science as art: free access to natural history books and art in the biodiversity heritage library
TRANSCRIPT
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Science as Art Free Access to Natural History
Books and Art in the Biodiversity Heritage Library
Grace Costantino 12 February 2017 | Smithsonian Associates @BioDivLibrary Share your thoughts on social media using #BHLib
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The Biodiversity Heritage Library provides free and open online
access to library collections from around the world.
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The Biodiversity Heritage Library (www.biodiversitylibrary.org) is an open access digital
library for biodiversity literature and archives.
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51+ MILLION PAGES
TITLES VOLUMES 114,000+ 194,000+
173+ MILLION INSTANCES OF TAXONOMIC NAMES
578+ IN-COPYRIGHT TITLES LICENSED FOR BHL
AGREEMENTS WITH 250+
LICENSORS *Stats as of February 2017
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BHL is a Global Consortium
18 MEMBERS
AS OF FEBRUARY 2017 15 AFFILIATES 60+ WORLDWIDE PARTNERS
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CHECK YOUR HANDOUTS! Books from Alice’s Talk in BHL
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64,500+ TOTAL FOLLOWERS ON SOCIAL MEDIA
TOTAL FOLLOWERS 11,800+
TOTAL FOLLOWERS 11,400+ TOTAL FOLLOWERS 32,300+
TOTAL FOLLOWERS 5,000+
AVERAGE MONTHLY READERS (CY16)
2,300+
FOLLOW @BIODIVLIBRARY
*Stats as of February 2017
TOTAL FOLLOWERS 4,000+
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110,000+ IMAGES IN FLICKR
TOTAL IMAGES TAGGED 31,500+
223+ MILLION TOTAL VIEWS ON IMAGES
OF TOTAL FLICKR COLLECTION TAGGED
TAGGED IMAGES IN EOL
29% 18,000+
BHL FLICKR NAMED 1 OF WIRED’S 27 MUST-FOLLOW FEEDS IN
THE WORLD OF SCIENCE *Stats as of February 2017.
WWW.FLICKR.COM/BIODIVLIBRARY
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COLOR OUR COLLECTIONS www.biodiversitylibrary.org/collection/ColorOurCollections
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De aquatilibus WOODCUTS
Ø By Pierre Belon, 1553 Ø Beginning of modern
ichthyology Ø Start of modern embryology
Ø Used to print paper documents in Asia as early as 7th century AD.
Ø Earliest known dated printed book from China, 868 AD.
Ø Late 14th/Early 15th century used for printing in Europe.
Ø By mid-15th century, used to print block books and illustrated books in Europe.
Woodcuts…
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/5765
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www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/5765
De aquatilibus (1553)
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www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/5765
De aquatilibus (1553)
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De aquatilibus WOODCUTS
Ø By Pierre Belon, 1553 Ø Beginning of modern
ichthyology Ø Start of modern embryology
Ø Used to print paper documents in Asia as early as 7th century AD.
Ø Earliest known dated printed book from China, 868 AD.
Ø Late 14th/Early 15th century used for printing in Europe.
Ø By mid-15th century, used to print block books and illustrated books in Europe.
Woodcuts…
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/5765
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Woodcut Process Printing-block (woodcut), probably pearwood. Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian, South Germany, c. 1470–1475. Image: Public Domain.
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Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands
ETCHINGS
Ø By Mark Catesby, 1729-47 Ø First fully-illustrated book on
the flora and fauna of North America.
Ø Earliest known examples of its use from Germany in the mid-1400s.
Ø Etching process in printmaking believed to date to 1515.
Ø Intaglio processes became standard for illustrating books by late 16th century.
Ø Used predominantly until the mid-19th century when lithography started gaining ground.
Intaglio Printmaking…
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/62015
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www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/62015
Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands (1729-47)
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www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/62015
Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands (1729-47)
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Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands
ETCHINGS
Ø By Mark Catesby, 1729-47 Ø First fully-illustrated book on
the flora and fauna of North America.
Ø Earliest known examples of its use from Germany in the mid-1400s.
Ø Etching process in printmaking believed to date to 1515.
Ø Intaglio processes became standard for illustrating books by late 16th century.
Ø Used predominantly until the mid-19th century when lithography started gaining ground.
Intaglio Printmaking…
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/62015
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Etching Process Copper etching plate and print. Rembrandt. The Virgin and Child with a Cat, 1654. Image: CC-BY-SA. Author: NotFromUtrecht.
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Plantarum historia succulentarum
ENGRAVINGS
Ø Illustrated by the Raphael of flowers, Pierre-Joseph Redoute ́.
Ø Published 1799-1837. Ø The first botanical publication
for which Redoute ́ was the sole artist.
Ø Dots, rather than lines, are used to give a finer, more delicate impression of tone and shading.
Stipple Engraving…
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/503
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www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/503
Plantarum historia succulentarum (1799-1837)
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www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/503
Plantarum historia succulentarum (1799-1837)
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Plantarum historia succulentarum
ENGRAVINGS
Ø Illustrated by the Raphael of flowers, Pierre-Joseph Redoute ́.
Ø Published 1799-1837. Ø The first botanical publication
for which Redoute ́ was the sole artist.
Ø Dots, rather than lines, are used to give a finer, more delicate impression of tone and shading.
Stipple Engraving…
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/503
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The Birds of Australia LITHOGRAPHY
Ø By John Gould, 1840-48. Ø First comprehensive survey of
the birds of Australia. Ø Lithographs by Elizabeth Gould,
Henry Constantine Richter, Edward Lear, and Waterhouse Hawkins.
Ø First discovered by a German actor and playwright, Alois Senefelder, in 1796.
Ø Used to varying degrees in early 19th century, increasingly popular from mid-century onward.
Lithography…
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/105698
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www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/105698
The Birds of Australia (1840-48)
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www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/105698
The Birds of Australia (1840-48)
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The Birds of Australia LITHOGRAPHY
Ø By John Gould, 1840-48. Ø First comprehensive survey of
the birds of Australia. Ø Lithographs by Elizabeth Gould,
Henry Constantine Richter, Edward Lear, and Waterhouse Hawkins.
Ø First discovered by a German actor and playwright, Alois Senefelder, in 1796.
Ø Used to varying degrees in early 19th century, increasingly popular from mid-century onward.
Lithography…
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/105698
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Lithography Process
Litography stone showing an old map of Munich. Image: CC-BY-SA. Author: Chris 73.
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Les orchidées CHROMO-LITHOGRAPHY
Ø By Émile de Puydt, 1880. Ø A treatise on cultivated orchids. Ø 50 full-page chromolithographs.
Ø Arose in mid-19th century, around late 1830s.
Ø Used multiple stones to print lithographs in color.
Ø Popular into 20th century, until it was replaced by cheaper techniques like offset printing around the 1930s.
Chromolithography…
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/77404
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www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/77404 Les orchidées (1880)
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www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/77404 Les orchidées (1880)
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Les orchidées CHROMO-LITHOGRAPHY
Ø By Émile de Puydt, 1880. Ø A treatise on cultivated orchids. Ø 50 full-page chromolithographs.
Ø Arose in mid-19th century, around late 1830s.
Ø Used multiple stones to print lithographs in color.
Ø Popular into 20th century, until it was replaced by cheaper techniques like offset printing around the 1930s.
Chromolithography…
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/77404
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Additional Resources Ø History of Printing: American Printing History Association
Ø https://printinghistory.org/timeline/ Ø Woodblock Printing: John Steins
Ø http://www.johnsteins.com/woodblock-printing.html Ø Intaglio Techniques: National Gallery of Art
Ø https://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/clrflimpr-tech.shtm Ø Lithography: The Met
Ø http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/lith/hd_lith.htm Ø Chromolithography: University of Delaware Library:
Ø http://www.lib.udel.edu/ud/spec/exhibits/color/lithogr.htm
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Find & Download Botanical Art in BHL Ø To go: http://bit.do/BotanicalArt Ø Click on link to view page in BHL Ø Follow download instructions
here: http://bit.do/HighQualityJPEG
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Ø To go: http://bit.do/BotanicalArt Ø Click on link to view page in BHL Ø Follow download instructions
here: http://bit.do/HighQualityJPEG
Find & Download Botanical Art in BHL
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Find & Download Botanical Art in BHL Ø To go: http://bit.do/BotanicalArt Ø Click on link to view page in BHL Ø Follow download instructions
here: http://bit.do/HighQualityJPEG
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Thank You! Questions? Grace Costantino [email protected]
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