecosystems, although no corresponding increase in primary production

was observed at this time. Multiple factors can lead to increased primary production at alpine sites, but

the evidence presented shows that enhanced atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and phosphorus

explain the recent, more prominent increase in production. Although previous research has suggested


6

that alpine lakes are nitrogen limited, our results suggest nutrient limitation varies spatially and temporally,

and is complex in these oligotrophic systems. This and other factors, such as catchment characteristics,

will affect the sensitivity of a lake to atmospheric deposition-fertilizing effects. The changes observed

show that remote lakes are vulnerable to long-distance transport of nutrients, and that the risk of

eutrophication could be intensified by increased nutrient inputs from expanding mining, fossil fuel

combustion, and agriculture and by rapid warming predicted for the southwest.

（来源：LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY, 2014, 59(6):1987-2001）

Supraglacial lakes on the Greenland ice sheet advance inland under warming climate

A. A. Leeson; A. Shepherd; K. Briggs

Supraglacial lakes (SGLs) form annually on the Greenland ice sheet and, when they drain, their

discharge enhances ice-sheet flow by lubricating the base and potentially by warming the ice. Today,

SGLs tend to form within the ablation zone, where enhanced lubrication is offset by efficient subglacial

drainage. However, it is not clear what impact a warming climate will have on this arrangement. Here, we

use an SGL initiation and growth model to show that lakes form at higher altitudes as temperatures rise,

consistent with satellite observations. Our simulations show that in southwest Greenland, SGLs spread

103 and 110 km further inland by the year 2060 under moderate (RCP 4.5) and extreme (RCP 8.5)

climate change scenarios, respectively, leading to an estimated 48–53% increase in the area over which

they are distributed across the ice sheet as a whole. Up to half of these new lakes may be large enough

to drain, potentially delivering water and heat to the ice-sheet base in regions where subglacial drainage

is inefficient. In such places, ice flow responds positively to increases in surface water delivered to the

bed through enhanced basal lubrication and warming of the ice, and so the inland advance of SGLs

should be considered in projections of ice-sheet change.

（来源：NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE, 2014, doi:10.1038/nclimate2463）

A regime shift in Lake Superior ice cover, evaporation, and water temperature following the warm El Nino winter of 1997-1998

Van Cleave, Katherine; Lenters, John D.; Wang, Jia; et al.

Significant trends in Lake Superior water temperature and ice cover have been observed in recent

decades, and these trends have typically been analyzed using standard linear regression techniques.

Although the linear trends are statistically significant and contribute to an understanding of environmental

change, a careful examination of the trends shows important nonlinearities. We identify a pronounced

step change that occurred in Lake Superior following the warm El Nino winter of 1997-1998, resulting in a

"regime shift'' in summer evaporation rate, water temperature, and numerous metrics of winter ice cover.

This statistically significant step change accounts for most of the long-term trends in ice cover, water

temperature, and evaporation during the period 1973-2010, and it was preceded (and followed) by

insignificant linear trends in nearly all of the metrics examined. The 1998 step change is associated with

a decrease in winter ice duration of 39 d (a 34% decline), an increase of similar to 2-3 degrees C in mean

surface water temperature (July-September averages), and a 91% increase in July-August evaporation

rates, reflecting an earlier start to the summer evaporation season. Maximum wintertime ice extent

decreased by nearly a factor of two, from an average of 69% of the lake surface area (before 1997-1998)


7

to 36% after the step change. This reassessment of long-term trends highlights the importance of

nonlinear regime shifts such as the 1997-1998 break point-an event that may be related to a similar shift

in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation that occurred around the same time. These pronounced changes in

Lake Superior physical characteristics are likely to have important implications for the broader lake

ecosystem.


Stratification and horizontal exchange in Lake Victoria, East Africa

MacIntyre, Sally; Romero, Jose R.; Silsbe, Gregory M.; et al.

We characterize stratification patterns over diel, seasonal, and annual time scales in inshore and

offshore regions of Lake Victoria, East Africa; determine conditions leading to horizontal exchanges; and,

using surface energy budgets derived from local meteorological stations and two reanalysis products,

address whether stratification depends on advective as opposed to local processes. The largest change

in the surface energy budget occurred when winds intensified at the end of the long rains, with the wind's

intensification, duration, and spatial extent dependent on El Nino-Southern Oscillation cycles. These

winds flush inshore waters and cause cross-basin upwelling similar to that observed in the deep African

Great Lakes. Wedderburn numbers indicated mixing and cross-basin within-thermocline transport. The

internal wave-induced mixing and enhanced latent heat fluxes of 2300 to 2400 W m(-2) contributed to the

loss of seasonal stratification. Advection of cool water was required to balance the heat budget of

northern offshore waters in the latter half of the southeast monsoon except in an El Nino year. Northern

waters became weakly stratified after the southeast monsoon, with nocturnal winds contributing to heat

transport and ventilation of the lower water column. Following the rainy season, downwelling by

sustained southerly albeit low winds is a likely cause of the seasonal thermocline. Inshore waters are 0.2-

1.5 degrees C warmer than those offshore, conditions conducive to horizontal convective circulation

except during onshore winds. The seasonal cycle of stratification and inshore-offshore and cross-basin

exchanges are moderated by differential heating, cooling, and basin-scale thermocline tilting.


Physical controls of oxygen fluxes at pelagic and benthic oxyclines in a lake

Kreling, Julika; Bravidor, Jenny; McGinnis, Daniel F.; et al.

We compared oxygen fluxes measured simultaneously at the pelagic and benthic oxycline in a lake and

analyze their relation to hydrodynamic forcing conditions. While the mean oxygen fluxes did not differ

significantly among both sites, the fluxes were highly variable in time. Short energetic periods contributed

disproportionately to the overall oxygen flux above both the benthic and pelagic oxycline. In the pelagic

region, mean fluxes across the oxycline were limited by low diffusivities (7 x 10(-8) m(2) s(-1)) and were

one to two orders of magnitude smaller than fluxes above the oxycline (0.5 and 32 mmol m(-2) d(-1),

respectively). A one-dimensional transport model was used to estimate sources and sinks of oxygen

potentially causing this imbalance. The model results indicate that 92% of dissolved oxygen transported

into the oxycline is used by the respiration of organic material imported into the oxycline from the

epilimnion; chemical oxygen consumption associated with the upward flux of reduced substances is

negligible. Our findings indicate that under such conditions, dissolved oxygen consumption and therewith


8

mineralization within the oxycline can be comparable with the corresponding rates occurring in the

sediments of eutrophic lakes with an oxic hypolimnion.


Interannual variability of circulation under spring ice in a boreal lake

Salonen, Kalevi; Pulkkanen, Merja; Salmi, Pauliina; et al.

A small range (similar to 1 degrees C) of under-ice water temperature is shown to result in remarkably

different circulation regimes under spring ice in a deep, oligotrophic boreal lake. With the water column at

< 4 degrees C, melting of snow led to deepening vertical convection before ice break and a final depth of

convection inversely correlated with earlier deep-water temperature. We attribute that to the nonlinear

dependence of water density on temperature, albeit further affected by stochastic weather factors. In four

of nine study years, convection led to complete under-ice overturn of the lake, indicating that this may not

be uncommon in similar lakes with steep topography. River inflow and more intensive warming of water

in the littoral zone also created a horizontal density differential, convection that involved flow down the

sloping bottom and a lateral intrusion of this sinking water at a depth between the vertical convection and

the quiescent deep-water layers. The vertical and horizontal convection together produced a profile of

temperature slightly increasing from the surface to the bottom of the convection layer. The contribution of

horizontal convection to under-ice mixing was interannually variable, and in one of the study years it

eventually dominated under-ice mixing. A thermal bar circulation regime developed occasionally and only

in the open water between ice and shoreline. We identified five different under-ice mixing regimes that

form an interannually variable continuum of behavior during the ice melting period. The dependence on a

narrow temperature range likely makes the circulation regime sensitive to a warming climate.


An investigation of enhanced recessions in Poyang Lake: Comparison of Yangtze River and local catchment impacts

Zhang, Qi; Ye, Xu-chun; Werner, Adrian D.; et al.

Changes in lake hydrological regimes and the associated impacts on water supplies and ecosystems are

internationally recognized issues. During the past decade, the persistent dryness of Poyang Lake (the

largest freshwater lake in China) has caused water supply and irrigation crises for the 12.4 million

inhabitants of the region. There is conjecture as to whether this dryness is caused by climate variability

and/or human activities. This study examines long-term datasets of catchment inflow and Lake outflow,

and employs a physically-based hydrodynamic model to explore catchment and Yangtze River controls

on the Lake's hydrology. Lake water levels fell to their lowest during 2001-2010 relative to previous

decades. The average Lake size and volume reduced by 154 km(2) and 11 x 10(8) m(3) during the same

period, compared to those for the preceding period (1970-2000). Model simulations demonstrated that

the drainage effect of the Yangtze River was the primary causal factor. Modeling also revealed that,

compared to climate variability impacts on the Lake catchment, modifications to Yangtze River flows from

the Three Gorges Dam have had a much greater impact on the seasonal (September-October) dryness

of the Lake. Yangtze River effects are attenuated in the Lake with distance from the River, but

nonetheless propagate some 100 km to the lake's upstream limit. Proposals to build additional dams in

the upper Yangtze River and its tributaries are expected to impose significant challenges for the


9

management of Poyang Lake. Hydraulic engineering to modify the flow regime between the Lake and the

Yangtze River would somewhat resolve the seasonal dryness of the Lake, but will likely introduce other

issues in terms of water quality and aquatic ecosystem health, requiring considerable further research. (C)

2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND

license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).

（来源：JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY, 2014, 517: 425-434）

Large lakes as sources and sinks of anthropogenic heat: Capacities and limits

Fink, Gabriel; Schmid, Martin; Wueest, Alfred

The goal of reducing carbon fuel and thereby saving energy will increase the use of lake water for heating

and cooling of riparian infrastructures. This raises the question of which heat use designs meet the

ecological and technical requirements for lakes, particularly in regard to climate warming. Thus, this

study explores heat use effects on the temperature and stratification of a large, deep, temperate lake by

applying the one-dimensional k-epsilon model SimStrat to various forcing scenarios. Several design

parameters, such as extraction and discharge depth, and their effects were assessed. Additionally, 21st

century climate projections were used to evaluate the effects of climate change relative to those of heat

use. Generally, the study showed only minor effects for a realistic heat demand of 2 W m(-2) quite

independent of the heat extraction/discharge modes. Mean water temperature changed less than 0.2

degrees C as long as there was no discharge into the deepest layers. Water extraction and discharge at

the surface had the least thermal influence. To relate to climate change, heat use was scaled up to +85

W m(-2). Resultant simulations showed that such (unrealistic) anthropogenic, lake-based thermal

pollution would have a comparable influence to that of climate change. Conversely, heat extraction could

damp or even compensate climate-induced warming. The present study concludes that (i) there are

minor effects on water temperatures, stratification, and seasonal mixing due to heat use of up to 2 W

m(-2) and (ii) those influences are insignificant relative to the expected climate change.

来源：WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 2014, 50(9): 7285-7301）

Prediction of surface temperature in lakes with different morphology using air temperature

Toffolon, Marco; Piccolroaz, Sebastiano; Majone, Bruno; et al.

Temperature of the surface layer of temperate lakes is reconstructed by means of a simplified model on

the basis of air temperature alone. The comparison between calculated and observed data shows a

remarkable agreement (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency indices always larger than 0.87, mean absolute errors of

approximately 1 degrees C) for all 14 lakes investigated (Mara, Sparkling, Superior, Michigan, Huron,

Erie, Ontario, Biel, Zurich, Constance, Garda, Neusiedl, Balaton, and Baikal, in west-to-east order),

which present a wide range of morphological and hydrological characteristics. Differently from a pure

heat flux balance approach, where the different fluxes are determined on the basis of independent

relationships, the input data directly inform parameters of a simple model that, in turn, provides

meaningful information about the properties of the real system. The dependence of the model

parameters on the main morphological indicators is presented, which allows for a quantitative description

of the strong influence of the mean depth of the lake on the thermal inertia and the hysteresis pattern


10

between air and lake surface temperatures.


青藏高原不同类型湖泊温度季节性变化及其分类

王明达, 侯居峙, 类延斌

青藏高原广泛分布的湖泊是研究高原气候变化及其与全球气候系统相互关系的

理想载体，但是目前对于高原湖泊现代过程研究仍然比较缺乏，在某种程度上制约

了对过去气候环境变化记录的指标意义和湖泊生态系统演替的深入理解。本研究对

青藏高原西部淡水湖泊班公错和中部咸水湖泊达则错开展了为期 1 年的湖水温度监

测，讨论其湖水分层、翻转等水文物理过程。数据显示班公错属于典型的双季对流

混合型湖泊(dimicticlake)，而达则错属于半对流湖泊(meromictic lake)，可能与达则

错深部湖水盐度较高有关。利用湖泊模型 Lake Analyzer 进一步确认达则错不完全混

合是由湖水盐度梯度所致。现代湖泊温度监测为高原湖泊分类提供有效数据，也为

进一步深入研究过去气候变化和生态系统演替提供了水文物理学基础。

（来源：科学通报, 2014, 59(31): 3095-3103）

1956-2010年中国可更新水资源量的变化

李原园, 曹建廷, 沈福新, 等

随着人类对水资源需求的增加, 对生态和环境问题的日益重视, 水资源安全问

题越来越受到国际社会的广泛关注. 水资源已成为制约中国经济社会可持续发展的

瓶颈, 已被提升到关系中国经济安全、生态安全和国家安全的战略高度. 认识中国水

资源的变化, 对分析气候变化的影响, 编制水资源利用和保护规划以及制定水资源

政策具有重要的参考价值 . 结合中国水资源评价的资料成果 , 利用距平分析、

Mann-Kendall 趋势检验和Morlet小波分析, 本文较全面地研究了1956~2010年我国

水资源的变化. 结果显示: (1) 从全国尺度上, 水资源变化趋势并不明显. 近55 年来

我国水资源总量呈现微弱的增加趋势, 近20 年的年均水资源量比多年均水资源量

仅增加1%. (2) 我国不同水资源分区的水资源变化差异较大, 我国北方地区海河区、

黄河区的水资源显著减少, 近20 年减少幅度达19%和17%; 而我国南方地区和西北

地区水资源的增加, 特别是西北诸河区, 近20 年该区水资源量增加近10%. (3) 相对

1961~1990 年, 近20 年来全国水资源量的年际变化波动有增加趋势. 在水资源一级

区中西北诸河区和西南诸河区变差系数增加较明显, 但在水资源量显著减少的海河

区、黄河区年际变化趋于减小. (4) 全国水资源变化存在14 年准周期, 其叠加了各水

资源一级区水资源系列不同周期, 相邻水资源一级区水资源变化的第一或第二主周

期存在明显一致性。

（来源：中国科学 D 辑, 2014, 44(9): 2030-2038）


11

Lakes’ state and abundance across the Tibetan Plateau

Guoqing Zhang, Tandong Yao, Hongjie Xie, ; et al.

Understanding the changes in number and areal extent of lakes, as well as their abundance and size

distribution is important for assessments of regional and global water resources, biogeochemical cycles,

and changes in climate. In this study, changes in lake area greater than 1 km2 are mapped using Landsat

datasets, spanning the 1970s, 1990, 2000, and 2010. In addition, high-resolution images (GeoCover

Landsat mosaic 2000, with a pixel size of 14.25 m) are used for the first time to map lakes as small as

0.001 km2 across the entire Tibetan Plateau (TP). Results show that the numbers and areal extent of

individual lakes >1 km2 in size show a slight decrease between the 1970s and 1990, followed by a clear

increase from 1990 to 2010. Ninety-nine new lakes are identified between the 1970s and 2010, 71 of

which are found between 1990 and 2010. This indicates the accelerated glacier melt and/or increased

difference of precipitation minus evaporation since the 1990s. More than 80 % of the lakes show an

increase in their area between the 1970s and 2010. The lake census, using 2000 imagery, shows that

there are 32,843 lakes with a total area of 43,151.08 ± 411.49 km2, which makes up 1.4 % of the total

area of the TP. Around 96 % of all lakes are small, with an area <1 km2, while the 1,204 large lakes (>1

km2) account for 96 % of the total lake area. The TP is subdivided into 12 greater drainage basins, and of

these the inner TP dominates in terms of the number of lakes (55.03 %), the total area of lakes (66 %),

and lake density (0.026/km2 compared to the mean, 0.011/km2). A plot of lake abundance against size

shows that the size distribution of lakes departs from a typical power-law distribution, but displays such a

distribution at the mean elevation (4,715 m), with an r 2 value of 0.97 and a slope of −0.66. The slopes of

the abundance-size equations from each of the 12 greater basins, and from all basins together, are larger

than −1, supporting the inference that larger lakes, rather than the small lakes, contribute more to the

total lake surface area across the TP. The lake inventory provided in this study, along with the

assessment of lake size distribution, have important implications for estimates of water balance, for water

resource management, and for lake area estimations in the TP.

（来源：CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN, 2014, 59(24): 3010-3021）

洱海湖气界面水汽和二氧化碳通量交换特征

刘辉志, 冯健武, 孙绩华, 等

基于 2012 年涡动相关法取得的洱海湖气之间湍流通量资料, 计算了湖面反照

率、空气动力学粗糙度和整体输送系数等湖气交换过程的基本物理参数; 分析高原

湖泊表面动量通量、感热通量、潜热通量和二氧化碳通量的变化特征及其主要的控

制因子; 采用神经网络法对缺失蒸发量数据进行填补, 估算了洱海湖面全年蒸发量.

2012 年全年蒸发量为(1165±15) mm, 大于年实际降水量(2012 年的年降水量为

818 mm). 洱海局地环流在全年范围内较显著; 全年主导风向为东南(谷风/湖风)和西

北风(山风/陆风). 高原湖泊感热通量通常只有每平方米几十瓦, 通常午后感热通量

为负值; 即湖面向大气输送热量. 夏季湖泊大气界面感热通量最大值出现在清晨,

与湖气温差的出现时间一致; 在白天湖面的有效能量主要分配为潜热通量; 湖气温

差和水汽压差分别是感热通量和潜热通量日变化的主要控制因子. 湖气界面二氧化


12

碳通量除夏季存在弱的吸收外, 其余季节(冬季)表现为弱的排放. 湖面反照率的季

节变化规律与太阳高度角的季节变动有关, 同时湖面反照率与水的浑浊度等有关.

与实际观测得到的湖面反照率相比, CLM4 湖泊模式在冬季低估(夏季高估)了湖面

反照率.。

（来源：科学通报, 中国科学 D 辑, 2014, 44(11): 2527-2539）

Stable isotope estimates of evaporation: inflow and water residence time for lakes across the United States as a tool for national lake water quality assessments

Brooks, J. Renee; Gibson, John J.; Birks, S. Jean; et al.

We used water delta H-2 and delta O-18 from ca. 1000 lakes sampled in the 2007 U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency's National Lakes Assessment (NLA) to assess two hydrological variables-evaporation

as a percentage of inflow (E : I) and water residence time (tau) for summer 2007. Using a population

survey design, sampled lakes were distributed across the conterminous U.S., and results were scaled to

the inference population (similar to 50,000 U.S. lakes). These hydrologic variables were related to lake

nutrients and biological condition to illustrate their usefulness in national water quality monitoring efforts.

For 50% of lakes, evaporation was, 25% of inflow, with values ranging up to 113% during the 2007

summer. Residence time was, 0.52 yr for half of the lakes and, 1.12 yr for 75% of lakes. Categorizing

lakes by flow regime, 66.1% of lakes were flow-though lakes (60% or more of the water flows through the

lake, E : I < 0.4), 33.6% were restricted-basin lakes (40% or more of the lake inflow evaporates, 0.4 < E: I

< 1), and < 0.3% were closed basin (all water entering the lake leaves through evaporation, E : I > 1).

While climate patterns drove some of the spatial patterns of E : I and tau, variation in lake depth and

watershed size (influencing precipitation volume) were also significant drivers. Lake hydrochemistry was

strongly correlated to E: I and more weakly related to tau. Lakes in poor biological condition (based on a

predictive model of planktonic taxa) were significantly more evaporated than lakes in good biological

condition.


Regional-scale variation of dissolved organic carbon concentrations in Swedish lakes

Seekell, David A.; Lapierre, Jean-Francois; Pace, Michael L.; et al.

We assessed spatial variability in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations measured in nearly

2000 Swedish lakes. Inter-lake variance peaked at two different scales, representing within-region and

between-region variability. The variation between regions was greater than the variation among lakes

within regions. We tested relationships between DOC and runoff, drainage ratio, and altitude for spatial

heterogeneity using geographically weighted regression. Relationships varied geographically, but cluster

analysis delineated two contiguous regions of similar relationships. Altitude had a significant inverse

relationship with DOC in the highlands, and drainage ratio had a significant positive relationship with

DOC in the lowlands. These heterogeneous relationships explained regional patterns in DOC

concentrations. We conclude that regions, rather than individual lakes, are a key, emergent scale of


13

spatial variability for DOC concentrations. This scale of variability reflects the intersection of

environmental gradients (e.g., altitude) with spatially heterogeneous relationships (e.g., DOC-drainage

ratio relationship). Regional-scale structure in limnological patterns indicates that individual lakes are not

independent from one another, but are emergent groups where DOC concentrations are a function of

similar environmental patterns and processes.


Role of a groundwater-lake interface in controlling seepage of water and nitrate

Karan, S.; Kidmose, J.; Engesgaard, P.; et al.

The effects of the hydraulic characteristics of a groundwater-lake interface on discharge and nitrate

loading to a lake were investigated. The interface is defined as the zone separating the adjacent aquifer

(10's of m) and the lake bed (10's of cm) itself. The study combines field data using several tracers (water,

oxygen isotopes, and nitrate) and numerical modeling. The hydraulic head distribution, a nitrate plume

and seepage rates were observed over a two-year period along a similar to 100 m long transect reaching

from an agricultural field into the lake. The groundwater-lake interface system was simulated with a 2D

steady state flow and nitrate transport model (FEFLOW). The observations showed that discharge to the

lake was doubled-peaked, with a peak discharge near the shore line followed by an almost (classical)

exponential decrease, and a second peak further off-shore. The nitrate plume also extended 60-80 m

off-shore. By calibrating the model to measured discharge and the outline of the nitrate plume it was

demonstrated that; (1) the ratio of horizontal to vertical hydraulic conductivity (anisotropy) was very

important and on the order of 50 and (2) the lake bed acted as a hydraulic barrier by having a much lower

hydraulic conductivity than that of the relatively homogeneous aquifer. We suggest that the barrier is

formed by an extensive plant cover that can trap finer materials and produce a surface colmation layer.

The simulation results show that when a barrier is present the total groundwater discharge to the lake

can be up to a factor of two lower and that approximately 50% of the nitrate bypasses the barrier. This

proportion of the nitrate loading will therefore also bypass the plant cover and discharge directly to the

lake off-shore potentially leading to algal blooms under N-limited conditions in the lake water column.


Parallel evolution of Nicaraguan crater lake cichlid fishes via non-parallel routes

Kathryn R. Elmer; Shaohua Fan; Henrik Kusche; et al.

Fundamental to understanding how biodiversity arises and adapts is whether evolution is predictable in

the face of stochastic genetic and demographic factors. Here we show rapid parallel evolution across two

closely related but geographically isolated radiations of Nicaraguan crater lake cichlid fishes. We find

significant morphological, ecological and genetic differentiation between ecomorphs in sympatry,

reflected primarily in elongated versus high-bodied shape, differential ecological niche use and genetic

differentiation. These eco-morphological divergences are significantly parallel across radiations. Based

on 442,644 genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms, we identify strong support for the monophyly

of, and subsequent sympatric divergence within, each radiation. However, the order of speciation differs

across radiations; in one lake the limnetic ecomorph diverged first while in the other a benthic ecomorph.


14

Overall our results demonstrate that complex parallel phenotypes can evolve very rapidly and repeatedly

in similar environments, probably due to natural selection, yet this evolution can proceed along different

evolutionary genetic routes.

（来源：NATURE COMMUNICATIONS, 2014, doi:10.1038/ncomms6168）

Is coarse woody debris in lakes a refuge or a trap for benthic invertebrates exposed to fish predation?

Czarnecka, Magdalena; Pilotto, Francesca; Pusch, Martin T.

1. Coarse woody debris (CWD) in the littoral zone of lakes constitutes a preferred habitat for

macroinvertebrates and fish. CWD differs in the surface complexity depending on its decay status.

Therefore, CWD may provide distinct types of shelters and thus modify the structure of the

macroinvertebrate community as well as its susceptibility to fish predation.

2. We ran an enclosure experiment in a lake littoral zone to test the effect of surface complexity of CWD

on the interactions between the predator, Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) and its potential

macroinvertebrate prey. We deployed 10 enclosures containing fresh wood with a smooth surface and 10

enclosures containing decayed wood with a more complex, rough surface and allowed colonisation by

macroinvertebrates. Five enclosures of each type were then stocked by perch and exposed to fish

predation.

3. The abundance and biomass of macroinvertebrates were significantly higher on decayed wood with

greater surface complexity than on fresh wood; however, the type of CWD did not strongly influence the

taxonomic composition and diversity of invertebrates.

4. The direct effect of perch predation on the macroinvertebrate community was weak. Perch reduced

only the abundance of adult Dikerogammarus villosus, while other potential prey, such as chironomids,

was more abundant in the presence of the fish. The impact of perch consumption of these larvae was

probably obscured by interspecific interactions among chironomids and D. villosus, which were impaired

in the fish enclosures.

5. We found no clear evidence that the influence of perch on macroinvertebrates was mediated by the

complexity of the wood surface. However, fish diet analysis showed that on decayed wood, perch

preferentially consumed chironomids, and consumption of D. villosus was much lower, while on fresh

wood, the preferential consumption of chironomids decreased with increasing consumption of

gammarids. This suggests that such differences in fish diet could be an effect of complex interactions

between wood microstructure, prey density and its ability to find refuge in CWD.

6. The effect of CWD microstructure on predator-prey interactions was visible with respect to interspecific

relationships between chironomids and gammarids, which on more complex decayed wood were

moderated in the absence of perch.

（来源：FRESHWATER BIOLOGY, 2014, 59(11): 2400-2412）

Ecological tracers reveal resource convergence among prey fish species in a large lake ecosystem

Paterson, Gord; Rush, Scott A.; Arts, Michael T.; et al.

We measured stable isotopes of carbon (C-13) and nitrogen (N-15) and fatty acid profiles in Lake Ontario

alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus) and


15

round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) collected from 1982 to 2008 to investigate how temporal

variability in these ecological tracers can relate to ecosystem-level changes associated with the

establishment of highly invasive dreissenid mussels. Prey fish N-15 values remained relatively constant,

with only slimy sculpin exhibiting a temporal increase in N-15. In contrast, C-13 values for alewife,

rainbow smelt and, especially, slimy sculpin became less negative over time and were consistent with the

benthification of the Lake Ontario food web associated with dreissenids. Principal components analysis

revealed higher contributions of 14:0 and 16:1n-7 fatty acids and increasingly negative C-13 values in

older samples in agreement with the greater historical importance of pelagic production for alewife,

rainbow smelt and slimy sculpin. Temporal declines in fatty acid unsaturation indices and sigma

n-3/sigma n-6 ratios, and also increased 24:0/14:0 ratios for alewife, rainbow smelt and slimy sculpin,

indicated the increasing importance of nearshore production pathways for more recently collected fish

and resulted in values more similar to those for round goby. These results indicate a temporal

convergence of the food niche, whereas food partitioning has historically supported the coexistence of

prey fish species in Lake Ontario. This convergence is consistent with changes in food-web processes

associated with the invasion of dreissenid mussels.


Depth gradients in food-web processes linking habitats in large lakes: Lake Superior as an exemplar ecosystem

Sierszen, Michael E.; Hrabik, Thomas R.; Stockwell, Jason D.; et al.

In large lakes around the world, depth-based changes in the abundance and distribution of invertebrate

and fish species suggest that there may be concomitant changes in patterns of resource allocation.

Using Lake Superior of the Laurentian Great Lakes as an example, we explored this idea through stable

isotope analyses of 13 major fish taxa. Patterns in carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios revealed use of

both littoral and profundal benthos among populations of most taxa analysed regardless of the depth of

their habitat, providing evidence of nearshore-offshore trophic linkages in the largest freshwater lake by

area in the world. Isotope-mixing model results indicated that the overall importance of benthic food-web

pathways to fish was highest in nearshore species, whereas the importance of planktonic pathways

increased in offshore species. These characteristics, shared with the Great Lakes of Africa, Russia and

Japan, appear to be governed by two key processes: high benthic production in nearshore waters and

the prevalence of diel vertical migration (DVM) among offshore invertebrate and fish taxa. DVM facilitates

use of pelagic food resources by deep-water biota and represents an important process of trophic linkage

among habitats in large lakes. Support of whole-lake food webs through trophic linkages among pelagic,

profundal and littoral habitats appears to be integral to the functioning of large lakes. These linkages can

be disrupted though ecosystem disturbance such as eutrophication or the effects of invasive species and

should be considered in native species restoration efforts.


Trait-based community assembly of aquatic macrophytes along a water depth gradient in a freshwater lake

Fu, Hui; Zhong, Jiayou; Yuan, Guixiang; et al.

Trait-based approaches provide a framework for integrating the distribution of functional traits associated


16

with ecological strategies into the responses of plant community dynamics along environmental gradients.

We used a trait-based approach to unravel the processes governing macrophyte community assembly

along a water depth gradient. We sampled 42 plots and 1513 individual plants and measured 12

functional traits and abundance of 17 macrophyte species. The results showed significant evidences of

habitat filtering (i.e. a significant reduction in the range and variance of trait values) and of niche

differentiation (i.e. trait values distributed more evenly than expected), both of which affected the

functional responses of macrophyte communities associated with different sets of traits in significant

different patterns along the gradient. Habitat filtering effects increased significantly for specific leaf area

and leaf carbon content along the gradient. Niche differentiation effects increased significantly for leaf dry

mass content, but decreased for ramet size, shoot height and leaf carbon content with increasing water

depth, implying that the relative strength of biotic competition in a specific functional niche would vary

with water depth. Intraspecific trait variability promoted significantly the detection of habitat filtering

effects on stem diameter, lamina thickness and stem dry mass content, and niche differentiation effects

on specific leaf area, leaf dry mass content, shoot height, stem diameter, stem dry mass content and

ramet size. Community assembly processes shape the functional trait distribution within communities

along environmental gradients through hierarchical effects of habitat filtering and niche differentiation.

Our study highlights that niche differentiation plays a structuring role in macrophyte community assembly

and that intraspecific trait variability is an important factor influencing macrophyte community dynamics.


Biomechanical properties and morphological characteristics of lake and river plants: implications for adaptations to flow conditions

Miler, Oliver; Albayrak, Ismail; Nikora, Vladimir; et al.

Biomechanical properties and morphological characteristics of stems of eight species of submerged

aquatic plants were studied to analyse (1) differences between river and lake specimens, (2) seasonal

differences between winter/spring and summer/autumn specimens, and (3) change of biomechanical

properties and morphological characteristics along the stems. The data show that river macrophytes

display not only characteristic biomechanical traits and morphological characteristics specific to their

hydraulic habitats, but also distinctive temporal changes due to seasonally varying water temperature,

flow velocity, and growth phase. Furthermore, the data reveal differences between lake and river

specimens that could be explained by wind exposure of the lake sampling sites and the species-specific

flow requirements of the river macrophytes. Biomechanical properties and morphological characteristics

varied along the stem with larger cross-sections and a higher resistance against tension and bending

forces at the bottom compared to the top parts, being similar for both lake and river specimens. The

acquired and analysed stem biomechanical and morphological data contribute to the plant biomechanics

database to underpin a wide range of studies in aquatic ecology, river and wetland management.

（来源：AQUATIC SCIENCES, 2014, 76(4): 465-481）

Seasonal-dependence in the responses of biological communities to flood pulses in warm temperate floodplain lakes: implications for the "alternative stable states" model

Chaparro, Griselda; Soledad Fontanarrosa, Maria; Romina Schiaffino, Maria; et al.


17

In floodplains located in temperate regions, seasonal variations in temperature affect biological

communities and these effects may overlap with those of the flood regime. In this study we explored if

and how timing (with regard to temperature seasonality) influences the responses of planktonic and

free-floating plants communities to floods in a warm temperate floodplain lake and assessed its

relevance for determining state shifts. We took samples of zooplankton, phytoplankton, picoplankton,

heterotrophic nanoflagellates and free-floating macrophytes at four sites of the lake characterized by the

presence-absence of emergent or free-floating macrophytes along a 2-year period with marked

hydrological fluctuations associated to river flood dynamics. We performed ANOVA tests to compare the

responses of these communities to floods in cold and warm seasons and among sites. Planktonic

communities developed high abundances in response to floods that occurred in the cold season, while

the growth of free-floating macrophytes was impaired by low winter temperatures. Spring and summer

floods favored profuse colonization by free-floating plants and limited the development of planktonic

communities. The prolonged absence of floods during warm periods caused environmental conditions

that favored Cyanobacteria growth, leading to a "low turbid waters" regime. The occurrence of floods

early in the warm season caused phytoplankton dilution and promoted free-floating plant colonization

and a shift towards a "high clear waters" state. Zooplankton:phytoplankton biomass ratio was very low

during floods in warm seasons, thus zooplankton grazing on phytoplankton seemed to play a minor role

in the maintenance of the clear regime.


Phosphorus in sediments of high-elevation lakes in the Sierra Nevada (California): implications for internal phosphorus loading

Homyak, Peter M.; Sickman, James O.; Melack, John M.

In high-elevation lakes of the Sierra Nevada (California), increases in phosphorus (P) supply have been

inferred from changes in phytoplankton growth during summer. To quantify rates of sediment P release

to high-elevation Sierran lakes, we performed incubations of sediment cores under ambient and reducing

conditions at Emerald Lake and analyzed long-term records of lake chemistry for Emerald and Pear

lakes. We also measured concentrations of individual P forms in sediments from 50 Sierra Nevada lakes

using a sequential fractionation procedure to examine landscape controls on P forms in sediments. On

average, the sediments contained 1,445 A mu g P g(-1), of which 5 % was freely exchangeable, 13 %

associated with reducible metal hydroxides, 68 % associated with Al hydroxides, and the remaining 14 %

stabilized in recalcitrant pools. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that sediment P fractions

were not well correlated with soluble P concentrations. In general, sediments behaved as net sinks for P

even under reducing conditions. Our findings suggest that internal P loading does not explain the

increase in P availability observed in high-elevation Sierran lakes. Rather, increased atmospheric P

inputs and increased P supply via dissolved organic C leaching from soils may be driving the observed

changes in P biogeochemistry.


Phosphorus speciation in a eutrophic lake by P-31 NMR spectroscopy

Read, Emily K.; Ivancic, Monika; Hanson, Paul; et al.

For eutrophic lakes, patterns of phosphorus (P) measured by standard methods are well documented but


18

provide little information about the components comprising standard operational definitions. Dissolved P

(DP) and particulate P (PP) represents important but rarely characterized nutrient pools. Samples from

Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, USA were characterized using 31-phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance

spectroscopy (P-31 NMR) during the open water season of 2011 in this unmatched temporal study of

aquatic P dynamics. A suite of organic and inorganic P forms was detected in both dissolved and

particulate fractions: orthophosphate, orthophosphate monoesters, orthophosphate diesters,

pyrophosphate, polyphosphate, and phosphonates. Through time, phytoplankton biomass, temperature,

dissolved oxygen, and water clarity were correlated with changes in the relative proportion of P fractions.

Particulate P can be used as a proxy for phytoplankton-bound P, and in this study, a high proportion of

polyphosphate within particulate samples suggested P should not be a limiting factor for the dominant

primary producers, cyanobacteria. Hypolimnetic particulate P samples were more variable in composition

than surface samples, potentially due to varying production and transport of sinking particles. Surface

dissolved samples contained less P than particulate samples, and were typically dominated by

orthophosphate, but also contained monoester, diester, polyphosphate, pyrophosphate, and

phosphonate. Hydrologic inflows to the lake contained more orthophosphate and orthophosphate

monoesters than in-lake samples, indicating transformation of P from inflowing waters. This time series

explores trends of a highly regulated nutrient in the context of other water quality metrics (chlorophyll,

mixing regime, and clarity), and gives insight on the variability of the structure and occurrence of

P-containing compounds in light of the phosphorus-limited paradigm.

（来源：WATER RESEARCH, 2014, 62: 229-240）

Benthic flux of dissolved organic matter from lake sediment at different redox conditions and the possible effects of biogeochemical processes

Yang, Liyang; Choi, Jung Hyun; Hur, Jin

The benthic fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), chromophoric and fluorescent dissolved organic

matter (CDOM and FDOM) were studied for the sediment from an artificial lake, based on laboratory

benthic chamber experiments. Conservative estimates for the benthic flux of DOG were 71 +/- 142 and

51 +/- 101 mg m(-2) day(-1) at hypoxic and oxic conditions, respectively. Two humic-like (Cl and C2), one

tryptophan-like (C3), and one microbial humic-like (C4) components were identified from the samples

using fluorescence excitation emission matrices and parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC). During

the incubation period, C3 was removed while C4 was accumulated in the overlying water with no

significant difference in the trends between the redox conditions. The humification index (HIX) increased

with time. The combined results for C3, C4 and HIX suggested that microbial transformation may be an

important process affecting the flux behaviors of DOM. In contrast, the overall accumulations of CDOM,

C1, and C2 in the overlying water occurred only for the hypoxic condition, which was possibly explained

by their enhanced photodegradation and sorption to redox-sensitive minerals under the oxic condition.

Our study demonstrated significant benthic flux of DOM in lake sediment and also the possible

involvement of biogeochemical transformation in the processes, providing insight into carbon cycling in

inland waters.

（来源：WATER RESEARCH, 2014, 61: 97-107）


19

Dissolved organic carbon concentration controls benthic primary production: Results from in situ chambers in north-temperate lakes

Godwin, Sean C.; Jones, Stuart E.; Weidel, Brian C.; et al.

We evaluated several potential drivers of primary production by benthic algae (periphyton) in

north-temperate lakes. We used continuous dissolved oxygen measurements from in situ benthic

chambers to quantify primary production by periphyton at multiple depths across 11 lakes encompassing

a broad range of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total phosphorous (TP) concentrations. Light-use

efficiency (primary production per unit incident light) was inversely related to average light availability (%

of surface light) in 7 of the 11 study lakes, indicating that benthic algal assemblages exhibit

photoadaptation, likely through physiological or compositional changes. DOC alone explained 86% of the

variability in log-transformed whole-lake benthic production rates. TP was not an important driver of

benthic production via its effects on nutrient and light availability. This result is contrary to studies in other

systems, but may be common in relatively pristine north-temperate lakes. Our simple empirical model

may allow for the prediction of whole-lake benthic primary production from easily obtained

measurements of DOC concentration.


Widespread variability in overnight patterns of ecosystem respiration linked to gradients in dissolved organic matter, residence time, and productivity in a global set of lakes

Sadro, Steven; Holtgrieve, Gordon W.; Solomon, Christopher T.; et al.

We characterized patterns of nighttime ecosystem respiration (ER) in 23 globally-distributed lakes using

free-water changes in dissolved oxygen (DO). We considered three alternative models of ER to describe

overnight changes in DO: constant ER, linearly declining ER, or logistically declining ER. Variation in ER

was widespread. Each model of respiration was found to best fit observed overnight DO dynamics with

some degree of frequency in every lake. Constant ER occurred with an average frequency of 62% across

lakes and was most commonly the best description of DO dynamics. It never occurred with a frequency <

19% in any lake and ranged up to 90% in one dystrophic lake. The average frequency across lakes with

which the linear and logistic models occurred was 21% and 17%, respectively, although they ranged as

low as 3% and as high as 42% in some lakes. Although data limitations restricted the majority of our

analysis to summer months, annual data records from five lakes suggest there is little seasonal variation

in the frequency with which patterns occurred. As our conceptual model predicted, the frequency of

constant ER among lakes increased and logistic ER decreased along a gradient of increasing terrestrial

influence. However, despite significant correlations with total phosphorus and photosynthetically active

radiation, the effect of lake productivity on the frequency of patterns of ER among lakes was less clear.

This study suggests that diel variability in ER results from complex interactions between different

components of respiration and the forcing factors that govern them.



20

Regional variability among nonlinear chlorophyll-phosphorus relationships in lakes

Filstrup, Christopher T.; Wagner, Tyler; Soranno, Patricia A.; et al.

The relationship between chlorophyll a (Chl a) and total phosphorus (TP) is a fundamental relationship in

lakes that reflects multiple aspects of ecosystem function and is also used in the regulation and

management of inland waters. The exact form of this relationship has substantial implications on its

meaning and its use. We assembled a spatially extensive data set to examine whether nonlinear models

are a better fit for Chl a TP relationships than traditional log-linear models, whether there were regional

differences in the form of the relationships, and, if so, which regional factors were related to these

differences. We analyzed a data set from 2105 temperate lakes across 35 ecoregions by fitting and

comparing two different nonlinear models and one log-linear model. The two nonlinear models fit the data

better than the log-linear model. In addition, the parameters for the best-fitting model varied among

regions: the maximum and lower Chl a asymptotes were positively and negatively related to percent

regional pasture land use, respectively, and the rate at which chlorophyll increased with TP was

negatively related to percent regional wetland cover. Lakes in regions with more pasture fields had higher

maximum chlorophyll concentrations at high TP concentrations but lower minimum chlorophyll

concentrations at low TP concentrations. Lakes in regions with less wetland cover showed a steeper Chl

a-TP relationship than wetland-rich regions. Interpretation of Chl a-TP relationships depends on regional

differences, and theory and management based on a monolithic relationship may be inaccurate.


Cyanobacterial bloom termination: the disappearance of Planktothrix rubescens from LakeBourget (France) after restoration

Jacquet, Stephan; Kerimoglu, Onur; Rimet, Frederic; et al.

Like many large freshwater ecosystems in Europe, Lake Bourget suffered from eutrophication during the

second part of the 20th century and since the 1980s has been partially restored by reductions in nutrient

loadings. Here, we analyse a data set comprised of field measurements of physicochemical and

biological variables in Lake Bourget covering the period from 2004 to 2011 and complement this data set

with laboratory experiments, to gain an understanding of the changes in phytoplankton community

structure during recent years and drivers of these changes. Between 1995 and 2008, Lake Bourget was

characterised by the proliferation of the red-coloured filamentous and toxic cyanobacterium Planktothrix

rubescens, comprising 34.1-52.6% of the total phytoplanktonic biomass between 2004 and 2008. In 2009,

although the contribution of P.rubescens to the total biomass was still considerable (25.3%), it was

significantly lower (P<0.05) compared with previous years. The cyanobacterium disappeared completely

during the autumn to winter transition of 2009/2010 and has not been recorded since this time.

Concomitantly, total phytoplanktonic biomass declined sharply and a new phytoplanktonic community

occurred consisting predominantly of mixotrophic genera, such as Dinobryon spp., Rhodomonas,

Cryptomonas and a variety of different diatoms such as Stephanodiscus, Cyclotella and Fragilaria. Our

findings suggest declines in phosphorus concentration as a key variable in bloom termination, although a

number of other factors could also be important, such as temperature-dependent water column mixing,

light availability, zooplankton grazing and seasonal cyanobacterial inoculums.



21

Contrasting effects of nutrients and climate on algal communities in two lakes in the Windermere catchment since the late 19th century

Moorhouse, Heather L.; McGowan, Suzanne; Jones, Matthew D.; et al.

Disentangling the role of nutrient pollution and climate change on lake ecosystem functioning is

paramount to protect water quality in lake catchments worldwide. For more effective management,

however, we need to determine whether these two forcing factors interact at different spatial and

temporal scales.

This study compares centennial-scale archival data and lake sediment records of eutrophication from

Blelham Tarn and previously published data from Lake Windermere's North Basin in the English Lake

District. We aimed to quantify how lake morphometry, catchment characteristics and landscape position

influence the relationship between climate, local land use and algal community change.

Redundancy analysis revealed that increases in cyanobacterial pigments and stable isotopes of nitrogen

and carbon in sediments of Blelham Tarn from the 1970s onwards correlate strongly with rising densities

of sheep and cattle in the catchment. Concomitant installation of piped water and sewage processing

facilities appeared to lead to the expansion of filamentous cyanobacteria. In contrast, elevated fossil

pigments from siliceous algae after 1990 were related inversely to winter precipitation, suggesting

seasonal changes in hydraulic flushing also influenced the algal community response to centennial-scale

fertilisation.

Abundance of vernal algae increased synchronously in Blelham Tarn and Lake Windermere's North

Basin after regional agricultural intensification in the mid-nineteenth century. In contrast, differences in

timing of wastewater disposal and treatment at each site led to asynchronous changes in summer taxa

such as filamentous cyanobacteria.

This study highlights that lake catchments can act as local filters to regional climate change, both due to

differences in localised land-use and intrinsic hydrological features (e.g. catchment:lake area, flushing

rate). Further, this paper highlights the ability of palaeolimnology to aid identification of significant nutrient

sources over different spatial scales for effective catchment water management..


Using a Bayesian hierarchical model to improve Lake Erie cyanobacteria bloom forecasts

Obenour, Daniel R.; Gronewold, Andrew D.; Stow, Craig A.; et al.

The last decade has seen a dramatic increase in the size of western Lake Erie cyanobacteria blooms,

renewing concerns over phosphorus loading, a common driver of freshwater productivity. However, there

is considerable uncertainty in the phosphorus load-bloom relationship, because of other biophysical

factors that influence bloom size, and because the observed bloom size is not necessarily the true bloom

size, owing to measurement error. In this study, we address these uncertainties by relating late-summer

bloom observations to spring phosphorus load within a Bayesian modeling framework. This flexible

framework allows us to evaluate three different forms of the load-bloom relationship, each with a

particular combination of statistical error distribution and response transformation. We find that a novel

implementation of a gamma error distribution, along with an untransformed response, results in a model

with relatively high predictive skill and realistic uncertainty characterization, when compared to models


22

based on more common statistical formulations. Our results also underscore the benefits of a hierarchical

approach that enables assimilation of multiple sets of bloom observations within the calibration

processes, allowing for more thorough uncertainty quantification and explicit differentiation between

measurement and model error. Finally, in addition to phosphorus loading, the model includes a temporal

trend component indicating that Lake Erie has become increasingly susceptible to large cyanobacteria

blooms over the study period (2002-2013). Results suggest that current phosphorus loading targets will

be insufficient for reducing the intensity of cyanobacteria blooms to desired levels, so long as the lake

remains in a heightened state of bloom susceptibility.

（来源：WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 2014, 50(10): 7847-7860）

Bayesian inference of a lake water quality model by emulating its posterior density

Dietzel, A.; Reichert, P.

We use a Gaussian stochastic process emulator to interpolate the posterior probability density of a

computationally demanding application of the biogeochemical-ecological lake model BELAMO to

accelerate statistical inference of deterministic model and error model parameters. The deterministic

model consists of a mechanistic description of key processes influencing the mass balance of nutrients,

dissolved oxygen, organic particles, and phytoplankton and zooplankton in the lake. This model is

complemented by a Gaussian stochastic process to describe the remaining model bias and by Normal,

independent observation errors. A small subsample of the Markov chain representing the posterior of the

model parameters is propagated through the full model to get model predictions and uncertainty

estimates. We expect this approximation to be more accurate at only slightly higher computational costs

compared to using a Normal approximation to the posterior probability density and linear error

propagation to the results as we did in an earlier paper. The performance of the two techniques is

compared for a didactical example as well as for the lake model. As expected, for the didactical example,

the use of the emulator led to posterior marginals of the model parameters that are closer to those

calculated by Markov chain simulation using the full model than those based on the Normal

approximation. For the lake model, the new technique proved applicable without an excessive increase in

computational requirements, but we faced challenges in the choice of the design data set for emulator

calibration. As the posterior is a scalar function of the parameters, the suggested technique is an

alternative to the emulation of a potentially more complex, structured output of the simulation model that

allows for the use of a less case-specific emulator. This is at the cost that still the full model has to be

used for prediction (which can be done with a smaller, approximately independent subsample of the

Markov chain).


Quantifying storage changes in regional Great Lakes watersheds using a coupled subsurface-land surface process model and GRACE, MODIS products

Niu, Jie; Shen, Chaopeng; Li, Shu-Guang; et al.

As a direct measure of watershed resilience, watershed storage is important for understanding climate


23

change impacts on water resources. In this paper we quantify water budget components and storage

changes for two of the largest watersheds in the State of Michigan, USA (the Grand River and the

Saginaw Bay watersheds) using remotely sensed data and a process-based hydrologic model (PAWS)

that includes detailed representations of subsurface and land surface processes. Model performance is

evaluated using ground-based observations (streamflows, groundwater heads, soil moisture, and soil

temperature) as well as satellite-based estimates of evapotranspiration (Moderate-resolution Imaging

Spectroradiometer, MODIS) and watershed storage changes (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment,

GRACE). We use the model to compute annual-average fluxes due to evapotranspiration, surface runoff,

recharge and groundwater contribution to streams and analyze the impacts of land use and land cover

(LULC) and soil types on annual hydrologic budgets using correlation analysis. Watershed storage

changes based on GRACE data and model results showed similar patterns. Storage was dominated by

subsurface components and showed an increasing trend over the past decade. This work provides new

estimates of water budgets and storage changes in Great Lakes watersheds and the results are

expected to aid in the analysis and interpretation of the current trend of declining lake levels, in

understanding projected future impacts of climate change as well as in identifying appropriate climate

adaptation strategies.


Cholera in the Lake Kivu region (DRC): Integrating remote sensing and spatially explicit epidemiological modeling

Finger, Flavio; Knox, Allyn; Bertuzzo, Enrico; et al.

Mathematical models of cholera dynamics can not only help in identifying environmental drivers and

processes that influence disease transmission, but may also represent valuable tools for the prediction of

the epidemiological patterns in time and space as well as for the allocation of health care resources.

Cholera outbreaks have been reported in the Democratic Republic of the Congo since the 1970s. They

have been ravaging the shore of Lake Kivu in the east of the country repeatedly during the last decades.

Here we employ a spatially explicit, inhomogeneous Markov chain model to describe cholera incidence in

eight health zones on the shore of the lake. Remotely sensed data sets of chlorophyll a concentration in

the lake, precipitation and indices of global climate anomalies are used as environmental drivers in

addition to baseline seasonality. The effect of human mobility is also modelled mechanistically. We test

several models on a multiyear data set of reported cholera cases. The best fourteen models, accounting

for different environmental drivers, and selected using the Akaike information criterion, are formally

compared via proper cross validation. Among these, the one accounting for seasonality, El Nino

Southern Oscillation, precipitation and human mobility outperforms the others in cross validation. Some

drivers (such as human mobility and rainfall) are retained only by a few models, possibly indicating that

the mechanisms through which they influence cholera dynamics in the area will have to be investigated

further.


Collaborative modelling and integrated decision support system analysis of a developed terminal lake basin

Niswonger, Richard G.; Allander, Kip K.; Jeton, Anne E.


24

A terminal lake basin in west-central Nevada, Walker Lake, has undergone drastic change over the past

90 yrs due to upstream water use for agriculture. Decreased inflows to the lake have resulted in 100 km(2)

decrease in lake surface area and a total loss of fisheries due to salinization. The ecologic health of

Walker Lake is of great concern as the lake is a stopover point on the Pacific route for migratory birds

from within and outside the United States. Stakeholders, water institutions, and scientists have engaged

in collaborative modeling and the development of a decision support system that is being used to develop

and analyze management change options to restore the lake. Here we use an integrated management

and hydrologic model that relies on state-of-the-art simulation capabilities to evaluate the benefits of

using integrated hydrologic models as components of a decision support system. Nonlinear feedbacks

among climate, surface-water and groundwater exchanges, and water use present challenges for

simulating realistic outcomes associated with management change. Integrated management and

hydrologic modeling provides a means of simulating benefits associated with management change in the

Walker River basin where drastic changes in the hydrologic landscape have taken place over the last

century. Through the collaborative modeling process, stakeholder support is increasing and possibly

leading to management change options that result in reductions in Walker Lake salt concentrations, as

simulated by the decision support system.


Simulating the hydrological response of a closed catchment-lake system to recent climate and land-use changes in semi-arid Mediterranean environment

Niedda, Marcello; Pirastru, Mario; Castellini, Mirko; et al.

Lake water levels are sensitive sentinels of changes in the climate and landscape of the broader lake

catchment. This means that lakes can be useful for quantifying the effects of these changes on the water

yield of a catchment. This study presents a water balance model of a closed catchment-lake system in

the semi-arid Mediterranean climate over the last 85 years, with the objective to understand the influence

of precipitation change and the conversion from Mediterranean maquis to pasture. Deforestation alters

the balance between evapotranspiration and canopy interception, and causes the rapid decay of soil

hydrological properties, thus changing the mechanisms of runoff generation. The overall impact of these

changes on the water yield has been evaluated for the catchment of the lake. A physically based

rainfall-runoff model, combined with the energy budget method for estimating lake evaporation, were

used for the lake water balance model. The calibration was carried out with the continuous

measurements taken during the period 2008-2013. The reliability was evaluated with the historical lake

levels between 1929 and 2008. Simulation errors were small despite the high sensitivity of the water

balance model to precipitation, which in the historical period was that of a non-local station. The

simulation results show that the balance was influenced by a combination of climate and land-use

changes. The 23% decrease in precipitation observed in the last 50-years has resulted in a 72%

decrease in average streamflow. The contemporaneous deforestation in 18% of the catchment area

resulted in a 13% decrease in streamflow. The main mechanism of runoff generation under the maquis

cover was saturated subsurface-flow. At hillslope scale this can eliminate the surface runoff, giving the

impression that the water yield is lower than that of deforested hillslopes. However, at the basin scale the

effect can also be reversed. The reduction in soil hydraulic conductivity and porosity in deforested and

altered soils produces higher soil moisture and perched water-table, which means that there are higher


25

evaporation and percolation losses. As simulated by the hydrological model, these higher losses

compensate for the greater throughfall. Thus deforestation gives rise to lower water yield in this semi-arid

Mediterranean environment.


科学视点

ACS：纳米塑料颗粒影响淡水生物的生长和繁殖

2014年9月30日，美国化学会ACS发表了题为《纳米塑料影响斜生栅藻生长和大

型蚤繁殖》的研究论文（Nanoplastic Affects Growth of S. obliquus and Reproduction of

D. magna）指出，由于塑料工业生产和塑料降解为更小的颗粒部分，纳米微型塑料

在水生环境中的数量有所上升。鲜为人知的是，纳米塑料的命运和影响，特别是对

于淡水环境尤为重要。本研究的目的是为了调查纳米塑料在淡水水域食物链最初两

个营养水平的影响和效果，分别以斜生栅藻为代表的藻类和水蚤为代表的大型蚤为

例。这两个物种被广泛应用于生物毒性测试。

研究中，以藻类和水蚤为实验对象，通过实验测定纳米塑料颗粒对藻类生长抑

制率的影响以及对大型水蚤繁殖、畸形、以及死亡率的作用。其中，纳米级聚苯乙

烯（纳米-PS）浓度和分散体的老化会增强这样的效果。有关绿藻、斜生栅藻的生长

和光合作用以及浮游大型蚤的生长、死亡率、新生儿的产生和畸形，纳米级聚苯乙

烯（纳米-PS）对其的影响均会得到评估。在实验过程中，纳米-PS减少了种群增长

以及藻类叶绿素浓度，并且揭示了水蚤呈现出减少的身体尺寸和在繁殖过程中发生

的剧烈变化。新生儿数量和身体尺寸在不断降低，而新生儿畸形比例在上升。这种

塑料浓度相比目前报道的海洋以及淡水水域的浓度高出很多，但也有可能最终出现

在沉积物孔隙水中。

此外，对于海洋环境的塑料污染的问题也得到了不断关注。然而，来自于陆基

资源的排放量首先到达河流，并且淡水通过河流运输成为海洋塑料污染的一个重要

来源。因此，淡水环境下出现的塑料污染受到日益增加的关注。特别是关于纳米塑

料，这是因为他们巨大的表面区域以及假设存在能够穿透微粒的能力。然而微型纳

米塑料对海洋有机生物的生活历程效应还很难得到任何证明，并且对于淡水有机生

物的效应数据也很匮乏。对于微型塑料，首先报告的数据是关于无脊椎动物相关生

存、喂养、氧化状态以及PCB摄取杀蠕虫的影响。在海洋，已经观测到浮游生物减

少的喂养度，降低的生存和繁殖力，甚至知之更少的是纳米塑料的影响。纳米塑料

以颗粒形式存在的污染物其潜在危险性极高，在有限的数据下，因此迫切需要量化

纳米塑料对淡水生物的影响。此外，在本研究中还将解决纳米颗粒的老化及自然替

换，这还要充分考虑环境的相关性。


26

这些生物测定首次证明了藻类和水蚤种群直接生活历程反应触发是以接触纳米

塑料为后果。塑料的影响不应该被孤立地考虑。众所周知的是人为的压力在繁殖和

畸形方面也会引起相似的效应。因此，目前有关研究的相关性已揭示出，塑料仅仅

只是增加了现有传统污染物的应力，使得有机污染物更容易遭受额外的压力。

（来源：《科学研究动态监测快报》2014-11-1,第21期总第242期）

国际团队开发预测安第斯山脉洪水的新方法

2014年10月14日，《自然通讯》（Nature Communications）期刊在线发表题为

《基于复杂网络分析方法预测安第斯山脉中东部极端降水事件》（Prediction of

Extreme Floods in the Eastern Central Andes Based on a Complex Networks Approach）

的文章指出，来自德国、美国、巴西、俄罗斯和英国的科研人员组成研究团队，通

过引入网络发散的概念，开发出一个综合框架来预测该地区的极端事件。该研究团

队运用开发出的方法分析来自美国国家航空航天局（NASA）与日本宇宙航空研究

开发机构（JAXA）的实时卫星降雨数据，预测出安第斯山脉中部60%以上（90%发

生厄尔尼诺条件下）的降水事件。

近年来，不断变化的气候条件导致南美洲安第斯山脉中部极端降水事件的强度

和频率显著增加。这些极端事件影响的空间范围很大，通常会给人口、经济和生态

造成巨大破坏。研究人员指出，除了预测自然灾害带来的社会影响外，研究结果还

揭示出引发极端事件的机制为极地和热带环境条件之间的联系，即向北迁移的锋面

系统和从亚马逊西部吹向亚热带地区的微弱风道之间的相互作用。


全球多处发现古老富氢地下水

地壳深处古老的前寒武纪岩石产生的氢气比以往认为的要多。以加拿大多伦多大学为首

的一个国际研究团队确认，在全球多地都发现了富含氢的古代地下水，其化学性质与深海热

液喷口附近的水非常类似，暗示着这些古老水或许能为地下生态系统提供支持。这项发表在

《自然》杂志上的研究对于寻找火星生命也具有重要意义。

科学家们曾认为，地下微生物生态系统所消耗的能量是从地球表面过滤下来的，也就是

说，这些生态系统最终还是要依赖阳光和光合作用生存。但 2006 年，在南非威特沃特斯兰

德盆地地下 4 公里深处发现了以氢为食的岩栖微生物，让人们不禁好奇，这类生态系统在地

球上的分布到底有多广泛。

据《自然》网站 12 月 18 日（北京时间）报道，为了寻找答案，多伦多大学地球学家芭

芭拉·舍伍德-罗拉与牛津大学、普林斯顿大学的同行一起，汇总了从 32 个采矿点的 200 多


27

个钻孔采集的氢产量数据，这些矿点主要集中在加拿大、南非和斯堪的纳维亚半岛。他们确

认这些地方存在 10 亿多年前的古代水，并且氢含量很高。

计算结果显示，地球上最古老的岩石-有 5.5 亿年到 46 亿年历史的前寒武纪大陆岩石圈

-每年产生的氢气是科学家以前认为的百倍之多。这些氢气来自两种化学反应，一种是岩石

内的天然放射性使水分子分解成氢气和氧气；另外一种则是古老岩石常见的矿物蚀变反应。

“这极大地改变了（我们关于）地球上哪里可以存在生命的概念。”舍伍德-罗拉说，因

为构成大陆的岩石有 70％以上可追溯到前寒武纪时期。

新发现也可为寻找火星生命提供参考，因为火星上也有数十亿年前的岩石，并且这些岩

石也具有产氢潜能。“如果古老的地球岩石现在还在生产这么多的氢，那么类似的过程可能

也正在火星上发生。”舍伍德-罗拉说。

（来源：《科技日报》2014-12-19）

科学家造出水的第十七种结晶形式

新华社柏林12月10日电，德国哥廷根大学10日发表新闻公报说，德法研究人员

制造出了水的一种新结晶形式-“冰十六”，将来，这一成果或也可用来解决能源生

产、运输和储存中遇到的问题。

“冰十六”由气体水合物制成，是水的第十七种结晶形式，也是其密度最小的

一种结晶形式。

气体水合物是一种笼形晶体，外来气体分子被水分子氢键所结成的晶体网络坚

实地围在其中。在制造“冰十六”过程中，研究人员选用氖气水合物为实验对象，

将其中的氖气抽出，仅剩由水分子形成的晶体结构，即“空的气体水合物”。

抽出气体分子后，气体与水的吸引作用消失，晶格发生扩展。研究人员维尔纳•

库斯说，这是科学家首次在实验室中直接量化水分子和气体分子相互作用的影响，

有助于进一步了解气体水合物，对地质学和化学研究意义重大。

气体水合物在地球碳循环中扮演重要角色，甲烷水合物（即可燃冰）在永冻土

层和海床中大量存在。一些科学家设想，如果能将可燃冰中的甲烷释放出来用作能

源，同时将二氧化碳固定在气体水合物中，则既可获取能源又能减少大气中的温室

气体。但这一设想是否可行尚待研究。

此外，在石油、天然气运输过程中，特殊的压力和温度环境易使一些气体和水

形成气体水合物，从而堵塞管道。研究人员认为，对气体水合物的进一步了解也有

助解决这一问题。

这一研究成果发表在新一期《自然》杂志上。

（来源：《科技日报》2014-12-12）


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喀喇昆仑山冰川增长之谜揭开

在全球气候变暖的趋势下，位于亚洲喀喇昆仑山脉的冰川却没有任何消融迹象。

美国科研人员通过建模，解释了这一反常现象。这一研究近日发布在《自然-地球科

学》杂志上。

研究人员考察了喜马拉雅山脉三个主要区域的气象数据，即东南部、中部和喀

喇昆仑山，考察时段上溯至1861年。所得数据让他们能够绘制出一个更为精准的地

图，而之前的地图只涵盖19平方英里范围。

喀喇昆仑山严格说来是喜马拉雅山脉的一部分，中国、印度和巴基斯坦的边界

均辐辏于这一山脉。许多人认为在下个世纪或更近的时间里，随着气候变暖，冰川

会彻底消失。但是，喀喇昆仑山脉是一个例外，这里的冰川不仅不消融，反而在增

长。

在收集数据的基础上，科学家对该区域直到2100年的气象类型进行模拟分析，

发现喜马拉雅山脉中部和东南部的水分是来自于每年的雨季。与之相反，喀喇昆仑

山的降水出现在冬天，当然就是降雪了。

该研究团队强调，他们的模型显示随着地球温度升高，喜马拉雅山脉大部分区

域在夏季降水增多。但是喀喇昆仑山脉正好相反，夏季降水少，冬季落雪多，使得

这里的冰川持续增长。

该模型还显示，这些冰川在该地区会持续存在，直至2100年。此后，如果全球

变暖的步伐不再与今日相同，冰川的存在状态也会随之改变。

（来源：《科技日报》2014-10-27）

好奇号：重现古老火星 “湖泊时代”

据美国航空航天管理局（NASA）好奇号漫游器最近观察，火星上的夏普山是

几千万年前由一大片湖床的沉积物逐渐累积形成的，这个湖床是盖尔陨石坑。对此

科学家的解释是，古老的火星曾保持着一种气候，能在红色行星的许多地方产生长

期存在的湖泊。

“如果我们对夏普山的假设站得住脚，那种认为火星上温暖湿润的环境是短暂

的、局部的，或只存在于地下的观点就受到挑战。”NASA喷气推进实验室好奇号

项目副主管阿什温•瓦萨瓦达说，“一个更激进的解释是，火星古老的大气层更厚，

能把全球温度提高到零度以上，但迄今为止，我们还不知道它的大气是怎么做到这

一点的。”

夏普山直立约5千米，较低的山侧曝露出数百个岩石层，湖泊、河流和风化沉积

岩交替出现，见证了一个火星湖泊反复填充与蒸发的过程，这个湖泊比以前考察过

的任何封闭湖泊都更大、更持久。


29

这种层积山为何会坐落在一个陨石坑中？“在解开夏普山之谜上，我们正在取

得进展。”好奇号项目科学家、加州理工大学的约翰•格罗钦格说，“现在哪里有一

座山，哪里就可能曾经是一系列的湖。”

目前好奇号正在调查夏普山最低处的沉积层，这部分岩石高150米，称为“默里

地形”。河流携带着泥沙淤积在湖底，在河口处的沉积物也不断堆积，形成三角洲，

就像在地球上的河口处所见到的。这种循环不断地周而复始。

“这种湖泊事件一次次发生着，每一次重复都告诉人们，这里进行着另一种环

境运作的实验。”格罗钦格说，“随着好奇号在夏普山上爬得更高，我们将进行一

系列实验来证明大气、水和沉积物是怎样互相作用的。我们会看到湖泊怎样随着时

间而发生化学变化。这是由我们目前的观察所支持的假说，也是为今后实验提供一

个框架。”

当陨石坑被填到至少几百码（1码约0.9米）的高度后，沉积物开始变硬形成岩

石，层层堆积，随时间流逝被雕刻成山脉形状，陨石坑周边的材料被风蚀除去，成

为现在的山脉边缘。

从2012年在火星着陆的位置，到现在夏普山的工作地点，好奇号已走过8公里旅

程，为人们揭示了火星湖泊时代陨石坑底形状变化的线索。“我们发现的沉积岩让

人联想起小型的、古老的三角洲。”好奇号科学小组成员、伦敦帝国学院的山吉伍•

古普塔说，“从以河流为主的环境到以湖泊为主的环境，好奇号穿越了二者的界限。”

NASA的火星科学实验室计划是NASA持续火星研究计划的一部分，希望通过好

奇号评估古老的潜在宜居环境，以及火星环境数百万年间的巨大改变，为本世纪30

年代人类登陆行星计划做准备。

“通过破解夏普山形成之谜，我们获得了许多有关火星环境演化的知识，有助

于指导我们寻找火星生命的未来任务。”NASA火星探测计划首席科学家、华盛顿

总部的迈克尔•迈耶说。

（来源：《科技日报》2014-12-12）

左图平坦的层状岩石，显示了

一种典型的湖床沉积构造，由

距湖不远的河流泥沙沉积而

成。好奇号 Mast 摄像机 2014

年 8 月 7 日拍摄


30

美国丕平湖(Lake Pepin)磷污染过程研究

近年来美国中西部流域上游湖泊经历史无前例的大型蓝藻暴发，对鱼类及水上

娱乐活动造成了严重影响。导致蓝藻暴发的罪魁祸首就是湖泊中的磷。丕平湖地处

明尼苏达州和威斯康辛州的交界地域，目前已发现该湖的总磷浓度处于不断上升之

中，研究人员开始从上游的影响因素中寻找导致该湖总磷浓度上升的原因。

明尼苏达大学 Satish Gupta 和 Ashley Grundtner 教授，近期在 Journal of

Environmental Quality杂志上发表了一篇关于丕平湖磷污染的文章。文章认为，河岸

物质是磷的主要来源，且河流将这些磷携带进入湖泊水体。研究目标主要有以下三

点：

其一、评估河岸沉积物是明尼苏达河流和丕平湖的主要来源；

其二、判断河岸泥土是否会从河水中吸收磷并携带其进入湖泊水体；

其三、识别丕平湖磷浓度随时间上升的原因。

已有研究表明农业生产及化肥的使用时高磷的主要原因，而明尼苏达大学的研

究结果显示，1850年前来自河岸侵蚀产生的细小颗粒物质选择性搬运作用是丕平湖

沉积物磷的主要来源，而并非农业生产导致。在这个过程中，像砂等大颗粒物质（低

磷）仍然停留在流域中，而细小颗粒物质如淤泥和粘土（高磷）被运输到下游湖泊

中；1850年以后，河岸还从受污染的河水中吸收磷并将大量的磷输送到下游的丕平

湖。

丕平湖的历史证实了该研究结果：在19世纪80年代，一大批肉制品加工厂开始

在密西西比河上游的丕平湖周围建立，而在20世纪30年代之前，这里没有任何的污

水处理厂。因此，所有的未经处理的污水都排入了丕平湖。而到20世纪40年代，洗

衣机大量采用的洗涤剂也成为水体磷污染的主要来源之一。

这些研究结论与之前认为农业是丕平湖磷污染的主因的观点大相径庭，且也适

用于其他一些湖泊和流域。Gupta教授指出最好的解决办法控制丕平湖上游的磷污染，

这样就能控制由河岸侵蚀物质带入湖泊中磷的总量，同时明尼苏达州和密西西比河

流域上游的污水处理设施应尽快更新升级。

（来源：http://www.eurekalert.org 根据相关资料编译）

美国太浩湖（Lake Tahoe）水体流动研究

太浩湖位于美国加利福尼亚州和内华达州边界，在内华达州首府卡森城以西约

10英里的地方，它是北美最大的高山湖泊，深501米。“该湖拥有十分多样而复杂的

环境，并且目前对该湖的水体运动特征几乎是一无所知。”太浩湖环境研究中心主

任Geoff Schladow博士说“研究太浩湖的水环流模式十分重要，因为这将有助于研究

http://www.eurekalert.org/


31

人员更清楚的了解该湖泊中病菌及有毒有害物质的潜在运输及传染途径。”

影响湖泊水体运动有诸多影响因素，其中风是最重要的影响因素。太浩湖从表

面上看西南风是主导风向，但在湖泊周围却不尽然，Schladow例举了一些关于风的

模型显示湖周会产生大量的旋转气流，其中许多的气流旋转方向与其他的并不一致。

模型数据还展示了风是如何把表层暖而轻的水推向深处，而下面更冷的水层也同样

会被下推，因此全湖都会受到震动。这样的水体运动随处可见，但并不一定是在有

风吹到的地方产生。另一些模型可以将湖泊分割成了细小的网格-这些网格在近岸水

域可被分割成更小的网格-这样将更能明确识别湖泊水体的运动模式。通过这些模型

能更好识别病菌的传输途径，可以被用来保障太浩湖水源地水质安全。

此外，太浩湖环境研究中心正在着手建设“近岸网络”观测站，为进一步观测

湖泊近岸区的水质，该区域目前鲜有研究涉及。Schladow说“这样我们就能够对近

岸水体进行实时观测，这项工作非常容易实现，并且能为我们提供更加有用的数据。”

近岸观测网使用的仪器设置在湖底距水平大约2m的地方，其测量使用类似水温、浊

度及藻浓度监测。目前已经在太浩湖设置了5个站点，正考虑在沙湾设置一个新的监

测站点。

（来源：http://www.tahoedailytribune.com/ 根据相关资料编译）

水质缺钙导致湖泊变成“果冻”

图：有胶质外壳的单肢蚤（Holopedium）

水质也能缺钙，加拿大生态学家警示，由于常年工业污染、砍伐树木和遭到酸

雨侵蚀，加拿大许多湖泊钙质流失，严重影响了富含钙质的浮游生物，如湖中原有

的优势种水蚤（Daphnia）群落数量，从而导致生态系统失衡。水质的钙流失使Daphnia

不能获得足够的营养生存和繁殖，并变的更容易被捕食，这样它们在食物竞争中加

处于劣势。而一种被称为单肢蚤（Holopedium）的生物体从中渔利，单肢蚤是Daphnia

http://www.tahoedailytribune.com/


32

的竞争对手，它几乎不需要钙质，同时有胶质包裹能很好的保护自身被捕食。在过

去的30年里，已发现加拿大东部湖泊中单肢蚤大量繁殖，因为这种水蚤不好吃，导

致需要钙质构成外骨骼的水蚤被大量捕食，恶性循环使整个湖水“变得像果冻一样”。

（来源：http://www.cam.ac.uk 根据相关资料编译）

惰性金电极会“拉拢”水分子

近日，美国能源部劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室的研究人员将金属金浸在电解液中，

首次在不同的通电环境下观测到固液交界面周围水分子的结构，并发现金可以吸引

水分子，使其脱离原有的氢键。该实验灵敏度达到亚纳米级，是科学界首次对通电

的电极做出如此高灵敏度的研究。研究报告刊载在《科学》杂志上。

该实验以金作为惰性电极，以淡盐水作为电解液。结果可能让人意外：金这种

惰性金属可以让大量的水分子脱离氢键，而被金本身吸引。当给金通负电时，被吸

引的水分子数量增加了，从而又吸引了更多带正电的氢原子。此外，若通正电，则

水分子会让自身氢元素远离金，从而让交界面周围的氢键得到强化。

氢键连接着水分子，让每个水分子中带弱正电的氢原子与相邻分子中带弱负电的氧

原子相吸引，从而使水分子聚集，在温度和压力合适的情况下，形成液态水。

据物理学家组织网近日报道，实验中，科研人员创新了 X 射线吸收光谱法，从

而不仅可以观察电极表面周围的分子，还可以判断在不同电压下这些分子排列的变

化。“我们用 X 射线吸收光谱法主要观察的是：有多少水分子被金属金吸引了，以

及这些分子之间的氢键有没有被破坏。”伯克利实验室材料科学部科学家米盖尔•

萨梅隆说，“紧邻电极的水分子呈现出与没有电极时不一样的结构。”

“在电极表面，电荷的聚集形成了一个强电场，从而使得电极周围的电解液分

子重新排列。”萨梅隆以电池为背景解释了这一现象。

该实验还有两个细节值得关注。首先，电压的变化会改变吸收光谱的形状。其

次，只有最靠近金属金表面两分子层的水发生了结构变化，这两层加起来仅有一纳

米厚。科学家曾以为观测灵敏度达到几十纳米即可，但最终，灵敏度的要求达到了

亚纳米级。

当固态物质浸没在一种液体中时，从分子层面看，固态物质表层周围的液体立

刻发生变化。这种表层对我们认知从生物学到材料科学的许多现象至关重要。但是，

在这项实验之前，如何解释固液交界面周围的液体分子结构，一直是个难题。

（来源：《科技日报》 2014-10-28）

业界动态

http://www.cam.ac.uk/


33

EPA 启动 2015-2019 年五大湖恢复行动计划

2014年9月24日，美国环境保护署（EPA）公布了新一轮的“五大湖恢复行动计

划”（Great Lakes Restoration Initiative Action Plan，GLRI），并详细制定了2015-2019

年的执行方案。该项行动计划将有效联合美国联邦政府各机构积极采取措施，在未

来5年内实现北美五大湖流域的水质保护、控制物种入侵、世界上最大的淡水湖水系

栖息地恢复的目标。

这项名为“五大湖恢复行动计划”是2005年美国有关政府部门和非政府组织联

合提出的，计划非常庞大，总预算达200亿美元。奥巴马为了兑现2009年竞选期间“拟

在未来10年斥资50亿美元用于五大湖恢复”的承诺，在奥巴马政府向国会递交的2010

年年度财政预算中，首先安排4.75亿美元用于五大湖湖滩清理、湿地恢复、五大湖

附近河床有毒底泥清除。2010年“五大湖恢复行动”正式推出，已经开展第一个5

年行动计划。到目前为止，GLRI资助的项目达2000多个，主要用于改善水质、保护

和恢复自然栖息地和物种、预防和控制外来入侵物种，并解决大湖其他的环境问题。

新的GLRI将在第一个行动计划的基础上，重点关注五大湖区4个方面的生态系

统问题，分别为：

（1）五大湖区附近及河道有毒物质的清除；

（2）防治外来入侵物种，包括对新的入侵物种采取“零容忍政策”；

（3）减少城市、郊区和农业源径流污染，有助于降低有害藻类水华的发生；

（4）野生动植物栖息地保护与恢复

来源：http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/d0cf6618525a9efb85257359003fb69d

/5fe612baa854569285257d5d00491884!OpenDocument


第十四届世界生命湖泊大会在南昌举行

由全球自然基金和江西省人民政府共同举办的第十四届世界生命湖泊大会于

2014年11月20日在南昌隆重开幕，来自世界生命湖泊网湖泊机构、联合国环境署、

联合国开发计划署、国际自然保护联盟、世界自然基金会等国际组织和约30个国家

的代表齐聚一堂，围绕“城镇化与湖泊保护”这一主题开展为期5天的经验交流和实

地考察。

世界生命湖泊大会是由世界生命湖泊网主持的世界范围内的湖泊高峰会议，一

般每2-3年举办一次，共同探讨全球范围内湖泊和湿地所面临的问题。世界生命湖泊

网是一个旨在推动全世界范围内重要湖泊和湿地生态环境保护和可持续发展的非政

府组织。这个国际性组织由全球自然基金发起建立，目前已经在全球发展了来自五

大洲52个国家的103个湖泊和142个成员机构。本届大会期间，还将颁发“生命湖泊


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最佳保护实践奖”。

（来源：《科技日报》 2014-11-20）

南水北调中线工程展倡导珍惜水资源

“奔流了1276公里才来到我们杯中的水，应怎样珍惜？”在15日开幕的南水北

调中线工程展“文化篇”展区的墙上，刻下了这样的问题。北京市南水北调办工程

管理处处长丁凯表示，南水进京将缓解北京水荒，但要填补京城用水缺口还需多水

源、多渠道保证。

12月12日，渠首闸门打开，长江水顺渠而来。为迎接南水北调工程全线通水，

“饮水思源·南水北调中线工程展览”15日在首都博物馆开展。北京市政府党组成

员、南水北调工程建设委员会副主任夏占义在开幕式发言致辞中数次对各输水省份

和沿途省市表示感谢。

目前，北京人均水资源量仅在100立方米左右，“可能老百姓没什么感觉，我们

采取了很多其他措施来保证供水，水资源其实已经过度开采。”南水即将奔流而来，

但是北京接收的这10.5亿立方米水，也无法完全解决这座巨型城市水资源紧缺的问

题。丁凯指出，还需开辟其他水源，如南水北调东线北延、引黄入京、引滦入京等。

（来源：《科技日报》 2014-12-16）

中国工程院重大咨询项目《新疆可持续发展中有关水资源的战略研究》

“新疆可持续发展中有关水资源的战略研究”项目，是由钱正英院士主持，雷

志栋、王浩、陈志恺等17位院士、100多位专家参加的国家重大咨询项目。项目研究

提出了水资源配置利用的战略转变,包括从以经济用水为主转变为经济社会与生态

用水并重;从以农业用水为主转变为工农、城乡用水并重;从粗放型传统灌溉农业转变

为集约型现代灌溉农业;建设节水、防污型社会，实现水资源的可持续利用;严格保护

浅层地下水，建立以深层地下水为主的水资源储备制度;大力推进水利基础设施建设;

从传统的以供水管理为主向以需水管理为基础的转变。项目就新疆耕地政策，森林

覆盖率考核，现代化农业建设，水资源管理和水利建设，吐哈、准东和伊犁煤田开

发，非能源矿产资源的勘探和开发等提出了建议。

报告指出，新疆水资源配置的原则是：经济社会系统与自然生态系统的耗水，

总体上各占50%，把人民群众饮用水安全放在经济社会系统用水的首位；建设集约

型现代灌溉农业，总灌溉面积控制在7500万亩左右，灌溉总用水量控制在400亿m3

以内，实行农业用水负增长，保证工业化、城镇化发展用水；实现产业结构与水资

源条件相协调的产业布局；为保障在今后气候不确定条件下的水资源安全，建立深

层地下水的战略储备。在此基础上，报告提出了新疆水资源的总体配置和布局。


35

报告根据以农村饮水安全和防洪为主要内容的民生水利保障体系、以节水为主

导的现代农业灌排保障体系、以区域水资源合理配置为基础的供水安全保障体系和

以水资源管理为核心的流域管理保障体系等四大保障系统的构建，进行了重大水利

工程的布局。

报告最后提出十一项战略性建议：（一）新疆的耕地政策应与其他省、市、自

治区不同；（二）对新疆森林覆盖率的考核，应与其他省有所不同；（三）采取扎

实措施，推进现代化农业建设；（四）在发展节水灌溉的同时，必须建立严格的水

资源管理制度；（五）统筹规划吐哈、准东和伊犁煤田的开发；(六)加强对非能源

矿产资源的勘探和开发；（七）大力加强对旅游、文化等第三产业的指导和支持；

（八）加强开发利用太阳能的研究；(九)将南疆和喀什、和田、克州列为国家扶贫

开发试验示范区；（十）研究兵团的发展方向；（十一）加强人才培训。

（来源：国际能源网 2014-12-08）

2020 年全国节水灌溉面积占比将超 60%

9 月 29 日召开的国新办新闻发布会上，水利部副部长李国英表示，到 2020 年，

全国节水灌溉工程面积占有效灌溉面积的比例将提高到 60%以上，高效节水灌溉面

积占有效灌溉面积的比例将提高到 30%以上，农田灌溉水有效利用系数达到 0.55 以

上。

据统计，截至 2013 年底，全国有效灌溉面积达到 9.52 亿亩，其中节水灌溉工

程面积 4.07 亿亩，约占有效灌溉面积的 43%。高效节水灌溉面积 2.14 亿亩，约占有

效灌溉面积的 22%，其中低压管道输水 1.11 亿亩、喷灌 0.45 亿亩、微灌 0.58 亿亩。

水利部农村水利司司长王爱国认为，节水灌溉发展总体偏慢且不平衡，喷灌、

微灌面积仅占有效灌溉面积的 11%，与一些先进灌溉大国存在较大差距；倒逼机制

和激励机制尚不健全，农业灌溉用水总量控制和定额管理尚未全面推行，合理的农

业水价形成机制也不健全；技术支撑和专业化服务需要完善，产学研一体化的农业

节水技术标准、关键设备与新技术研发、节水技术集成及成果转化机制等还有待完

善。

李国英表示，水利部将加大已有灌区的节水改造力度，到 2020 年基本完成全国

434 处大型灌区和 2157 处重点中型灌区节水改造；规模化发展高效节水灌溉，全面

实施东北节水增粮、西北节水增效、华北节水压采、南方节水减排等规模化高效节

水灌溉；建立节水灌溉倒逼机制。

（来源：《科技日报》 2014-10-08）


36

排污入海：生态修复真的那么无奈？

靠近莱山区逛荡河入海口,原本是烟台莱山逛荡河口海域生态修复工程所在地。

然而，几条蓝色的管道跨过拦在河口的沙坝，一头插入逛荡河，而另一端直直的裸

露在海滩上，如墨污水正潺潺不断地排出，由于排量很大，在退潮后的海滩上汇集

成了池塘般大小的“黑潭”，散发出阵阵恶臭。

对此情况，烟台市莱山区海洋与渔业局从站长介绍，逛荡河口海域生态修复工

程包括清理河道河口的淤泥污染物，对逛荡河下游两侧护岸破损处进行拆除、修复，

两岸绿化及建设人工渔礁等。关于河水的污染问题，他也表示无奈，“我们在清理

河道的过程中，曾向河道周边的有关单位提出不要将污水排入逛荡河，但是由于配

套管网设施欠缺和我们自身的权限有限，最终也没有达成一致。”他同时表示，对

于清理出的污水淤泥他们也没有什么好的处理办法，烟台市环保局和烟台市城市管

理局是主管部门。

据了解，12公里长的逛荡河是莱山区内的一条主要防洪河道，上游建有凤凰水

库，河流自西北流向东南方向，在烟台体育公园北侧入海。原本，河口附近自然属

性改变较小，水流畅通，海域水质肥沃，海洋功能完善，自然条件优越，滩涂资源

种类繁多，是多种海洋生物良好的栖息地。

“虽然逛荡河不属于排污河，但是它实际承担了排污河的功能，污水直排是历

史遗留问题，莱山区上世纪九十年代建区，地下管网不完善，随着城市快速发展和

扩张，主要是生活污水处理问题日趋严重，很大部分就直接排入河内入海了。”烟

台市环保局工作人员介绍。他表示，环保局于今年8、9月份分别对逛荡河于家滩段

内的水质进行检测的结果表明，河水水质为劣五类。

9月中旬环保部门已经会同莱山区政府和城市管理部门商讨了地下管网改善的

举措。但由于入海口已属海域范围内，根据我国《海洋环境保护法》，只有莱山区

海洋渔业局有管理和处罚权。城市排污管网的确存在有待完善的问题，但就排污入

海的现象本身，是属于施工不规范造成的，应该采取科学的清淤方式而不是排入海

中。

（来源：《科技日报》 2014-10-10）

欧水资源研究和利用中心确定明年工作重点

2014 年 12 月 19 日，亚欧水资源研究和利用中心中方协调指导委员会第三次会

议在长沙召开，确定了明年的工作重点等系列事宜。作为该委员会两位主任，科技

部副部长张来武和副省长李友志出席会议并致辞。外交部亚欧基金中方董事、大使

吕永寿在会上讲话。外交部、科技部、国土资源部、环境保护部等国家相关部门及

省直相关厅局参加会议。


37

据悉，亚欧水资源研究和利用中心是亚欧会议机制下第一家在华设立总部的实

质性科技合作机构，是我国在水资源领域的主要对外科技合作基地。目前，中心与

亚欧区域内 43 家涉水机构签署了战略合作协议，与联合国教科文组织国际水教育研

究所等 30 多家创新机构和联盟建立了合作伙伴关系，初步形成了近 80 个国内外联

系节点的工作网络，建立了涵盖水资源、水生态等领域 300 多名学者的专家库。

会议最终审议确定了中心 2015 年工作计划，将加大国际合作项目实施力度。依

托“亚欧水资源研究利用联合研究中心”国际科技合作基地，着力打造技术引进、

集成创新、试验示范和推广培训于一体的研发综合体，推进涉水领域的合作研发、

协同创新、技术集成及产品开发，为推进项目成果的展示和示范推广奠定基础。同

时，积极对接欧盟的重要倡议和资金计划，推动相关主体以项目合作形式参与其战

略行动和倡议计划。

（来源：《湖南日报》 2014-12-20）

中国水资源危机比治霾更迫在眉睫

《中国之瓶颈》指出，中国政府充分意识到了水资源问题，并正在采取具体措

施来解决它，包括提高用水效率和减少水的使用。

11 月 30 日，日本涉外杂志《外交学者》发表了一篇题为《中国水资源短缺迫

在眉睫》的文章，文章作者认为，“除了污染，水资源短缺可能是中国今天面临的

最有威胁性的环境问题。”

文章指出，最近李克强总理高度强调水资源问题，他敦促地方政府加快处理包

括节约用水和调水工程在内的水问题。在访问中国水利部时，李克强建议为这些项

目提供更多的政府资金，并出台利好政策来更好地支持它们。李克强说，这些项目

也将有助于提高就业和投资水平，从而稳定经济增长。

文章认为，李克强对水问题的关注强调了解决中国水问题的紧迫性。文章还援

引了世界银行统计数据表示，中国人均内部可再生淡水资源为 2071 立方米，远在联

合国定义的水资源短缺（人均 1000 立方米）以上。

“但是，中国的水资源分布是不平均的。”美国研究机构蓝圈组织（Circle of Blue）

发布的报告《中国之瓶颈：水匮乏与能源需求》显示，近 70％的中国用水是在农业

产业，而 20％是在煤炭产业。农业和煤炭这两个产业都集中在中国的北方，北方恰

好是雨水稀少的地区，降水量仅为中国总降水量的 20％，其结果是水资源供不应求。

在中国北方，人均水资源仅为 200 立方米左右。而在北京，2012 年水资源消耗水平

高出总供水量的 70％。

对此，作者表示尽管“中国政府充分意识到了这个问题，并正在采取具体措施

来解决它，包括提高用水效率和减少水的使用”。


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受城市化和现代化影响，中国的用水量正在不断增长（根据《中国之瓶颈》一

文，预计用水量将在 21 世纪 20 年代初达到每年 6700 亿立方米），而中国的水资源

正在日益减少，2000 年以来已经减少了 13％。

文章还谈及了中国自 2002 年其开始实施的南水北调工程，并援引了《大西洋月

刊》的报道称，南水北调工程每年将利用三个运河，把 448 亿立方米的水从南方调

往北方。该项目预计耗资超过 600 亿美元；东部运河和中部运河已经发挥作用。然

而，单纯提供更多的水解决不了用水效率低下和需求不断增长的根本问题。事实上，

新建成的中部运河甚至弥补不了北京的全部供水缺口，而需求只会继续增加。

“可能的解决方案是存在的，但都面临着政治上的反对。”《经济学人》认为，

中国可以仅仅通过提高水价，尤其是在一些缺水区域提高水价来解决其问题。但是

官员一直不愿意这样做，怕因此而赶走支持当地经济的产业。如果中国政府不出台

关于节约用水的严格政策，地方官员也不太可能采取行动。

文末，作者认为“中国的污染之战，尤其是空气污染，与迫在眉睫的水资源危

机相比可能是简单的”。

《外交学者》此前就曾经报道过中国的水污染危机。报道称，根据中国政府的

报告，近 60％的中国地下水已被污染。然而，因污染而明显加剧的水资源匮乏也是

中国的一个严重问题，该问题与能源利用、城市化和现代化等复杂问题息息相关。

（来源：澎湃新闻网 2014-10-28）

丹麦企业迎中国商机：拟分羹 1.8 万亿水资源政府投资

丹麦环境部自然署顾问克里斯汀•哈尔德-莫特森向《中国经济周刊》介绍，通

过控制漏水的技术应用，丹麦每年供水环节水资源的流失率被控制在7%左右，而即

使在许多欧洲城市，水资源在传送系统中流失的水量也大约在20%至40%之间。

供水环节水的流失通常被分为商业流失与实际流失两种，前者指的是因水表等

计费系统的不精确导致消费者用水后没有缴纳水费的情况，而后者则是由于供水管

网存在的漏洞导致水资源的物理损失。

而依据丹麦的经验，在管线的材质、阀门、水泵、水表，以及对管网的监测等

看似平常的环节加大技术投入往往可以有效减少水的供应环节水资源的流失现象。

此外，丹华水利环境技术公司总监斯滕•林德伯格还特别强调了准确计算消费者

的用水量对于核算流失率，从而对水资源的利用进行更为精细管理的重要性，而在

这一过程中水表往往发挥着重要的作用。

丹麦卡姆鲁普公司的销售总经理米卡埃尔•汉森向与会者讲述了该公司研发的

智能水表可以在提高“水效”上发挥的作用。相比于传统的水表，智能水表在三个

方面有了改观，首先是通过超声波的原理测量水资源的消耗，提高统计的精确度，


39

这样会减少甚至消除由水表带来的水资源流失，特别是商业流失，而更加精确的水

表也会驱使用户的行为模式由“偷水”转变为“节水”；其次，它可以更为清晰地

采集消费者的消费数据，并通过无线传输将分散的数据进行集中存储、分析；另外，

教育功能也被加入到智能水表的系统中，通过对消费者的忠告改善其用水行为。

目前这种智能水表正被应用于丹麦格陵兰岛部分居民的家中，通过数据的无线

传输，它正在帮助当地的水务部门更好地了解居民精确的用水量与用水习惯。

在2012年，时任丹麦环境大臣的伊达•奥肯在接受媒体采访时曾表示，在“十二

五”期间中国政府将在水资源保护方面投资约1.8万亿元人民币，而“如果丹麦能在

其中‘分羹’1%，对于丹麦的经济增长影响巨大”。

2014年9月，丹麦环境大臣克尔斯滕•布罗斯博来华访问，试图推进丹麦与中国

在能源、环保领域的合作，支持丹麦企业进一步开拓中国市场。布罗斯博在接受《中

国经济周刊》访问时坦言，过去6年，丹麦环保技术对中国的出口翻了一番。据她透

露，包括中国在内的金砖国家是丹麦环保技术出口增长最快的市场，但出口份额仍

远低于欧盟市场平均水平。丹麦希望进一步扩大对这些国家的出口。

在本次研讨会期间，与会的丹麦企业代表不断提及，在上个世纪70年代，丹麦

政府启动的环境综合治理工程为专注于节能环保产业的丹麦企业提供了巨大的发展

机遇。

而丹麦企业也确实在尝试将“丹麦经验”引入中国，格兰富作为一家专注于水

泵以及水泵所用电机研发与生产的企业，积极参与了中国变频电机标准的制定，并

在此过程中分享了在欧盟制定标准的经验。此外，企业还希望通过赞助与水治理领

域相关的研讨会、课题研究引发社会对相关议题的关注。在过去的6年间，格兰富在

中国的销售额增长了两倍，而中国市场在其全球市场的排位中也由第七位攀升到第

一位。

（来源：人民网 2014-10-28）

气候对黄淮海地区水资源的影响评估课题通过验收

2014年9月26日，由南京水利科学研究院承担的全球变化研究国家重大科学研究

计划项目“气候变化对黄淮海地区水循环的影响机理和水资源安全评估”课题验收

会在北京召开。丁一汇院士等相关专家和项目依托部门代表，科技部基础研究司、

基础研究管理中心人员以及项目研究团队共80余人参加了会议。

项目首席科学家南京水利科学研究院张建云院士简要介绍了项目执行的总体情

况。各课题负责人分别就各课题任务完成情况、研究成果的创新性及科学价值、课

题对项目总体目标的贡献、研究队伍创新能力、人才培养情况、数据共享与资料归

档等方面进行了详细汇报。验收专家组认真听取了各课题负责人的总结并针对各课


40

题相关内容进行了评价。

全球变化研究国家重大科学研究计划项目“气候变化对黄淮海地区水循环的影

响机理和水资源安全评估”于2010年立项，分4个课题，由南京水利科学研究院联合

河海大学、中国水利水电科学研究院、北京师范大学、水利部水利信息中心、中科

院大气物理研究所等相关单位组成科研团队，以加强气候变化对水资源安全影响研

究和提高我国水利应对气候变化适应能力建设为总目标。4个课题均完成了任务书规

定的工作内容，取得了创新性成果，课题组织管理规范，通过课题验收。

（来源： http://www.most.gov.cn 2014-10-17）

http://www.most.gov.cn/

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